Faltering Steps: Independence Movements in East Timor - 1940s to the early 1970s

8/8/2019 Faltering Steps: Independence Movements in East Timor - 1940s to the early 1970s

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P}fdaif

Whse sef kpfohog ho Chbh ko 7 Cfifnmf} =006 kd sef ]fyhysfoyha Shnk}foyf A}jhtv ek Nv|fv %Sef A}iehtf aoc Nvyfvn kd sef Shnk}fyf ]fyhysaoif(" a ba}gf}aogf kd p}fthkvybx vopvmbhyefc ckivnfosy iao mf fupfisfc sk mfiknf atahbambf kosef }fifos ehysk}x kd Shnk}.Bfysf/ Yhnhba}bx"Iefga ! " sef Dhoab ]fpk}s kd sefIknhyyk cf Aikbehnfosk" Tf}cacf f ]fikoihbhak . IAT] %Iknnhyyhko dk} ]fifpshko" S}vse aoc ]fikoihbhashko( eay p}kthcfc iknp}fefoyhtf aoc hnpk}saoshodk}nashko ko sef ys}vggbf aoc yvddf}hog kd sef Shnk}fyf pfkpbf/ Ekwftf}" mkse sefA}iehtf aoc Nvyfvn aoc IAT] }fik}cy p}hoihpabbx iktf} sef pf}hkc d}kn 1873 sk1888 %hoibvyhtf(/

Sehy m}hfd wk}j kd amkvs 146"000 wk}cy hy kddf}fc ay a ikos}hmvshko skwa}cysef vocf}ysaochog kd sef ehysk}x kd ao fa}bhf} pf}hkc . hf iktf}hog Shnk}fyfhocfpfocfoif nktfnfosy aoc Hockofyhao hotkbtfnfos ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} d}kn sef p}f.Wk}bc Wa} HH pf}hkc sk sef fa}bx.nhc 1870y/ Sef hocfpfocfoif nktfnfosy hosekyf shnfy wf}f oks yviifyydvb/ Hocffc" yknf ikvbc mf ikoyhcf}fc sk mf mvs oknhoabassfnpsy/ Hockofyhao fddk}sy as hodhbs}ashko aoc yvmtf}yhko wf}f abyk cfyvbsk}x aocgfof}abbx hofddfishtf mfdk}f 1876/ Oftf}sefbfyy" ho pa}shivba}" sef pf}hkc mfswffoWk}bc Wa} HH aoc sef Hockofyhao kiivpashko ho basf 1876 nf}hsy ibkyf} assfoshko dk} advbbf} vocf}ysaochog kd sef sksabhsx kd Shnk}.Bfysfy nkcf}o ehysk}x/ ]fg}fssambx"naox kd sef pa}shihpaosy ho sefyf ftfosy eatf payyfc ko aoc sef }fnahocf} a}f okwfbcf}bx/ Ekpfdvbbx" sehy mkkj cfyphsf hsy naox aijokwbfcgfc yek}siknhogy" whbbfoikv}agf ksef}y sk fuanhof sef pf}hkc aoc kddf} sefh} hosf}p}fsashkoy/

Sehy wk}j way dh}ys pvmbhyefc ay a nkokg}ape ho Cfifnmf} =007 aoc agaho hoKiskmf} =005 mvs whse bhnhsfc chys}hmvshko/ Sehy fchshko hoibvcfy a nk}fiknp}fefoyhtf iktf}agf kd sef 1868 Thqvfqvf ]fmfbbhko aoc abyk hoik}pk}asfynasf}hab nk}f }fifosbx ykv}ifc ho sef a}iehtfy ho Bhymko aoc Bkocko/ Hs abyk hoibvcfyfusfoyhtf dkksoksfy sk p}kthcf acchshkoab hoyhgesy" ikosfus aoc sfusv}f aoc" skdaihbhsasf dv}sef} }fyfa}ie" a ovnmf} kd k}hghoab ckivnfosy eatf mffo aoofufc/ Sehyfchshko abyk hoibvcfy ao hocfu/

H wkvbc pa}shivba}bx bhjf sk seaoj nx Shnk}fyf d}hfocy aoc wk}j ikbbfagvfy hoChbh" Hbhkna}" Thqvfqvf aoc Kfivyyf dk} sefh} foikv}agfnfos aoc yvppk}s cv}hog nxyf}thif ho Shnk}.Bfysf %1888.=004(/

F}ohf Ieanmf}bahoPkhos Bkoycabf13 Kiskmf} =010

Oksf< Sehy nkokg}ape eay mffo p}fyfosfc ho A3.yh|f paghog p}hoihpabbx sk }fsahosef k}hghoab dk}nas kd pekskikphfc }fdf}foif ckivnfosy seas a}f aoofufc/

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Pvmbhyefc ho Avys}abha ho =010 mx F}ofys Ieanmf}baho" Pkhos Bkoycabf THI 9==6/

Ikpx}hges F}ofys Ieanmf}baho =010 fnahb .ieanmf}@phpfbhof/ikn/av

Sehy nkokg}ape hy ikpx}hges/ Apa}s d}kn aox dah} cfabhog dk} sef pv}pkyfy kd p}htasfysvcx" }fyfa}ie" i}hshihyn k} }fthfw ay pf}nhssfc vocf} sef Ikpx}hges Ais" ok pa}s nax mf }fp}kcvifc mx aox p}kifyy" ysk}fc ho a }fs}hftab yxysfn" k} s}aoynhssfc ho aox dk}nk} mx aox nfaoy" fbfis}kohi" nfieaohiab pekskikpxhog k} ksef}whyf" whsekvs sef p}hk} w}hssfo pf}nhyyhko kd sef avsek}/ Hoqvh}hfy yekvbc mf nacf sk sef pvmbhyef}/

Sef avsek} eay abyk pvmbhyefc Ih}ivoyi}hk Acnhohys}ask}( . a d}hfoc d}kn ykiif}+dkksmabb aishthshfy" thyhsfc ehnamka}c sef O+N Hochaaoc kddf}fc sk efbp ehy danhbx ho Thqvfqvf wehie ef basf} chc< Chasnhja" A/G/"%Sf}oxasa( Nf}ae Pvshe "Thysa67" 1858" kp/ihs/" p/=3/ Hs hy ehgebx bhjfbx seas Nkosfh}k wayAcnhohys}ask} %=oc Ibayy( Ambhk Na}ha ca Pahuk f Nk}sf cf Lfyvy Df}}fh}a Nkosfh}k/ Aiik}chog skAmfb ca Ikysa Mfbk" sef }fmfby mfbhftfc seas sefx wkvbc mf s}hfc ho Gka . Yvm}ksk" E/"Yajyh Nasa "1884" kp/ihs/" p/17=/ A iknp}fefoyhtf aiikvos kd seas pa}s kd sef tkxagf d}kn Naiav sk Bhymko hy p}kthcfc ho Gasa" A/ I/ B/G/" Iapsaho" ]fbask}hk ca Thagfn ck Oathk Hocha cf Naiav pa}a Bhymka

1868" 11 Cfifnmf} 1868/ Sef yehpy tkxagf way yvmyfqvfosbx chtf}sfc d}kn Acfo tha Bkv}fokNa}qvfy %Nk|anmhqvf( aoc Bkmhsk %Aogkba( sk Bhymko/ Sef tkxagf sk Bhymko hy abyk pa}sbx }fbasfcho Ma}asa" D/ S/"Shnk} ikosfnpk}ofk " 1885" kp/ihs/" pp/ ==8.=93 Aoofu HU" Fus}ais kd sef Bfssf}

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. 6= Shnk}fyf hoibvchog dkv} kd A}am cfyifos %cf k}hgfn a}amfy( 336 Dkvocashko(/679

Fta}hysk" Cknhogky aoc A}nhock wf}f p}kthcfc whse aclaifos ekvyfy mx sef p}kthoihab avsek}hshfy ho sef wfysf}o Chbh yvmv}m kd Ahnvsho/ Abyk cv}hog aohosf}thfw ho 1884" Na}ifbhok Aosohk Davysk Gvsf}}fy %wek eac mffo }fpk}sfc .appa}fosbx hoik}}fisbx" ay assfochog sef Ad}k.Ayhao Ikodf}foif ho Maocvog ho 1866(ysasfc ho }fdf}foif sk 1868< Wf yaw Wfys Shnk} ay a ehysk}hiab }fayko dk} hosfg}ashoghosk Hockofyha/ Amktf abb" hs wkvbc eatf mffo hnpkyyhmbf dk} vy %%Fays Shnk}(( skysaoc abkof/673

Ho Chbh ko 90 Na}ie 1884" sef Hockofyhao Cfdfoif Nhohysf} awa}cfcTfsf}aovy Pf}hoshy Hosfg}ayh%Hosfg}ashko Phkoff} Tfsf}ao( nfcaby sk =7 kd sef pa}shihpaosy ho sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko/ Kd sef =9 Shnk}fyf }fihphfosy" =0 wf}f cfifayfc"aoc sefh} pkysevnkvy awa}cy wf}f aiifpsfc mx sefh} ibkyf }fbashtfy/676 Se}ffShnk}fyf tfsf}aoy aiifpsfc sefh} awa}cy< Lvnao mho Maieh}vn" Naovfb ]kc}hgvfyAbho" aoc Naovfb Abtfy/ Dkv} Hockofyhaoy wf}f abyk awa}cfc sef nfcab< Gf}ykoSkn Pfbbk" jokwo ayShofosh %hf Bhfvsfoaos(: Lf}fnhay Skao Pfbbk: Abmf}s Ocvo:aoc sef basf Banmf}s Jbho Baocavw Z yhi^ Banmf}s" wek eac payyfc awax hoMaogjkj %Seahbaoc( ho 1859 way }fp}fyfosfc mx ehy dkv}se cavgesf}" Bvihaoa Backw/Ho ao hosf}thfw" Lf}fnhay fupbahofc seas" as 18" ef way sef xkvogfys kd sekyf cfpk}sfcho 1868 aoc" ay yvie" way ghtfo sef ohijoanf kd sef bhssbf kof mx ehy ikn}acfy/Ho a dv}sef} if}fnkox ho Laja}sa ko 11 Oktfnmf} 1884" sef Hockofyhao Ykihab Addah}yNhohysf}" Hosfo Ykfwfok" awa}cfc sefYasxabaoiaoa Pf}hoshy Pf}gf}ajao

jhbbfc ko a}}htab ho Chbh fnahb hodk}nashko sk sef avsek} d}kn Fta}hysk ca Ikysa" 5 Dfm}va}x =007/Fta}hysk eac yvggfysfc }fsv}ohog sk Shnk} aoc sehy way p}kpkyfc ho a bfssf} c}adsfc mx Fta}hysk aocyhgofc mx A}nhock Ana}ab sk A}nhocky d}hfoc Gf}naok cay Ck}fy ca Yhbta ho Yanf wek wayyf}thog ay a nfnmf} kd sef bkiab Pa}bhanfos %hf CP]C HH Naovdaeh(/67=Saoghy Yanmvs Shga Pflvaog ShnShn %Sfa}y G}ffs Se}ff Fays Shnk} Dhgesf}y("Jknpay "

Laja}sa" 16 Laova}x 1884" p/16/ Sef se}ff }fsv}offy wf}f fyik}sfc mx Lky Naovfb Cva}sf aocGf}naok cay Ck}fy ca Yhbta aoc nfs mx Yabfn Yag}ao aoc bkiab kddhihaby/679 Pflvaog 1868 ShnShn Ajao ]fvoh cao Nfovbhy Mvjv Yfla}ae %1868 Fays Shnk} Dhgesf}y Whbb

]f.Vohsf aoc W}hsf a Ehysk}x Mkkj(" Aosa}a" Laja}sa" 16 Laova}x 1884/ Ay oksfc amktf" sef Ga}vca.skppfc nkovnfos sk sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko ysaocy ho sef naho yqva}f %aisvabbx a s}haogbf( kd kbcThqvfqvf Skwo/ A da} ynabbf} nkovnfos %efhges amkvs swk nfs}fy( hy bkiasfc as sef ok}sef}o apfu kd sef s}haogbf f}fisfc mx AM]HXkohd %hodaos}x massabhko(305 ko 10 Cfifnmf} 1880" cfchiasfc sk seas massabhkoy kpf}ashkoy cv}hog a skv}.kd.cvsx ho Thqvfqvf/673 ]keh" P/A/" Ykfja}ok " 8 Nax =006" kp/ihs/" p/= dk} hodk}nashko ko Na}ifbhok" ikoofis whsedkksoksfy 194" 195" 131" ==7" ==5 aoc 949/676=7 Pflvaog Thqvfqvf Pf}kbfe Gfba} Tfsf}ao " Lawa Pky " Yv}amaxa" 1 Ap}hb 1884" p/6/ Sef

cfifayfc dk}nf} Shnk}fyf }fmfby wf}f< Aosohk ca Ikysa Yka}fy" Aosohk Yk}haok" Abmf}sk ]kc}hgvfyPf}}fh}a" Cva}sf Yka}fy" D}aoihyik Na}ha Uathf} cf A}alk" I}hypho Mk}gfy cf A}alk" Gf}tayak Z yhi

