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Family therapy
Intervention
ICD-9-CM 94.42
MeSH D005196
Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy, family systems therapy,
and family counseling, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and
couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view
change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members. It emphasizes
family relationships as an important factor in psychological health.
Terapi keluarga, juga dirujuk sebagai terapi pasangan dan keluarga, terapi sistem keluarga, dan kaunseling keluarga, cawangan psikoterapi yang bekerja dengan keluarga dan pasangan dalam hubungan intim untuk memupuk perubahan dan pembangunan. Ia cenderung untuk melihat perubahan dari segi sistem interaksi di antara ahli keluarga. Ia menekankan hubungan kekeluargaan sebagai faktor yang penting dalam kesihatan psikologi
What the different schools of family therapy have in common is a belief that, regardless
of the origin of the problem, and regardless of whether the clients consider it an
"individual" or "family" issue, involving families in solutions is often beneficial. This
involvement of families is commonly accomplished by their direct participation in the
therapy session. The skills of the family therapist thus include the ability to influence
conversations in a way that catalyzes the strengths, wisdom, and support of the wider
system.
Apa yang sekolah-sekolah terapi keluarga yang berbeza telah bersama-sama adalah satu kepercayaan bahawa, tanpa mengira asal-usul masalah, dan tidak kira sama ada pelanggan menganggapnya "individu" atau "keluarga" isu yang melibatkan keluarga dalam penyelesaian sering bermanfaat. Penglibatan keluarga ini biasanya dicapai dengan penyertaan secara langsung dalam sesi terapi. Kemahiran ahli terapi keluarga itu termasuk keupayaan untuk mempengaruhi perbualan dalam cara yang catalyzes kekuatan, kebijaksanaan, dan sokongan sistem yang lebih luas.
In the field's early years, many clinicians defined the family in a narrow, traditional
manner usually including parents and children. As the field has evolved, the concept of
the family is more commonly defined in terms of strongly supportive, long-term roles and
relationships between people who may or may not be related by blood or marriage.
Dalam tahun-tahun awal bidang perubatan banyak ditakrifkan keluarga dengan cara yang sempit, tradisional biasanya termasuk ibu bapa dan kanak-kanak.Sebagai bidang yang telah berkembang, konsep keluarga lebih sering ditakrifkan dari segi kuat menyokong, peranan dan hubungan jangka panjang antara orang-orang yang mungkin atau tidak mungkin berkaitan dengan darah atau perkahwinan.
Terapi keluarga telah digunakan dengan berkesan dalam lingkungan yang penuh dengan dilema manusia, tidak ada kategori hubungan atau masalah psikologi yang belum ditangani dengan pendekatan ini [petikan diperlukan] rangka kerja konsep yang dibangunkan oleh ahli-ahli terapi keluarga, terutama orang-orang yang sistem keluarga ahli-ahli teori., telah digunakan untuk pelbagai tingkah laku manusia, termasuk dinamik organisasi dan kajian kebesaran.
Family therapy has been used effectively in the full range of human dilemmas; there is no
category of relationship or psychological problem that has not been addressed with this
approach.[citation needed]
The conceptual frameworks developed by family therapists,
especially those of family systems theorists, have been applied to a wide range of human
behavior, including organizational dynamics and the study of greatness.
