Organic Chemistry & Carbohydrates

UNIT 05: INTRODUCTION TOBIOCHEMISTRY

Subject: life sciences

FACULTY:Sir Ramash Kumar

NEW LIFE COLLEGE OF NURSING.

UNIT 05: INTRODUCTION TOBIOCHEMISTRY

Subject: life sciences

FACULTY:Sir Ramash Kumar

NEW LIFE COLLEGE OF NURSING.

ObjectivesBy the end of the session, learners will be able to:

Review the definition of organic chemistry.List and discuss the families of organic compounds.Differentiate between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes.Review carbohydratesList and overview different classes of carbohydratesDifferentiate between mono-saccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides.Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in human body.

By the end of the session, learners will be able to:

Review the definition of organic chemistry.List and discuss the families of organic compounds.Differentiate between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes.Review carbohydratesList and overview different classes of carbohydratesDifferentiate between mono-saccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides.Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in human body.

2

Organic Chemistry

• Organic chemistry is the chemistryof carbon compounds.

• Carbon has the ability to formlong chains.

• Without this property, largebiomolecules such as proteins,lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleicacids could not form.

• Organic chemistry is the chemistryof carbon compounds.

• Carbon has the ability to formlong chains.

• Without this property, largebiomolecules such as proteins,lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleicacids could not form.

Typical organic compounds:

• Contain carbon• Have covalent bonds• Have low melting points• Have low boiling points• Are flammable (all burn)• Are soluble in nonpolar solvents• May be gases, liquids or solids

OrganicCompoundsTypical organic compounds:

• Contain carbon• Have covalent bonds• Have low melting points• Have low boiling points• Are flammable (all burn)• Are soluble in nonpolar solvents• May be gases, liquids or solids

C3H8Propane

Hydrocarbons

• There are three basictypes of hydrocarbons:– Alkanes– Alkenes– Alkynes

• There are three basictypes of hydrocarbons:– Alkanes– Alkenes– Alkynes

Alkanes

• Alkanes contain only single bonds between C-C.• Their general formula is CnH2n+2.• They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.

– They are “saturated” with hydrogens.

Naming of Alkanes

CnH2n+2Prefix + ane

Alkenes

• Alkenes contain at least one double bondsbetween C-C.

• Their general formula is CnH2n

• They are unsaturated.– That is, they have fewer than the maximum number

of hydrogens.

• Alkenes contain at least one double bondsbetween C-C.

• Their general formula is CnH2n

• They are unsaturated.– That is, they have fewer than the maximum number

of hydrogens.

Examples of Alkenes

Alkynes

• Alkynes contain at least one carbon–carbontriple bond

• Their general formula is CnH2n-2

• They are also unsaturated.

• Alkynes contain at least one carbon–carbontriple bond

• Their general formula is CnH2n-2

• They are also unsaturated.

Examples of Alkynes

CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)

CHO are hydrates of carbon Or polyhydroxyaldehyde Or polyhydroxy ketones.

Most abundant biomolecules on earth . Centralenergy yielding molecules.

Composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only . General formula is Cn(H2O)n Most names commonly ends....ose

CHO are hydrates of carbon Or polyhydroxyaldehyde Or polyhydroxy ketones.

Most abundant biomolecules on earth . Centralenergy yielding molecules.

Composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only . General formula is Cn(H2O)n Most names commonly ends....ose

Classification of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into two main classes..(a)Simple Carbohydrates(b)Complex Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates are also known as simple

sugars WHY?-Because they are the simple common unit from which

CHO are built.

Carbohydrates are classified into two main classes..(a)Simple Carbohydrates(b)Complex Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates are also known as simple

sugars WHY?-Because they are the simple common unit from which

CHO are built.

Simple Carbohydrates

They are of two types.

MONOSACCHARIDES

DISACCHARIDES

Monosaccharides

Are single sugar units which contain 3 or more C-atoms.

There are three types that are important to humanbody.

Glucose: main source of energy to the cells all otherCHO converted to glucose for digestion.

Fructose:also called fruit sugar founds in fruits andhoney.

Galactose:found in mammal milk as part of lactose.

Are single sugar units which contain 3 or more C-atoms.

There are three types that are important to humanbody.

Glucose: main source of energy to the cells all otherCHO converted to glucose for digestion.

Fructose:also called fruit sugar founds in fruits andhoney.

Galactose:found in mammal milk as part of lactose.

Disaccharides Are double sugar consisting of two similar or

dissimilar monosccharides bonded together. On hydrolysis give two simple sugars Examples are,-Lactose-Sucrose-Maltose

Are double sugar consisting of two similar ordissimilar monosccharides bonded together.

On hydrolysis give two simple sugars Examples are,-Lactose-Sucrose-Maltose

Types of Disaccharides

Lactose/Milk sugar Glucose+Galactose Source: milk , curd , cheese Sucrose/Invert Sugar Glucose+Fructose Sugar cane & Table sugar Maltose Glucose+Glucose Sources:beers ,infant formula milk and syrups

Lactose/Milk sugar Glucose+Galactose Source: milk , curd , cheese Sucrose/Invert Sugar Glucose+Fructose Sugar cane & Table sugar Maltose Glucose+Glucose Sources:beers ,infant formula milk and syrups

COMPLEX CABOHYDRATES

These are tasteless CHO made up of chains ofsimple sugars and are known as Polysaccharides.

Generally more than 10 monosaccharides most aremade up of 100 of monosaccharides bondedtogether.

There are two types of polysaccharides i.e. Starch &Glycogen

These are tasteless CHO made up of chains ofsimple sugars and are known as Polysaccharides.

Generally more than 10 monosaccharides most aremade up of 100 of monosaccharides bondedtogether.

There are two types of polysaccharides i.e. Starch &Glycogen

Types of Polysaccharides

STARCH (plant,s storage) Composed of glucose chain that may or may not be

branched. Main source of CHO in human diet. Two important classes are, Amylose: a straight chain of glucose units. Amylopectins: A branched chain of glucose units.

STARCH (plant,s storage) Composed of glucose chain that may or may not be

branched. Main source of CHO in human diet. Two important classes are, Amylose: a straight chain of glucose units. Amylopectins: A branched chain of glucose units.

Types of polysaccharides

GLYCOGEN(animal,s storage) Composed of highly branched glucose units. Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles.Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles. Many branched points allows for rapidMany branched points allows for rapid

breakdown to release glucose.breakdown to release glucose. Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.

GLYCOGEN(animal,s storage) Composed of highly branched glucose units. Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles.Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles. Many branched points allows for rapidMany branched points allows for rapid

breakdown to release glucose.breakdown to release glucose. Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.

Function of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are most abundant dietary source ofenergy for all organisms.

They supply energy & serve as energy storage form. They provide flavor. Participates in cellular functions such as cell growth ,

adhesion and fertilization.

Carbohydrates are most abundant dietary source ofenergy for all organisms.

They supply energy & serve as energy storage form. They provide flavor. Participates in cellular functions such as cell growth ,

adhesion and fertilization.

Functions of Carbohydrates

CHO spares proteins Prevents ketosis. Glucose provide a source of energy (ATP) to cells. Glucose can be converted to some form of amino

acid & fats for long term energy storage. Glucose is a constant fuel source for vital organ

functions for example brain.

CHO spares proteins Prevents ketosis. Glucose provide a source of energy (ATP) to cells. Glucose can be converted to some form of amino

acid & fats for long term energy storage. Glucose is a constant fuel source for vital organ

functions for example brain.

Thank youThank you