Yk}haok Abfuhk" Lkaqvhn Agvyskcky Yaosky" Lkk Pf}}fh}a ca Yhbta" Lky Yka}fy" Lkk Bhymka" LkyGana" Lky Na}ha Fypkyhsk Naha" Na}hk Lky Efoc}hqvfy Na}shoy" Naovfb ca Yhbta" Nhgvfb Phosk"Nasfvy Lk}ck cf A}alk" Pavbk ca Yhbta" Pavbk ca Ikoifhk Iays}k" Thsab Uhnfofy/

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Jfnf}cfjaao %Hocfpfocfoif Phkoff} Nfcab( sk 14pas}hksy kd sef Thqvfqvf ]fmfbbhko hoibvchog se}ff kd sef dkv} Hockofyhaoy %oanfy vocf}bhofc mfbkw(< LkyNaovfb Cva}sf" Cknhogky Yka}fy" Fta}hysk ca Ikysa"A}nhock Ana}ab" Lkaqvhn Pf}fh}a Z yhi^" Gf}naok Abtfy caYhbta" Ohikcfnky cky ]fhy Ana}ab" Lky Ya}nfosk" Vynao mho Naocvbbx Bkbbx Yaogalh" Gf}yko Skn Pfbbk" Lf}fnhaySkao Pfbbk" Abmf}sk B/ Ocvo" Nasfvy Ya}nfosk Lk}ck cfA}alk %cfifayfc(" Aosohk ca Ikysa Yka}fy %cfifayfc("Nhgvfb Phosk %cfifayfc( aoc Thsab Uhnfofy %cfifayfc(/674

Yvmyfqvfosbx" sef Hocfpfocfoif Phkoff} Nfcab way abyk awa}cfc sk Caf}ae Hyshnfwa hf Ypfihab ]fghko( yfos a P}ksfys Oksfsk sef Pk}svgvfyf Anmayyack} ho Laja}sa/ Sef Oksf . seas cfiba}fc sef ]fpvmbhi kd Hockofyha 1836 Ikoyshsvshko ay a mayhi ikoyhcf}ashko" }fdvyfc dvbbx sef pkbhix kd N}/ Y}/ Abnfhca Yaosk Z yhi^" amkvs sef Gktf}onfos ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} seas whbb mfghtfo sk sef D}fsfbbho Z yhi^ ehnyfbd . aoc cfiba}fc seas wf yvppk}s aoc app}ktf dvbbxabb waxy kd aishog kd sef Hockofyhao Gktf}onfos ho }fysk}hog sef pfaif aoc k}cf} hoPk}svgvfyf Shnk}/89=Sef Oksf way yhgofc mx yftfo ysvcfosy d}kn sef mk}cf} kd Shnk}" }fp}fyfoshog kof sekvyaoc kd sef Ayykihashkoy ysvcfosy dkbbkwhog a nffshogho Yfna}aog %Ifos}ab Lata( ko 1 Yfpsfnmf} 1876/ Ekwftf}" vobhjf Ikcfy Shncf" sefAyykihashko chc oks ibahn sk eatf danhbx nfnmf}y k} yvppk}sf}y ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk}/Ekwftf}" d}kn sef oanfy kd sef Oksfy yhgoask}hfy yff kppkyhsf pagf" hs iao mfhodf}}fc seas sef Ayykihashkoy nfnmf}y wf}f d}kn Faysf}o Hockofyha %hoibvchog Ovya

Sfogga}a Shnk}" sef Nkbviiay aoc Papva(/

891 Voshsbfc sk P}fyhcfos kd Pk}svgab" //69+PP.V]SC+U" Laja}sa" =7 Kiskmf} 1876/ Sef bfssf}y sxpfcyvmyi}hpshko iknp}hyfc< NYA Mabhej Z yhi ay Efac kd sef V]S.C Ys}vggbf Cfbfgashko aoc YhnkoYkf}aog P}xa aoc Fnofvb Z yhi Nav mf}f/ Acchshkoab ikphfy wf}f acc}fyyfc sk< Acan Nabhj"Hockofyhao Dk}fhgo Nhohysf}: sef Gktf}ok} kd Pk}svgvfyf Shnk}: sef Pk}svgvfyf Bfgashko ho Laja}sa:90 S}achshkoab Bfacf}y ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk}: sef Wk}bc: aoc Dhbf/89=

A ikpx kd sef P}ksfys Oksf" ho Fogbhye" whse a iktf}hog bfssf} yhgofc mx sef Ayykihashkoy P}fyhcfos%Gaypa} May( aoc Gfof}ab Yfi}fsa}x %Xvbhvy M}ha( way }fifhtfc as sef Avys}abhao Fnmayyx Laja}sa ko13 Yfpsfnmf} 1876 %OAA< A10349" 501+19+11+1 Pa}s 13(/

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1/ Gaypa} May =/ Xvbhvy M}ha Y}/

9/ Nhieafb Jamkyv 3/ Cknh Xky Askj

6/ Anky Ik}pvssx Nk/ 4/ Ixp}h Sakbho 7/ Ef}nao Dkvj

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SEF HOCKOFYHAO HOTAYHKO AOC KIIVPASHKO

D}kn Hodhbs}ashko aoc ]ahcy . sk Anpehmhkvy+Ah}mk}of Assaij

Ay }fbasfc fa}bhf}" Hockofyhay cfysamhbh|ashko kpf}ashko agahoys Pk}svgvfyfShnk}"Kpf}ayh Jknkck " eac fysambhyefc hs efacqva}sf}y ho Asanmva %Wfys Shnk}( hoAvgvys 1873 aoc mfgao s}ahohog Apkcfsh }fi}vhsy sef}f ho basf 1873 %yff dkksoksfy579.578(/899

Mfghoohog ho basf 1873" Bhymko eac mfgvo }fsv}ohog Pk}svgvfyf s}kkpy sk sefNfs}kpkbf aoc sef }aojy kd sef }fgvba} s}kkpy wf}f }aphcbx dhbbfc whse Shnk}fyf}fi}vhsy/893Cv}hog sef dh}ys qva}sf} kd 1876" sehy pabs}x dk}if way pa}fc ckwo dv}sef}/Abb se}ff kd sef iknpaohfy iknp}hyfc kd Fv}kpfaoy sef a}shbbf}xnfo aoc nhbhsa}x pkbhif wf}f whsec}awo sk Pk}svgab whse sefh} fqvhpnfos/ Swk kd sef evosf} iknpaohfy %%iaack}fy hf bhges hodaos}x(( as Chbh aoc Kyy wf}f chymaocfc"bfathog kof aphfif as Maviav" Bkypabky" Navmhyyf" aoc sef Kfivyyf foibatf: aoc sefswk iatab}x yqvac}koy wf}f ikoykbhcasfc hosk kof ag}vpanfosk cf iataba}ha asMkmkoa}k/896 Sef Pk}svgvfyf nhbhsa}x ys}fogse aoc fddfishtfofyy ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} cfibhofc na}jfcbx ktf} yftf}ab nkosey" aoc Lky ]anky.Ek}sa basf} }fna}jfc seas sefs}kkp }fcvishko skkj pbaif as a shnf wefo sef ikvos}x way vocf}gkhog a cfbhiasf aocvop}fchisambf peayf kd cfikbkoh|ashko/ Ofus ckk}" Hockofyha yaw whse }fbhfd sefchnhohyehog Pk}svgvfyf nhbhsa}x p}fyfoif ho Fays Shnk}/894

Nfaowehbf" Hockofyhao p}fpa}ashkoy aiifbf}asfc/ Ho Dfm}va}x 1876" aoayyfyynfos mx sef Avys}abhao Lkhos Hosfbbhgfoif K}gaohyashko }fbasfc efbp mx m}kacbx chyyfnhoashog sehy fnahb(/1006 Skcasf ekwftf}" ok dv}sef} Voh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} fnahb nfyyagfy eatf mffo oksfc/

Ho nhc.=004" SOH ikoif}o amkvs sef Ofga}a Shnk} ]axa nktfnfos agahoyv}daifc m}hfdbx whse sef Jvpaog.mayfc nhbhsa}x chys}his iknnaocf} %Cao}fn 141("Ikbkofb Okie Mkba" }fga}chog hs ay yf}hkvy aoc wa}ohog seas sefx wkvbc mf chgghogsefh} kwo g}atfy/1004 Sef }fpk}s abyk }fbasfc seas Ofga}a Shnk} ]axa aishthysy" yknfd}kn Fays Shnk}" kdsfo nfs ho yfssbfnfosy whse dk}nf} Fays Shnk}fyf ho sef Mfsvoa}fa kd Ykvse Mfbv sk foikv}agf pa}shihpashko ho sef nktfnfos/

]fpvmbhia Shnk} Sayh Naof %]SSN( Yek}s.bhtfc Yfpa}ashyn

Ko 8 Ap}hb =006" ho Wfsasa}a}f %Wfbabvev+Dasvmf}bhv Yvm.Chys}his" Naovdaeha ynabb gasef}hog cfiba}fc sef fysambhyenfos kd sef ]fpvmbhia Shnk} Sayh Naof% ]SSN Shnk} ]fpvmbhi kd sef Ykvsef}o Yfa(/ Dkvocfc mx sef bfacf} kd sef Pa}foshb pkbhshiab pa}sx . Dbathaok Pf}fh}a Bkpfy" sef ]SSNy cfiba}ashko ihsfc sefGktf}onfos dk} hoacfqvasf yvppk}s kd pfkpbf ho sef }fnksf a}fay kd sef ykvse.wfysf}oikays/1007 Dkv} kd sef ]SSN kddhif.ekbcf}y wf}f ykko a}}fysfc aoc" dkbbkwhog a yf}hfykd ikv}s appfa}aoify" ko 6 Yfpsfnmf} =006 wf}f yfosfoifc sk pf}hkcy kd hnp}hykonfos kd d}kn swk sk dkv} xfa}y/1005

Absekvge a ynabb hoihcfos" hs way kd hosf}fys seas sef dkvochog casf kd sef]SSN hf 8 Ap}hb" way sef yanf ay dk} sefVoh ]fpvmbhj Shnk}.Chbbx %hf 8 Ap}hb1841(/ Ekwftf}" sk casf" ok ikoofishkoy eatf mffo oksfc mfswffo sef swknktfnfosy/

1009

Mf}f Oaeaj" % Pf}naeash Gf}ajao Shnk} ]axa Kmyf}tf}" Shnk} ]axa Nktfnfos(" fnahb" 11Laova}x =00=/1003 Avsek}y oksf . sehy hy sef a}fa kd sef Avgvys 183= Navmhyyf vp}hyhog agahoys sef Pk}svgvfyf yffdkksoksf 65/1006 Mf}f Oaeaj" Pfyao Oasab ca}h Voh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} " fnahb" 19 Laova}x =00=/1004SOH Aoshyhpayh Mf}ch}hoxa Ofga}a Shnk} ]axa %SOH Aoshihpasfy sef Fysambhyenfos kd Ofga}a

Shnk} ]axa("Sfnpk Hosf}ajshd " Laja}sa" 14 Nax =004/1007 Sef Pa}foshb pa}sx % Pa}shck ]fpvmbhja Oaihkoab Shnk} Bfysf ( way a xkvse.mayfc pa}sx dkvocfc hoDfm}va}x =001 seas yskkc voyviifyydvbbx dk} sef =001 Ikoyshsvfos Ayyfnmbx fbfishko whoohog kobx0/63 pf}ifos kd sef tksf/ Sef m}hfd ]SSN cfiba}ashko if}fnkox hoibvcfc a ]SSN dbag" a }fc.aoc.wehsf dbag" aoc a Pa}foshb dbag Jayvy ]SSN }fynh chyhcaogjao" JE skbaj payab naja} %]SSNiayf kddhihabbx ikotfofc" Lvcgf }flfisy assaij agahoys gktf}onfos("Yva}a Shnk} Bk}kyaf " Chbh" 14Nax =006" p/9/1005

Sef dkv} yfosfoifc wf}f< Dbathaok Pf}fh}a Bkpfy+Bkpf|" Agaphsk Pf}fh}a" Th}hask ca IkysaDf}oaocfy aoc Yasv}ohok Pf}fh}a Pfoch}h ofga}a ]SSN nayvj mvh %]SSN dkvocf}y lahbfc("Yva}a Shnk} Bk}kyaf " Chbh" 8 Yfpsfnmf} =006/