Contents
1 History and theoretical frameworks
2 Techniques
3 Publications
4 Licensing and degrees
o 4.1 Values and ethics in family therapy
5 Founders and key influences
6 Summary of Family Therapy Theories & Techniques
7 Academic resources
8 Professional Organizations
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
[edit] History and theoretical frameworks
Formal interventions with families to help individuals and families experiencing various
kinds of problems have been a part of many cultures, probably throughout history. These
interventions have sometimes involved formal procedures or rituals, and often included
the extended family as well as non-kin members of the community (see for example
Ho'oponopono). Following the emergence of specialization in various societies, these
interventions were often conducted by particular members of a community – for example,
a chief, priest, physician, and so on - usually as an ancillary function.[1]
kandungan • 1 Sejarah dan rangka kerja teori • 2 Teknik • 3 Penerbitan • 4 Pelesenan dan darjah o 4.1 Nilai dan etika dalam terapi keluarga • 5 Pengasas dan pengaruh penting • 6 Ringkasan Teori & Teknik Terapi Keluarga • 7 sumber Akademik • 8 Pertubuhan Profesional • 9 Lihat juga • 10 Rujukan • 11 Pautan luar [sunting] Sejarah dan rangka kerja teori Campur tangan formal dengan keluarga untuk membantu individu dan keluarga yang mengalami pelbagai masalah telah menjadi sebahagian daripada budaya banyak, mungkin sepanjang sejarah. Campur tangan ini kadang-kadang terlibat prosedur atau upacara formal, dan sering termasuk keluarga serta bukan kaum keluarga ahli-ahli komuniti (lihat contoh Ho'oponopono). Berikutan kemunculan pengkhususan dalam semua masyarakat, campur tangan ini sering dijalankan oleh ahli-ahli tertentu komuniti - sebagai contoh, seorang ketua, imam, doktor, dan sebagainya - biasanya sebagai fungsi sampingan.
Family therapy as a distinct professional practice within Western cultures can be argued
to have had its origins in the social work movements of the 19th century in England and
the United States.[1]
As a branch of psychotherapy, its roots can be traced somewhat later
to the early 20th century with the emergence of the child guidance movement and
marriage counseling.[2]
The formal development of family therapy dates to the 1940s and
early 1950s with the founding in 1942 of the American Association of Marriage
Counselors (the precursor of the AAMFT), and through the work of various independent
clinicians and groups - in England (John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic), the US (John
Bell, Nathan Ackerman, Christian Midelfort, Theodore Lidz, Lyman Wynne, Murray
Bowen, Carl Whitaker, Virginia Satir), and Hungary (D.L.P. Liebermann) - who began
seeing family members together for observation or therapy sessions.[1][3]
There was
initially a strong influence from psychoanalysis (most of the early founders of the field
had psychoanalytic backgrounds) and social psychiatry, and later from learning theory
and behavior therapy - and significantly, these clinicians began to articulate various
theories about the nature and functioning of the family as an entity that was more than a
mere aggregation of individuals.[2]
The movement received an important boost in the mid-1950s through the work of
anthropologist Gregory Bateson and colleagues – Jay Haley, Donald D. Jackson, John
Weakland, William Fry, and later, Virginia Satir, Paul Watzlawick and others – at Palo
Alto in the US, who introduced ideas from cybernetics and general systems theory into
social psychology and psychotherapy, focusing in particular on the role of
communication (see Bateson Project). This approach eschewed the traditional focus on
individual psychology and historical factors – that involve so-called linear causation and
content – and emphasized instead feedback and homeostatic mechanisms and “rules” in
here-and-now interactions – so-called circular causation and process – that were thought
to maintain or exacerbate problems, whatever the original cause(s).[4][5]
(See also systems
psychology and systemic therapy.) This group was also influenced significantly by the
work of US psychiatrist, hypnotherapist, and brief therapist, Milton H. Erickson -
especially his innovative use of strategies for change, such as paradoxical directives (see
also Reverse psychology). The members of the Bateson Project (like the founders of a
number of other schools of family therapy, including Carl Whitaker, Murray Bowen, and
Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy) had a particular interest in the possible psychosocial causes and
treatment of schizophrenia, especially in terms of the putative "meaning" and "function"
of signs and symptoms within the family system. The research of psychiatrists and
psychoanalysts Lyman Wynne and Theodore Lidz on communication deviance and roles
(e.g., pseudo-mutuality, pseudo-hostility, schism and skew) in families of schizophrenics
also became influential with systems-communications-oriented theorists and
therapists.[2][6]
A related theme, applying to dysfunction and psychopathology more
generally, was that of the "identified patient" or "presenting problem" as a manifestation
of or surrogate for the family's, or even society's, problems. (See also double bind; family
nexus.)
