Delhi

National Family Health 2005-06Survey (NFHS-3)India

Technical assistance for NFHS-3 was provided by Macro International and assistance for the HIV component was provided by NACO and NARI.

Funding assistance was provided by:

The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.

For additional information on NFHS-3, visit www.nfhsindia.org. For related information, visit www.iipsindia.org or www.mohfw.nic.in.

International Institute for Population SciencesDeonar, Mumbai - 400 088

Ministry of Health andFamily Welfare

Government of India

NFH

S-3N

ational Family H

ealth SurveyD

elhi2005-06

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NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY (NFHS-3)

INDIA

2005-06

Delhi

February 2009

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Suggested citation: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2009. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: Delhi. Mumbai: IIPS.

For additional information about the 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), please contact: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088 Telephone: 022-2556-4883, 022-2558-3778 Fax: 022-2558-3778 E-mail: iipsnfhs@vsnl.com, iipsnfhs@gmail.comWebsite: http://www.nfhsindia.org

For related information, visit http://www.iipsindia.org or http://www.mohfw.nic.in

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CONTRIBUTORS

Kamla Gupta Fred Arnold

Bhawna Malik

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CONTENTS

Page

KEY FINDINGS .............................................................................................................. 1

TABLES

Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews .................................................... 27 Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence .................................... 28 Table 3 Housing characteristics ..................................................................................................... 30 Table 4 Household possessions, ownership of agricultural land, and wealth index ............................................................................................................... 32 Table 5 Religion and caste/tribe by wealth index ....................................................................... 33 Table 6 School attendance .............................................................................................................. 33 Table 7 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ........................................................ 34 Table 8 Birth registration of children under age five ................................................................. 35 Table 9 Children’s work.................................................................................................................. 36 Table 10 Background characteristics of respondents ................................................................... 37 Table 11 Current fertility .................................................................................................................. 38 Table 12 Fertility by background characteristics .......................................................................... 39Table 13 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ............................................................................. 40 Table 14 Birth order .......................................................................................................................... 41 Table 15 Birth intervals ..................................................................................................................... 42 Table 16 Fertility preferences by number of living children ...................................................... 43 Table 17 Desire to limit childbearing ............................................................................................. 44 Table 18 Ideal number of children .................................................................................................. 45 Table 19 Indicators of sex preference ............................................................................................. 46 Table 20 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ........................................................................... .47 Table 21 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ..................................... 48 Table 22 Contraceptive use by men with last partner ................................................................. 50 Table 23 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms ....................................................... 51 Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods ..................................................................... 52 Table 25 Informed choice ................................................................................................................. 54 Table 26 First-year contraceptive discontinuation rates .............................................................. 54 Table 27 Men’s contraception-related perceptions and knowledge........................................... 55 Table 28 Need for family planning among currently married women ..................................... 56 Table 29 Age at first marriage ......................................................................................................... 57 Table 30 Early childhood mortality rates ...................................................................................... 58 Table 31 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics ................................. 59 Table 32 High-risk fertility behaviour ............................................................................................ 60

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Page

Table 33 Antenatal care .................................................................................................................... 61 Table 34 Antenatal care services and information received ....................................................... 62 Table 35 Antenatal care indicators ................................................................................................. 63 Table 36 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound was done ........................................................... 64 Table 37 Delivery and postnatal care ............................................................................................. 65 Table 38 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics ....................................... 66 Table 39 Trends in maternal care indicators ................................................................................. 67 Table 40 Male involvement in maternal care: Men’s report ....................................................... 68 Table 41 Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................................. 69 Table 42 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever .......................................... 70 Table 43 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea........................................................................... 71 Table 44 Feeding practices during diarrhoea ................................................................................ 72Table 45 Knowledge of ORS packets .............................................................................................. 73 Table 46 ICDS coverage and utilization of ICDS services ........................................................... 74 Table 47 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while breastfeeding ..................................................................................................................... 76 Table 48 Nutritional status of children .......................................................................................... 77 Table 49 Initial breastfeeding ......................................................................................................... .79 Table 50 Breastfeeding status by age .............................................................................................. 80 Table 51 Median duration of breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ......................................................................................... 81 Table 52 Prevalence of anaemia in children .................................................................................. 83 Table 53 Micronutrient intake among children ............................................................................. 84 Table 54 Presence of iodized salt in household ............................................................................ 86Table 55 Women’s and men’s food consumption......................................................................... 87 Table 56 Nutritional status of adults .............................................................................................. 88 Table 57 Prevalence of anaemia in adults ...................................................................................... 89 Table 58 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its prevention ................................................................. 90 Table 59 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS ............................................ 92 Table 60 Sexual behaviour, blood transfusion, and injections ................................................... 94 Table 61 Knowledge of AIDS and sexual behaviour: Youth ...................................................... 95 Table 62 Attitudes toward family life education in school ......................................................... 96 Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis ............................................................................................... 97 Table 64 Knowledge and attitude toward tuberculosis .............................................................. 99 Table 65 Health problems .............................................................................................................. 100 Table 66 Tobacco and alcohol use by women and men ............................................................ 101 Table 67 Source of health care ........................................................................................................ 102 Table 68 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men............................................................................................................................. 103 Table 69 Control over and magnitude of cash earnings............................................................. 104 Table 70 Decision making ............................................................................................................... 105 Table 71 Decision making by background characteristics ......................................................... 106 Table 72 Women’s access to money and credit .......................................................................... 107 Table 73 Gender-role attitudes....................................................................................................... 108

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Page

Table 74 Gender-role attitudes by background characteristics ................................................. 109 Table 75 Experience of physical or sexual violence .................................................................... 110 Table 76 Forms of spousal violence............................................................................................... 111 Table 77 Spousal violence by background characteristics ......................................................... 112 Table 78 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators........................................................................................................................... 113 Table 79 Injuries to women due to spousal violence .................................................................. 114 Table 80 Help seeking behaviour .................................................................................................. 114

APPENDIX

Estimates of sampling errors............................................................................................................. 115

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INTRODUCTIONThe 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) is the third in the NFHS series of surveys. The first NFHS was conducted in 1992-93 and the second (NFHS-2) was conducted in 1998-99. All three NFHS surveys were conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India. The MOHFW designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency for the surveys. Funding for NFHS-3 was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the Government of India. Technical assistance for NFHS-3 was provided by Macro International, Maryland, USA. Assistance for the HIV component of the survey was provided by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) and the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune.

The survey provides trend data on key indicators and includes information on several new topics, such as HIV/AIDS-related behaviour, attitudes toward family life education for girls and boys, use of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme, men’s involvement in maternal care, and health insurance. For the first time, NFHS-3 provides information on men and unmarried women. In addition, NFHS-3 provides estimates of HIV prevalence for India as a whole based on blood samples collected in every state, including Delhi. Separate HIV prevalence estimates are also provided for Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.

In Delhi, NFHS-3 interviewed 3,349 women age 15-49 and 1,436 men age 15-54 to obtain information on population, health, and nutrition in the state. The survey is based on a sample of 3,324 households that is representative at the state level, within the state at the urban and rural levels, and for the city of Delhi and its slum and non-slum populations. The household response rate in the state as a whole was 96 percent and the individual response rates were 91 percent for eligible women and 76 percent for eligible men.

In Delhi, height and weight measurements were taken for all children under age six years and all interviewed women and men in all the sample households. Haemoglobin levels were measured for all interviewed women and men and for all children age 6-59 months. In a subsample of households, all interviewed women and men were eligible to have their blood collected for HIV testing. All biomarkers were measured only after obtaining informed consent. The NFHS-3 fieldwork in Delhi was conducted by the Population Research Centre, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG), Delhi, between December 2005 and April 2006.

This report presents the key findings of the NFHS-3 survey in Delhi, followed by detailed tables and an appendix on sampling errors. More information about the definitions of indicators included in this report is contained in Volume I of the NFHS-3 National Report, and the questionnaires and details of the sampling procedure for NFHS-3 are contained in Volume II of the NFHS-3 National Report (available at www.nfhsindia.org).

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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS

Household compositionA large majority of households in Delhi (93%) are in urban areas, with the remaining 7 percent in rural areas. On average, households in Delhi are comprised of 4.6 members. Ten percent of households are headed by women.

The vast majority of households in Delhi have household heads who are Hindu (86%). Nine percent of households are headed by Muslims and 3 percent of household heads are Sikhs. Two percent of household heads belong to other religions.

Seventeen percent of household heads belong to scheduled castes, 1 percent to scheduled tribes, and 14 percent to other backward classes (OBC). Two-thirds of Delhi’s households (67%) do not belong to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or other backward classes.

More than one-quarter (29%) of Delhi’s population is under age 15; only 4 percent is age 65 and over.

Among children under 18 years of age, 5 percent have experienced the death of one or both parents. In all, 90 percent of children under age 18 years live with both parents, 6 percent live with one parent, and 3 percent live with neither parent.

Housing characteristicsNinety-five percent of households in Delhi live in a pucca house. Ninety-nine percent of households (98% of rural households and 99% of urban households) have electricity, up slightly from 98 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Eight percent of households have no toilet facilities, up from 6 percent at the time of NFHS-2. More than one-quarter of rural households (28%) have no toilet facilities, compared with 6 percent of urban households.

Seventy-three percent of households in Delhi use drinking water that is piped into their dwelling, yard, or plot. Eight percent of households do not have any

toilet facility.

Ninety-two percent of households use an improved source of drinking water (93% of urban households and 88% of rural households), but only 73 percent have water piped into their dwelling, yard, or plot. Eleven percent of households (10% in urban areas and 17% in rural areas) get their drinking water from a public tap or standpipe. More than one-third of households (36%) treat their drinking water to make it potable; 15 percent of households use a ceramic, sand, or other water filter, 11 percent boil their water, and 2 percent strain the water through a cloth, 10 percent of households use some other treatment.

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Wealth IndexThe wealth index is constructed by combining information on 33 house-hold assets and housing characteristics such as ownership of consumer items, type of dwelling, source of water, and availability of electricity, into a single index. The household population is divided into five equal groups of 20 percent each (quintiles) at the national level from 1 (lowest, poorest) through 5 (highest, wealthiest). Since the quin-tiles of the wealth index are defined at the national level, the proportion of the population of a particular state that falls in any specific quintile will vary across states.

Based on the wealth index, Delhi is much wealthier than the nation as a whole. More than two-fifths of Delhi’s households (69% of the urban households and 41% of the rural households) are in the highest wealth quintile. Less than five percent of the Delhi’s urban and rural households are in the lowest two wealth quintiles.

EDUCATION

Current school attendance among children Eighty percent of children age 6-17 years attend school. Almost 9 out of 10 children of primary-school age (6-10 years) attend school. School attendance drops to 84 percent for children age 11-14 years and is only 60 percent for children age 15-17 years. School attendance at age 6-17 years is much lower in slum areas (65%) than in non-slum areas (84%). At age 15-17 years, only 37 percent of slum children attend school, compared with 67 percent in non-slum areas.

Gender disparity in education is almost non-existent at age 6-14 years, but at age 15-17 years girls are more likely than boys to attend school. Even in slum areas, girls are much more likely to attend school than boys at ages 15-17 years.

18

20 6710

69

414115

Wealth IndexPercentage of households in urban and rural areasand percent distribution of households by wealth quintile

Total100%

Urban93%

Rural7%

Lowest Highest

Percentage of children attending school by age

Are there gender differentials in children’scurrent school attendance?

Male

89

6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years

9085 84

5764

Female

3

3 9

4

Note: Less than 1 percent of households belong to the lowest wealth quintile.

18

20 6710

69

414115

Wealth IndexPercentage of households in urban and rural areasand percent distribution of households by wealth quintile

Total100%

Urban93%

Rural7%

Lowest Highest

Percentage of children attending school by age

Are there gender differentials in children’scurrent school attendance?

Male

89

6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years

9085 84

5764

Female

3

3 9

4

Note: Less than 1 percent of households belong to the lowest wealth quintile.

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Literacy and educational attainment In NFHS-3, literate persons are those who have either completed at least standard six or passed a simple literacy test conducted as part of the survey. According to this measure, 77 percent of women and 90 percent of men age 15-49 are literate.

Twenty-one percent of women and 10 percent of men age 15-49 have never attended school. More than half of adults (53% of women and 56% of men) have completed 10 or more years of education.

More than half of women and men have completed 10 or more years of education.

Attitudes toward family life education in school Virtually all adults agree that children should be taught moral values in school. A large majority of adults think that children should learn about the changes in their own bodies during puberty; but a smaller majority think that children should learn about puberty-related changes in the bodies of the opposite sex.

Men and women differ somewhat on whether they think that children should be taught in school about contraception. More than five-sixths of men (86-87%) believe that both girls and boys should be taught about contraception in school, whereas 77 percent of women think that girls should learn about contraception in school and 72 percent think that boys should learn about contraception in school.

More than 9 in 10 men (94-95%) think that boys and girls should learn about HIV/AIDS in school, compared with 86-87 percent of women. Among men, more than four-fifths feel that both boys and girls should be taught about sex and sexual behaviour in school, and 90-91percent feel that both boys and girls should be taught in school about condom use to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. By contrast, only about three-quarters of women (74-81%) feel that each of these topics is appropriate for children in school.

FERTILITY

Age at first marriageThe median age at first marriage is 19.7 years among women age 20-49 and 24.4 years among men age 25-49. On average, men get married five years later than women. More than one-fifth of women (23%) age 20-24 years got married before the legal minimum age of 18, and 19 percent of men age 25-29 years got married before the legal minimum age of 21.

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Fertility levels At current fertility levels, a woman in Delhi will have an average of 2.1 children in her lifetime, which is the replacement level of fertility. Among births in the three years preceding the survey, 14 percent were of birth order four or higher. Fertility has been declining substantially over time, decreas-ing by 0.6 children between NFHS-1 and NFHS-2 and by 0.3 children between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3.

The fertility rate is higher in slum areas of Delhi (2.5 children per woman) than in non-slum areas (2.0), and it is about three-quarters of a child higher for women from scheduled castes and other backward classes than it is for women who do not belong to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or other backward classes.

The largest differentials in fertility are by education. With a TFR of 3.5, women with no education will have almost two children more than women with 10 or more years of schooling (a TFR of 1.7).

Fertility in Delhi isat the replacement level (2.1 children

per woman). However, a woman in Delhi will still have 0.3 children more, on average, than a woman in Andhra Pradesh,

Goa, or Tamil Nadu.

Fertility TrendsTotal fertility rate(children per woman)

Total Fertility Rate by StateChildren per woman

NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3

3.0

2.42.1

4.03.83.8

3.73.3

3.23.1

3.02.9

2.82.72.7

2.62.6

2.42.42.42.4

2.32.2

2.12.12.1

2.02.0

1.91.9

1.81.81.8

BiharUttar Pradesh

MeghalayaNagaland

JharkhandRajasthan

Madhya PradeshArunachal Pradesh

MizoramManipurHaryana

INDIAChhattisgarhUttarakhand

GujaratAssam

Jammu & KashmirOrissa

West BengalTripura

DelhiMaharashtra

KarnatakaSikkimPunjab

Himachal PradeshKerala

Tamil NaduGoa

Andhra Pradesh

Fertility TrendsTotal fertility rate(children per woman)

Total Fertility Rate by StateChildren per woman

NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3

3.0

2.42.1

4.03.83.8

3.73.3

3.23.1

3.02.9

2.82.72.7

2.62.6

2.42.42.42.4

2.32.2

2.12.12.1

2.02.0

1.91.9

1.81.81.8

BiharUttar Pradesh

MeghalayaNagaland

JharkhandRajasthan

Madhya PradeshArunachal Pradesh

MizoramManipurHaryana

INDIAChhattisgarhUttarakhand

GujaratAssam

Jammu & KashmirOrissa

West BengalTripura

DelhiMaharashtra

KarnatakaSikkimPunjab

Himachal PradeshKerala

Tamil NaduGoa

Andhra Pradesh

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Teenage pregnancy Among young women age 15-19 in Delhi, 5 percent have already begun childbearing, much lower than the national average of 16 percent. One in four women with no education are already either mothers or pregnant with their first child, compared with only 2 percent of women with at least 10 years of education.