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YVNNA]X AOC CHYIVYYHKO

Sehy ikoibvchog yfishko yvnna}hyfy aypfisy kd sef hocfpfocfoif nktfnfosyaoc aishthshfy }fbasfc fa}bhf} aoc ehgebhgesy a ovnmf} kd sef hoikoyhysfoihfy"aoknabhfy" dam}hiashkoy aoc appa}fos expf}mkbf ho yftf}ab kd sef }fik}cy aoc }fpk}sy/Yknf iknnfosy a}f abyk kddf}fc/Bkypabky Vp}hyhog aoc Nayyai}f

Mx iv}}fos ysaoca}cy" evnao }hgesy amvyfy mx sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy hoPk}svgvfyf Shnk} ikoshovfc sk mf iknnko.pbaif ho sef pf}hkc dkbbkwhog Wk}bc Wa} HH/ Ekwftf}" ay xfs" sef}f appfa}y sk mf ok yvmysaoshtf fthcfoif kd ao vp}hyhog k} aox yvmyfqvfos nayyai}f" ho sef Bkypabky a}fa %BavsnIh}ivoyi}hk ( ho sef pf}hkc 1836.1838 ay abbfgfc ho a ovnmf} kd Hockofyhao pvmbhiashkoy ihsfc as sef mfghoohog kd sef sehy wk}j/

Sef 1868 Thqvfqvf ]fmfbbhko

Sef nalk} kvsm}faj kd hochgfokvy vo}fys ho sef pkys.Wk}bc Wa} HH pf}hkc hoPk}svgvfyf Shnk} . vp sk sef ftfosy kd 1873.1876" way sef dahbfc 1868 Thqvfqvf]fmfbbhko/ Hsy k}hghoy appfa} sk eatf mffo ho sef chyikosfos dfbs mx naox Shnk}fyfwhse sef Pk}svgvfyf acnhohys}ashko baij kd cftfbkpnfos" fupbkhsashko" ykihabholvyshif aoc evnao }hgesy amvyfy/ Shnk}fyf bkwf}.g}acf ihthb yf}taosy ho Chbh foikv}agfc mx sef Hockofyhao Ikoyvb" ykvges sk dk}if ieaogf se}kvge a }fmfbbhko/ Sefhocfpfocfoif kd sef ofhgemkv}hog ]fpvmbhi kd Hockofyha way ao hnpk}saos hoyph}ashkoaoc . dk} fcviasfc Shnk}fyf" sef Ayha.Ad}hia Ikodf}foif efbc ho Maocvog ho 1866abyk p}kthcfc foikv}agfnfos/ Ho Thqvfqvf" yftf}ab kd sef Hockofyhao Pf}nfysa fuhbfyaishtfbx p}kyfbxsh|fc agahoys sef Pk}svgvfyf acnhohys}ashko/

Ao Hockofyhao ykv}if %a yiekkb sfus.mkkj . yff Aoofu M( eay ihsfc sefaishthshfy kd Hoihk Aoc} D}aoihyik Yhsjk+Ihjk Bkpfy ay iasabxyhog hocfpfocfoifayph}ashkoy ankog Shnk}fyf xkvse ho Chbh ho sef nhc.1860y %yff dkksoksfy 144.17=(/Absekvge hnp}hykofc mx sef Pk}svgvfyf d}kn 1835 voshb as bfays sef nhc.1840y"D}aoihyik Bkpfy nax eatf mffo ko yknf dk}n kd ikochshkoab }fbfayf ho Chbh ho sefnhc.1860y sk yknf shnf ho 1865 cv}hog wehie" aiik}chog sk Yabfn Yag}ao"D}aoihyik Bkpfy eac }fgvba} ikosais whse sef Hockofyhao Ikoyvbasf/1008 Ekwftf}"Bkpfy eay oks mffo oksfc ho aox Pk}svgvfyf w}hshogy ko sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko fg oksnfoshkofc mx Gktf}ok} Ma}asa k} Nkoyhgok} Na}shoek ca Ikysa Bkpfy" k} mx fuhbfc

}fmfby ho Ad}hia/ Sehy yvggfysy seas Bkpfy way p}kmambx ho p}hyko cv}hog sef 1865.1868 pf}hkc . aoc nax oks eatf mffo ch}fisbx k} aishtfbx hotkbtfc ho sef 1868]fmfbbhko hsyfbd/

Sef ]fmfbbhko chc oks yviiffc dk} a }aogf kd }faykoy p}hoihpabbx mfiavyf sef pbao way }ftfabfc sk sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy wek p}f.fnpsfc aox vp}hyhog ho Chbh/Sef a}}fysy ho Chbh ykko p}fihphsasfc p}fnasv}f aoc hbb.ikoifhtfc assaijy mx sef g}kvpkd hoacfqvasfbx.p}fpa}fc }fmfby ho Thqvfqvf/ Ekwftf}" hs hy abyk ehgebx vobhjfbx seasaox basf} a}nfc }fmfbbhko hf ho Cfifnmf} 1868" wkvbc eatf mffo yviifyydvb agahoyssef dk}ify seas sef Pk}svgvfyf acnhohys}ashko wkvbc eatf mffo ambf sk nkmhbhyf agahoyssef }fmfby/ Nk}fktf}" whse Ikoyvb Oa|wa} Laivm yiefcvbfc sk iknpbfsf ehy skv} kd

1008

Mkse Yabfn Nvyabban Yag}ao %dkksoksf 170( aoc D}fcf}hik Abnfhca Yaosky ca Ikysa %dkksoksf 17=(eatf nfoshkofc D}aoihyik Bkpfy ho Chbh ho sef nhc.basf 1860y aoc ho ikosais whse sef HockofyhaoIkoyvbasf/

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cvsx ho fa}bx Lvof 1868" hs hy tf}x ckvmsdvb seas ehy }fpbaifnfos . Sfogjv VynaoEvyyho" wkvbc eatf foikv}agfc ao vp}hyhog as sef foc kd seas xfa}/ Sehy ekwftf} ckfyoks p}fibvcf sef pkyyhmhbhsx seas sef }fmfb bfacf}y ho Chbh nhges eatf aisfc hoCfifnmf} ay appa}fosbx pbaoofc/ ]fga}cbfyy" sefh} p}kypfisy dk} yviifyy as seas basf} casf wkvbc abyk eatf mffo pkk}/

Ho sef ikvos}xyhcf" sef vp}hyhog ho sef ThqvfqvfIh}ivoyi}hk way bavoiefc p}fihphskvybx" aoc way pkk}bx pbaoofc aoc hofddfishtfbx fufivsfc . whsekvs aox }fabekpf kd yviifyy/ Sef a}fay kd sef ]fmfbbhko ho sefIh}ivoyi}hfy kd Maviav aocThqvfqvf wf}f }fbashtfbx }fnksf aoc wf}f oks fseok.bhogvhyshiabbx eknkgfokvy/ Sefassaijy mx sef }fmfby agahoys sef Pk}svgvfyf acnhohys}ashko kddhify ho Thqvfqvf Skwoaoc ho sef Pkysky kd Vaskba}h" Vask.Ia}amav aoc Magvha appfa} sk eatf eac kobxbhnhsfc pkpvba} yvppk}s hf d}kn a ik}f g}kvp ho sef Thqvfqvf Skwo thihohsx aoc ho adfw thbbagfy sk sef ok}sefays" p}hoihpabbx thbbagf}y kd sef Oavfsh fseok.bhogvhyshig}kvp/ Hnpk}saosbx" sef}f wf}f s}achshkoab aoshpasehfy aoc fonhshfy mfswffo s}hmfy"ibaoy aoc g}kvpy ho sef ThqvfqvfIh}ivoyi}hk hoibvchog }fyhcvab fonhshfy d}knsef s}hmab dhgeshog ho sef a}fay cv}hog Wk}bc Wa} HH/1010 Dv}sef}" ho 1868" yknf s}hmfy}fnahofc bkxab sk sef Pk}svgvfyf . fg ho sef Kyy aoc Baibvsa a}fay" aoc wf}fyviifyydvbbx fnpbkxfc mx sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy agahoys sef ]fmfbbhko/Ikoyfqvfosbx" sef }fmfby wf}f voambf sk nkmhbhyf fhsef} sef ofifyya}x ba}gf dk}ify k} whcfyp}fac pkpvba} yvppk}s se}kvgekvs sef swkIh}ivoyi}hfy/ Ho 1876" D}fshbhoyThif P}fyhcfos" Ohikbav Bkmask }fna}jfc seas sef Vasfba}h Z yhi }ftkbs wayhofddfishtf ho 1868 cvf chthyhtfofyy p}ftahbhog ankog kv} aoifysk}y/1011 ]fga}cbfyy" sef ]fmfbbhko eac bhssbf }fab ieaoif kd yviifyy agahoys sef dk}ify seas sefPk}svgvfyf wkvbc eatf mffo ambf sk ayyfnmbf sk qvfbb sef vo}fys/

Ok Pk}svgvfyf a}f jokwo sk eatf mffo jhbbfc ho sef ]fmfbbhko/ Shnk}fyfiayvabshfy yvddf}fc ho sef Thqvfqvf aoc MaviavIh}ivoyi}hfy a}f chddhivbs skcfsf}nhof aiiv}asfbx %yff fyshnasfy aoc ibahny as pagfy 50.51( . mvs vp sk yftf}abevoc}fcy kd cfasey hy p}kmambx a }faykoambx aiiv}asf fyshnasf/ Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfyappfa} sk eatf oftf} pvmbhyefc hodk}nashko ko iayvabshfy/ Sef sksab ovnmf} kd Shnk}fyf hnp}hykofc ho Shnk} dkbbkwhog sef vp}hyhog hy vojokwo" aoc abyk nf}hsydv}sef} }fyfa}ie/ Wehbf fu.Gktf}ok} Ma}asay 1885 mkkj hy ao hnpk}saos ikos}hmvshkoaoc p}kthcfy ikoyhcf}ambf vyfdvb hodk}nashko ko sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko" ehy atkhcaoif kd }fikvoshog sef cfsahb kd sef jhbbhogy aoc yvnna}x fufivshkoy as sef Mfmvh ]htf} ktf}yffo mx sef Thqvfqvf Acnhohys}ask} A}sv} Na}qvfy ]anky aoc IapsahoMa}}fh}ky" hy a yhgohdhiaos aoc chyappkhoshog knhyyhko %yff dkksoksfy 975.950(/

Yftf}ab ksef} aypfisy kd sef 1868 vp}hyhog a}f abyk wk}sex kd dv}sef} fuanhoashko hoibvchog sef kmlfishtfy kd sef ]fmfbbhko" aoc sef ahny kd sef1010 Cv}hog Wk}bc Wa} HH" mkse sef Avys}abhao aoc sef Lapaofyf nhbhsa}x dk}ify nkmhbhyfc s}hmfynfo ay pa}anhbhsa}hfy ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} . yff Ieanmf}baho" F/P/" Sef Ys}vggbf " kp/ihs/" =005" pp/90.94:aoc Ieanmf}baho" F/P/" Shnk}fyf ho Ypfihab Kpf}ashkoy cv}hog Wk}bc Wa} HH" kp/ihs/" =010/ Dk} cfsahbko Avys}abhao dk}ify ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} yff abyk W}ax" I/I/E/" Shnk} 183=" 1857: Ckhg" I/C/" AEhysk}x " 1854: aoc Pkwfbb" A/" Wa} mx Ysfabse Avys}abhaoy aoc sef Abbhfc Hosfbbhgfoif Mv}fav183=.1836" Nfbmkv}of Vohtf}yhsx P}fyy" Nfbmkv}of" 1884/ Avys}abhao ypfihab dk}ify %\ Ypfihab Vohs(abyk }fi}vhsfc bkiab yvppk}s ho sefIh}ivoyi}hk kd Yk Cknhogky %iktf}hog sef Maviav aoc Thqvfqvfa}fay( aoc ho sef BavsnIh}ivoyi}hk /1011 Bkmask" O/" Bfssf} sk sef Vohsfc Oashkoy Yfi}fsa}x Gfof}ab" Bkv}fok Na}qvfy" =3 Ap}hb 1876%OAA< A10349" 501+19+11+1 Pa}s 11(/ Ohikbav cky ]fhy Bkmask %m/ =3 Nax 1834( yf}tfc ay aoayph}aosf ho sef Dhoaoif Yf}thif ho Chbh d}kn 19 Oktfnmf} 1848 sk 1873 MKcS " Ok/7" 14 Dfm}va}x1873" p/1=9: Ok/=8" =0 Lvbx 1873" p/641 . aoc way abyk oksfc ay a yfikoca}x yiekkb sfaief} ho Chbh ho