By the mid-1960s a number of distinct schools of family therapy had emerged. From
those groups that were most strongly influenced by cybernetics and systems theory, there
came MRI Brief Therapy, and slightly later, strategic therapy, Salvador Minuchin's
Structural Family Therapy and the Milan systems model. Partly in reaction to some
aspects of these systemic models, came the experiential approaches of Virginia Satir and
Carl Whitaker, which downplayed theoretical constructs, and emphasized subjective
experience and unexpressed feelings (including the subconscious), authentic
communication, spontaneity, creativity, total therapist engagement, and often included
the extended family. Concurrently and somewhat independently, there emerged the
various intergenerational therapies of Murray Bowen, Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy, James
Framo, and Norman Paul, which present different theories about the intergenerational
transmission of health and dysfunction, but which all deal usually with at least three
generations of a family (in person or conceptually), either directly in therapy sessions, or
via "homework", "journeys home", etc. Psychodynamic family therapy - which, more
than any other school of family therapy, deals directly with individual psychology and the
unconscious in the context of current relationships - continued to develop through a
number of groups that were influenced by the ideas and methods of Nathan Ackerman,
and also by the British School of Object Relations and John Bowlby’s work on
attachment. Multiple-family group therapy, a precursor of psychoeducational family
intervention, emerged, in part, as a pragmatic alternative form of intervention - especially
as an adjunct to the treatment of serious mental disorders with a significant biological
basis, such as schizophrenia - and represented something of a conceptual challenge to
some of the "systemic" (and thus potentially "family-blaming") paradigms of
pathogenesis that were implicit in many of the dominant models of family therapy. The
late-1960s and early-1970s saw the development of network therapy (which bears some
resemblance to traditional practices such as Ho'oponopono) by Ross Speck and Carolyn
Attneave, and the emergence of behavioral marital therapy (renamed behavioral couples
therapy in the 1990s; see also relationship counseling) and behavioral family therapy as
models in their own right.[2]
By the late-1970s the weight of clinical experience - especially in relation to the
treatment of serious mental disorders - had led to some revision of a number of the
original models and a moderation of some of the earlier stridency and theoretical purism.
There were the beginnings of a general softening of the strict demarcations between
schools, with moves toward rapprochement, integration, and eclecticism – although there
was, nevertheless, some hardening of positions within some schools. These trends were
reflected in and influenced by lively debates within the field and critiques from various
sources, including feminism and post-modernism, that reflected in part the cultural and
political tenor of the times, and which foreshadowed the emergence (in the 1980s and
1990s) of the various "post-systems" constructivist and social constructionist approaches.
While there was still debate within the field about whether, or to what degree, the
systemic-constructivist and medical-biological paradigms were necessarily antithetical to
each other (see also Anti-psychiatry; Biopsychosocial model), there was a growing
willingness and tendency on the part of family therapists to work in multi-modal clinical
partnerships with other members of the helping and medical professions.[2][6][7]
From the mid-1980s to the present the field has been marked by a diversity of approaches
that partly reflect the original schools, but which also draw on other theories and methods
from individual psychotherapy and elsewhere – these approaches and sources include:
brief therapy, structural therapy, constructivist approaches (e.g., Milan systems, post-
Milan/collaborative/conversational, reflective), solution-focused therapy, narrative
therapy, a range of cognitive and behavioral approaches, psychodynamic and object
relations approaches, attachment and Emotionally Focused Therapy, intergenerational
approaches, network therapy, and multisystemic therapy (MST).[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
Multicultural, intercultural, and integrative approaches are being
developed.[16][17][18][19][20][21]
Many practitioners claim to be "eclectic," using techniques
from several areas, depending upon their own inclinations and/or the needs of the
client(s), and there is a growing movement toward a single ―generic‖ family therapy that
seeks to incorporate the best of the accumulated knowledge in the field and which can be
adapted to many different contexts;[22]
however, there are still a significant number of
therapists who adhere more or less strictly to a particular, or limited number of,
approach(es).[23]
Ideas and methods from family therapy have been influential in psychotherapy generally:
a survey of over 2,500 US therapists in 2006 revealed that of the ten most influential
therapists of the previous quarter-century, three were prominent family therapists, and the
marital and family systems model was the second most utilized model after cognitive
behavioral therapy.[24]
And recently family therapy ideas and methods have had a great
influence in the addiction field with their influence on using family oriented interventions
to help an addict accept help.[citation needed]
As we move through the 21st century, the internet is fostering the growth of online
programs that make courses and programs in family therapy more widely accessible.