Birth intervalsThe median interval between births in Delhi is 33 months. Fifty-four percent of non-first-order births occur within three years of a previous birth, including 13 percent of births that take place within 18 months of the previous birth and 26 percent that take place within 24 months. Research shows that waiting at least three years between births reduces the risk of infant mortality.

Fertility preferences Seventy-seven percent of currently married women and 71 percent of currently married men want no more children, are already sterilized, or have a spouse who is sterilized. Among those who do want another child, more than half would like to wait at least two years for their next child. Eighty-four percent of women and 86 percent of men consider the ideal family size to be two children or less.

In Delhi, there is evidence of some preference for sons. Twelve percent of women and men want more sons than daughters, but only 2 percent of women and men want more daughters than sons. However, most men and women would like to have at least one son and at least one daughter.

2.91.7

Total fertility rate (children per woman)

3.5 2.21.7

No education 5-9 yearscomplete

10 or moreyears

complete

Fourth Highest

Education Wealth Index

How does fertility vary with education and household wealth?

Note: Categories with fewer than 125 unweighted woman years of exposure are not shown.

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The desire for more children is strongly affected by women’s number of sons. For example, among women with two child-ren, 95 percent with at least one son want no more children, compared with 71 percent of women with two daughters. Notably, however, the proportion of currently married women with two children who want no more children is higher in NFHS-3 (92%) than it was in NFHS-2 (84%) and NFHS-1 (78%), irres-pective of women’s number of sons.

In Delhi, unplanned pregnancies are relatively common. If all women were to have only the number of children they want, the total fertility rate would be 1.6 instead of 2.1.

FAMILY PLANNING

Knowledge of family planning methods Knowledge of contraception is almost universal in Delhi. Female sterilization is the most widely known method, known by virtually all currently married women and men. Knowledge of modern temporary contraceptive methods among adults is also very high in Delhi. The government family planning programme promotes three temporary methods: the pill, the IUD, and condoms. Ninety-five percent of women and 83 percent of men know about all three of these methods. Almost all men know about pills and condoms, but only 83 percent have heard about IUDs.

Knowledge of female sterilization was high in Delhi even at the time of NFHS-1, but knowledge of temporary contraceptive methods has increased since NFHS-1. Among currently married women, 99 percent now know about the pill, for example, compared with 94 percent in NFHS-1.

Contraceptive useThe contraceptive prevalence rate among currently married women age 15-49 is 67 percent, up from 64 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Female sterilization accounts for 34 percent of all contraceptive use, less than its share at the time of NFHS-2 (41%). Condom use, at 23 percent,

2 boys and no girls

Current family size

2 girls and no boys1 boy and 1 girl

8795

71

5344

86 8990 95

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

How does son preference affect women’s desirefor children?Percentage of currently married women withtwo children who want no more children

Pill IUD Condom Femalesterilization

94 97 98 99 10094 97 9893 959999

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

How many women know aboutfamily planning?Percentage of currently married women

2 boys and no girls

Current family size

2 girls and no boys1 boy and 1 girl

8795

71

5344

86 8990 95

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

How does son preference affect women’s desirefor children?Percentage of currently married women withtwo children who want no more children

Pill IUD Condom Femalesterilization

94 97 98 99 10094 97 9893 959999

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

How many women know aboutfamily planning?Percentage of currently married women

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is higher in Delhi than in any other state. Other temporary contraceptive methods (the pill, IUD, rhythm, and withdrawal) are used by 4-6 percent of women. In general, better-educated women and wealthier women are more likely to use spacing methods than less-educated women and poorer women. Overall contraceptive use increases sharply with age, peaking at 82 percent at ages 30-39 years and then decreasing to 67 percent for women age 40-49 years. Muslim women are less likely to use contra-ceptives (52%) than women from other religions (68% among Hindus and 73 among Sikhs). Women from the lower wealth quintiles, women in slums, and scheduled caste women are also less likely to use family planning methods than most other women.

Contraceptive use at last sex as reported by currently married men is 7 percentage points lower than women’s report of current contraceptive use. Sixty percent of currently married men report using contraception the last time they had sex. Men are slightly more likely than women to report current use of condoms, however.

With two-thirdsof currently

married women using

contraception,Delhi has the sixth highest contraceptive

prevalence rate in the country.

Any modern method

6064

55 56 57

67

Any method

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

How many women use family planning?Percentage of currently married women

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by StatePercentage of currently married women

MeghalayaNagaland

BiharJharkhand

Arunachal PradeshUttar Pradesh

RajasthanGoa

ManipurOrissa

Jammu & KashmirChhattisgarh

Madhya PradeshINDIA

AssamSikkim

UttarakhandMizoram

Tamil NaduPunjab

HaryanaKarnataka

TripuraGujarat

DelhiMaharashtra

Andhra PradeshKerala

West BengalHimachal Pradesh

2430

3436

4344

47484951

5353

56565758596061

636364

666767676869

7173

Any modern method

6064

55 56 57

67

Any method

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

How many women use family planning?Percentage of currently married women

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by StatePercentage of currently married women

MeghalayaNagaland

BiharJharkhand

Arunachal PradeshUttar Pradesh

RajasthanGoa

ManipurOrissa

Jammu & KashmirChhattisgarh

Madhya PradeshINDIA

AssamSikkim

UttarakhandMizoram

Tamil NaduPunjab

HaryanaKarnataka

TripuraGujarat

DelhiMaharashtra

Andhra PradeshKerala

West BengalHimachal Pradesh

2430

3436

4344

47484951

5353

56565758596061

636364

666767676869

7173

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Consistent with son preference, women in Delhi are more likely to use contraception if they already have a son. For example, among women with two children, 80 percent of women with two sons and no daughters use a method of family planning, compared with 67 percent of women with two daughters and no sons (not all data shown in tables).

Eighty percent of sterilized women had the operation in a government facility, usually in a government hospital or a municipal hospital, whereas more than half of users of IUDs and pills got their method in the private medical sector.

According to women’s reports, among users for whom the brand is known, most pill users (71%), but only 37 percent of condom users, use social marketing brands. According to men’s reports, 39 percent of condom users for whom the brand is known, use social marketing brands.

The one-year discontinuation rate for modern spacing methods is much lower in Delhi than in any other state except Haryana and Meghalaya. In Delhi, 21 percent of users of any modern spacing method discontinue use within a year of method adoption, compared with 42 percent in India as a whole. Discontinuation of the pill is particularly high. Thirty percent of the users of pills discontinue use within the first year after they adopted the method; discontinuation is also quite high for condoms (23%). Seven percent of IUD users discontinue use within one year.

Informed choiceWomen who know about all available contraceptive methods and their side effects can make better choices about what method they want to use. Almost two-thirds of users of female modern contraceptive methods (63%) were ever informed about the side effects of their method, and about half (53%) were told what to do if side effects occurred. Fifty-four percent were told about other contraceptive methods they could use.

Men’s attitudesAlmost all men in Delhi reject the idea that contraception is women’s business and a man should not have to worry about it (93%) and reject the idea that women using contraception may become promiscuous (95%). However, 44 percent of men incorrectly believe that women who are breastfeeding cannot become pregnant. Three-quarters of men know that a condom, if used correctly, protects against pregnancy most of the time.

What contraceptive methods do women use?Currently married women

Malesterilization

0.8%

sterilizationFemale

23%

Pill 5%

IUD 5%

Condom23%

Rhythm 6%

Withdrawal4%

Not usingany method

33%

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Unmet needUnmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who either want to space their next birth or stop childbearing entirely but are not using contraception. According to this definition, 8 percent of currently married women have an unmet need for family planning (3% for spacing and 5% for limiting), down from 13 percent in NFHS-2 and 15 percent in NFHS-1. Currently, 90 percent of the demand for family planning is being satisfied, having risen from 80 percent in NFHS-1 and 83 percent in NFHS-2.

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY

Infant mortality in Delhi is much lower than in the country as a whole and in most other states. The infant mortality rate is currently estimated at 40 deaths before the age of one year per 1,000 live births, down from the NFHS-2 estimate of 47 and the NFHS-1 estimate of 65. The under-five mortality rate is 47 deaths per 1,000 live births. These rates imply that 1 in 25 children still die within the first year of life, and 1 in 21 die before reaching age five.

In Delhi, the infant mortality rate for boys is slightly higher than the rate for girls. Boys also have a slightly higher under-five mor-tality rate than girls, despite the fact that the child mortality rate, which measures the probability of dying between the first and fifth birthdays, is marginally higher for girls than for boys.

Children born to mothers under the age of 20 years are much more likely to die in infancy than children born to mothers in the prime childbearing ages. Infant mortality is 46 per 1,000 for teenage mothers, compared with 37 for mothers age 20-29 and 30-39.

Having children too close together is es-pecially risky. The risk of death in the first year of life is more than three times as high for children born less than two years after a previous birth than for children whose mothers waited four or more years between births.

Trends in Infant MortalityDeaths per 1,000 live births

NFHS-3NFHS-2NFHS-1

65

4740

High-risk births have higher mortality ratesDeaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

40

19

32

37

56

37

46

39

60

2-3 years

4 years or more

<2 years

Previous birth interval

4 or more

2-3

1

Birth order

30-39

20-29

<20

Mother's age at birth

Trends in Infant MortalityDeaths per 1,000 live births

NFHS-3NFHS-2NFHS-1

65

4740

High-risk births have higher mortality ratesDeaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

40

19

32

37

56

37

46

39

60

2-3 years

4 years or more

<2 years

Previous birth interval

4 or more

2-3

1

Birth order

30-39

20-29

<20

Mother's age at birth

Delhi.indd 10 3/19/09 12:50:44 PM

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The infant mortality rate for children whose mothers have 10 or more years of education is only 22 per 1,000 live births. The infant mortality rate is much higher in slum areas (54) than in non-slum areas (36).

PERINATAL MORTALITY

Perinatal mortality, which includes stillbirths and very early infant deaths (in the first week of life), is estimated at 35 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies that lasted 7 months or more. Perinatal mortality is 20 percent higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Delhi. Mothers with no education (43 per 1,000) are more likely to lose their children in late pregnancy and during the first few days of life than mothers who have 12 or more years of education (30 per 1,000). Birth intervals have a very strong effect on perinatal mortality. For pregnancies that take place less than 15 months after a previous birth, the perinatal mortality rate is 68 per 1,000, compared with only 14-18 per 1,000 when the birth interval is at least 27 months. (Data for perinatal mortality are not shown in the tables).

MATERNAL HEALTH

Antenatal careAmong women who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey, 87 percent received antenatal care from a health professional (79% from a doctor and 8% from other health personnel) for their last birth. Only 10 percent of women did not receive any antenatal care.

The infantmortality rate in

Delhi is lower than the national

average, but remains higher

than infant mortality in nine

other states.

Infant Mortality Rate by StateDeaths per 1,000 live births

Uttar PradeshChhattisgarh

Madhya PradeshJharkhand

AssamRajasthan

OrissaBihar

Arunachal PradeshINDIA

Andhra PradeshTripuraGujarat

West BengalJammu & Kashmir

MeghalayaKarnataka

UttarakhandPunjab

HaryanaDelhi

NagalandMaharashtra

Himachal PradeshMizoram

SikkimTamil Nadu

ManipurKerala

Goa

737170

6966

6565

6261

5754

5250

484545

43424242

403838

363434

3030

1515

Delhi.indd 11 3/19/09 12:50:45 PM

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Ninety percent of women in non-slum areas received antenatal care from a health professional for their last birth, compared with 78 percent of women in slum areas. More than 80 percent of women with 10 or more years of education, women who are having their first birth, and women in the higher wealth quintile received antenatal care. Women belonging to other backward classes were less likely than women belonging to any other caste/tribe category to have received antenatal care.

Almost two-thirds (64%) of women received antenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy, as is recom-mended. Another 19 percent had their first antenatal care visit during the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy (data not shown in tables). Three-quarters of women had three or more antenatal care visits. Women in non-slum areas were more likely than women in slum areas to have their first ANC visit during their first trimester.

The proportion of women who received three or more antenatal care visits and the proportion who had their first antenatal care visit in the first trimester of pregnancy for their last births have increased substantially in the seven years since NFHS-2.

The coverage of threeor more antenatal care

visits is greater in Delhi than in most

other states; nonetheless, even in

Delhi, one in four pregnant women did not receive at least three antenatal care visits for their last

birth.

Three or More Antenatal Care Visits by StatePercentage of last births in the past five years

1727

333636

394141

45525454

595960626263

686970

74757575

8085

949596

BiharUttar Pradesh

NagalandArunachal Pradesh

JharkhandAssam

Madhya PradeshRajasthan

UttarakhandINDIA

MeghalayaChhattisgarh

HaryanaMizoram

TripuraOrissa

West BengalHimachal Pradesh

GujaratManipur

SikkimJammu & Kashmir

PunjabDelhi

MaharashtraKarnataka

Andhra PradeshKerala

GoaTamil Nadu

Are mothers getting timely, appropriateantenatal care?Percentage of last births in the past three years

Three or more visits Visit during first trimester

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

72 7469

38

6250

Three or More Antenatal Care Visits by StatePercentage of last births in the past five years

1727

333636

394141

45525454

595960626263

686970

74757575

8085

949596

BiharUttar Pradesh

NagalandArunachal Pradesh

JharkhandAssam

Madhya PradeshRajasthan

UttarakhandINDIA

MeghalayaChhattisgarh

HaryanaMizoram

TripuraOrissa

West BengalHimachal Pradesh

GujaratManipur

SikkimJammu & Kashmir

PunjabDelhi

MaharashtraKarnataka

Andhra PradeshKerala

GoaTamil Nadu

Are mothers getting timely, appropriateantenatal care?Percentage of last births in the past three years

Three or more visits Visit during first trimester

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

72 7469

38

6250

Delhi.indd 12 3/19/09 12:50:46 PM

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For 78 percent of their last births, mothers received iron and folic acid supplements (IFA), but for only 40 percent of the births did mothers consume IFA for the recommended 90 days or more. Ninety percent of mothers received two or more doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine. Only 6 percent took a deworming drug during pregnancy.

In Delhi, more than four-fifths of women who received antenatal care received most of the services needed to monitor their pregnancy. Eighty-eight percent had their weight taken, 86 percent had their blood pressure measured, 85 percent had their abdomen examined, and 84-86 percent had blood and urine samples taken.

An ultrasound test was performed during more than half of pregnancies (51%) in the five years preceding the survey, more than twice as high as the national average (24%). Urban and rural women are equally likely to have had an ultrasound test for their most recent pregnancy, but women in slum areas (32%) are much less likely than women in non-slum areas (57%) to have had an ultrasound test. Even 26 percent of women with no education and more than one-third of scheduled-caste women (36%) had an ultrasound test. Notably, 8 percent of women who did not have any antenatal care for their most recent pregnancy had an ultrasound test. Almost three-quarters of women with 10 or more years of education and 68 percent of women in the highest wealth quintile had an ultrasound test during their pregnancies. Pregnant women with no living sons are much more likely to have an ultrasound test than women with one or more sons. For example, among women with two children, 54 percent with two daughters and no sons had an ultrasound test, compared with 31 percent with one son or two sons.