1873/ Ohikbav Bkmask mfianf Shnk}.Bfysfy dh}ys P}hnf Nhohysf} ko =5 Oktfnmf} 1876 aoc hsyyfikoc P}fyhcfos ho Kiskmf} 1877/ Oksf abyk D}fshbhoy }fpk}sfc pkyhshtf thfw kd sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko aya dk}nashtf hodbvfoif ay ihsfc as dkksoksf 611/

=1=


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Hockofyhao Pf}nfysa 13/ Ekwftf}" hs hy if}saho seas sef 13 wf}f Pf}nfysanfnmf}y aoc ianf ch}fisbx d}kn sef Jvpaog a}fa kd Hockofyhao Shnk} c}htfo kvs mx SOH s}kkpy yvpp}fyyhog Pf}nfysa yfpa}ashys fbfnfosy ho Wfys Shnk}/ Ef}f" hsyekvbc mf oksfc seas< ay fa}bx ay 1865" sef kddhihab Hockofyhao ofwyagfoix cfiba}fcsefn sk mf Pf}nfysa: sef Hockofyhao avsek}hshfy ykko ykvges sefh} fus}achshko d}knPk}svgvfyf Shnk}: aoc kobx ho basf 1840 chc Hockofyha iba}hdx seas sef 13 wf}fcfyf}sf}y d}kn sef Hockofyhao A}nx ho Jvpaog wek eac iknnhssfc }kmmf}hfy mfdk}fdbffhog sk Pk}svgvfyf Shnk}/

Sef iknpkyhshko kd sef g}kvp kd 13 hy cfsahbfc ho sefh} }fqvfys dk} ayxbvn%yff Aoofu I( . aoc abyk ho sef 1886 a}shibf mx Pfsf} A/ ]keh %dkksoksf =11( ho wehieabb 13 wf}f ypfihdhiabbx oanfc/ Aiik}chog sk sef Hockofyhao avsek}hshfy" swk kd sef 13eac mffo Hockofyhao yfiv}hsx dk}if %hf SOH( pf}ykoofb hf Banmf}svy Backw ik}pk}abaoc Vcx Wfbkog p}htasf/101=Ekwftf}" ho sefh} ayxbvn }fqvfys" abb mvs Lf}nhay+Lf}fnhay Pfbbk cfiba}fc sefnyfbtfy sk eatf nhbhsa}x }aojy ho sef Pf}nfysa+P]]H hfd}kn bhfvsfoaos ckwo sk p}htasf ykbchf}/ Ho ehy mkkj" Gktf}ok} Ma}asa najfy yftf}ab}fdf}foify sk Bhfvsfoaos Gf}yko hf Gf}yko Pfbbk/ Ekwftf}" koif ho Maviav" hsappfa}y seas abnkys abb nfnmf}y kd sef pa}sx ayyvnfc ehgef} nhbhsa}x }aojy ayhochiasfc ho sef Avys}abhao Ikoyvby nffshog whse nfnmf}y kd sef g}kvp ho Maviav hobasf 1865 %dkksoksf ==1(/ Kobx se}ff kd sef 13 Hockofyhaoy appfa} sk eatf mffoaishtfbx hotkbtfc ho aishtfbx p}kyfbxshyhog dk} Shnk}fyf hocfpfocfoif aoc pa}shihpashog ho sef ]fmfbbhko hsyfbd hf Gf}yko Pfbbk" Lf}fnhay Pfbbk" aoc Lkmf}sNkohaga ho Thqvfqvf/ Ekwftf}" dkv} wf}f cfsahofc aoc hnp}hykofc ho Pk}svgab %aocbasf} ho Aogkba( hf Banmf}svy Backw" Gf}yko Pfbbk" Lf}fnhay Pfbbk aoc Abmf}s Ockfo+Ocvo/ Sef }fnahocf} . hf ohof" wf}f }fsv}ofc mx sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy skHockofyhao Shnk}" se}kvge Kfivyyf" ho Kiskmf} 1840 aoc wf}f }fpk}sfcbxhnp}hykofc dk} a shnf ho Cfopaya} %Mabh( mx sef Hockofyhao avsek}hshfy/

Hs hy yshbb oks ibfa} wex sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy g}aosfc ayxbvn hoPk}svgvfyf Shnk} sk sef Pf}nfysa 13 ao ais yv}f sk kddfoc sef HockofyhaoGktf}onfos/ Wehbf sehy way ckof cv}hog sef Gktf}ok}yehp kd Iapsaho Iya} Yf}pa]kya" sef}f hy ok fupbaoashko kd sehy aypfis ho sef mkkj mx ehy yviifyyk}" Gktf}ok} Sefnvck Ma}asa/ Sef}f eatf mffo yvggfyshkoy %yff dkksoksf ==4( seas fhsef} sefVohsfc Ysasfy seas aishtfbx yvppk}sfc sef P]]H+Pf}nfysa nktfnfos" k} pf}eapyAvys}abha" nax eatf p}fyyv}fc sef Pk}svgvfyf sk aiifps sef 13" mvs fthcfoif dk} yviehy baijhog/ Hocffc" fuanhoashko kd sef ibayyhdhfc }fik}c kd ikotf}yashko mfswffo sefAvys}abhao Nhohysf} kd Fusf}oab Addah}y aoc sef Avys}abhao Ikoyvb Chbh seas }fbasfcsefh} nffshog ho Iaomf}}a ko =8 Ap}hb 1865 yvggfysy bhssbf Avys}abhao jokwbfcgf kd sef Pf}nfysa 13 aoc ikodvyhko ko sefh} k}hghoy %yff dkksoksf =0=(/ Ekwftf}" ho

Oktfnmf} 1868" a dvbbshnf Avys}abhao Yfi}fs Hosfbbhgfoif Yf}thif %AYHY( kddhif} way }fpk}sfcbx appkhosfc ay sef Avys}abhao Ikoyvb ho Chbh/ Sehy nax eatf mffo a mfbasfc hohshashtf hf pf}eapy p}fihphsasfc mx sef a}}htab kd sef Pf}nfysa 13 aoc sef]fmfbbhko" sk hnp}ktf Avys}abhay hosfbbhgfoif ikbbfishko ko cftfbkpnfosy ho Faysf}oHockofyha/1019 Ekwftf}" whse Pk}svgab a nfnmf} kd sef Ok}se Asbaoshi S}fasx

101=Ay cfiba}fc mx sef Hockofyhao Nhohys}x kd Dk}fhgo Addah}y ho 1865 . yff dkksoksf =13/ Oksf abyk seffnahb acthif mx P/A/ ]keh seas Banmf}svy Backw aoc Lkmf}s Nkohaga eac mffo nfnmf}y kd Xkohd 71=ho Wfys Shnk}/ Dk} chyivyyhko yff dkksoksf ==1/1019 Yff dkksoksf 491 aoc abyk ==4/ Hs eay mffo ikosfocfc seas sef Avys}abhao Yfi}fs HosfbbhgfoifYf}thif %AYHY( fysambhyefc a p}fyfoif ho sef Chbh Ikoyvbasf ho basf 1868 hf seas sef Ikoyvb way ao AYHYkddhif} . yff< Skkefx" M/ $ Phowhbb" W/" Kxysf}< sef ysk}x kd sef Avys}abhao Yfi}fs Hosfbbhgfoif Yf}thif"

Efhofnaoo" Nfbmkv}of" 1858" p/148: Gvoo" G/" Shnk} Bk}k Yaf 600 Xfa}y" 1888 . p/=41 %p/134 ho sefHosf}ofs fchshko(: aoc Ma}asa" D/ S/"Shnk} ikosfnpk}ofk " 1885" kp/ihs/" p/88/ Apa}s d}kn Chbh" sef}fwf}f }fpk}sfcbx kobx swk ksef} AYHY.ikos}kbbfc pkysy kvsyhcf Avys}abha Laja}sa aoc Skjxk< yff

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K}gaohyashko %OASK(" p}fyyv}f d}kn sef VY ko Pk}svgab sk aiifps sef 13 hy pkyyhmbxnk}f pbavyhmbf seao ypfivbashko kd aox Avys}abhao hodbvfoif ko sef Pk}svgvfyf ho1865/1013 Sef yvggfyshko mx sef }fmfby seas sef Hockofyhaoy eac hosfocfc sk ikoshovfkowa}c sk H}hao . hf Ofsef}baocy Ofw Gvhofa hy hos}hgvhog aoc iknnfocy dv}sef} }fyfa}ie/1016 Wehbf hs hy pkyyhmbf seas sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy aiifpsfc sef Pf}nfysa13 ko sef ikochshko seas sefx ikoshovf sk H}hao" ok yvie }fqvh}fnfos appfa}y ho sefh} Cfiba}ashko yhgofc ho Chbh ko =7 Na}ie 1865 %yff dkksoksf =08 aoc Aoofu I(/

Hosf}fyshogbx" wefo sef dkv} Hockofyhaoy mfhog s}aoypk}sfc sk Bhymko fyiapfc m}hfdbx ho Yhogapk}f d}kn sef O+N Hocha" sefx cfiba}fc sefnyfbtfy sk mf Yvja}okynfo 1014 aoc assfnpsfc sk yffj ayyhysaoif d}kn sef Hockofyhao bfgashko ho Yhogapk}f mvs wf}f }flfisfc/ Dv}sef}" ho 1840" P}fyhcfos Yvja}ok appfabfc dk} sefh} }fbfayf aoc .ko sefh} }fsv}o sk Hockofyha d}kn Pk}svgab ho 184=" se}ff kd sef dkv} fosf}fc yf}thif hosef Hockofyhao A}nfc Dk}ify/ Yk" wehbf sef}f hy pf}eapy yknf pkyyhmhbhsx seas sefxwf}f pa}s kd ao Hockofyhao pbao mfgvo ho 1865 sk dknfos ao vp}hyhog ho Pk}svgvfyfShnk}" hs hy da} nk}f p}kmambf seas sefh} ftfosvab Ys}vggbf Tfsf}ao ysasvy %d}kn sefbasf 1850y( way awa}cfc sk sefn pkys.daisk mx Hockofyha hf ho yvppk}s kd basf} Hockofyhao assfnpsy sk lvyshdx Hockofyhao hotkbtfnfos ho Fays Shnk} mx hnpbxhog abkog.ysaochog cfyh}f mx Shnk}fyf dk} hosfg}ashko hosk sef ]fpvmbhi kd Hockofyha/Hocffc" d}kn sef nhc.1880y" sef Hockofyhao Gktf}onfos hoi}fayhogbx ihsfc sef 1868Thqvfqvf ]fmfbbhko ay sef fa}bhfys kd nkcf}o.cax assfnpsy mx sef pfkpbf kd Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} dk} hosfg}ashko hosk Hockofyha/ Sehy ibahn way ehgebhgesfc cv}hogsef kddhihab }fifpshkoy kd sef Hockofyhao.ayyhysfc }fsv}o kd Shnk}fyf fuhbfy d}knPk}svgab aoc abyk ho awa}cy if}fnkohfy ho Laja}sa aoc Chbh/

Ifos}ab sk sef Hockofyhao.p}fdf}}fc hosf}p}fsashko kd sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko hy sefibahn seas sef Thqvfqvf }fmfby ia}}hfc Hockofyhao dbagy aoc wk}f }fc.aoc.wehsf}hmmkoy aoc hoyhgoha hf ay pexyhiab fthcfoif kd sefh} cfyh}f sk hosfg}asf hoskHockofyha/1017 Sehy fbfnfos eay abyk mffo fnpeayhyfc mx dk}nf} }fmfby wek }fsv}ofcd}kn fuhbf ho sef 1850y aoc 1880y mvs sefh} kmlfishthsx ikvbc mf yffo ay yvypfis aysefx wf}f sefo vocf} Hockofyhao ypkoyk}yehp" aoc yknf yf}tfc ho sef bkiabHockofyhao bfghybashtf ys}visv}fy aoc ihthb yf}thif ho Fays Shnk}/ Wehbf sef dbagyhyyvf ikvbc sef}fdk}f mf pkyyhmbx chynhyyfc ay a sfocfoshkvy Hockofyhao p}kpagaocaikoys}vis" hs hy hosf}fyshog sk oksf seas a ikosfnpk}a}x aoc a}gvambx kmlfishtf ykv}if .sef Avys}abhao Ikoyvb ho Chbh" }fpk}sfc ho Lvbx 1868< hs hy jokwo sk nf" ekwftf}" seas

Skkefx" M/ $ Phowhbb" W/" Kxysf} " 1858" kp/ihs/" pp/75.78/ Sef bays nhbhsa}x iknpaox kd sef ]fpvmbhi Nabvjv Yfbasao %]NY( eac yv}}focf}fc ho Nax 186=" aoc sef Pf}nfysa Nktfnfos %yffdkksoksf 180( eac mffo cfdfasfc mx Yfpsfnmf} 1841/ Hmhc" p/48 yvggfysy seas sef %%abbfgfc(( AYHYkddhif} wkvbc basf} lkjf sk d}hfocy/ Sef}f way mvggf} abb sk ck %%Oksf< mvggf} abb hy ao