Using mass media techniques to increase public understanding of issues in family therapy
has added a new frontier for amplification in the future.[citation needed]
[edit] Techniques
Family therapy uses a range of counseling and other techniques including:
communication theory
media and communications psychology
psychoeducation
psychotherapy
relationship education
systemic coaching
systems theory
reality therapy
The number of sessions depends on the situation, but the average is 5-20 sessions. A
family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time. This has
the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual
relations as well as interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and
the family. These patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at home, even
though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system. Therapy interventions
usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the
unconscious mind or early childhood trauma of individuals as a Freudian therapist would
do - although some schools of family therapy, for example psychodynamic and
intergenerational, do consider such individual and historical factors (thus embracing both
linear and circular causation) and they may use instruments such as the genogram to help
to elucidate the patterns of relationship across generations.
The distinctive feature of family therapy is its perspective and analytical framework
rather than the number of people present at a therapy session. Specifically, family
therapists are relational therapists: They are generally more interested in what goes on
between individuals rather than within one or more individuals, although some family
therapists—in particular those who identify as psychodynamic, object relations,
intergenerational, EFT, or experiential family therapists—tend to be as interested in
individuals as in the systems those individuals and their relationships constitute.
Depending on the conflicts at issue and the progress of therapy to date, a therapist may
focus on analyzing specific previous instances of conflict, as by reviewing a past incident
and suggesting alternative ways family members might have responded to one another
during it, or instead proceed directly to addressing the sources of conflict at a more
abstract level, as by pointing out patterns of interaction that the family might have not
noticed.
Family therapists tend to be more interested in the maintenance and/or solving of
problems rather than in trying to identify a single cause. Some families may perceive
cause-effect analyses as attempts to allocate blame to one or more individuals, with the
effect that for many families a focus on causation is of little or no clinical utility.
[edit] Publications
Family therapy journals include: Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Family Process,
Journal of Family Therapy, Journal of Systemic Therapies, The Australian & New
Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, The Psychotherapy Networker, The Journal of Sex
and Marital Therapy, The Australian Journal of Family Therapy, The International
Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, Journal for the Study of Human
Interaction and Family Therapy,
[edit] Licensing and degrees
Family therapy practitioners come from a range of professional backgrounds, and some
are specifically qualified or licensed/registered in family therapy (licensing is not
required in some jurisdictions and requirements vary from place to place). In the United
Kingdom, family therapists are usually psychologists, nurses, psychotherapists, social
workers, or counselors who have done further training in family therapy, either a diploma
or an M.Sc.. However, in the United States there is a specific degree and license as a
Marriage and Family therapist.
Prior to 1999 in California, counselors who specialized in this area were called Marriage,
Family and Child Counselors. Today, they are known as Marriage and Family Therapists
(MFT), and work variously in private practice, in clinical settings such as hospitals,
institutions, or counseling organizations.
A master's degree is required to work as an MFT in some American states. Most
commonly, MFTs will first earn a M.S. or M.A. degree in marriage and family therapy,
psychology, family studies, or social work. After graduation, prospective MFTs work as
interns under the supervision of a licensed professional and are referred to as an MFTi.[25]
Marriage and family therapists in the United States and Canada often seek degrees from
accredited Masters or Doctoral programs recognized by the Commission on Accreditation
for Marriage and Family Therapy Education(COAMFTE), a division of the American
Association of Marriage and Family Therapy. For accredited programs, click here.
Requirements vary, but in most states about 3000 hours of supervised work as an intern
are needed to sit for a licensing exam. MFTs must be licensed by the state to practice.
Only after completing their education and internship and passing the state licensing exam
can a person call themselves a Marital and Family Therapist and work unsupervised.
License restrictions can vary considerably from state to state. Contact information about
licensing boards in the United States are provided by the Association of Marital and
Family Regulatory Boards.