Delivery care Almost 6 out of 10 births (59%) in Delhi take place in a health facility and 41 percent take place at home. The percentage of institutional births in the three years preceding the survey increased from 45 percent in NFHS-1 and 59 percent in NFHS-2 to 61 percent in NFHS-3. Institutional births are more common among first time mothers, urban women, women in non-slum areas, Sikh women, women in the highest wealth quintile, women with 10 or more years of education, women who received four or more antenatal care visits, and women not belonging to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or other backward classes.

For 96 percent of home births, a clean blade was used to cut the cord, as is recommended, but only 59 percent of home births followed the recommendation that the baby be immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without being bathed first.

Are babies being delivered safely?Percentage of births in the past three years

In a medical facility Assisted by a health professional

NFHS-1 NFHS-3NFHS-2

45

59 61 6566

54

Delhi.indd 13 3/19/09 12:50:47 PM

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Sixty-four percent of births during the past five years took place with assistance from health personnel, and 32 percent were delivered by a traditional birth attendant. The remaining 4 percent were delivered by a relative or other untrained person. Notably, only 13 percent of home births were assisted by health personnel. A disposable delivery kit (DDK) was used for 40 percent of home births.

Postnatal careEarly postnatal care for a mother helps safeguard her health and can reduce maternal mortality. In Delhi, 61 percent of mothers had a postnatal check-up after their last birth and 58 percent had a check-up within two days of the birth, as is recommended. Postnatal care is most common following births in a medical facility. Nonetheless, even in medical facilities, about one-fifth of births (19%) were not followed by a postnatal check-up of the mother. Only 27 percent of home births were followed by a postnatal check-up.

Male involvement in maternal careEighty percent of men with a child under three years of age said that the child’s mother received antenatal care. Almost two-thirds (64%) of men with a child under age three years said they were present during at least one antenatal check-up received by the child’s mother. Two-fifths were told by a health provider or health worker what to do if the mother had a pregnancy complication, and 27-31 percent were told about specific signs of pregnancy complication.

About half of fathers with a child less than three years of age were provided with information related to maternal care. Fifty-two percent were told about the importance of proper nutrition for the mother during pregnancy and 48 percent were told about the importance of delivering

In Delhi, thepercentage of births delivered in a health

facility is much higher than the

national average, but is lower than

seven other states. More than one in

four births in Delhi still take place at

home.

Institutional Delivery by StatePercentage of births in the past five years

NagalandChhattisgarh

JharkhandBihar

Uttar PradeshAssam

Madhya PradeshArunachal Pradesh

MeghalayaRajasthan

UttarakhandOrissa

HaryanaINDIA

West BengalHimachal Pradesh

ManipurTripuraSikkim

Jammu & KashmirPunjabGujarat

DelhiMizoram

Andhra PradeshMaharashtra

KarnatakaTamil Nadu

GoaKerala

1214

18202122

26292930

333636

394243

464747505153

5960

646565

8892

99

Delhi.indd 14 3/19/09 12:50:47 PM

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the baby in a health facility. Among fathers whose child was not delivered in a health facility, 39 percent each were told about the importance of using a new or unused blade to cut the umbilical cord and were told about the importance of breastfeeding the baby immediately after birth, and 38 percent each were told about the importance of cleanliness at the time of delivery and keeping the baby warm immediately after birth.

CHILD HEALTH

Vaccination of childrenOnly 63 percent of children age 12-23 months in Delhi are fully vaccinated against six major childhood illnesses: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles. However, most children are at least partially vaccinated; only 9 percent have received no vaccinations at all.

Eighty-seven percent of children have received a BCG vaccination and 72 and 79 percent, respectively, have received at least the recommended three doses of the DPT and polio vaccines. Seventy-eight percent have been vaccinated against measles.

The DPT and polio vaccines are given in a series. Many children receive the first dose but do not finish the series. Between the first and third doses, the dropout rate for polio is 11 percent and the dropout rate for DPT is 14 percent. In spite of the Pulse Polio Campaign and the attempts to eradicate polio in India, one-fifth of children (21%) in Delhi still have not received three doses of polio vaccine.

While there was an increase in full vac-cination coverage in India as a whole between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3, Delhi has experienced a decline in full vaccination coverage, from 70 percent of children age 12-23 months fully vaccinated in NFHS-2 to 63 percent in NFHS-3. The present level is higher than that in NFHS-1 (58%). The decline in full vaccination coverage between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 was accompanied by declines of 2-8 percentage points in the coverage of BCG and three doses of the DPT and polio vaccines and no improvement in the coverage of measles vaccination during the same period.

Less than two-thirds of children age 12-23 months have been fully vaccinated against six major childhood illnesses.

Trends in Vaccination CoveragePercentage of children 12-23 months receiving vaccinations

All BCG Polio 3 DPT 3 Measles

NFHS-3NFHS-2NFHS-1

7058 63

90

70787872

8072

7981758792

Delhi.indd 15 3/19/09 12:50:48 PM

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Children of more educated mothers and children belonging to wealthier households are more likely than other children to receive all vaccinations. Scheduled caste children are more likely to be fully vaccinated than children from other caste groups. Boys and girls are equally likely to be fully vaccinated (63% each). Other groups with higher than average full vaccination coverage are children of low birth orders (particularly first-order births), children in non-slum areas, and Hindu children.

Childhood illnessesIn the two weeks before the survey, 6 percent of children under age five years had symptoms of an acute respiratory infection (cough and short, rapid breathing that was chest related and not due to a blocked or runny nose). Of these children, 89 percent were taken to a health facility or health provider and 23 percent received antibiotic drugs.

Twelve percent of children under age five were reported to have had fever in the two weeks preceding the survey; 93 percent of these children were taken to a health facility or provider for treatment, and 30 percent received antimalarial drugs.

Overall, 8 percent of children had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Among these children, 75 percent were taken to a health facility. Less than one-half (43%) were treated with some kind of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or increased fluids, including 30 percent of children who were treated with a solution prepared from oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets and 19 percent who were given gruel. ORS use in treating diarrhoea among children remains low, even though 95 percent of mothers of young children have heard of ORS.

Full immunizationcoverage in Delhi ismuch higher than in

the nation as a whole, but is lower than in eight other states, and is also lower than it was

in NFHS-2.

Full Immunization Coverage by StatePercentage of children 12-23 months

NagalandUttar Pradesh

RajasthanArunachal Pradesh

AssamBihar

MeghalayaJharkhand

Madhya PradeshINDIA

GujaratAndhra Pradesh

MizoramManipur

ChhattisgarhTripuraOrissa

KarnatakaMaharashtraUttarakhand

PunjabDelhi

West BengalHaryana

Jammu & KashmirSikkim

Himachal PradeshKerala

GoaTamil Nadu

2123

2728

31333334

404445464747495052

55596060

63646567

707475

7981

Delhi.indd 16 3/19/09 12:50:49 PM

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More than one-quarter of children (26%) with diarrhoea did not receive any type of treatment at all. Thirty-one percent received antibiotics, which are not normally recommended for treating childhood diarrhoea.

Children should receive more fluids than usual during diarrhoeal illness, but only 9 percent of children with diarrhoea received more liquids than normal. Sixty-eight percent of children with diarrhoea received less to drink than normal or did not receive anything to drink, which can increase the risk of dehydration.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)The ICDS programme provides nutrition and health services for children under age six years and pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as preschool activities for children age 3-5 years. These services are provided through community-based anganwadi centres.

Among the 46 percent of children under six years in Delhi who are in areas covered by an anganwadi centre, only 12 percent receive services of any kind from a centre. The most common services that children age 0-71 months in areas covered by an anganwadi centre receive are supple-mentary food (12%), followed by immuni-zations (5%) and health check-ups (3%). Eight percent of children age 3-5 years receive early childhood care or preschool services and 4 percent of children under age 5 years receive growth monitoring ser-vices. Children ages 24-35 months are more likely to receive services from an anganwadicentre than younger and older children. Children of women from scheduled castes and other backward classes are more likely to use services from an anganwadi centre than children of women from other caste groups.

Among children under age six years in areas covered by an anganwadi centre, only 6 percent had mothers who received any service during pregnancy, and the same percentage of children had mothers who received any service when breastfeeding.

BREASTFEEDING, NUTRITION, AND ANAEMIA

Infant feedingAlthough breastfeeding is nearly universal in Delhi, only 35 percent of children who are less than six months of age are exclusively breastfed, as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends. Only 68 percent are put to the breast within the first day of life, including 21 percent who started breastfeeding in the first hour of life, which means that many infants are

12 12

54

3

8

Anyservice

Immuni-zations

Pre-school

Supple-mentary

food

Growthmoni-toring

Healthcheck-up

How many children receive anganwadi centre services?Percentage of age-eligible children in areas coveredby an anganwadi centre receiving services

Delhi.indd 17 3/19/09 12:50:49 PM

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deprived of the highly nutritious first milk (colostrum) and the antibodies it contains. Further, children are breastfed for an average of 21 months, which is shorter than the minimum of 24 months recommended by WHO for most children.

It is recommended that nothing be given to children other than breast milk in the first three days when the milk has not begun to flow regularly. However, about half of children (46%) are given something other than breast milk during that period.

WHO offers three recommendations for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices for children 6-23 months old: continued breastfeeding or feeding with appropriate calcium-rich foods if not breastfed; feeding solid or semi-solid food for a minimum number of times per day according to age and breastfeeding status; and including foods from a minimum number of food groups per day according to breastfeeding status. Only 55 percent of children age 6-23 months are fed the recommended minimum times per day and 48 percent are fed from the appropriate number of food groups. Only 34 percent are fed according to all three recommended practices.

Vitamin A deficiency can cause eye damage and a higher risk of dying from measles, diarrhoea, or malaria. The Government of India recommends that children under three years receive vitamin A supplements every six months, starting at age 9 months. However, only 20 percent of last-born children age 12-35 months were given a vitamin A supplement in the past six months, and only 49 percent of children age 6-35 months ate vitamin A-rich foods during the day or night before the interview.

Eating foods rich in iron and taking iron supplements can prevent anaemia. Only 16 percent of women’s youngest children age 6-35 months ate iron-rich foods during the day or night before the interview, and only 9 percent of children age 6-59 months were given iron supplements in the week before the interview.

Children’s nutritional status Forty-two percent of children under age five are stunted, or too short for their age, which indicates that they have been undernourished for some time. Fifteen percent are wasted, or too thin for their height, which may result from inadequate recent food intake or a recent illness. Twenty-six percent are underweight, which takes into account both chronic and acute undernutrition.

Even during the first six months of life, when most babies are breastfed, 11 percent of children are stunted, 35 percent are wasted, and 23 percent are underweight. Children in

43 43

16 17

3025

Stunted(low height

for age)

Wasted (low weight for height)

Underweight (low weight

for age)

NFHS-3NFHS-2

Note: Nutritional status estimates are based on the 2006WHO International Reference Population

Trends in Children’s Nutritional StatusPercentage of children under three years

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slum areas are much more likely to be stunted and underweight than children in non-slum areas. Children in slum areas have a very high prevalence of severe stunting (31%). Even in the wealthiest households, one-third of children are stunted, 17 percent are wasted, and 20 percent are underweight. Girls are slightly less likely to be undernourished than boys.

Children’s nutritional status in Delhi has improved slightly since NFHS-2 by one measure (the prevalence of underweight), but not by all measures. Children under age three years (the age group for which nutritional status data are available in NFHS-2) are less likely to be too thin for their age, which means that acute undernutrition among children is less widespread today than it was seven years ago. However, children are equally likely to be too short for their age as they were at the time of NFHS-2, and they are slightly more likely to be too thin for their height.

Adults’ nutritional status Adults age 15-49 years in Delhi suffer from a dual burden of malnutrition; 15 percent of women and 16 percent of men are too thin, and 26 percent of women and 17 percent of men are overweight or obese. Fifty-nine percent of women and 68 percent of men are at a healthy weight for their height.

Undernutrition is especially prevalent among the young (particularly those age 15-19), those in the lower wealth quintiles, and those in slum areas. Overweight and obesity are most common in older adults, among those with 10 or more years of education, and among those in the highest wealth quintile. Almost half of women (49%) and one-third of men in their forties are overweight or obese. Because popula-tion groups that are less likely to be too thin are the same groups that are more likely to be overweight or obese, the per-centage suffering from either of these two nutritional problems tends to be fairly constant across most of the groups.

Using iodized salt prevents iodine deficiency, which can lead to miscarriage, goitre, and mental retardation. Eighty-six percent of households in Delhi were using sufficiently iodized salt at the time of the survey. This is slightly less than the percentage measured in NFHS-2. However, a nationwide ban on non-iodized salt took effect just as the NFHS-3 fieldwork was being completed, so the effects of the new law could not be determined by the survey.

Normal weight

None <5years

5-9years

10+years

Slum Non-slum

Total

Education Residence

Thin Overweight/obese

How many women are at a healthy weight for their height?Percent distribution of women

16

24

74

521 31

58

11

58

21 21 13 15

59

26

58

29

59

20

60

22

Delhi.indd 19 3/19/09 12:50:50 PM

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20

AnaemiaAnaemia is a major health problem in Delhi, especially among women and children. Anaemia can result in maternal mortality, weakness, diminished physical and mental capacity, increased morbidity from infectious diseases, perinatal mortality, premature delivery, low birth weight, and (in children) impaired cognitive performance, motor development, and scholastic achievement. The majority of children age 6-59 months (57%) are anaemic, including 26 percent who are mildly anaemic, 30 percent who are moderately anaemic, and 1 percent who suffer from severe anaemia. Girls are slightly more likely than boys to have anaemia.

Children of mothers who are anaemic are more likely to have anaemia themselves. Although anaemia levels vary somewhat according to background characteristics, anaemia among children is widespread in every group. More than half of children in almost every group are anaemic. Even in the highest wealth quintile, half of children are anaemic.

More than 4 out of 10 women (44%) in Delhi are anaemic, including 35 percent with mild anaemia and 9 percent with

moderate anaemia. Thirty percent of pregnant women and 52 percent of women who are breastfeeding are anaemic. At least 3 in 10 women are anaemic in almost every population group.

The prevalence of anaemia among children age 6-35 months has decreased by 6 percentage points in the seven years since NFHS-2, and the prevalence of anaemia among ever-married women has increased by 3 percentage points over the same period.

Eighteen percent of men are anaemic, including 11 percent who are mildly anaemic and 7 percent who are moderately anaemic. Men with no education, Muslim men, and men from the lower wealth quintiles are more likely to be anaemic than other men.

HIV/AIDS

Awareness of AIDSNinety percent of women in Delhi have heard of AIDS. Knowledge of AIDS is higher in non-slum areas (92%) than in slum areas (81%). Knowledge of AIDS is much lower than average for women with no education (65%) and women in the lower wealth quintiles. More women have heard of AIDS now than in the late 1990s. Seventy-nine percent of ever-married women knew about AIDS at the time of NFHS-2, compared with 88 percent of ever-married women in NFHS-3. Men are much more likely than women to know about AIDS. In Delhi, 98 percent of men have heard of AIDS.