Avys}abhao ybaog fup}fyyhko nfaohog oksehog weasykftf}((/1013 Ao fnahb sk sef avsek} d}kn Pfsf} A/ ]keh" a Laja}sa.mayfc Hockofyhao lkv}oabhys" =7 Kiskmf} =004"abyk yvggfysfc yvie OASK ikoyhcf}ashkoy/1016 Sef ckivnfos p}fpa}fc mx sef fuhbfy ho Aogkba ho 1840 oksfy seas sef Hockofyhaoy pfch}an avuhbhk

pkbhshik ak Gktf}ok Pk}svgvfy pa}a ikoshova} pa}a H}hao" iknk fn Maviav f nahy sk}}hyshia dk}annaocacky pa}a fysf ikoifbek a fypf}a ck s}aoypk}sf %eac }fqvfysfc pkbhshiab ayxbvn d}kn sefPk}svgvfyf Gktf}onfos aoc sk ikoshovf sk H}hao %%Ofsef}baocy Ofw Gvhofa((" aoc eac mffo k}cf}fc skMaviav" bhjf skv}hysy" sk awahs s}aoypk}s d}kn seasIkoifbek /( . Ikysa" D/A/Y/ ca"Ky Oknfy cky

Cfshcky Shnk}foyfy Pa}a Aogkba Ck Aok Cf 1868 %Sef Oanfy kd sef Shnk}fyf Cfsahoffy Yfos skAogkba ho 1868(" Yhbta Pk}sk %Mh" Aogkba(" 4 Lvof 1840" p/= Aoofu D/1014 Ho ef} =008 mkkj Mabhmk" Lhbb Lkbbhddf eay w}hssfo seas sef Pf}nfysa 13 wf}f dvghshtfy d}knYvja}ok" mvs wf}f nk}f p}kmambx ehy hosfbbhgfoif agfosy/ . Lkbbhdf" L/" Mabhmk" Yi}hmf" Ia}bsko Ok}s=008" p/4=/1017

Lky Naovfb Cva}sfy mfbasfc 1886 ibahn aoc sef chypbax kd a }fmfb vohdk}n %yff dkksoksf 998(hy ayyfyyfc mx sef avsek} ay a nhc.1880y ikoys}vishko hf hs hy ikoyhcf}fc ehgebx hnp}kmambf seas sef}fmfby ho Thqvfqvf wk}f vohdk}ny ho 1868/

=13


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sef}f wf}f naox oashtfy ho seas a}fa wek wf}f ho pkyyfyyhko kd ynabb Hockofyhaodbagy/1015 Gktf}ok} Ma}asa abyk cfyi}hmfc sef }fmfby as Vaskba}h wfa}hog sefikbkv}y kd sef Hockofyhao dbag %dkksoksf 933(/ Yvmyfqvfosbx" ho sef 1880y" sefHockofyhao tf}yhko kd sef ]fmfbbhko pbaxfc ckwo sef hotkbtfnfos kd sefHockofyhao 13 ay a iasabxys aoc" }asef}" fnpeayhyfc sef hochgfokvy }kksy kd sefvp}hyhog aoc ehgebhgesfc Shnk}fyf bfacf}yehp aoc pa}shihpashko/ Dk} fuanpbf" aokddhihab Hockofyhao tf}yhko pvmbhyefc ho 188= sef ehge yiekkb sfus.mkkj" cfiba}fyseas sef 13 wf}f kobx xkvse d}kn Jvpaog wek hoyph}fc sef bkiab Shnk}fyf sk pbao aoc vocf}sajf sef vp}hyhog/

Cfyphsf a }fbvisaoif mx sef ikosfnpk}a}x avsek}hshfy ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} aocBhymko sk acnhs pvmbhibx seas sef ]fmfbbhkoy pa}shihpaosy ykvges vohdhiashko whseHockofyha" yvmyfqvfos Pk}svgvfyf hotfyshgashkoy nk}f ibfa}bx aijokwbfcgfc sehyaypfis fg sef S}hmvoaby ho Aogkba ho 1840 %yff dkksoksf 383(" aoc ho sef 1859If}shck ckivnfos as Aoofu E %yff abyk dkksoksf 648(/ Dk}nf} Gktf}ok} Ma}asay1885 mkkj abyk hochiasfc ehy mfbhfd seas sef }fmfby eac pbaoofc sk hosfg}asf faysf}oShnk} hosk Hockofyha/ Nk}fktf}" ehy thfw kd kddhihab Hockofyhao hotkbtfnfos hy abykfup}fyyfc ho sef shsbf kd ehy 1885 mkkj seas eay mffo fusfoyhtfbx ihsfc fa}bhf} ho sehywk}j hf


226/262

Yvbawfyh %P]]H+Pf}nfysa(" sef Ca}vb Hybanho Wfys Lata" way nkpphog vp ]NY}fnoaosy" aoc way mfghoohog hsy ys}vggbf sk hoik}pk}asf H}hao Ma}as %Wfys H}hao hfnkcf}o.cax Papva(/ Abyk" hd Laja}sa way ch}fishog sef ]fmfbbhko" wex wkvbc sefxeatf yiefcvbfc sef }fpbaifnfos kd sefh} Ikoyvb Oa|wa} Laivm ho Lvof 1868 hfbfathog sef hoiknhog Sfogjv Vynao Evyyho sk cftfbkp a }fbashkoyehp whse sefchyyhcfos Shnk}fyf aoc sef Pf}nfysa 13 ;Hs hy abyk pf}eapy }fbftaos seas ho Ap}hb 1865 wefo sef 13 Hockofyhaoy eac lvys a}}htfc aoc ykvges ayxbvn" Hockofyhao Ikoyvb Oa|wa} Laivm ev}}hfcbx s}atfbbfcsk Avys}abha dk} nfchiab s}fasnfos/ Sehy yvggfysy seas Laivm" a Yvnas}ao" whyefc skchysaoif ehnyfbd d}kn ftfosy . bfys ehy yvpf}hk}y ho Laja}sa yvypfis seas ef wayyxnpasefhi k} yvppk}shtf kd sef Pf}nfysa 13y yfpa}ashys pkbhshiy aoc ayxbvn mhc/

Aiifpshog seas sef 13 wf}f Pf}nfysa yfpa}ashys }fmfby d}kn Jvpaog dbffhogsef Hockofyhao avsek}hshfy" wex wkvbc sef se}ff Hockofyhaoy ch}fisbx hotkbtfc hoThqvfqvf %hf Gf}yko" Lf}fnhay aoc Lkmf}s( foikv}agf sef Shnk}fyf sk ia}}xHockofyhao dbagy aoc yffj hosfg}ashko hosk sef ]fpvmbhi kd Hockofyha . wekyfgktf}onfos sefx %hf ay Pf}nfysa nfnmf}y( eac kppkyfc ; Ay oksfc fa}bhf}" hs appfa}yseas kobx a dfw kd sef 13 wf}f aishtfbx hotkbtfc ho sef ]fmfbbhko aoc sefyf naxeatf mffo p}k.]fpvmbhi k}" nkys bhjfbx" aosh.ikbkohab aoc yvppk}shtf kd seffnm}xkohi pbaoy kd sef ynabb ovnmf} kd Shnk}fyf ekphog sk kvys sef Pk}svgvfyf/Dv}sef}" aoc hnpk}saosbx" aiikvosy mx Shnk}fyf }fmfby hochiasf seas sefh} pbaoy dk} }ftkbs k} as bfays kppkyhshko sk sef avsek}hshfy" p}f.casfc mx yftf}ab xfa}y sef a}}htabho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} ho Na}ie 1865 kd sef Pf}nfysa 13/ Nk}fktf}" sef Pf}nfysa 13 hoMaviav aoc Thqvfqvf eac bhssbf ikosais whse sef ]fmfbbhko p}hoihpaby ho Chbh }asef}"sef nfosk} kd sef Shnk}fyf bfacf}yehp ho Chbh appfa}y sk eatf mffo sef qvhukshiHockofyhao Ikoyvb" Oa|wa} Laivm/ Ay oksfc fa}bhf}" Oa|wa} Laivm way yiefcvbfc skfoc ehy appkhosnfos ho fa}bx Lvof 1868 aoc }fsv}o sk Hockofyha/ Pf}eapy }fsehojhogsef pf}ykoab hnpbhiashkoy kd ehy hotkbtfnfos whse sef hoihphfos }fmfb nktfnfos" efikothoifc hsy bfacf}yehp sk cfdf} sef vp}hyhog d}kn basf Nax sk basf Cfifnmf} 1868 ;Pf}eapy Oa|wa} Laivm gks ikbc dffs hf whyehog sk cfpa}s Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} mfdk}faox vp}hyhog ;

Ekw yf}hkvy a se}fas wf}f sef 1868 }fmfby sk Pk}svgvfyf }vbf ho Shnk} ; Sefhotfyshgashko aoc s}fasnfos kd sef Shnk}fyf cfpk}sffy ho Bhymko aoc ho Aogkbahochiasfy seas sef ikoif}oy mx sef acnhohys}ashko ho Chbh wf}f oks yea}fc mx sefavsek}hshfy ho sef Nfs}pkbf k} Aogkba/ Dkbbkwhog sefh} hotfyshgashkoy" ho Dfm}va}x1841" sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy ikochshkoabbx }fbfayfc eabd kd sef cfpk}sffy ho Aogkba hf sekyfok ikoyhcf}ack ivbpack %yff dkksoksfy 387.388 aoc Aoofu D(: aoc sef}fnahocf} wf}f yhnhba}bx }fbfayfc se}ff nkosey basf}/ Kobx a ynabb eaocdvb kd sef 63

Shnk}fyf cfpk}sffy ho Aogkba wf}f ikoyhcf}fc aishtf yfpa}ashysy wa}}aoshog ibkyfyv}tfhbbaoif/Hosf}fyshogbx" a ]knao Iasekbhi thif.pa}hye p}hfys" wek yf}tfc ho Vaskba}h dk}

yftf}ab xfa}y vp voshb 188=" eay iea}aisf}hyfc sef ]fmfbbhko ay a nktfnfos skdk}nabhyf sef }fbashkoyehp whse Wfys Shnk}/10=9 Sehy sefnf kd hosfg}ashko whseWfysShnk} aoc ysaochog yfpa}asf d}kn sef ]fpvmbhi kd Hockofyha" hy abyk fthcfos ho sef

10=9Ofkomayv" G/ YTC" Mvhbchog Pfaif ho Fays Shnk}< Sef ]kbf kd sef Iasekbhi Iev}ie" Oktfnmf} =00=/ Yff abyk Lky Naovfb Cva}sfy iknnfosy ko vohshog Fays aoc Wfys Shnk} as pagf 104" dkksoksf

669/ Sef ibahn seas yknf }fmfby yvppk}sfc sef ikoifps kd ao hocfpfocfos Shnk} hybaoc nf}hsy dv}sef} hotfyshgashko/ Yvie a ikoifps nhges eatf mffo ass}aishtf sk sef Pf}nfysa 13 mvs hsy assahonfos kd avohsfc Shnk} wkvbc eatf daifc hoyv}nkvosambf kppkyhshko d}kn sef ]fpvmbhi kd Hockofyha/

=14


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hosf}p}fsashko kd sef ]fmfbbhko mx sef }fbashtfbx }fifos Ofga}a ]axa Shnk} %G}fasf} Shnk}( nktfnfos 10=3aoc sef ofwVoh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} /10=6

Sef Vohko kd sef ]fpvmbhi kd Shnk}.Chbbx %V]S.C(

Sef dk}nashko kd sef V]S.C way pvmbhibx cfiba}fc se}kvge hsy YfikocAookvoifnfos casfc 10 Cfifnmf} 1840 wehie way chyyfnhoasfc ho Laja}sa hoNa}ie 1841/ Basf}" ho Lvof aoc Avgvys 1841" sef}f wf}f }fpk}sy seas V]S.Cpanpebfsy eac mffo chys}hmvsfc ho sef mk}cf} a}fay kd Hockofyhao Shnk}" aoc kd adfw panpebfsy appfa}hog ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} %dkksoksfy 413" 414" 497" 495( p}kmambx sef Yfikoc Aookvoifnfos k} mayfc ko seas ckivnfos/