There have been concerns raised within the profession about the fact that specialist
training in couples therapy – as distinct from family therapy in general - is not required to
gain a license as an MFT or membership of the main professional body, the AAMFT.[26]
[edit] Values and ethics in family therapy
Since issues of interpersonal conflict, power, control, values, and ethics are often more
pronounced in relationship therapy than in individual therapy, there has been debate
within the profession about the different values that are implicit in the various theoretical
models of therapy and the role of the therapist’s own values in the therapeutic process,
and how prospective clients should best go about finding a therapist whose values and
objectives are most consistent with their own.[27][28][29]
Specific issues that have emerged
have included an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic
neutrality,[30][31][32]
a concern with questions of justice and self-determination,[33]
connectedness and independence,[34]
"functioning" versus "authenticity",[7]
and questions
about the degree of the therapist’s "pro-marriage/family" versus "pro-individual"
commitment.[35]
[edit] Founders and key influences
Some key developers of family therapy are:
Alfred Adler (phenomenology)
Nathan Ackerman (psychoanalytic)
Tom Andersen (Reflecting practices and dialogues about dialogues)
Harlene Anderson (Postmodern Collaborative Therapy and Collaborative Language
Systems)
Harry J Aponte (Person-of-the-Therapist)
Gregory Bateson (1904–1980) (cybernetics, systems theory)
Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy (Contextual therapy, intergenerational, relational ethics)
Murray Bowen (Systems theory, intergenerational)
Steve de Shazer (solution focused therapy)
James Dobson (Christian psychologist) Focus on the Family
Milton H. Erickson (hypnotherapy, strategic therapy, brief therapy)
Richard Fisch (brief therapy, strategic therapy)
James Framo (object relations theory, intergenerational)
Edwin Friedman (Family process in religious congregations)
Harry Goolishian (Postmodern Collaborative Therapy and Collaborative Language
Systems)
John Gottman (marriage)
Robert-Jay Green (LGBT, cross-cultural issues)
Jay Haley (strategic therapy, communications)
Lynn Hoffman (strategic, post-systems, collaborative)
Don D. Jackson (systems theory)
Sue Johnson (Emotionally focused therapy, attachment theory)
Bradford Keeney (cybernetics, resource focused therapy)
Walter Kempler (Gestalt psychology)
Bernard Luskin (media psychology, Public understanding of issues through media)
Cloe Madanes (strategic therapy)
Salvador Minuchin (structural)
Braulio Montalvo (structural)[citation needed]
Virginia Satir (communications, experiential, conjoint and co-therapy)
Mara Selvini Palazzoli (Milan systems)
Ross Speck (network therapy)
Robin Skynner (Group Analysis)
Paul Watzlawick (Brief therapy, systems theory)
John Weakland (Brief therapy, strategic therapy, systems theory)
Carl Whitaker (Family systems, experiential, co-therapy)
Michael White (narrative therapy)
Lyman Wynne (Schizophrenia, pseudomutuality)
[edit] Summary of Family Therapy Theories &
Techniques
(references:[36][37][38][39]
)
Theoretical
Model Theorists Summary Techniques
Adlerian Family
Therapy
Alfred Adler
Also known as "Individual
Psychology". Sees the person
as a whole. Ideas include
compensation for feelings of
inferiority leading to striving
for significance toward a
fictional final goal with a
private logic. Birth order and
mistaken goals are explored to
examine mistaken motivations
of children and adults in the
family constellation.
Psychoanalysis,
Typical Day,
Reorienting, Re-
educating
Attachment
Theory
John Bowlby,
Mary Ainsworth
Individuals are shaped by their
experiences with caregivers in
the first three years of life.
Used as a foundation for
Object Relations Theory. The
Strange Situation experiment
with infants involves a
Psychoanalysis,
Play Therapy
systematic process of leaving a
child alone in a room in order
to assess the quality of their
parental bond.
Bowenian
Family Systems
Murray Bowen,
Betty Carter,
Philip Guerin,
Michael Kerr,
Thomas Fogarty,
Monica
McGoldrick,
Edwin Friedman,
Daniel Papero
Also known as
―Intergenerational Family
Therapy‖ (although there are
also other schools of
intergenerational family
therapy). Family members are
driven to achieve a balance of
internal and external
differentiation, causing
anxiety, triangulation, and
emotional cutoff. Families are
affected by nuclear family
emotional processes, sibling
positions and multigenerational
transmission patterns resulting
in an undifferentiated family
ego mass.