Severe anaemia

Anaemia among women, men, and children

21%

Women(44% anaemic)

Men(18% anaemic)

Children 6-59 months(57% anaemic)

Mild anaemia Moderate anaemia

35%

9%

11%26%

30%

7%

0.2%

0.4%

0.7%

Delhi.indd 20 3/19/09 12:50:51 PM

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Knowledge of prevention and transmissionMen are much more likely than women to know how HIV is transmitted and how it can be prevented. For example, only 76 percent of women know that consistent condom use can help prevent HIV/AIDS,compared with 91 percent of men; and 81 percent of women know that having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV/AIDS, compared with 94 percent of men.

Only 48 percent of women and 62 percent of men have ‘comprehensive knowledge’of HIV/AIDS. This means that they know that a healthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS, that HIV/AIDS cannot be transmitted through mosquito bites or by sharing food, and that condom use and having only one faithful, uninfected partner can help prevent HIV/AIDS.

HIV-related stigmaAmong adults who have heard of AIDS, 87 percent of women and 89 percent of men would be willing to take care of a family member with HIV/AIDS in their home, and the same proportions of women and men say that a female teacher who has HIV/AIDS but is not sick should be allowed to continue teaching. Fewer women (83%) than men (90%) say that they would be comfortable buying fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper with HIV/AIDS. More than 6 in 10 women and men say that if a family member got infected with HIV/AIDS, they would not want to keep it a secret. Overall, however, only about half of women and men express all four of these accepting attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS.

HIV testing prior to NFHS-3, blood transfusions, and safe injections In Delhi, only 6 percent of women and 4 percent of men age 15-49 had ever been tested for HIV prior to NFHS-3 survey. A higher proportion of women (6%) than men (2%) have ever had a blood transfusion. Women are also more likely than men to have received an injection from a health worker in the past year (25% of women compared with 20% of men). For almost all women and men who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months (98%), the last injection was ‘safe’, i.e., the syringe and needle were taken from a newly opened package or the needle used had been sterilized.

HIV prevalenceIn Delhi, blood was collected for HIV testing from eligible women and men in a subsample of households. The results of the HIV testing of blood samples collected in Delhi contributed to the national HIV prevalence estimate; however, no separate estimate of HIV prevalence is available for Delhi.

7691

8194

4862

Use condoms Have oneuninfected

faithful partner

Have comprehensiveknowledge

MenWomen

Do people know how to prevent HIV/AIDS?Percentage of women and men age 15-49

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Nationally, NFHS-3 found that 0.28 percent of adults age 15-49 are infected with HIV, including 0.35 percent in urban areas and 0.25 percent in rural areas. If the six states considered by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) as having high HIV prevalence are excluded, the HIV prevalence estimate for the remaining 23 states combined, including Delhi, is only 0.12 percent overall, 0.08 among women age 15-49, and 0.16 among men age 15-49 (data not shown in tables).

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

NFHS-3 included questions on respondents’ sexual behaviour. Respondents were asked about their age at first sex, their current and previous sexual partners, and condom use. In addition, men were asked whether they had paid for sex in the past year. These questions are sensitive and subject to reporting bias, so the results should be interpreted with caution.

Age at first sexual intercourseHalf of the women age 25-49 in Delhi have had sexual intercourse by the time they are 19 years of age, while half of the men in that age group have had sexual intercourse by the time they are 24 years of age. Among youth 15-24 years of age, women are much more likely than men to have ever had sex. The earlier age at sexual intercourse for women than men is a consequence of the fact that first sexual intercourse largely occurs within marriage and women marry at younger ages than men.

Higher-risk sex and multiple sex partnersHigher-risk sex is sexual intercourse with someone who is neither a spouse nor a cohabiting partner. Among those who had sex in the past year, only 0.1 percent of women and 8 percent of men reported having had higher-risk sex during the year. Two percent of male respondents said they had multiple sex partners in the past year, but a negligible percentage of female respondents reported having multiple partners.

Use of condoms during higher-risk sex More than three out of five men (63%) who had higher-risk sex reported using a condom the last time they had higher-risk sex.

Paid sexOne percent of men said they had paid for sex in the past year.

ADULT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE

TuberculosisIn Delhi, 231 persons per 100,000 are estimated to have medically treated tuberculosis based on reports from household respondents. The prevalence of tuberculosis is higher in slum areas (384) than in non-slum areas (197).

Delhi.indd 22 3/19/09 12:50:52 PM

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Almost all respondents have heard of tuberculosis (98% of women and 99% of men). Among people who have heard of tuberculosis, more than three-quarters say that it is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing (76% of women and 79% of men). Seventy-eight percent of women and 69 percent of men have misconceptions about how tuberculosis is spread. However, almost all women and men know that tuberculosis can be cured (96% of women and 97% of men), and only 15 percent of women and 8 percent of men say that if a family member had tuberculosis, they would want to keep it a secret from the neighbours.

Diabetes, asthma, and goitreAccording to self reports, 2 percent of women and 1 percent of men age 15-49 suffer from diabetes. Diabetes is particularly prevalent in high wealth quintiles and at older ages. The prevalence of diabetes in the age group 35-49 is 4 percent among women and 3 percent among men. Less than 1 percent of adults suffer from asthma (547 per 100,000 women and 736 per 100,000 men). The prevalence of goitre or other thyroid disorders is much higher for women (1,481 per 100,000) than for men (133 per 100,000).

Tobacco and alcohol useForty percent of men and 3 percent of women use some form of tobacco. Men who use tobacco are most likely to smoke cigarettes or bidis, but a substantial proportion chew tobacco in the form of paan masala, gutkha, or other tobacco.

Women and men are more likely to use tobacco than to drink alcohol. One-third of men, but only 0.4 percent of women, drink alcohol. Twenty-two percent of men who drink consume alcohol once a week or more frequently.

Source of health careFor the majority of households (71%), the private medical sector is the main source of health care. Even in slum areas, more than two-thirds of households use the private medical sector. Among households that do not use government health facilities, the main reasons given for not doing so are long waiting times (57%), lack of a nearby facility (37%), and poor quality of care (36%) (data not shown in tables).

Health insuranceDespite the emergence of a number of health insurance programmes and health schemes, only 14 percent of households in Delhi report that they have any kind of health insurance that covers at least one member of the household. Three types of programmes dominate: a variety of private commercial health insurance schemes, the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), and the Employee State Insurance Scheme (ESIS). Households in non-slum areas (16%) are almost three times as likely as households in slum areas (6%) to have health insurance.

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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

Employment and earnings Only one-fifth of currently married women (21%) age 15-49 were employed in the last year, compared with almost 100 percent of currently married men in the same age group. Overall, 91 percent of currently married employed women earn cash for their work, compared with 98 percent of currently married employed men. Five percent of employed women receive no payment for their work. Among currently married women who work and are paid in cash, 93 percent decide how their earnings will be used, either alone or together with their husbands. Twenty-nine percent of women who work for cash earn more than or about the same as their husbands.

Decision makingMarried women were asked who makes decisions about their own health care, making large household purchases, making purchases for daily household needs, and visiting their own family or relatives. About 7 out of 10 currently married women (67-76%) participate in making each of these decisions. However, only 52 percent participate in making all four of these decisions and 10 percent do not participate in making any of the four decisions. Older women, women in nuclear households, and women who are employed for cash are more likely than other women to participate in these household decisions.

Other indicators of women’s empowermentForty-three percent of women have some money that they can decide how to use. The proportion of women with money which they control is highest among women who are widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted, and women working for cash. Women in the highest wealth quintile, women with at least 10 years of education, Sikh women, and women belonging to ‘other’ religions are also more likely than other women to have money that they control.

Thirty percent of women (twice the national average) have a bank or savings account that they themselves use. Women’s knowledge and use of microcredit programmes is limited. More than one-quarter of women (29%) have heard of any microcredit programme in the area, but only 1 percent have ever used one.

Four-fifths of women (81%) are allowed to go by themselves to the market and 72 percent are allowed to go by themselves to a health facility, but only 37 percent have freedom to travel alone outside their own community (data not shown in tables). Only 37 percent of women are allowed to go alone to all three of these places. Muslim women, women in slums, scheduled-caste women, younger women, never married women, and women with no children have much lower freedom of movement than other women.

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Gender-role attitudes Almost one-third of women in Delhi (32%) believe that it is justifiable for a husband to beat his wife under specific circumstances. Women are most likely to say that wife-beating is justified if a woman shows disrespect for her in-laws (25%) or if she neglects the house or children or argues with him (14% each). Men are only slightly less likely than women to agree; 28 percent of men say wife-beating is justified in specific circumstances, including 25 percent who agree that disrespect for in-laws is justification for wife-beating. Even among women and men who have completed at least 10 years of schooling, 18-20 percent agree that a husband is justified in beating his wife for one or more specified reasons.

More than three-quarters of women (77%) and 90 percent of men believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all three of the following reasons: if she knows he has a sexually transmitted disease, if she knows he has intercourse with other women, or if she is tired or not in the mood.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Among women age 15-49, 16 percent have ever experienced physical violence and 2 percent have ever experienced sexual violence. In all, 17 percent of women age 15-49 have experienced physical or sexual violence, including 19 percent of ever-married women.

Spousal violenceSixteen percent of ever-married women report having been slapped by their husband and 3-6 percent report being punched with their husbands’ fist or with something that could hurt them; having their arms twisted or hair pulled; being pushed, shaken, or having something thrown at them; and being kicked, dragged, or beaten up. One percent report that their husband tried to choke or burn them on purpose. Two percent report that their husband physically forced them to have sex. Overall, 16 percent of ever-married women have experienced spousal physical or sexual violence from their current husband or, if currently not married, their most recent husband. Five percent report spousal emotional violence. Only 1 percent of ever-married women have ever initiated violence against their husband.

Although the prevalence of spousal violence is lower among the more educated, seven percent of women who have at least 10 years of education have experienced spousal violence. Women whose mothers were beaten by their fathers are much more likely to be in abusive marriages themselves. Almost half of women whose mothers experienced spousal violence have themselves experienced spousal physical or sexual violence, compared with 11 percent of women whose mothers did not experience spousal violence. Women whose husbands consume alcohol and get drunk often are much more likely to experience spousal violence than women whose husbands do not consume any alcohol or drink but do not get drunk often. Sixty-four percent of women whose husbands get drunk often have experienced spousal violence. However, even among women whose husbands do not drink alcohol at all, 10 percent have experienced physical or sexual spousal violence.

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More than one-quarter of women (27%) who have experienced spousal physical or sexual violence have suffered injuries as a result of the violence. For more than three-quarters of women who have ever experienced spousal violence, the violence first occurred within the first five years of their marriage (data not shown in tables).

Help seekingOnly 18 percent of women who have ever experienced violence have sought help to end the violence. Almost three-quarters of women (72%) have neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence. Abused women most often seek help from their own families or their husband’s families. Very few women seek help from institutional sources, such as the police, religious leaders, lawyers, or social service organizations.

In Delhi one in sixever-married women

have experienced spousal physical or

sexual violence, compared with more

than one in three women at the national level.

Spousal Physical or Sexual Violence by StatePercentage of ever-married women

594646

4444

4242

4040

3938

3737

3531

302828

2725

2220

17161616

151313

6

BiharRajasthan

Madhya PradeshTripura

ManipurUttar Pradesh

Tamil NaduWest Bengal

AssamArunachal Pradesh

OrissaINDIA

JharkhandAndhra Pradesh

MaharashtraChhattisgarhUttarakhand

GujaratHaryana

PunjabMizoram

KarnatakaGoa

KeralaSikkim

DelhiNagaland

MeghalayaJammu & KashmirHimachal Pradesh

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Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews

Number of households, number of interviews with women and men, and response rates, according to residence, Delhi, 2005-06

Residence Urban Result Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

Household interviews Households selected 1,316 2,172 3,488 229 3,717 Households occupied 1,231 2,007 3,238 220 3,458 Households interviewed 1,196 1,914 3,110 214 3,324

Household response rate1 97.2 95.4 96.0 97.3 96.1

Interviews with women age 15-49 Number of eligible women 1,220 2,202 3,422 256 3,678 Number of eligible women interviewed 1,118 1,988 3,106 243 3,349

Eligible women response rate2 91.6 90.3 90.8 94.9 91.1

Interviews with men age 15-54 Number of eligible men 701 1,056 1,757 134 1,891 Number of eligible men interviewed 533 804 1,337 99 1,436

Eligible men response rate2 76.0 76.1 76.1 73.9 75.9

Note: Eligible women and men are women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who stayed in the household the night before the interview (including both usual residents and visitors). This table is based on the unweighted sample. 1 Households interviewed/households occupied. 2 Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents.

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Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence

Percent distribution of the de facto household population by age and education, according to residence and sex, Delhi City, 2005-06

Urban Slum Non-slum Total Background characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age 0-4 9.0 11.3 10.0 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.5 9.1 8.8 5-9 10.8 12.3 11.4 8.5 8.8 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.2 10-14 10.9 13.0 11.8 9.8 9.6 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.1 15-19 12.8 10.3 11.7 11.2 9.0 10.2 11.5 9.2 10.5 20-24 12.2 10.7 11.5 11.4 10.5 11.0 11.6 10.5 11.1 25-29 10.9 9.6 10.3 10.1 9.3 9.7 10.2 9.4 9.8 30-34 7.5 7.1 7.3 7.9 8.4 8.1 7.8 8.2 7.9 35-39 7.3 6.3 6.9 7.2 8.3 7.7 7.2 7.9 7.6 40-44 5.7 5.3 5.5 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 45-49 4.6 3.6 4.2 5.5 5.0 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 50-54 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.6 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.7 55-59 2.3 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.0 60-64 1.2 2.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.5 65-69 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.7 70-74 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3 75-79 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 80+ 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 1,568 1,209 2,777 5,970 4,962 10,932 7,538 6,171 13,709

Sex ratio, all ages1 na na 771 na na 831 na na 819 Sex ratio, age 0-6 years1 na na 915 na na 850 na na 865

Education2 No education 22.4 40.9 30.3 7.6 17.5 12.1 10.6 22.0 15.7 <5 years complete 15.6 16.4 15.9 11.5 10.8 11.2 12.3 11.9 12.1 5-9 years complete 39.9 26.7 34.3 26.3 24.1 25.3 29.1 24.6 27.1 10-11 years complete 11.4 7.1 9.5 16.0 13.2 14.7 15.1 12.0 13.7 12 or more years complete 10.5 8.4 9.6 38.4 34.2 36.5 32.7 29.3 31.2 Missing 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 1,388 1,042 2,431 5,369 4,439 9,809 6,758 5,482 12,239

Median number of years of schooling completed 5.1 1.9 4.4 9.3 8.3 9.1 8.6 7.2 7.9

Continued…

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Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence—Continued

Background Rural Total characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age 0-4 10.0 9.3 9.7 8.7 9.1 8.9 5-9 12.4 12.0 12.2 9.3 9.7 9.5 10-14 11.8 13.7 12.6 10.2 10.5 10.3 15-19 13.6 11.6 12.7 11.7 9.4 10.7 20-24 11.6 8.2 10.1 11.6 10.3 11.0 25-29 7.4 9.1 8.1 10.0 9.3 9.7 30-34 6.9 6.1 6.6 7.7 8.0 7.8 35-39 5.5 9.1 7.0 7.1 8.0 7.5 40-44 6.3 5.3 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.2 45-49 4.5 4.6 4.6 5.2 4.8 5.0 50-54 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.9 3.6 55-59 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.9 3.1 3.0 60-64 1.6 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.8 2.5 65-69 1.6 0.6 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.7 70-74 0.5 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.3 75-79 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 80+ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 687 527 1,214 8,225 6,698 14,923

Sex ratio, all ages1 na na 767 na na 814 Sex ratio, age 0-6 years1 na na 704 na na 848

Education2 No education 12.6 28.8 19.7 10.8 22.5 16.0 <5 years complete 13.3 15.8 14.4 12.4 12.2 12.3 5-9 years complete 34.2 31.6 33.1 29.5 25.1 27.6 10-11 years complete 21.4 12.7 17.6 15.6 12.1 14.0 12 or more years complete 18.5 9.9 14.7 31.5 27.7 29.8 Missing 0.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 600 470 1,070 7,358 5,952 13,310

Median number of years of schooling completed 7.4 4.6 6.4 8.5 7.0 7.8

na = Not applicable 1 Females per 1,000 males. 2 Population age 6 and above.