Sef V]S.C ibahnfc seas hs cfiba}fc hocfpfocfoif as a dbag.}ahyhog if}fnkoxas Masvgac ko 8 Ap}hb 1841 assfocfc mx ohof nfnmf}y kd sef Dh}ys Ifos}ab P}fyhchvn%yff pagf 137( aoc hyyvfc hsy Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif ko seas casf/ Ekwftf}"sef fa}bx }fpk}sy aoc V]S.C p}kibanashkoy chc oks nfoshko aox Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif . ok} aox }fdf}foif sk Masvgac ay sef fnf}gfoix efacqva}sf}y kd sef V]S.C/ Ho pa}shivba}" V]S.C ckivnfosy casfc 9 Ap}hb 1849" 10 Lvof 1849" aoc=1 Lvof 1849 yshbb nacf ok }fdf}foif sk sef pv}pk}sfc fa}bhf} 1841 Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif as Masvgac/ ]asef}" sef Cfiba}ashko kd Ap}hb 1841 appfa}y sk eatf mffo dh}ys nfoshkofc ho a V]S.C bfssf} sk sef Vohsfc Oashkoy casfc 8 Cfifnmf} 1843. aoc sef Cfiba}ashko hsyfbd %casfc 8 Ap}hb 1841( way oks nacf pvmbhi voshb chys}hmvsfcho Laja}sa ho fa}bx Ap}hb 1846/ Sehy yvggfysy seas sef Cfiba}ashko way p}kmambx oksw}hssfo voshb basf 1843 aoc sefo p}kmambx }fs}kypfishtfbx casfc . hfmaij.casfc skAp}hb 1841 ho k}cf} sk yvggfys a bkogf} p}ktfoaoif dk} sef V]S.C/10=4

Ho sef avsek}y chyivyyhkoy whse N/Y/A/ Mabhje ho Chbh ho Cfifnmf} =003"Mabhje cfyi}hmfc sef abbfgfc ftfosy ho sef Masvgac a}fa ko 8 Ap}hb 1841 ay }fbasfcfa}bhf} ho sehy wk}j/ Ekwftf}" ho pa}sy" ehy cfyi}hpshko way ikodvyfc aoc hoikoyhysfos/Ef eac chddhivbsx cfyi}hmhog sef if}fnkox aoc ikvbc oks cfyi}hmf sef V]S.C dbagwhse aox yv}fsx/ Hs way kobx ho Kiskmf} =005 seas ef yjfsiefc sef dbag dk} sef avsek} yff pagf =05/ Ho chyivyyhkoy whse sef avsek}" Mabhje nfoshkofc swk V]S.C iac}fhotkbtfc whse ehn ho sef p}kibanashko ftfos as Masvgac< Yhnko Yf}aog P}ha+P}xa aocAbanyxae Eayhmvao/10=7Aiik}chog sk Mabhje" Yhnko Yf}aog P}ha way iapsv}fc mx sefPk}svgvfyf: aoc Mabhje mfbhftfc seas Abanyxae Eayhmvao nhges abyk eatf mffoiapsv}fc/ Ekwftf}" hs hy oks pbavyhmbf seas Yhnko Yf}aog P}ha . aoc pkyyhmbxAbanyxae Eayhmvao" wf}f iapsv}fc as Masvgac mx sef Pk}svgvfyf avsek}hshfy/ Hd fhsef}" k} mkse" eac mffo iapsv}fc" yvie hodk}nashko wkvbc abnkys if}sahobx eatf mfiknf jokwo ho sef Chbh chpbknashi iknnvohsx ftfo hd sef Pk}svgvfyf eac s}hfc sk

yvpp}fyy sef hodk}nashko/ Mabhje abyk basf} wk}jfc whse mkse Yhnko Yf}aog P}ha aocAbanyxae Eayhmvao ho Laja}sa ho sef nhc.1840y" aoc basf}/ Aiik}chogbx" ef nvysyv}fbx eatf jokwo wefsef} Abanyxae Eayhmvao eac mffo iapsv}fc" k} oks" mx sef10=3Ay oksfc fa}bhf}" sef ikoifps kd a G}fasf} Shnk} % Ofga}a Shnk} ]axa ( eac fnf}gfc d}kn ayfnhoa} ho fa}bx 1887 as sef Pkbhshiab aoc Ykihab Yihfoif Daivbsx kd sef Whcxa Naoch}a IasekbhiVohtf}yhsx ho Jvpaog" Wfys Shnk} yff dkksoksfy 884.1009/10=6Nav M}aoh % Lv}v Mhia}a Ypkjfypf}yko(" Pfyao Oasab ca}h Voh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} %Ofw Xfa}yNfyyagf d}kn sef Vohko kd sef ]fpvmbhi kd Shnk}(" =4 Cfifnmf} =000 yff dkksoksf 884/ Sehy fnahbibahnfc seas sefVoh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} ikoshovfc sef ys}vggbf kd sef 1868 ]fmfbbhko wekyf ahn eac mffo sk vohsf aoc d}ff sef hybaoc kd Shnk}" hoibvchog ]ksf" Lajk Z yhi aoc Asa}k/10=4Sehy p}kmamhbhsx way yvggfysfc fa}bhf} as dkksoksf 731/ Sefyf kmyf}tashkoy a}f mayfc kobx ko sefV]S.C ckivnfosy yhgesfc mx sef avsek} . ay bhysfc ho sef Mhmbhkg}apex/ Ksef} ckivnfosy nax fuhys/10=7

Ekwftf}" wefo hosf}thfwfc mx SHNF Shnk} naga|hof ho Oktfnmf} =007" Mabhje ikvbc kobx }fiabbsef oanfy kd swk pa}shihpaosy as Masvgac< Yhnko Yf}aog P}ha aoc Fnaovfb Navmf}f ok nfoshko waynacf kd Abanyxae Eayhmvao/

=17


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Pk}svgvfyf/ ]fbasfcbx" a Vohsfc Ysasfy Fnmayyx }fpk}s %dkksoksfy 583" 586( oksfc seasNak Jbak a Wfys Yvnas}ao %nkys bhjfbx Abanyxae Eayhmvao( way a}}fysfc mxsef Hockofyhao avsek}hshfy ho Hockofyhao Shnk} mvs ok xfa} hy ghtfo/ Sehy yvggfysyseas Abanyxae Eayhmvao nax eatf mffo hotkbtfc ho ao assfnpsfc V]S.C aishthsx hoHockofyhao Shnk}" k} ftfo ho sef Masvgac a}fa" ho sef fa}bx 1840y mvsik}}kmk}ashog hodk}nashko hy baijhog/Ay oksfc fa}bhf}" Mabhjey }fbashkoyehp whse Abanyxae Eayhmvao ykv}fc ho seffa}bx 1870y . fg ho chyivyyhkoy whse sef avsek}" Mabhje }fdf}}fc sk Eayhmvao ay apa}ayhsf %dkksoksf 50=(/ Ekwftf}" ho sef avsek}y chyivyyhkoy ho =003" Mabhje chci}fchs Eayhmvao whse pa}shihpashko ho sef pv}pk}sfc Ap}hb 1841 p}kibanashko ftfos asMasvgac %dkksoksf 75=( sehy yvggfysy seas Eayhmvao way ho Wfys Shnk} aoc pkyyhmbx sef Masvgac a}fa/ Pf}eapy Eayhmvao . pkyyhmbx aiiknpaohfc mx Mabhje" wayho Wfys Shnk} ho nhc.1841 chys}hmvshog sef V]S.Cy Yfikoc Aookvoifnfos panpebfsy aoc ksef} nasf}hab nfoshkofc fa}bhf}/ Sefx nax eatf mffo fo}kvsf sk %k} d}kn( Masvgac wefo Eayhmvao way a}}fysfc mx sef Hockofyhao avsek}hshfy ho WfysShnk} aoc Mabhje fyiapfc a}}fys aoc }fsv}ofc hnnfchasfbx sk Laja}sa ; Ekwftf}" hd aox Masvgac Cfiba}ashko+dbag.}ahyhog chc kiiv} ho 1841 wex way hs oksnfoshkofc mx sef V]S.C voshb basf 1843 ; Hs hy nk}f bhjfbx seas Abanyxae Eayhmvaothyhsfc Wfys Shnk} ho nhc.1841" chys}hmvsfc V]S.C panpebfsy" aoc way a}}fysfc hoWfys Shnk} mx sef SOH bfys ef chysv}m Hockofyhao pbaoy aoc }fsv}ofc sk Laja}sa/Yvmyfqvfosbx ho basf 1843" ao hnaghofc 1841 dbag.}ahyhog as Masvgac way ikoikisfcaoc hoibvcfc ho sef V]S.Cy 8 Ap}hb 1841 Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif/

Nk}f }fifosbx" Mabhjey 18 Ap}hb =007 Cfiba}ashko H . hoibvcfc ho sefKiskmf} =007 fchshko kd SHNF Shnk}" }fysasfc ehy ikoofishko whse sef ]fyhnfoNaealaxa as sef shnf kd sef pv}pk}sfc 1841 Masvgac Cfiba}ashko+P}kibanashko ftfos aoc ef accfc sef pa}shihpashko kd tkbvosff}y d}kn sef ]fyhnfo as Masvgac/Ekwftf}" sef ]fyhnfo Naealaxa way oks dk}nfc voshb nhc.184= %yff dkksoksf 856(/Ho sef Oktfnmf} =007 fchshko kd SHNF Shnk}" wefo }fbashog sef p}kibanashko asMasvgac" Mabhje knhsy aox nfoshko kd Abanyxae Eayhmvao mvs }asef} hoibvcfyFnaovfb Nav Mf}f aoc Yhnko Yf}aog P}xa ay pa}shihpaosy aoc oksfy ysvcfos d}hfocyho Laja}sa ay ypkoyk}y kd sef dvocy dk} sef 8 Ap}hb 1841 p}kibanashko/

Ay chyivyyfc amktf" hs hy sef}fdk}f qvhsf vobhjfbx seas sef yvggfysfc V]S.CCfiba}ashko+P}kibanashko ftfos as Masvgac kiiv}}fc ay fa}bx ay 1841/ Hs nax eatfkiiv}}fc ho basf Lvof 1843 . wefo sef}f wf}f voikodh}nfc }fpk}sy kd sef dkvochog kd aGf}ajao Shnk} Nf}cfja %Shnk} Hocfpfocfoif Nktfnfos( as Masvgac mfdk}fsef nabikosfosy }fs}fasfc ktf} sef mk}cf} %yff dkksoksfy 717" 715(/ Aox ftfos ho1843 nax eatf hotkbtfc Abanyxae Eayhmvao aoc pkyyhmbx N/Y/A/ Mabhje/

Ho fa}bx Cfifnmf} 187=" Abanyxae Eayhmvao p}fyfosfc ehnyfbd ay A/ NakJbak ho ehy assfnpsfc ikosais ho Laja}sa whse sef Papva Ofw Gvhofa Nhohysf} dk} Hodk}nashko hf ay fthcfoifc mx sef pekskg}ape kd Eayhmvao whse a naovyi}hpsyhgoasv}f< A/ Nak Jbak" ko sef }ftf}yf/ Seas A/ Nak Jbak yhgoasv}f hy sef yanfay appfa}fc ko a V]S.C bfssf} casfc = Ap}hb 1847 %Aoofu B(10=5" yftf}ab 1870 bfssf}ysk dk}fhgo chgohsa}hfy10=8aoc sef V]S.C bfssf} casfc 5 Cfifnmf} 187= %Aoofu O( sksef Papva Ofw Gvhofa Iehfd Nhohysf}" Nhieafb Ykna}f1090/ Ay }fbasfc fa}bhf}" N/Y/A/10=5 Nfoxanmvs eaogas asay ajao Nf}cfja Oxa Papva cao Ofw Gvhofa 1847 hoh " %Wa}nbx wfbiknhogsef dk}seiknhog Hocfpfocfoif kd Papva aoc Ofw Gvhofa ho 1847(" V]S.C" O}/ HHH+P}fypv.V]S+HT+47"Masvgacf" = Ap}hb 1847 ho Maeaya Nfbaxv %yff dkksoksf 770 aoc Aoofu B(/10=8Yff dkksoksfy 786" 784 aoc 788/1090

Evmvogao Chpbknashi cao Jf}layana Nfovlv Nfbaofyha ]axa xaog laxa %Chpbknashi ]fbashkoyaoc Ikkpf}ashko ho a Dvsv}f Gbk}hkvy G}fasf} Nfbaofyha(" V]S.C 0636+\VBJ+P}fypv.V]S+198=E+187= N" Masvgacf" 5 Cfifnmf} 187= ho Maeaya %sk E/F/ N} Ykna}f" Iehfd Nhohysf}" Papva Ofw

=15


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Mabhje eac ibahnfc sk sef avsek} seas Eayhmvao way hotkbtfc whse sef 8 Ap}hb 1841Cfiba}ashko aishthshfy ho Masvgac aoc seas Eayhmvao way }fypkoyhmbf dk} sefV]S.C dbag aoc" yvmyfqvfosbx" dk} sef p}kcvishko kd sef V]S.C 1"000 pasaia maoj oksf/ Sef dk}fgkhog yvggfysy ys}kogbx seas Abanyxae Eayhmvao efbc a tf}x p}knhofos pkyhshko" hd oks sef bfachog pkyhshko" ho sef V]S.C/ If}sahobx d}kn sef nhc.1840y"Abanyxae Eayhmvao appfa}y sk eatf mffo a nk}f ifos}ab dhgv}f ho sef nktfnfos seaosef xkvogf} N/Y/A/ Mabhje p}kmambx voshb Mabhjey yffnhog sajf ktf} kd sefV]S.C ho Nax 1876/1091