Detriangulation,
Nonanxious
Presence,
Genograms,
Coaching
Cognitive
Behavioral
Family Therapy
John Gottman,
Albert Ellis,
Albert Bandura
Problems are the result of
operant conditioning that
reinforces negative behaviors
within the family’s
interpersonal social exchanges
that extinguish desired
behavior and promote
incentives toward unwanted
behaviors. This can lead to
irrational beliefs and a faulty
family schema.
Therapeutic
Contracts,
Modeling,
Systematic
Desensitization,
Shaping, Charting,
Examining
Irrational Beliefs
Collaborative
Language
Systems
Harry Goolishian,
Harlene
Anderson, Tom
Andersen, Lynn
Hoffman, Peggy
Penn
Individuals form meanings
about their experiences within
the context of social
relationship on a personal and
organizational level.
Collaborative therapists help
families reorganize and dis-
solve their perceived problems
through a transparent dialogue
about inner thoughts with a
―not-knowing‖ stance intended
to illicit new meaning through
conversation. Collaborative
therapy is an approach that
Dialogical
Conversation, Not
Knowing,
Curiosity, Being
Public, Reflecting
Teams
avoids a particular theoretical
perspective in favor of a client-
centered philosophical process.
Communications
Approaches
Virginia Satir,
John Banmen,
Jane Gerber,
Maria Gomori
All people are born into a
primary survival triad between
themselves and their parents
where they adopt survival
stances to protect their self-
worth from threats
communicated by words and
behaviors of their family
members. Experiential
therapists are interested in
altering the overt and covert
messages between family
members that affect their body,
mind and feelings in order to
promote congruence and to
validate each person’s inherent
self-worth.
Equality, Modeling
Communication,
Family Life
Chronology, Family
Sculpting,
Metaphors, Family
Reconstruction
Contextual
Therapy
Ivan
Böszörményi-
Nagy
Families are built upon an
unconscious network of
implicit loyalties between
parents and children that can
be damaged when these
―relational ethics‖ of fairness,
trust, entitlement, mutuality
and merit are breached.
Rebalancing,
Family
Negotiations,
Validation, Filial
Debt Repayment
Emotion-Focused
Therapy
Sue Johnson, Les
Greenberg
Couples and families can
develop rigid patterns of
interaction based on powerful
emotional experiences that
hinder emotional engagement
and trust. Treatment aims to
enhance empathic capabilities
of family members by
exploring deep-seated habits
and modifying emotional cues.
Reflecting,
Validation,
Heightening,
Reframing,
Restructuring
Experiential
Family Therapy
Carl Whitaker,
David Kieth,
Laura Roberto,
Walter Kempler,
John Warkentin,
Thomas Malone,
August Napier
Stemming from Gestalt
foundations, change and
growth occurs through an
existential encounter with a
therapist who is intentionally
―real‖ and authentic with
clients without pretense, often
Battling,
Constructive
Anxiety,
Redefining
Symptoms,
Affective
Confrontation, Co-
in a playful and sometimes
absurd way as a means to
foster flexibility in the family
and promote individuation.
Therapy, Humor
Feminist Family
Therapy
Sandra Bern,
Complications from social and
political disparity between
genders are identified as
underlying causes of conflict
within a family system.
Therapists are encouraged to
be aware of these influences in
order to avoid perpetuating
hidden oppression, biases and
cultural stereotypes and to
model an egalitarian
perspective of healthy family
relationships.
Demystifying,
Modeling, Equality,
Personal
Accountability
Milan Systemic
Family Therapy
Luigi Boscolo,
Gianfranco
Cecchin, Mara
Selvini Palazzoli,
Giuliana Prata
A practical attempt by the
―Milan Group‖ to establish
therapeutic techniques based
on Gregory Bateson’s
cybernetics that disrupts
unseen systemic patterns of
control and games between
family members by
challenging erroneous family
beliefs and reworking the
family’s linguistic
assumptions.
Hypothesizing,
Circular
Questioning,
Neutrality,
Counterparadox
Medical Family
Therapy[39]
Goerge Engel,
Susan McDaniel,
Jeri Hepworth &
William Doherty
Families facing the challenges
of major illness experience a
unique set of biological,
psychological and social
difficulties that require a
specialized skills of a therapist
who understands the
complexities of the medical
system, as well as the full
spectrum of mental health
theories and techniques.