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Table 3 Housing characteristics

Percent distribution of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population by household and housing characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Urban

Household and housing characteristic Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total De jure

population

Household headship Male 90.1 90.4 90.3 93.5 90.5 91.2 Female 9.9 9.6 9.7 6.5 9.5 8.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mean household size 4.6 4.5 4.5 5.2 4.6 na

Household structure1 Nuclear 64.6 61.4 62.0 62.1 62.1 51.7 Non-nuclear 35.4 38.6 38.0 37.9 37.9 48.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Religion of household head Hindu 83.3 85.7 85.2 94.4 85.9 85.1 Muslim 15.8 7.2 8.9 4.7 8.6 9.8 Sikh 0.1 4.4 3.6 0.0 3.3 3.4 Other 0.8 2.7 2.3 0.9 2.2 1.7

Missing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Caste/tribe of household head Scheduled caste 36.4 11.7 16.7 24.8 17.3 18.0 Scheduled tribe 1.7 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.2 1.2 Other backward class 19.2 11.9 13.4 26.6 14.3 14.7 Other 42.7 75.2 68.6 48.1 67.2 66.1

Missing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Electricity Yes 98.2 99.7 99.4 98.1 99.3 99.3 No 1.8 0.3 0.6 1.9 0.7 0.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source of drinking water Improved source 94.1 92.2 92.6 88.3 92.3 92.1

Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 49.4 81.5 74.9 48.6 73.1 73.2 Public tap/standpipe 35.0 4.0 10.3 16.8 10.8 10.6 Tube well or borehole 9.4 4.3 5.3 22.9 6.6 6.8 Other improved 0.3 2.5 2.0 0.0 1.9 1.5 Non-improved source 5.9 7.7 7.4 11.7 7.7 7.9 Other source 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Time to obtain drinking water (round trip) Water on premises 55.5 87.0 80.6 59.3 79.1 78.8 Less than 30 minutes 23.0 4.7 8.4 10.3 8.6 8.2

Thirty minutes or longer 21.3 8.2 10.9 29.9 12.2 12.9 Don't know/missing 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Water treatment prior to drinking2 Boil 7.1 12.4 11.3 6.1 10.9 11.2

Strain through cloth 0.8 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.4 Use ceramic, sand, or other water filter 4.4 19.0 16.0 1.9 15.0 15.3 Other treatment 4.3 12.3 10.7 3.7 10.2 10.6 No treatment 83.9 56.4 62.0 86.9 63.8 63.3

Don't know/missing 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Continued…

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Table 3 Housing characteristics—Continued

Urban Household and housing characteristic Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

De jure population

Sanitation facility Improved, not shared 23.9 74.1 63.9 45.3 62.6 64.7

Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 23.9 74.1 63.9 44.9 62.6 64.7 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0

Not improved 75.4 25.7 35.8 54.7 37.2 35.0 Any facility shared with other households 23.2 20.2 20.8 19.6 20.7 18.7 Flush/pour flush not to sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 31.5 2.2 8.2 6.5 8.1 8.0 Pit latrine without slab/open pit 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 Other unimproved facility 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.7 1.0 No facility/open space/field 19.1 2.6 6.0 28.0 7.5 7.3

Other 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Missing 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Type of house3 Kachha 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.8

Semi-pucca 12.0 1.3 3.5 11.2 4.0 4.1 Pucca 86.3 97.6 95.3 88.8 94.9 94.9 Missing 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Cooking fuel Electricity 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5

LPG/natural gas 46.5 88.6 80.0 55.6 78.3 79.3 Biogas 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kerosene 29.9 4.6 9.8 6.5 9.6 8.2 Coal/lignite 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Charcoal 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 Wood 17.6 3.2 6.2 17.3 7.0 7.6

Straw/shrubs/grass 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Agricultural crop waste 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Dung cakes 1.8 0.8 1.0 15.9 2.1 2.5 Other 1.8 1.4 1.5 2.3 1.5 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Place for cooking In the house, separate room 25.8 72.5 63.0 40.7 61.4 64.2 In the house, no separate room 60.7 22.0 29.9 44.9 31.0 28.4

In a separate building 1.4 2.0 1.9 4.2 2.0 2.2 Outdoors 10.0 2.0 3.7 8.4 4.0 4.5 Other 1.6 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.4

Missing 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 628 2,459 3,087 237 3,324 15,157

Type of fire/stove among households using solid fuels4 Open fire/chullah under a chimney 5.5 2.4 4.1 6.8 4.8 4.8 Stove without chimney 0.4 2.4 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.8 Open fire/chullah not under a chimney 94.1 91.5 92.9 93.2 93.0 93.8

Missing 0.0 3.7 1.7 0.0 1.2 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number using solid fuel 124 105 230 81 311 1,570

na = Not applicable 1 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. 2 Total percentages may add to more than 100.0 because multiple answers are allowed. 3 Houses made from mud, thatch, or other low-quality materials are called kachha houses, houses that use partly low-quality and partly high-quality materials are called semi-pucca houses, and houses made with high quality materials throughout, including the floor, roof, and exterior walls, are called pucca houses. 4 Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung cakes.

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Table 4 Household possessions, ownership of agricultural land, and wealth index

Percentage of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population possessing various household goods, means of transport,agricultural land, a house, and farm animals and having a bank account, health insurance, a BPL card, and a mosquito net, and percent distribution by the wealth index, Delhi, 2005-06

Residence Urban

Household possessions Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total De jure

population

Household goods Mattress 70.2 92.4 87.9 81.3 87.4 88.9 Pressure cooker 69.8 92.7 88.0 79.9 87.5 90.4 Chair 43.5 82.9 74.8 65.0 74.1 77.2 Cot or bed 77.6 91.0 88.3 87.4 88.2 90.4 Table 42.6 82.6 74.5 65.0 73.8 76.6 Electric fan 86.4 95.2 93.4 92.1 93.3 94.5 Radio or transistor 37.0 57.6 53.4 49.1 53.1 53.2 Television (black and white) 21.9 16.8 17.9 29.4 18.7 19.7 Television (colour) 49.4 77.9 72.1 48.6 70.4 73.9 Any television 68.0 87.7 83.7 74.3 83.0 87.1 Sewing machine 32.4 63.2 56.9 52.8 56.6 62.4 Mobile telephone 30.4 66.7 59.3 30.4 57.2 59.3 Any other type of telephone 12.8 45.5 38.8 19.2 37.4 40.5 Computer 3.8 19.6 16.4 6.5 15.7 16.4 Refrigerator 30.9 69.5 61.7 45.8 60.6 64.7 Watch or clock 84.9 93.8 92.0 92.1 92.0 93.8 Water pump 6.5 16.1 14.2 8.9 13.8 15.1 Thresher 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.9 0.3 0.4 Tractor 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.5 None of the above 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3

Means of transport Bicycle 24.2 37.4 34.7 47.7 35.6 39.7 Motorcycle or scooter 12.5 42.0 36.0 21.0 34.9 39.3 Animal-drawn cart 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Car 2.7 18.7 15.4 4.7 14.6 16.0 None of the above 67.2 34.4 41.1 43.9 41.3 36.4

Agricultural land No agricultural land 73.8 81.0 79.6 57.0 78.0 78.8 Irrigated land only 24.8 17.2 18.8 41.6 20.4 19.6 Non-irrigated land only 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 Both irrigated and non-irrigated land 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5 Missing 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage owning a house 86.3 87.3 87.1 85.0 86.9 86.8

Percentage owning farm animals1 19.1 11.8 13.3 34.1 14.8 14.5

Percentage having a bank account/post office account2 43.8 71.5 65.9 55.6 65.2 66.0

Percentage covered by a health scheme/health insurance2 5.6 16.1 14.0 13.1 13.9 14.6

Percentage owning a BPL card 5.4 1.4 2.2 5.6 2.4 2.5

Percentage with a mosquito net that can be used for sleeping 7.0 11.9 10.9 21.0 11.6 12.1

Wealth index Lowest 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 Second 8.8 1.4 2.9 4.2 3.0 2.7 Middle 31.9 3.6 9.4 14.5 9.7 8.6 Fourth 30.9 15.0 18.3 40.7 19.9 18.9 Highest 27.8 79.9 69.3 40.7 67.2 69.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 628 2,459 3,087 237 3,324 15,157

BPL = Below poverty line 1 Cows, bulls, buffaloes, camels, horses, donkeys, mules, goats, sheep, chickens, or ducks. 2 Any usual household member.

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Table 5 Religion and caste/tribe by wealth index

Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth index, according to religion and caste/tribe, Delhi, 2005-06

Wealth index Religion/caste/tribe Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total

De jure population

Religion of household head Hindu 0.2 2.6 8.7 18.6 69.9 100.0 12,902 Muslim 0.2 4.3 12.3 30.9 52.2 100.0 1,490 Sikh 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 99.5 100.0 509 Other 0.0 0.8 0.6 5.6 93.0 100.0 250

Caste/tribe of household head Scheduled caste 0.8 5.4 16.2 30.6 47.1 100.0 2,729 Scheduled tribe 0.0 16.7 18.9 35.4 29.0 100.0 186 Other backward class 0.2 3.9 14.1 28.3 53.4 100.0 2,225 Other 0.0 1.4 5.2 13.4 80.0 100.0 10,016

Total 0.2 2.7 8.6 18.9 69.6 100.0 15,157

Note: Total includes de jure population with missing information on religion and caste/tribe of household head, who are not shown separately.

Table 6 School attendance

Percentage of de facto household population age 6-17 years attending school in the 2005-06 school year by sex, residence, and age, Delhi, 2005-06

Male Female Total Urban Urban Urban Age Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

6-10 years 81.0 91.5 88.9 85.5 88.6 79.0 92.8 89.4 89.8 89.5 80.0 92.1 89.1 87.6 89.0 11-14 years 70.1 88.4 84.5 86.2 84.6 67.4 89.3 83.9 85.2 84.0 68.8 88.8 84.2 85.7 84.4 15-17 years 32.6 64.1 56.9 57.1 56.9 44.1 70.9 65.3 54.5 64.3 36.8 66.8 60.2 56.2 59.8

6-14 years 76.1 90.0 86.8 85.8 86.7 73.7 91.2 86.9 87.6 87.0 75.0 90.5 86.8 86.7 86.8 6-17 years 63.3 82.4 78.0 77.0 77.9 67.5 86.2 81.8 80.1 81.6 65.2 84.0 79.7 78.4 79.5

Note: In this table, children’s age refers to their age at the start of the 2005-06 school year (assumed here to be April 2005).

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Table 7 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood

Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 years by their living arrangements, and percentage of children with one or both parents dead, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic

Living with both parents

Living with mother but

not with father

Living with father but not with mother

Not living with either

parent

Missing information on father/ mother Total

Percentage with one or both parents

dead Number of

children

Age <5 years 96.4 1.9 0.2 1.4 0.0 100.0 0.7 1,334 5-9 years 93.2 3.1 2.1 1.6 0.0 100.0 4.4 1,443 10-14 years 87.0 6.1 2.0 4.5 0.4 100.0 6.4 1,560 15-17 years 80.4 7.8 3.0 7.6 1.2 100.0 9.1 900

Residence Urban 90.4 4.2 1.6 3.4 0.4 100.0 4.5 4,723 Slum 88.3 5.2 2.6 3.5 0.4 100.0 6.5 1,132 Non-slum 91.0 3.9 1.3 3.4 0.4 100.0 3.9 3,591 Rural 86.4 6.9 3.2 3.5 0.0 100.0 7.6 514

Sex Male 89.2 4.5 2.2 3.7 0.4 100.0 4.9 2,872 Female 90.9 4.6 1.1 3.1 0.3 100.0 4.8 2,365

Total age <15 years 92.0 3.8 1.5 2.6 0.2 100.0 4.0 4,337

Total age <18 years 90.0 4.5 1.7 3.4 0.3 100.0 4.8 5,237

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Table 8 Birth registration of children under age five

Percentage of de jure children under age five years whose birth was registered with the civil authorities, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage of children whose birth was registered

Background characteristic

Registered, has a birth certificate

Registered, does not have a birth

certificate Total

registered De jure children

Age <2 years 54.7 7.4 62.1 503 2-4 years 55.3 7.3 62.6 831

Sex Male 56.1 7.3 63.4 722 Female 53.9 7.4 61.3 612

Residence Urban 55.3 6.6 61.9 1,214 Slum 36.6 4.6 41.2 288 Non-slum 61.2 7.2 68.4 926 Rural 52.8 14.8 67.6 120

Wealth index Lowest * * * 3 Second 20.7 0.9 21.7 56 Middle 22.6 4.6 27.2 167 Fourth 40.2 6.3 46.4 295 Highest 69.7 8.7 78.5 814

Total 55.1 7.3 62.4 1,334

* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 9 Children's work

Percentage of de jure children age 5-14 years who were engaged in different activities in the seven days preceding the interview by type of work, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Work for someone who is not a member of the

household1

Background characteristic

Paidwork

Unpaid work

Household chores for 28

or more hours per

weekOther family

work2Total

working3Number of

children

Age 5-7 years 0.9 10.3 0.6 0.7 12.0 877 8-11 years 1.7 14.4 0.8 1.7 18.2 1,133 12-14 years 2.4 1.4 3.1 1.5 7.3 994

Sex Male 2.2 9.8 0.8 1.7 13.9 1,621 Female 1.2 7.8 2.3 1.0 11.5 1,382

Residence Urban 1.8 8.8 1.5 1.1 12.6 2,697 Slum 2.3 9.0 2.1 1.1 13.8 674 Non-slum 1.6 8.7 1.3 1.1 12.2 2,023 Rural 1.1 9.8 1.1 3.3 14.5 306

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * 5 Second 4.1 9.9 2.5 1.3 15.9 83 Middle 1.8 6.6 2.6 3.0 13.2 326 Fourth 3.3 11.3 1.0 3.3 18.0 723 Highest 1.0 8.3 1.4 0.3 10.5 1,865

Total 1.7 8.9 1.5 1.3 12.8 3,003

* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Any work in the 7 days preceding the survey, paid or unpaid, for someone who is not a member of the household by children age 5-11 years and for 14 or more hours by children age12-14 years. 2 Includes any work in the 7 days preceding the survey, such as work on the farm, in a business, or selling goods in the street by children age 5-11 years and for 14 or more hours by children age12-14 years. 3 Includes children age 5-11 years who in the 7 days preceding the survey, worked for someone who is not a member of the household, with or without pay, did household chores for 28 or more hours, or engaged in any other family work and children age 12-14 years who in the 7 days preceding the survey, worked for 14 or more hours for someone who is not a member of the household, with or without pay, did household chores for 28 or more hours, or engaged in any other family work for 14 or more hours.