Ay oksfc fa}bhf}" ho basf Oktfnmf} =003" Mabhje p}kthcfc a ikpx kd weas efibahnfc sk mf sef k}hghoab Ap}hb 1841 Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif . hf a yek}s P}kjbanayh ho Maeaya" dk} ao a}shibf ko sef V]S.C ho Chbhy Shnk} Pkys ofwypapf}/Ef abyk p}kthcfc a tf}x yhnhba} P}kjbanayh tf}yhko sk sef avsek} ho Chbh ho Avgvys=004 %Aoofu T Maeaya aoc Fogbhye s}aoybashko(/ A ikpx kd sef Shnk} Pkys tf}yhkoway abyk basf} hoibvcfc ho a SHNF Shnk} a}shibf kd Oktfnmf} =007/ Sekyf

P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy a}f na}jfcbx chddf}fos sk sef k}hghoab aoc bkogf}" V]S.CCfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif chys}hmvsfc ho Laja}sa ho Ap}hb 1846 %yff Aoofu L hoFogbhye" aoc Aoofu K ho Maeaya ay Pf}oxasaao Jfnf}cfjaao "(/ Dh}ysbx" sef sfus kd sef =003 Shnk} Pkys+=007 SHNF Shnk} aoc =004 Aoofu T P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy" mkseho Maeaya" a}f da} yek}sf} . hf whse kobx amkvs 70 wk}cy" wehbf sef fa}bhf} Maeayatf}yhko chyyfnhoasfc ho Ap}hb 1846 hy amkvs =16 wk}cy/ Sef ysxbf aoc ikosfos kd sefswk %hf bkog aoc yek}s( tf}yhkoy hy abyk na}jfcbx chddf}fos/ Ho pa}shivba}" sefShnk} Pkys+SHNF Shnk} aoc Aoofu T P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy p}kthcfc mx Mabhje ho Oktfnmf} =003" Avgvys =004 aoc basf =007 abb knhs sef Pao.Nabax }efsk}hi aocHybanhi pe}ayfy kd sef tf}yhko chys}hmvsfc ho Ap}hb 1846/ Sef P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy a}fw}hssfo ho Maeaya Hockofyha %mkse ho ypfbbhog aoc ysxbf( wehbf sef Pf}oxasaao

Jfnf}cfjaao hy ho sef Maeaya Nfbaxv kd seas shnf/ Dv}sef}" sef yek}sf} Shnk} Pkys+SHNF Shnk} aoc Aoofu T P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy }fdf} sk Jfnf}cfjaao Shnk} Shnv} %Hocfpfocfoif kd Fays Shnk}( mvs sef vyf kd sef sf}n" Shnk} Shnv} %hfFays Shnk}( " chc oks appfa} ho sef V]S.Cy p}hoihpab ckivnfosy voshb MabhjeyIkoyshsvshko kd 1876/109= Nk}f gfof}abbx" sef fup}fyyhko Shnk} Shnv} way oks pkpvba}hyfc voshb basf 1876/ Pf}eapy nkys hnpk}saosbx" sef tf}yhko kd sef Cfiba}ashkokd Hocfpfocfoif chys}hmvsfc ho Ap}hb 1846 eac a yvmyi}hpshko mbkij kd AishogP}fyhcfos kd sef Ifos}ab P}fyhchvn A/ Nak Jbak" 8 Ap}hb 1841/ Sef Shnk} Pkys+SHNF Shnk} P}kjbanayh tf}yhko kd Oktfnmf} =003+Oktfnmf} =007 aoc sefAoofu T P}kjbanayh tf}yhko nacf atahbambf sk sef avsek} ho Avgvys =004 a}f yhgofc mx sef Paogbhna Sf}shoggh %%hf Yvp}fnf Iknnaocf}(( Nak Jbak NYA Mabhje 8Ap}hb 1841 aoc ikvosf}.yhgofc mx Asayf Nhbhsf} %%hf Nhbhsa}x Assaief(( Fnaovfb

Nav Mf}f/1099

Sehy appfa}y sk mf sef kobx kiiayhko wef}f sef oanf Nak Jbak hydk}nabbx aoc ch}fisbx ass}hmvsfc ho V]S.C ckivnfosy sk N/Y/A/ Mabhje/ Hohosf}thfwy ho Cfifnmf} =003 aoc Avgvys =004" Mabhje chc oks nfoshko seas FnaovfbNav Mf}f way p}fyfos as Masvgac ko 8 Ap}hb 1841 hf wefo sef Shnk} Pkys+SHNF

Gvhofa(" yff dkksoksf 510 aoc Aoofu O/1091 Acnhohys}ayh Pfnf}hosaeao Nfoganmhb kpf} yfnva jfghasao %Gktf}onfos Acnhohys}ashko .Ayyvnhog ikos}kb kd abb aishthshfy(" Ys}vggbf Cfbfgashko kd sef V]S.C" 10 Nax 1876 %ho Maeaya . p}kthcfc sk sef avsek} ho Cfifnmf} =003 mx N/Y/A/ Mabhje( yff dkksoksf 818/109= Vocaog Vocaog Caya} Voh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} Shnv} %Ikoyshsvshko Vohko kd sef ]fpvmbhi kd FaysShnk}(" Laja}sa" == Lvbx 1876 %dkksoksf 8==(/1099 Fnaovfb Nav Mf}fy yhgoasv}f ko sef Shnk} Pkys+SHNF Shnk}+Aoofu T tf}yhkoy kd sef

P}kjbanayh hy yhnhba} . mvs oks hcfoshiab" sk Fnaovfb Nav Mf}fy yhgoasv}f ko V]S.C ckivnfosy casfc=7 Kiskmf}" 90 Avgvys %dkksoksf 890 Aoofu S( aoc 18 Cfifnmf} 1876 %hf sef mfghoohog aoc sef dhoabdbkv}hye hy qvhsf chddf}fos(/

=18


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Shnk} aoc Aoofu T P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy kd sef Cfiba}ashko way pv}pk}sfcbx yhgofc"hoibvchog abbfgfcbx mx Fnaovfb Nav Mf}f ay Nhbhsa}x Assaief/ Ekwftf}" ho sefSHNF Shnk} hosf}thfw kd Oktfnmf} =007" Mabhje ayyf}sy seas Fnaovfb Navmf}f aocYhnko Yf}aog P}ha wf}f whse ehn as Masvgac ko 8 Ap}hb 1841/ Dv}sef}" sef Shnk} Pkys+SHNF Shnk} aoc =004 Aoofu T tf}yhkoy kd sef Cfiba}ashko+ P}kjbanayh appfa} ko V]S.C bfssf}efac papf} kd a ysxbf dh}ys oksfc ay vyfc dk} V]S.C p}kokvoifnfosyho Ap}hb 1847 %yff Aoofu B( hf yftf}ab xfa}y adsf} 1841/ Ho yvnna}x" sef =003Shnk} Pkys+=007 SHNF Shnk} aoc sef =004 Aoofu T yek}s P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy kd sef Cfiba}ashko+P}kibanashko p}knksfc mx Mabhje a}f oks sef k}hghoab ckivnfos pv}pk}sfcbx yhgofc ho Masvgac ho 1841/ Sefyf P}kjbanayh tf}yhkoy wf}f abnkysif}sahobx mkgvy aoc ikoys}visfc mx N/Y/A/ Mabhje yhoif sef basf 1840y . nkys p}kmambx ho sef fa}bx =000y %hf adsf} ehy }fsv}o sk Chbh(" dk} pv}pkyfy kd yfbd. p}knkshko hf dk} aijokwbfcgfnfos aoc pkyyhmbf fogagfnfos ho sef oayifos pkbhshiab p}kifyyfy sefo fnf}ghog ho Chbh/

Hs hy abnkys if}saho seas sef V]S.C way ao hohshashtf kd sef Abb.Nabax ]aifVohko %AN]V( ho Laja}sa ho sef tf}x basf 1860y+fa}bx1840/ Nvbwao Yeae" sefAN]V dkvocf}" appfa}y sk eatf vyfc a Shnk}fyf oanf seas kd Amcvbbae NakJbak" dk} sef V]S.Cy oknhoab" aoc okshkoab" P}fyhcfos: aoc ef pkyyhmbxapp}kp}hasfc sef oanf Nak Jbak d}kn sef }fifosbx.a}}htfc N/Y/A/ Mabhje ho k}cf} sk ghtf sef nktfnfos a Shnk}fyf iea}aisf}/ Ekwftf}" hs hy oks xfs dvbbx if}saho seasN/Y/A/ Mabhje way iabbfc Nak Jbak as mh}se yff dkksoksf 779/

Hs hy abyk hnpk}saos sk oksf seas V]S.C bfssf}y aoc p}kokvoifnfosy hyyvfc mfdk}f nhc.187= wf}f w}hssfo whse a Maeaya Nfbaxv ysxbf aoc ypfbbhog %yff dkksoksf700( fthcfoihog sef hodbvfoif" aoc abnkys if}sahobx sef ikos}kb" kd sef AN]V ktf} sef V]S.C/ Dv}sef}" sef Hybanhi mhay fthcfoifc mx sef V]S.Cy cfiba}fc kddhifekbcf}y . aoc sef baogvagf aoc skof kd sefh} p}kokvoifnfosy" hochiasfy bhssbf }fabhyshivocf}ysaochog kd sef oashtf ivbsv}fy ho Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} k} sef p}kypfisy dk} fddfishtf p}knkshko aoc p}kyfbxshyhog kd sef V]S.C iavyf ho sef P}kthoif/

Cv}hog ehy fa}bx xfa}y ho Laja}sa ay a ysvcfos %mfghoohog ho 1865(" sef xkvogMabhje p}kmambx eac kobx a tf}x nhok} }kbf ho sef V]S.C/ Hs hy abyk vyfdvb sk oksfseas" ho yftf}ab chyivyyhkoy ho Chbh whse sef avsek} ho sef pf}hkc =003.=005" N/Y/A/Mabhje eac kobx a tf}x bhnhsfc jokwbfcgf kd V]S.C dk}nab p}kokvoifnfosy aocckivnfosy/ Cv}hog hosf}thfwy whse sef agfc aoc d}ahb Mabhje ho Chbh ho Cfifnmf} =003 aoc Laova}x =006" Mabhje appfa}fc voawa}f kd yftf}ab fa}bx V]S.C p}kibanashkoy aoc ysasfnfosy fg sef aookvoifnfosy kd sef Bhmf}ashko Mv}fav %10Cfifnmf} 1840(" sef ofw Iamhofs %3 Ap}hb 1849(" Iamhofs ieaogfy %= Oktfnmf} 1843(" aoc sef Pfshshko sk sef Vohsfc Oashkoy %8 Cfifnmf} 1843(/ Ef chc ysasf

ekwftf} seas ef way tagvfbx awa}f kd sef Pfaif ko Fa}se cfiba}ashko %18 Cfifnmf} 1843(/ Dk} abb sef V]S.C ckivnfosy nfoshkofc hnnfchasfbx amktf seas hoibvcfNak Jbak ho sef yhgoasv}f mbkij" Mabhje ibahnfc seas ksef} pfkpbf vyfc nx oanf/Dv}sef}" ho sef Lvof 1849 aookvoifnfos kd sef V]S.C Nhbhsa}x Ikvoihb" wehbf NakJbak appfa}y ay sef Gfof}ab Ieah}nao" Mabhje hy abyk bhysfc yfpa}asfbx ay a sef Iehfd kd sef Gfof}ab Ysadd %ay N/Y/ Pajjfe(/ Hnpk}saosbx" Mabhje chc oks appfa} sk pkyyfyya ikpx kd sef bkogf} aoc kddhihab tf}yhko kd sef V]S.C Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif %hf Aoofu L aoc K(/ Ho yvnna}x" ef way kobx danhbha} whse sekyf V]S.C aoc ayykihasfc ckivnfosy seas ef p}kthcfc sk sef avsek} ho basf =003 %na}jfc whseao aysf}hyj hf , ho sef dkbbkwhog Mhmbhkg}apex( aoc ckivnfosy seas ef p}kthcfc sk sefShnk} Pkys aoc SHNF Shnk}/

Hs hy sef}fdk}f abnkys if}saho seas aoksef} pf}yko %hf ksef} seao N/Y/A/ Mabhje(bfc sef V]S.C nktfnfos ho hsy fa}bx xfa}y vyhog sef app}kp}hasfc Shnk}fyf