Grief Work, Family
Meetings,
Consultations,
Collaborative
Approaches
MRI Brief
Therapy
Gregory Bateson,
Milton Erickson,
Heinz von
Foerster
Established by the Mental
Research Institute (MRI) as a
synthesis of ideas from
multiple theorists in order to
interrupt misguided attempts
Reframing,
Prescribing the
Symptom,
Relabeling,
Restraining (Going
by families to create first and
second order change by
persisting with ―more of the
same,‖ mixed signals from
unclear metacommunication
and paradoxical double-bind
messages.
Slow), Bellac Ploy
Narrative
Therapy
Michael White,
David Epston
People use stories to make
sense of their experience and
to establish their identity as a
social and political constructs
based on local knowledge.
Narrative therapists avoid
marginalizing their clients by
positioning themselves as a co-
editor of their reality with the
idea that ―the person is not the
problem, but the problem is the
problem.‖
Deconstruction,
Externalizing
Problems,
Mapping, Asking
Permission
Object Relations
Therapy
Hazan & Shaver,
David Scharff &
Jill Scharff,
James Framo,
Individuals choose
relationships that attempt to
heal insecure attachments from
childhood. Negative patterns
established by their parents
(object) are projected onto
their partners.
Detriangulation,
Co-Therapy,
Psychoanalysis,
Holding
Environment
Psychoanalytic
Family Therapy
Nathan Ackerman
By applying the strategies of
Freudian psychoanalysis to the
family system therapists can
gain insight into the
interlocking psychopathologies
of the family members and
seek to improve
complementarity
Psychoanalysis,
Authenticity,
Joining,
Confrontation
Solution Focused
Therapy
Kim Insoo Berg,
Steve de Shazer,
William
O'Hanlon,
Michelle Weiner-
Davis, Paul
Watzlawick
The inevitable onset of
constant change leads to
negative interpretations of the
past and language that shapes
the meaning of an individual’s
situation, diminishing their
hope and causing them to
overlook their own strengths
and resources.
Future Focus,
Beginner’s Mind,
Miracle Question,
Goal Setting,
Scaling
Strategic Therapy
Jay Haley, Cloe
Madanes
Symptoms of dysfunction are
purposeful in maintaining
Directives,
Paradoxical
homeostasis in the family
hierarchy as it transitions
through various stages in the
family life cycle.
Injunctions,
Positioning,
Metaphoric Tasks,
Restraining (Going
Slow)
Structural
Therapy
Salvador
Minuchin, Harry
Aponte, Charles
Fishman, Braulio
Montalvo
Family problems arise from
maladaptive boundaries and
subsystems that are created
within the overall family
system of rules and rituals that
governs their interactions.
Joining, Family
Mapping,
Hypothesizing,
Reenactments,
Reframing,
Unbalancing
[edit] Academic resources
Family Process
Journal of Child and Family Studies, ISSN: 1062-1024 (Print) 1573-2843 (Online),
Springer
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
Journal of Family Psychology
Family Relations
Contemporary Family Therapy
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy
Family Matters, Australian Institute of Family Studies
Journal of Comparative Family Studies, ASIN: B00007M2W5, Univ of Calgary/Dept
Sociology
Journal of Family Studies, ISSN: 1322-9400, eContent Management Pty Ltd
[1] Journal of Family Therapy, AFT (Association for family Therapy & Systemic
Practice in the UK)
[2] Context Magazine, AFT, UK
[3] Karnac Systemic Thinking and Practice Series
[edit] Professional Organizations
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
American Family Therapy Academy
Association of Family Therapy (UK)
European Family Therapy Association (EFTA)
International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors
National Council on Family Relations
The Ackerman Institute for the Family
[edit] See also
Alternative dispute resolution Internal Family Systems Model
CAMFT
Child abuse
Conflict resolution
Deinstitutionalisation
Domestic violence
Dysfunctional family
Emotionally focused therapy
Family Environment Scale
Family Life Education
Family Life Space
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Interpersonal relationship
Mediation
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
Positive psychology
Relationships Australia
Strategic Family Therapy
[edit] References
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