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Table 10 Background characteristics of respondents

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Weighted percent Number of women Number of men Background characteristic Women Men Weighted Unweighted Weighted Unweighted

Age 15-19 17.3 20.7 579 597 285 292 20-24 18.4 20.1 615 627 276 282 25-29 16.2 18.0 544 556 247 245 30-34 14.4 12.3 481 472 169 167 35-39 14.4 11.2 481 467 154 148 40-44 10.9 9.2 367 360 126 123 45-49 8.4 8.4 282 270 116 117

Residence Urban 92.4 92.2 3,096 3,106 1,266 1,282 Slum 17.1 19.7 572 1,118 271 512 Non-slum 75.4 72.5 2,524 1,988 996 770 Rural 7.6 7.8 253 243 106 92

Education No education 21.4 9.6 717 873 132 157 <5 years complete 1.8 2.4 59 66 32 37 5-9 years complete 23.6 31.7 791 834 435 487 10-11 years complete 16.0 18.3 538 506 251 240 12 or more years complete 37.2 38.0 1,244 1,069 522 453

Missing 0.0 0.0 1 1 0 0

Literacy Literate1 77.3 90.2 2,588 2,429 1,238 1,217 Not literate 22.5 9.4 755 912 129 152 Not measured 0.1 0.4 3 5 5 5

Missing 0.1 0.0 3 3 0 0

Media exposure Reads a newspaper/magazine at least once a week 47.0 64.8 1,574 1,417 890 827

Watches television at least once a week 89.5 87.8 2,996 2,949 1,205 1,180 Listens to the radio at least once a week 47.8 65.4 1,599 1,547 898 886 Visits the cinema/theatre at least once a month 13.8 13.5 461 402 185 172

Not regularly exposed to any media 7.6 4.8 253 294 66 83

Marital status Never married 26.9 45.7 900 890 628 616 Currently married 70.2 53.2 2,351 2,352 730 740

Married, gauna not performed 0.0 0.3 1 2 4 7 Widowed 2.3 0.5 78 86 6 7 Divorced/separated/deserted 0.6 0.3 19 19 4 4

Religion Hindu 84.9 84.8 2,845 2,823 1,164 1,160 Muslim 9.3 9.2 310 365 127 149 Sikh 3.8 4.0 126 99 56 43 Other 1.9 1.8 65 58 25 21

Missing 0.1 0.1 4 4 1 1

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 17.3 19.8 580 730 272 324 Scheduled tribe 1.5 0.8 49 52 12 16 Other backward class 12.8 14.4 430 454 198 217 Other 68.4 64.4 2,290 2,113 885 811

Missing 0.0 0.5 0 0 7 6

Employment (past 12 months) Employed at any time 22.8 80.5 762 779 1,105 1,125

In agricultural occupation 0.4 1.1 12 12 15 14 In non-agricultural occupation 22.4 79.4 750 767 1,090 1,111

Not employed 77.1 19.2 2,583 2,567 264 245 Missing 0.1 0.3 4 3 4 4

Wealth index Lowest 0.1 0.2 3 5 3 5 Second 1.9 2.9 64 87 40 52 Middle 6.3 8.4 212 334 115 169 Fourth 16.9 20.2 565 667 278 314

Highest 74.8 68.3 2,505 2,256 938 834

Total age 15-49 100.0 100.0 3,349 3,349 1,373 1,374 Age 50-54 na 4.4 na na 63 62 Total age 15-54 na 100.0 na na 1,436 1,436

na = Not applicable 1 Refers to women/men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence and women/men who completed standard 6 or higher (who are assumed to be literate).

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Table 11 Current fertility

Age-specific and total fertility rates and crude birth rates from NFHS-3 by residence, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for NFHS-2 and NFHS-1

NFHS-3 Urban NFHS-2 NFHS-1 Age Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total Total Total

15-19 0.074 0.031 0.041 (0.038) 0.040 0.036 0.066 20-24 0.176 0.154 0.158 (0.249) 0.165 0.191 0.224 25-29 0.165 0.138 0.143 * 0.141 0.174 0.184 30-34 0.063 0.064 0.063 * 0.065 0.059 0.086 35-39 0.018 0.011 0.012 * 0.014 0.017 0.040 40-44 0.003 0.002 0.002 * 0.002 0.003 0.005 45-49 * 0.000 0.000 * 0.000 0.000 0.000

TFR 15-44 2.50 2.00 2.10 * 2.13 2.40 3.02 TFR 15-49 2.50 2.00 2.10 * 2.13 2.40 3.02

CBR 21.0 17.3 18.0 * 18.1 21.3 26.7

Note: Rates are for the period 1-36 months preceding the survey (approximately 1990-92 for NFHS-1, 1996-98 for NFHS-2, and 2003-05 for NFHS-3). Age-specific fertility rates are expressed per woman. Rates for the age group 45-49 might be slightly biased due to truncation. TFR = Total fertility rate, expressed per woman CBR = Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 population ( ) Based on 125-249 unweighted women-years of exposure. * Not shown; based on fewer than 125 unweighted women-years of exposure.

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Table 12 Fertility by background characteristics

Total fertility rates for the three years preceding the survey, percentage of women age15-49 currently pregnant, mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49, and total wanted fertility rates, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic Total

fertility rate

Percentage currently pregnant

Mean number of children ever

born to women age 40-49 years

Total wanted

fertility rate

Residence Urban 2.10 4.0 3.2 1.60 Slum 2.50 5.6 4.3 1.70 Non-slum 2.00 3.7 3.0 1.57 Rural * 4.1 (4.2) *

Education No education 3.48 5.3 4.5 2.41 <5 years complete * 6.5 * * 5-9 years complete 2.20 4.5 3.5 1.50 10 or more years complete 1.69 3.2 2.4 1.43

Religion Hindu 2.11 4.0 3.2 1.59 Muslim * 6.2 4.7 * Sikh * 2.0 * * Other * 0.0 * *

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 2.65 4.9 4.2 1.77 Scheduled tribe * 0.0 * * Other backward class (2.57) 6.5 4.1 (1.75) Other 1.89 3.4 3.0 1.50

Wealth index Lowest * * * * Second * 11.6 * * Middle * 8.5 (5.0) * Fourth 2.86 4.2 4.5 1.80 Highest 1.72 3.4 3.0 1.41

Total 2.13 4.0 3.3 1.59

Note: Total includes cases with missing information on education and religion, which are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 125-249 unweighted women-years of exposure for the fertility rates and 25-49 unweighted cases for the mean number of children ever born. * Not shown; based on fewer than 125 unweighted women-years of exposure for fertility rates and fewer than 25 unweighted cases for the percentage currently pregnant and for the mean number of children ever born.

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Table 13 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood

Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and percentage who have begun childbearing, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage who:

Background characteristic Have had a

live birth

Are pregnant with first

child

Percentage who have

begunchildbearing

Number of women

Age 15 0.0 0.0 0.0 106 16 0.5 0.5 1.0 104 17 1.9 0.0 1.9 121 18 5.1 1.6 6.6 146 19 11.5 4.3 15.8 102

Residence Urban 3.8 1.2 4.9 525 Slum 8.6 3.2 11.8 112 Non-slum 2.5 0.6 3.1 413 Rural 3.8 1.9 5.8 54

Education No education 22.4 2.2 24.6 47 <5 years complete * * * 18 5-9 years complete 2.3 0.7 2.9 226 10 or more years complete 1.1 0.9 1.9 289

Marital status Never married 0.0 0.0 0.0 530 Currently married 44.3 14.4 58.7 50

Religion Hindu 4.4 1.0 5.4 480 Muslim 1.5 1.5 3.0 69 Sikh * * * 25 Other * * * 5

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 5.4 0.5 5.8 113 Scheduled tribe * * * 10 Other backward class 3.4 1.3 4.7 98 Other 3.1 1.5 4.6 358

Wealth index Lowest * * * 1 Second * * * 8 Middle 15.9 5.1 21.0 40 Fourth 2.6 1.2 3.9 126 Highest 1.7 0.9 2.6 404

Total 3.8 1.2 5.0 579

* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 14 Birth order

Percent distribution of births during the three years preceding the survey by birth order, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and percent distribution of births to ever-married women by birth order, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1

Birth order

Background characteristic 1 2 3 4+ Total Number of

births

Mother's current age 15-19 (86.9) (8.7) (4.4) (0.0) 100.0 23 20-29 41.3 31.1 19.0 8.5 100.0 522 30-39 6.5 35.3 22.5 35.8 100.0 145 40-49 * * * * 100.0 7

Residence Urban 35.7 32.1 19.0 13.1 100.0 638 Slum 24.6 27.7 24.6 23.2 100.0 148 Non-slum 39.1 33.4 17.4 10.1 100.0 490 Rural 31.6 24.6 19.3 24.6 100.0 59

Mother's education No education 22.9 19.6 24.4 33.1 100.0 214 <5 years complete * * * * 100.0 18 5-9 years complete 32.0 32.8 27.9 7.2 100.0 166 10 or more years complete 45.7 39.2 10.8 4.3 100.0 299

Religion Hindu 36.3 32.6 18.4 12.6 100.0 586 Muslim 26.8 22.6 22.0 28.6 100.0 85 Sikh * * * * 100.0 23 Other * * * * 100.0 3

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 33.1 24.6 24.4 17.8 100.0 158 Scheduled tribe * * * * 100.0 13 Other backward class 25.2 36.6 20.3 17.9 100.0 109 Other 39.4 32.8 16.4 11.4 100.0 417

Wealth index Lowest * * * * 100.0 2 Second (29.9) (20.2) (15.4) (34.6) 100.0 32 Middle 21.2 25.2 28.6 25.1 100.0 88 Fourth 23.9 28.2 25.0 22.9 100.0 174 Highest 43.8 35.3 14.8 6.2 100.0 402

Total 35.4 31.4 19.1 14.1 100.0 697

Births to ever-married women NFHS-3 35.4 31.4 19.1 14.1 100.0 697 NFHS-2 31.5 29.1 17.8 21.6 100.0 822 NFHS-1 28.1 27.5 17.6 26.8 100.0 1,420

Note: Total includes births with missing information on religion, which are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 15 Birth intervals

Percent distribution of births during the five years preceding the survey by interval since the preceding birth, and median number of months since the preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Months since preceding birth

Background characteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total

Number of non-first

order births

Median number of months since

preceding birth

Mother's current age 15-19 * * * * * * 100.0 4 * 20-29 18.6 14.7 30.1 17.2 12.3 7.0 100.0 454 29.1 30-39 5.0 10.0 25.2 17.0 14.9 27.9 100.0 287 41.9 40-49 * * * * * * 100.0 12 *

Residence Urban 12.8 12.7 27.3 17.0 13.7 16.5 100.0 680 34.6 Slum 17.1 16.8 25.7 17.6 10.3 12.5 100.0 189 30.4 Non-slum 11.1 11.1 27.9 16.8 15.0 18.1 100.0 491 35.9 Rural 17.8 15.1 35.6 15.1 8.2 8.2 100.0 76 27.8

Mother's education No education 13.8 15.7 28.1 20.8 9.8 11.8 100.0 293 30.9 <5 years complete * * * * * * 100.0 19 * 5-9 years complete 15.4 14.8 26.6 10.4 19.4 13.5 100.0 180 32.3 10 or more years complete 10.1 9.4 28.3 17.1 12.9 22.2 100.0 264 38.1

Religion Hindu 13.4 12.9 28.4 16.8 12.5 16.0 100.0 625 33.0 Muslim 13.3 16.0 28.7 16.5 13.8 11.6 100.0 105 32.3 Sikh * * * * * * 100.0 20 * Other * * * * * * 100.0 5 *

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 18.4 16.0 26.3 16.7 10.5 12.1 100.0 178 30.2 Scheduled tribe * * * * * * 100.0 18 * Other backward class 11.0 16.4 34.0 13.0 12.4 13.2 100.0 128 29.1 Other 11.4 11.2 27.6 18.0 14.1 17.7 100.0 433 35.9

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * 100.0 1 * Second 18.3 20.1 24.4 23.1 4.9 9.1 100.0 42 26.9 Middle 15.0 16.5 28.8 19.7 8.8 11.1 100.0 119 32.1 Fourth 13.4 14.7 31.8 16.3 12.6 11.3 100.0 210 29.5 Highest 12.2 10.1 26.3 15.6 15.7 20.1 100.0 384 36.7

Birth order 2-3 13.3 12.5 27.1 16.4 13.6 17.1 100.0 582 34.6 4-6 13.6 14.4 30.7 18.6 11.3 11.3 100.0 151 29.6 7+ (11.0) (14.3) (37.3) (15.3) (13.3) (8.8) 100.0 23 (32.4)

Sex of preceding birth Male 11.2 13.9 27.2 18.1 14.7 14.8 100.0 382 34.6 Female 15.4 11.9 29.1 15.5 11.5 16.6 100.0 374 32.5

Survival of preceding birth Living 12.3 12.9 28.5 16.9 13.0 16.2 100.0 718 33.9 Dead (30.9) (12.7) (21.5) (14.7) (14.8) (5.4) 100.0 38 (25.1)

Total 13.3 12.9 28.1 16.8 13.1 15.7 100.0 756 33.4

Note: First-order births are excluded from the table. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the precedingpregnancy that ended in a live birth. Total includes births with missing information on religion, which are not shown separately.( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 16 Fertility preferences by number of living children

Percent distribution of currently married women and men age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of living children, Delhi, 2005-06

Number of living children1

Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total

WOMEN

Want another soon2 81.5 17.1 2.1 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.0 9.5 Want another later3 12.1 40.4 4.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 Want another, undecided when 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 Undecided 0.0 4.0 0.6 1.2 0.5 1.2 0.0 1.3 Want no more 3.5 33.0 72.3 55.8 46.9 50.7 79.4 53.3 Sterilized4 0.0 2.7 19.3 38.9 48.4 45.9 19.8 23.8 Declared infecund 2.6 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.7 0.8 1.7 Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women 154 434 812 519 265 104 63 2,351

MEN

Want another soon2 69.8 18.0 2.6 0.9 0.8 (0.0) (2.3) 11.3 Want another later3 21.2 52.0 5.9 1.2 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 14.4 Want another, undecided when 4.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.8 Undecided 0.8 4.0 2.9 0.8 4.1 (0.0) (0.0) 2.4 Want no more 1.9 25.0 78.9 79.2 78.1 (89.1) (86.7) 61.7 Sterilized5 1.9 0.0 9.8 17.1 17.0 (10.9) (11.1) 9.4 Declared infecund 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of men 69 141 255 151 63 26 23 730

( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife. 2 Wants next birth within 2 years. 3 Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years. 4 Includes both female and male sterilization. 5 Includes male sterilization and men who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has beensterilized.