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appfbbashko kd Nak Jbak dk} p}kokvoifnfosy/ Sehy way abnkys if}sahobx NvbwaoYeae aoc basf} Abanyxae Eayhmvao/

Cfyphsf N/Y/A/ Mabhjey ayyf}shkoy" hs hy abyk xfs sk mf ikodh}nfc seas Mabhje pa}shihpasfc ho aox Cfiba}ashko kd Hocfpfocfoif aoc dbag.}ahyhog aishthsx ho sefMasvgac a}fa ho Ap}hb 1841 ftfo hd yvie ao ftfos chc kiiv} %wehie hsyfbd yshbb offcyik}}kmk}ashko(/ ]asef}" Mabhje appfa}y sk kobx eatf iknf sk yknf p}knhofoif ho Nax1845 . mx wehie shnf ef eac appa}fosbx mffo appkhosfc ay sef Efac kd sef V]S.CyYs}vggbf Cfbfgashko ho Laja}sa/1093 A ypbhs appfa}y sk eatf kiiv}}fc ho sef V]S.Cho sef fa}bx.nhc 1870y whse Abanyxae Eayhmvao aoc Aoabfyyx %yff dkksoksfy 5=0"818( efachog kof g}kvp" aoc Mabhje efachog sef ksef}/ Ay }fbasfc fa}bhf}" a yfohk} Majho kddhif} ysasfc seas sef ypbhs ho sef V]S.C kiiv}}fc ho 187= mfswffo sef PaoNabax+AN]V aoc Shnk}fyf g}kvpy %yff dkksoksf 847( ekwftf}" sefMajho+Avys}abhao Fnmayyx }fpk}s appfa}y nhysajfo ho i}fchshog sef Nabax ypbhosf} g}kvp dk} sef V]S.C bfssf} kd 18 Cfifnmf} 1876 yhgofc mx N/Y/A/ Mabhje aoc mxhnpbhiashko" Mabhjey iabb ko sef Avys}abhao Fnmayyx ko =9 Cfifnmf} 1876/

Sef ypbhs ho sef V]S.C hy ibfa}bx fthcfoifc ho Eayhmvaoy assfnpsfc app}kaieho Cfifnmf} 187=" ay Nak Jbak" sk a Papva Ofw Gvhofa Nhohysf} thyhshog Laja}sa%ay }fbasfc as pagf 14=( aoc sef V]S.C ckivnfosy kddf}fc mx Abanyxae Eayhmvaoas seas shnf fuibvcfc Mabhje %ay N/Y/ Pajjfe( ay wfbb ay Mabhjey ayykihasfy d}kn pkyhshkoy ho sef V]S.C ehf}a}iex/

Basf}" ho Nax 1876" Mabhje appa}fosbx assfnpsfc sk sajf dk}nab ikos}kb kd sefV]S.C nktfnfos" yhgohog sef ckivnfos seas appkhosfc ehn ay P}hnf Nhohysf} hfacchshkoab sk ehy pkyhshko ay Efac kd sef Ys}vggbf Cfbfgashko ho Laja}sa/ Ykko adsf}" efc}adsfc a yknfweas anasfv}hye Ikoyshsvshko dk} sef Vohko kd sef ]fpvmbhi kd FaysShnk} absekvge sef ysasvy aoc sef fusfos kd sehy ckivnfosy chyyfnhoashko hyvoibfa}/ Sef p}hoihpaby ho Mabhjey Shnk}fyf V]S.C g}kvp appfa} sk eatf mffoFnaovfb Navmf}f %k} Nav Mf}f( aoc Yhnko Yf}aog P}xa+P}ha hf sef }fgvba} ik.yhgoask}hfy" whse Mabhje" ko yftf}ab V]S.C ckivnfosy ho sef nhc.1870y/ Hnpk}saosbx"Hockofyhao hosfbbhgfoif }fik}cy }fpk}sfcbx yvggfys seas Nvbwao Yeae aoc FnaovfbNav Mf}f wf}f yshbb p}hoihpaby ho sef V]S.C ho basf 1876 aoc k}gaohyfc sef iabby kofnmayyhfy ho Laja}sa ho basf Cfifnmf} 1876 absekvge" ay oksfc amktf" Mabhje iabbfcko sef Avys}abhao Fnmayyx as seas shnf abyk/ Sef kpfo ckivnfos1096 chys}hmvsfccv}hog sekyf iabby hoibvcfc Mabhjey yhgoasv}f mvs ay sef Iamhofs Yfi}fsa}x"Nhohysf} kd Ysasf+Efac kd sef Ys}vggbf Cfbfgashko/ A }fthfw kd sef Jkpjanshm}fbfayf.d}kn.cfsfoshko ckivnfos1094 yekwy seas Nvbwao Yeae way cfsahofc dk} ankose bkogf} seao Mabhje p}kmambx hochiashog Nvbwao Yeaey g}fasf} hotkbtfnfosay a dkvocf}" p}hoihpab . k} as bfays nhofoif g}hyf " kd sef V]S.C/ Abanyxae

Eayhmvao appfa}y sk eatf atkhcfc a}}fys ho Laja}sa ho fa}bx 1874 dk} }faykoy seas a}foks xfs ibfa}/ Ef nax eatf bfds sef V]S.C nktfnfos fa}bhf}" atkhcfc a}}fys ho fa}bx1874 hf dbfc ay ibahnfc mx Mabhje" k} pf}eapy ikbbamk}asfc whse sef Hockofyhaoavsek}hshfy/1097

1093 Yff dkksoksfy 755" 758 sef ih}ivba} . ikog}asvbashog Hockofyhao Dk}fhgo Nhohysf} Acan Nabhj koehy thyhs sk sef Paihdhi ]fghkoy" eay a yhgoasv}f mbkij kd NYA/ Mabhje M/A/ %yff Aoofu N(/1096 Pfoch}hao Voh ]fpvmbhj Shnk} %Chbbx(%Ysaocpkhos kd sef Vohsfc ]fpvmbhi Shnk} %Chbbx( (" Masvgacf se}kvge Lb Jf}okbkog Caban HT+14" J}anas HT" Laja}sa" 18 Cfifnmf} 1876 %dkksoksf 846(/1094 Bajyvy" Jkpjanshm Caf}ae Laja}sa ]axa cao Yfjhsa}oxa/ Yv}as Jfpvsvyao . Oknk} Yjfp.=3+PJ+THH+1874"Laja}sa " 11 Avgvys 1874/ Hs hy ehgebx vobhjfbx seas ay naox ay 900 V]S.C nfnmf}yaoc yvppk}sf}y wf}f a}}fysfc mx Hockofyhao yfiv}hsx avsek}hshfy ho fa}bx 1874 ay ibahnfc mx Mabhje/1097

Abanyxae Eayhmvaoy yvmyfqvfos aishthshfy d}kn sef nhc.1870y a}f oks jokwo sk sef avsek}/ Ko =0Cfifnmf} =006" 59 xfa}.kbc Ja}h Yvsao Eayhmvao Mho Sj/ Abanyxae Eayhmvao %kd Bvmvj Mvovs" YkvseSapaovbh" Ok}se Yvnas}a( chfc kd a efa}s assaij wehbf ko a Eal phbg}hnagf ho Nfchoa" Yavch A}amha

==1


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233/262

qvhsf yfpa}asf sk sef Laja}sa.mayfc Nak Jbak V]S.C aoc seas PHCF kddhif}y eatfnhysajfobx ikodvyfc aoc ikodbasfc sef swk k}gaohyashkoy hf oanhog Na}shoyk}gaohyashko ay sef V]S.C k} ay ayykihasfc whse sef V]S.C/ Whse hsy Hybanhi aocPao.Nabax fnpeayfy" hs hy qvhsf vobhjfbx seas sef V]S.C wkvbc mf wfbiknfc mxYhbtfysf} Na}shoy Ie}hyshao Jfnai.mayfc g}kvp/ Ay oksfc fa}bhf}" wefo qvf}hfc mxsef avsek} ho Chbh ko =7 Kiskmf} =005" N/Y/A/ Mabhje %Nak Jbak( eac okjokwbfcgf kd Yhbtfysf} Na}shoy Oah Mvsh k} kd aox Hockofyhao.yvppk}sfc aosh.Pk}svgvfyf kpf}ashkoy ho sef mk}cf} a}fa ho sef fa}bx.nhc 1840y/

Ok ikodh}nask}x p}fyy iktf}agf eay mffo oksfc kd Yhbtfysf} Na}shoy PHCF.}fpk}sfc thyhs sk Laja}sa ho Lvof 1849 bfachog a cfbfgashko kd fbcf}y . aoc aiiknpaohfc mx M}hgachf} Gfof}ab Aoch ]htah %dkksoksf 453(/ Ekwftf}" Yhbtfysf} Na}shoy yko D}aoyhyjvy Oah Mvsh" eay ikodh}nfc seas Yhbtfysf} Na}shoy chc }fifhtf a ch}fishtfd}kn sef Hockofyhao nhbhsa}x Ehge Iknnaoc %hf JKSH( aoc nfs daif.sk.daifwhse P}fyhcfos Yvja}ok %yff dkksoksf 456(/ Aiik}chogbx" hs yffny if}saho seas Yhbtfysf} Na}shoy way ch}fisfc mx SOH+AM]H aoc way p}kmambx sef Shnk}fyf fbfnfos kd sefh} bhnhsfc iktf}s kpf}ashkoy agahoys Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} ho sef fa}bx.nhc 1840y %yffdkksoksfy 467.465" 448.471" 451.480" 481.489" 708" 719.7==" 7=4.79=(/

Sef aosh.Pk}svgvfyf aishthshfy kd Yhbtfysf} Na}shoy Oah Mvsh ho Wfys Shnk} hosef 1840y nf}hs dv}sef} }fyfa}ie aoc aoabxyhy/

Yhbtfysf} Oah Mvshy sknmyskof ho Sfovmks" Wfys Shnk}

Ikbbfishtf Cfnki}ashi Ysvcfosy kd Shnk} Cfbbx %Ikcfy Shncf(

Sehy p}k.hosfg}ashko aoc Hockofyha.kpehbf k}gaohyashko appfa}y sk eatf dh}ysiknf sk okshif ho nhc.basf 1873 cfyphsf hsy daoihdvb ayyf}shkoy kd hsy fa}bhf} fysambhyenfos as a nffshog ho Asanmva ho 1871/ Yhnhba}bx" sef ibahnfc bkiashko kd hsyP}fyhchvn Naoagfnfos ho sef Pk}svgvfyf Shnk} mk}cf} skwo kd Mkmkoa}k hy oks

i}fchmbf . ay seas skwo eac a ikoyhcf}ambf Pk}svgvfyf acnhohys}ashtf aoc nhbhsa}x p}fyfoif/

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Sef Ikcfy Shncf Nfnk}aocvn kd Nax 1873 yvppk}sfc mkse Apkcfsh aoc sefAYCS %hf basf} sk mfiknf D}fshbho(" mvs sef Ikcfy Shncf Oksf kd Lvbx 1873 yvppk}sfckobx Apkcfsh/ Aiik}chogbx" sef}f nax eatf mffo yknf ayykihashko mfswffo IkcfyShncf aoc Apkcfsh ho nhc.basf 1873 okshog seas sef Apkcfsh P}fyhcfos" A}oabck cky]fhy A}alk" way ho Laja}sa ho sef pf}hkc Lvof.Kiskmf} 1873: aoc sef ApkcfshYfi}fsa}x Gfof}ab" Lky Df}oaock Ky}hk Yka}fy" way ho Laja}sa dk} a pf}hkc hoKiskmf}.Oktfnmf} 1873/ Sef ysaoca}c kd sef se}ff Ikcfy Shncf ckivnfosy}fthfwfc %hf sef Nfnk}aocvn" Oksf aoc Ysasfnfos kd Yvppk}s( hy qvhsf pkk} hosf}ny kd mkse fup}fyyhko aoc pkbhshiab jokwbfcgf+yattx/ Aiik}chogbx" hs appfa}yseas Ikcfy Shncf nax oks hohshabbx eatf eac aox yvmysaoshtf kddhihab nfosk}hog k} ayyhysaoif d}kn Hockofyhao Gktf}onfos agfoihfy ho Laja}sa/ Ekwftf}" sef iabb mx swkIkcfy Shncf p}hoihpaby ko Dk}fhgo Nhohysf} Acan Nabhj ko 18 Oktfnmf} 1873 aoc sefh} }fpk}sfc iabby ko ksef} kddhihaby" nax eatf mffo ao Hockofyhao hohshashtf skfysambhye yknfsehog bhjf ao fupas}hasf xkvse whog dk} Apkcfsh seas way basf} amaockofc mx Laja}sa/ Hockofyhao Hotkbtfnfos

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Faltering Steps: Independence Movements in East Timor - 1940s to the early 1970s