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Table 17 Desire to limit childbearing

Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who want no more children by number of living children, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and by number of living children, NFHS-2 and NFHS-1

Women Men

Number of living children1 Number of living children1

Background characteristic 1 2 3 4+ Total2 1 2 3 4+ Total2

Age 15-24 8.9 65.4 (76.7) * 26.8 * * * nc 25.8 25-34 35.5 93.7 93.7 96.7 77.2 11.0 76.4 (86.8) (93.8) 50.0 35-49 84.5 96.1 96.9 96.6 94.7 (58.4) 99.6 100.0 97.5 93.9

Residence Urban 37.1 91.8 94.5 95.9 76.9 25.0 88.3 96.9 96.4 70.9 Slum 17.4 82.6 93.0 96.7 74.4 (23.9) 74.6 98.2 97.3 66.8 Non-slum 40.3 93.1 94.9 95.5 77.4 25.3 90.9 96.5 (95.7) 72.1 Rural * (89.1) (95.9) 98.1 79.1 * * * * (73.9)

Education No education 25.6 78.4 89.8 96.1 79.2 * (75.3) (95.2) (89.0) 78.1 <5 years complete * * * * (63.9) nc * * * * 5-9 years complete 26.7 85.8 95.4 97.2 77.6 (18.6) 75.6 94.0 100.0 66.4 10 or more years complete 41.3 96.5 99.5 (93.8) 76.1 27.9 94.6 98.1 (100.0) 71.7

Religion Hindu 35.7 92.0 94.6 96.2 77.0 24.0 90.7 97.6 98.6 71.3 Muslim (17.6) (85.0) 91.4 96.1 77.2 * * * * 70.6 Sikh * (90.0) * * (74.6) * * * nc * Other * * * nc (84.2) * * * nc *

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 23.2 82.0 94.7 95.1 74.5 (22.3) (73.6) (96.1) 100.0 71.1 Scheduled tribe * * * * (80.2) * * * * * Other backward class (18.6) 86.6 89.8 95.9 75.1 * (87.4) (94.5) * 66.8 Other 40.4 93.9 95.7 96.8 78.0 26.9 91.2 96.7 94.0 71.6

Wealth index Lowest * nc nc * * * nc nc * * Second * * * * 66.3 * * * * (69.7) Middle (8.7) 67.4 89.1 97.7 72.6 * (68.7) * (95.1) 66.3 Fourth 19.6 82.8 88.1 96.4 74.1 * (83.1) (91.5) 100.0 72.6 Highest 40.4 94.8 97.2 96.6 78.6 28.7 92.0 97.2 (96.5) 71.4

Number of living sons3 0 36.0 70.7 * * 33.2 22.7 (76.9) * * 28.5 1 43.3 94.6 94.8 96.1 83.4 32.4 91.1 (94.5) * 77.8 2 na 95.2 97.0 98.0 96.6 na 94.8 100.0 95.9 96.9 3 na na 95.8 95.3 95.5 na na * (100.0) 100.0 4+ na na na 95.6 95.6 na na na * *

Total 35.7 91.6 94.7 96.2 77.0 25.0 88.7 96.3 96.8 71.1 NFHS-2 (1998-99) 22.7 84.3 94.3 95.5 74.2 na na na na na NFHS-1 (1992-93) 18.9 78.2 89.4 93.4 68.7 na na na na na

Note: Women who have been sterilized or whose husband has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Men who are sterilized or who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Total includes women/men with missing information on religion and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. nc = Not calculated because there are no cases na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife. 2 Includes women and men with no children, who are not shown separately. 3 Excludes pregnant women and men with pregnant wives.

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Table 18 Ideal number of children

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children, by number of living children, Delhi, 2005-06, and percent distribution of ever-married women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1

Ever-married respondents

Number of living children1 NFHS-3 NFHS-2 NFHS-1 Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total (2005-06) (1998-99) (1992-93)

WOMEN

0 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 1 24.5 27.5 5.9 2.8 0.6 0.4 1.9 13.5 8.8 4.9 4.0 2 67.1 64.5 85.9 71.5 53.8 37.7 27.0 69.3 70.7 62.9 51.8 3 1.7 6.7 4.9 23.1 22.9 43.9 34.7 10.5 13.9 20.6 27.4 4 1.1 0.8 1.7 2.1 16.7 14.4 30.8 3.7 4.8 6.9 8.3 5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.4 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.8 6+ 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 3.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 Non-numeric responses 3.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 4.3 2.6 0.0 1.9 1.0 3.1 5.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number 1,058 448 839 544 276 115 67 3,349 2,448 2,477 3,457

Mean ideal number of children for2:

All women 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.0 na na na Number 1,018 446 834 543 265 112 67 3,286 na na na

Ever-married women 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 Number 156 446 834 543 265 112 67 2,423 2,423 2,400 3,253

Currently married women 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 Number 153 432 807 518 253 101 63 2,327 2,327 2,301 3,128

MEN

0 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.0 4.7 (4.0) (5.5) 1.4 1.1 na na 1 15.5 17.7 5.1 1.9 1.6 (0.0) (0.0) 11.1 6.9 na na 2 72.9 77.0 84.3 64.8 65.1 (40.5) (45.6) 73.0 74.0 na na 3 6.4 3.1 6.8 31.5 21.5 (49.9) (26.6) 10.9 14.6 na na 4 1.7 0.4 1.9 1.7 6.3 (0.0) (7.2) 1.9 1.9 na na 5 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.8 (1.8) (0.0) 0.5 0.5 na na 6+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (10.5) 0.2 0.3 na na Non-numeric responses 1.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 (3.7) (4.5) 1.0 0.6 na na

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 na na Number 705 143 256 151 66 29 23 1,373 740 na na

Mean ideal number of children for2:

All men 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 (2.5) * 2.0 na na na Number 695 143 254 151 66 28 22 1,359 na na na

Ever-married men 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 (2.5) * 2.1 2.1 na na Number 73 143 254 151 66 28 22 736 736 na na

Currently married men 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 (2.6) * 2.1 2.1 na na Number 69 141 253 151 63 25 22 725 725 na na

na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes current pregnancy for women or wife's current pregnancy for men. 2 Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.

Delhi.indd 45 3/19/09 12:51:04 PM

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46

Table 19 Indicators of sex preference

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who want more sons than daughters, percentage who want more daughters than sons, percentage who want at least one son, and percentage who want at least one daughter by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for ever-married women age 15-49, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1

Women Men

Background characteristic

Percentage who want more sons

than daughters

Percentage who want

moredaughters than sons

Percentage who want

at least one son

Percentage who want

at least one daughter

Number of

women

Percentage who want more sons

than daughters

Percentage who want

moredaughters than sons

Percentage who want

at least one son

Percentage who want

at least one daughter

Number of

men

Age 15-19 4.6 3.2 50.7 51.2 556 11.3 1.0 56.0 52.5 277 20-29 11.2 2.2 61.0 57.6 1,132 9.8 1.7 46.5 45.1 519 30-39 14.4 1.5 66.6 63.6 952 14.9 2.1 59.1 58.8 322 40-49 14.7 1.7 64.2 61.9 646 12.0 0.5 54.5 54.3 241

Residence Urban 11.0 2.1 60.4 58.0 3,033 11.4 1.4 52.1 50.6 1,256 Slum 13.6 2.1 67.7 65.0 562 15.7 1.8 60.1 59.5 267 Non-slum 10.4 2.1 58.7 56.4 2,471 10.2 1.3 49.9 48.2 989 Rural 20.2 2.1 75.3 72.0 253 15.7 2.2 61.8 61.8 103

Education No education 23.8 1.3 76.3 73.6 696 26.6 0.0 66.2 65.3 129 <5 years complete 17.5 2.3 57.2 55.4 55 (22.1) (4.0) (65.6) (63.9) 32 5-9 years complete 11.9 2.0 65.5 63.5 776 14.7 1.3 58.2 56.6 429 10 or more years complete 6.7 2.4 54.0 51.5 1,758 7.1 1.7 47.1 45.7 768

Marital status Never married 4.7 3.4 49.5 49.1 862 8.7 1.5 49.4 47.6 623 Currently married 14.1 1.5 65.7 62.5 2,327 14.3 1.4 55.8 54.8 725 Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 16.9 3.1 68.2 65.3 97 * * * * 11

Religion Hindu 11.7 2.1 61.7 59.2 2,807 10.6 1.7 52.5 51.3 1,156 Muslim 15.5 1.8 65.1 62.9 289 24.8 0.4 60.7 59.7 122 Sikh 7.1 3.1 54.1 52.0 124 (7.0) (0.0) (46.5) (41.9) 56 Other 6.1 0.0 50.0 47.9 63 * * * * 24

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 16.4 1.7 69.8 67.0 571 13.6 1.9 54.1 53.2 269 Scheduled tribe (17.4) (2.7) (64.2) (60.9) 47 * * * * 12 Other backward class 16.0 0.8 65.6 62.4 420 18.5 0.0 57.5 54.8 195 Other 9.6 2.4 58.6 56.4 2,247 9.5 1.7 51.3 50.1 876

Wealth index Lowest * * * * 3 * * * * 3 Second 26.1 2.4 74.7 72.7 63 19.7 0.0 54.6 54.6 39 Middle 18.4 2.5 79.1 75.9 206 21.0 0.9 64.2 63.3 112 Fourth 17.8 1.4 70.4 67.7 555 20.7 2.4 57.6 57.0 276 Highest 9.4 2.2 57.7 55.4 2,459 7.4 1.3 49.8 48.2 929

Total 11.7 2.1 61.5 59.1 3,286 11.7 1.5 52.8 51.5 1,359

Ever-married women NFHS-3 (2005-06) 14.2 1.6 65.8 62.6 2,423 na na na na na NFHS-2 (1998-99) 23.1 2.6 85.5 82.0 2,397 na na na na na NFHS-1 (1992-93) 30.2 2.6 79.9 75.8 3,247 na na na na na

Note: Table excludes women and men who gave non-numeric responses to the questions on ideal number of children or ideal number of sons or daughters. Total includes women/men with missing information on religion, women with missing information on education, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 46 3/19/09 12:51:05 PM

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47

Table 20 Knowledge of contraceptive methods

Percentage of all women and men, currently married women and men, and never married women and men who know any contraceptive method, byspecific method and residence, Delhi, 2005-06

Women Men

Method All women Currently

married womenNever married

women All men Currently

married men Never married

men URBAN

Any method 99.8 100.0 99.2 99.8 99.8 99.7

Any modern method 99.8 100.0 99.2 99.8 99.8 99.7 Female sterilization 99.5 99.9 98.3 97.0 98.9 94.9 Male sterilization 96.9 98.5 92.7 95.9 98.8 92.8 Pill 98.9 99.4 97.5 95.9 98.4 93.0 IUD 92.3 96.6 80.8 69.3 84.3 52.0 Injectables 74.9 81.6 57.3 57.4 68.1 45.5 Condom/Nirodh 97.1 98.0 94.8 99.4 99.4 99.5 Female condom 25.2 28.3 17.7 33.0 34.9 31.2

Emergency contraception 26.1 32.1 10.4 30.0 34.9 24.3 Other modern method 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0

Pill, IUD, and condom1 91.0 95.3 79.6 69.0 83.8 52.0

Any traditional method 74.0 90.7 29.2 68.4 83.1 51.0 Rhythm 68.3 83.7 27.2 61.2 77.7 41.9 Withdrawal 59.1 77.4 9.9 57.6 71.0 41.5 Folk method 2.1 3.0 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8

Mean number of methods known by respondents age 15-49 7.4 8.0 5.9 7.0 7.7 6.2

Number of respondents age 15-49 3,096 2,167 842 1,266 676 583

RURAL Any method 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 (100.0) (97.7)

Any modern method 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 (100.0) (97.7) Female sterilization 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.7 (100.0) (93.0) Male sterilization 97.1 98.3 92.9 94.6 (97.8) (90.7) Pill 99.6 100.0 98.2 89.1 (97.8) (79.1) IUD 93.4 96.6 82.1 59.8 (73.9) (46.5) Injectables 71.2 76.8 53.6 55.4 (76.1) (37.2) Condom/Nirodh 97.5 98.3 94.6 98.9 (100.0) (97.7) Female condom 24.3 24.9 21.4 29.3 (45.7) (11.6)

Emergency contraception 27.6 32.8 8.9 25.0 (32.6) (18.6) Other modern method 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0)

Pill, IUD, and condom1 91.8 95.5 78.6 57.6 (71.7) (44.2)

Any traditional method 76.1 91.5 25.0 60.9 (82.6) (39.5) Rhythm 68.7 83.1 23.2 54.3 (73.9) (34.9) Withdrawal 58.4 73.4 7.1 50.0 (71.7) (27.9) Folk method 4.9 6.2 0.0 1.1 (2.2) (0.0)

Mean number of methods known by respondents age 15-49 7.4 7.9 5.8 6.5 (7.7) (5.4)

Number of respondents age 15-49 253 185 58 106 53 50

TOTAL

Any method 99.8 100.0 99.3 99.7 99.8 99.5

Any modern method 99.8 100.0 99.3 99.7 99.8 99.5 Female sterilization 99.5 99.9 98.4 97.0 99.0 94.8 Male sterilization 96.9 98.5 92.7 95.8 98.7 92.6 Pill 98.9 99.4 97.5 95.4 98.3 91.9 IUD 92.4 96.6 80.9 68.6 83.5 51.5 Injectables 74.6 81.2 57.1 57.2 68.7 44.8 Condom/Nirodh 97.2 98.0 94.8 99.4 99.4 99.4 Female condom 25.2 28.0 18.0 32.7 35.7 29.7

Emergency contraception 26.3 32.1 10.3 29.6 34.7 23.9 Other modern method 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0

Pill, IUD, and condom1 91.1 95.3 79.6 68.1 82.9 51.4

Any traditional method 74.2 90.8 28.9 67.9 83.0 50.1 Rhythm 68.3 83.6 27.0 60.7 77.4 41.4 Withdrawal 59.0 77.1 9.7 57.0 71.0 40.5 Folk method 2.3 3.2 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.8

Mean number of methods known by respondents age 15-49 7.4 8.0 5.9 6.9 7.7 6.1

Number of respondents age 15-49 3,349 2,351 901 1,373 730 632

1 All three methods. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 47 3/19/09 12:51:06 PM

��

48

Tab

le 2

1 C

urre

nt u

se o

f con

trace

ptio

n by

bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

s

Perc

ent d

istrib

utio

n of

cur

rent

ly m

arrie

d w

omen

by

cont

race

ptiv

e m

etho

d cu

rren

tly u

sed,

acc

ordi

ng to

bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

s, D

elhi

, 200

5-06

, and

tota

l for

NFH

S-2

and

NFH

S-1

Mod

ern

met

hod

Trad

ition

al m

etho

d

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

An

ym

etho

d

Any

mod

ern

met

hod

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

Mal

est

erili

zatio

nPi

llIU

D

Inje

ctab

les

Con

dom

/N

irodh

Oth

erm

oder

nm

etho

d

Any

tradi

tiona

l m

etho

d Rh

ythm

With

- dr

awal

Folk

met

od

Not

curr

ently

us

ing

Tota

l

Num

ber

ofw

omen

Age

15

-19

24

.7

18.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

0 2.

6

0.0

15

.4

0.0

6.

7

4.6

2.

1

0.0

75

.3

100.

0

50

20

-24

37

.1

28.7

2.

6

0.0

3.

7 3.

3

0.0

19

.2

0.0

8.

3

3.7

4.

6

0.0

62

.9

100.

0

318

25

-29

61

.8

51.1

10

.6

0.1

5.

9 6.

3

0.0

27

.9

0.3

10

.7

5.2

5.

3

0.3

38

.2

100.

0

482

30

-39

82

.0

69.7

28

.4

1.0

6.

2 6.

4

0.2

27

.2

0.3

12

.3

7.9

4.

1

0.3

18

.0

100.

0

911

40

-49

67

.3

58.6

37

.6

1.7

1.

7 2.

8

0.2

14

.7

0.0

8.

7

6.1

2.

5

0.0

32

.7

100.

0

591

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

67.1

56

.5

22.0

0.

8

4.4

5.0

0.

1

23.9

0.

2

10.6

6.

3

4.1

0.

2

32.9

10

0.0

2,

167

S

lum

56

.6

50.5

26

.9

1.4

4.

1 3.

1

0.4

14

.7

0.0

6.

1

4.3

1.

5

0.3

43

.4

100.

0

401

N

on-s

lum

69

.4

57.9

20

.9

0.6

4.

5 5.

5

0.1

26

.0

0.2

11

.6

6.8

4.

7

0.1

30

.6

100.

0

1,76

6

Rura

l 64

.4

55.9

33

.9

1.1

5.

6 4.

5

0.0

10

.7

0.0

8.

5

5.6

2.

8

0.0

35

.6

100.

0

185

Educ

atio

n

No

educ

atio

n

59.9

52

.0

32.4

1.

4

4.6

2.0

0.

2

11.2

0.

0

8.0

6.

2

1.7

0.

1

40.1

10

0.0

64

0

<5

year

s co

mpl

ete

(5

3.5)

(4

7.1)

(2

8.7)

(1

.2)

(5.7

)(2

.9)

(0.0

) (8

.7)

(0.0

) (6

.4)

(5.2

) (1

.2)

(0.0

) (4

6.5)

10

0.0

44

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

63

.9

54.5

25

.9

0.4

4.

6 5.

3

0.0

18

.3

0.0

9.

4

5.4

3.

8

0.3

36

.1

100.

0

507

10

or m

ore

year

s co

mpl

ete

72

.5

60.2

16

.2

0.7

4.

4 6.

5

0.1

31

.9

0.3

12

.3

6.7

5.

5

0.2

27

.5

100.

0

1,16

0

Empl

oym

ent (

past

12

mon

ths)

N

ot e

mpl

oyed

64

.9

54.8

21

.4

0.8

4.

6 5.

3

0.1

22

.5

0.1

10

.1

6.1

3.

9

0.2

35

.1

100.

0

1,86

3

Empl

oyed

for c

ash

75

.2

63.5

29

.2

0.9

4.

2 3.

8

0.1

25

.0

0.3

11

.7

7.0

4.

7

0.0

24

.8

100.

0

463

Em

ploy

ed n

ot fo

r cas

h *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

24

Relig

ion

H

indu

67

.9

57.4

24

.5

0.9

4.

6 5.

3

0.1

21

.9

0.2

10

.5

6.5

3.

8

0.2

32

.1

100.

0

2,02

5

Mus

lim

51.5

47

.3

11.5

0.

0

6.3

2.2

0.

3

27.0

0.

0

4.2

3.

1

1.2

0.

0

48.5

10

0.0

19

8

Sikh

73

.1

58.2

13

.4

0.0

1.

5 6.

0

0.0

37

.3

0.0

14

.9

6.0

9.

0

0.0

26

.9

100.

0 85

Oth

er

(74.

1)

(49.

4)

(24.

7)

(0.0

) (0

.0)

(2.6

) (0

.0)

(22.

1)

(0.0

) (2

4.7)

(1

2.1)

(1

2.6)

(0

.0)

(25.

9)

100.

0 40

Con

tinue

d…

Delhi.indd 48 3/19/09 12:51:06 PM

��

49

Tab

le 2

1 C

urre

nt u

se o

f con

trace

ptio

n by

bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

s—C

ontin

ued

Mod

ern

met

hod

Trad

ition

al m

etho

d

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

A

ny

met

hod

Any

mod

ern

met

hod

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

Mal

est

erili

zatio

nPi

llIU

D

Inje

ctab

les

Con

dom

/N

irodh

Oth

erm

oder

nm

etho

d

Any

tradi

tiona

l m

etho

d Rh

ythm

With

- dr

awal

Folk

met

hod

Not

curr

ently

usin

g To

tal

Num

ber

of

wom

en

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sc

hedu

led

cast

e

60.8

52

.4

26.5

1.

3

4.3

3.0

0.

4

16.8

0.

0

8.5

5.

4

3.1

0.

0

39.2

10

0.0

40

9

Sc

hedu

led

tribe

(6

9.4)

(6

9.4)

(2

8.0)

(1

.8)

(4.5

)(0

.0)

(0.0

) (3

5.1)

(0

.0)

(0.0

) (0

.0)

(0.0

) (0

.0)

(30.

6)

100.

0 28

Oth

er b

ackw

ard

clas

s

62.1

53

.0

24.9

1.

0

6.6

3.0

0.

2

16.9

0.

4

9.1

6.

5

2.4

0.

2

37.9

10

0.0

30

8

O

ther

69

.3

58.0

21

.6

0.6

4.

2 6.

0

0.0

25

.4

0.2

11

.3

6.5

4.

6

0.2

30

.7

100.

0

1,60

6

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

3

Seco

nd

40.5

36

.9

29.3

0.

0

3.6

2.2

0.

9

0.9

0.

0

3.6

3.

6

0.0

0.

0

59.5

10

0.0

58

Mid

dle

48

.2

40.2

25

.1

0.9

2.

4 4.

3

0.6

7.

0

0.0

8.

0

6.7

0.

3

1.0

51

.8

100.

0

175

Four

th

63.2

53

.2

28.3

1.

0

6.8

3.1

0.

0

14.0

0.

0

10.0

6.

2

3.8

0.

0

36.8

10

0.0

41

0

H

ighe

st

70.6

59

.7

21.3

0.

8

4.3

5.6

0.

1

27.4

0.

2

11.0

6.

3

4.6

0.

1

29.4

10

0.0

1,

707

Num

ber

of li

ving

chi

ldre

n

No

child

ren

12

.1

9.6

0.

0

0.0

0.

9 0.

0

0.0

8.

7

0.0

2.

5

0.9

1.

6

0.0

87

.9

100.

0

205

1 ch

ild

57.2

44

.9

2.4

0.

3

3.6

4.4

0.

0

33.9

0.

3

12.3

6.

0

6.2

0.

0

42.8

10

0.0

42

7

1

son

58

.3

47.9

3.

9

0.0

3.

2 5.

1

0.0

35

.8

0.0

10

.3

3.8

6.

5

0.0

41

.7

100.

0

234

No

sons

55

.9

41.3

0.

7

0.7

4.

2 3.

6

0.0

31

.6

0.7

14

.6

8.7

5.

9

0.0

44

.1

100.

0

193

2 ch

ildre

n

79.0

65

.0

19.3

0.

5

6.6

7.3

0.

2

30.7

0.

3

14.0

7.

6

6.2

0.

2

21.0

10

0.0

79

1

1

or m

ore

sons

80

.5

67.9

20

.5

0.6

6.

7 7.

8

0.3

31

.7

0.4

12

.6

7.1

5.

4

0.2

19

.5

100.

0

702

No

sons

67

.1

42.3

9.

7

0.0

6.

0 3.

4

0.0

23

.2

0.0

24

.8

12.0

12

.8

0.0

32

.9

100.

0

89

3

child

ren

74

.5

66.5

38

.7

0.9

3.

5 5.

5

0.0

17

.9

0.0

8.

0

5.6

2.

3

0.1

25

.5

100.

0

509

1 o

r mor

e so

ns

75.1

67

.4

39.5

1.

0

3.6

5.7

0.

0

17.6

0.

0

7.7

5.

2

2.4

0.

1

24.9

10

0.0

48

8

N

o so

ns

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

100.

0

21

4+

chi

ldre

n

71.2

62

.7

42.8

2.

1

4.7

3.0

0.

2

9.9

0.

0

8.5

7.

4

0.7

0.

4

28.8

10

0.0

42

0

1

or m

ore

sons

72

.1

63.7

43

.4

2.2

4.

8 3.

0

0.2

10

.1

0.0

8.

4

7.2

0.

7

0.4

27

.9

100.

0

411

No

sons

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

8

Tot

al

66.9

56

.5

23.0

0.

8 4.

5 5.

0 0.

1 22

.9

0.2

10.4

6.

3 4.

0 0.

2 33

.1

100.

0 2,

351

NFH

S-2

(199

8-99

) 63

.8

56.3

26

.3

2.3

4.0

6.2

na

17.5

na

na

4.

5 2.

6 na

36

.2

100.

0 2,

372

NFH

S-1

(199

2-93

) 60

.3

54.6

20

.0

3.2

2.9

7.8

0.1

20.5

na

na

3.

1 2.

5 na

39

.7

100.

0 3,

309

Not

e: If

mor

e th

an o

ne m

etho

d is

used

, onl

y th

e m

ost e

ffect

ive

met

hod

is co

nsid

ered

in th

is ta

bula

tion.

Tot

al in

clud

es w

omen

with

miss

ing

info

rmat

ion

on e

mpl

oym

ent (

past

12

mon

ths)

and

rel

igio

n,

who

are

not

sho

wn

sepa

rate

ly.

na =

Not

ava

ilabl

e ( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

Delhi.indd 49 3/19/09 12:51:07 PM

�0

50

Tab

le 2

2 C

ontra

cept

ive

use

by m

en w

ith la

st p

artn

erPe

rcen

t dist

ribut

ion

of c

urre

ntly

mar

ried

men

and

sex

ually

act

ive

unm

arrie

d m

en a

ge 1

5-49

by

cont

race

ptiv

e us

ed th

e la

st ti

me

they

had

sex

, acc

ordi

ng to

type

of p

artn

er a

nd b

ackg

roun

d ch

arac

teris

tics,

Del

hi,

2005

-06

Mod

ern

met

hod

Trad

ition

al m

etho

d

Back

grou

nd c

hara

cter

istic

An

ym

etho

d

Any

mod

ern

met

hod

Fem

ale

ster

iliza

tion

Mal

est

erili

zatio

nPi

ll IU

D

Inje

ctab

les

Con

dom

/N

irodh

Oth

er

mod

ern

met

hod

Any

tradi

tiona

lm

etho

dRh

ythm

W

ith-

draw

al

Not

curr

ently

usin

g To

tal

Num

ber

of m

en

Type

of s

exua

l par

tner

C

urre

ntly

mar

ried

60

.1

51.1

18

.0

1.1

3.

5

5.1

0.

0

23.1

0.

2

9.0

6.

0

3.0

39

.9

100.

0

730

Wife

61

.1

51.8

18

.2

1.2

3.

4

5.3

0.

0

23.6

0.

2

9.3

6.

2

3.1

38

.9

100.

0

708

Oth

er

(26.

9)

(26.

9)

(10.

5)

(0.0

) (8

.2)

(0.0

) (0

.0)

(8.2

) (0

.0)

(0.0

) (0

.0)

(0.0

) (7

3.1)

10

0.0

22

Not

cur

rent

ly m

arrie

d

63.8

62

.9

0.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

0

0.0

62

.9

0.0

0.

9

0.0

0.

9

36.2

10

0.0

62

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

59.8

51

.9

15.9

1.

0

3.4

5.

0

0.0

26

.5

0.2

8.

0

5.2

2.

8

40.2

10

0.0

72

9

S

lum

48

.7

45.0

17

.6

0.3

3.

8

1.6

0.

0

21.7

0.

0

3.8

2.

5

1.3

51

.3

100.

0

168

N

on-s

lum

63

.1

53.9

15

.4

1.2

3.

2

6.0

0.

0

27.9

0.

2

9.2

6.

0

3.2

36

.9

100.

0

561

Ru

ral

66.7

53

.7

24.1

1.

9

1.9

1.

9

0.0

24

.1

0.0

13

.0

9.3

3.

7

33.3

10

0.0

62

Educ

atio

n

No

educ

atio

n

52.5

43

.5

24.6

0.

5

4.0

1.

3

0.0

13

.0

0.0

9.

0

9.0

0.

0

47.5

10

0.0

97

<5

year

s co

mpl

ete

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

100.

0

18

5-

9 ye

ars

com

plet

e

52.8

47

.4

17.9

1.

0

3.9

4.

0

0.0

20

.6

0.0

5.

4

3.9

1.

5

47.2

10

0.0

23

3

10

or m

ore

year

s co

mpl

ete

66.6

56

.4

13.7

1.

2

2.8

6.

0

0.0

32

.4

0.3

10

.1

5.8

4.

3

33.4

10

0.0

444

Age

15

-19

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

100.

0

18

20

-24

39

.2

36.3

3.

8

1.6

2.

7

2.3

0.

0

25.9

0.

0

2.9

1.

5

1.5

60

.8

100.

0

79

25

-29

47

.2

40.1

3.

4

0.0

2.

4

2.4

0.

0

31.9

0.

0

7.1

4.

3

2.8

52

.8

100.

0

159

30-3

4

59.2

50

.8

11.3

0.

0

2.1

6.

6

0.0

30

.7

0.0

8.

4

5.1

3.

3

40.8

10

0.0

15

3

35

-39

68

.1

60.4

22

.1

1.7

5.

1

7.7

0.

0

23.8

0.

0

7.8

6.

2

1.6

31

.9

100.

0

148

40-4

4

74.7

61

.0

24.5

3.

2

5.7

5.

2

0.0

21

.5

1.1

13

.8

10.2

3.

6

25.3

10

0.0

12

3

45

-49

69

.5

59.4

38

.2

0.5

1.

6

3.5

0.

0

15.6

0.

0

10.2

5.

6

4.6

30

.5

100.

0

112

Mar

ital s

tatu

s

Nev

er m

arrie

d

63.8

62

.9

0.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

0

0.0

62

.9

0.0

0.

9

0.0

0.

9

36.2

10

0.0

62

Cur

rent

ly m

arrie

d

60.1

51

.1

18.0

1.

1

3.5

5.

1

0.0

23

.1

0.2

9.

0

6.0

3.

0

39.9

10

0.0

73

0

Relig

ion

H

indu

60

.6

52.0

17

.1

1.2

3.

3

4.6

0.

0

25.6

0.

2

8.6

5.

8

2.8

39

.4

100.

0

675

Mus

lim

52.0

47

.6

11.3

0.

0

5.1

5.

5

0.0

25

.7

0.0

4.

4

4.4

0.

0

48.0

10

0.0

71

Sikh

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

100.

0 31

Oth

er

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

13

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sc

hedu

led

cast

e

53.4

46

.2

18.3

0.

3

3.7

0.

7

0.0

23

.1

0.0

7.

3

4.9

2.

3

46.6

10

0.0

15

7

Sc

hedu

led

tribe

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

100.

0

9

O

ther

bac

kwar

d cl

ass

55

.3

44.9

17

.5

2.3

4.

0

0.0

0.

0

21.1

0.

0

10.3

8.

0

2.3

44

.7

100.

0

110

Oth

er

63.1

54

.6

15.2

1.

0

2.8

7.

1

0.0

28

.3

0.3

8.

5

5.3

3.

2

36.9

10

0.0

51

2

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

100.

0

2

Se

cond

(4

1.5)

(3

6.7)

(2

7.0)

(0

.0)

(1.9

) (0

.0)

(0.0

) (7

.7)

(0.0

) (4

.7)

(4.7

) (0

.0)

(58.

5)

100.

0

27

M

iddl

e

32.3

25

.9

15.1

0.

0

1.4

0.

7

0.0

8.

6

0.0

6.

5

6.5

0.

0

67.7

10

0.0

76

Four

th

55.8

46

.0

19.7

1.

7

3.1

1.

8

0.0

19

.7

0.0

9.

9

7.5

2.

4

44.2

10

0.0

17

7

Hig

hest

67

.4

59.0

15

.2

1.0

3.

6

6.6

0.

0

32.3

0.

3

8.3

4.

7

3.6

32

.6

100.

0

510

Tota

l age

15-

4960

.4

52.0

16

.6

1.0

3.

2

4.7

0.

0

26.3

0.

2

8.4

5.

5

2.8

39

.6

100.

0

792

Ag

e 50

-54

66

.4

60.2

40

.6

4.8

0.

0

0.0

0.

8

14.1

0.

0

6.2

4.

1

2.1

33

.6

100.

0

63

Tot

al a

ge 1

5-54

60

.8

52.6

18

.3

1.3

3.0

4.4

0.1

25.4

0.

2 8.

2 5.

4 2.

8 39

.2

100.

0 85

4

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

men

with

miss

ing

info

rmat

ion

on re

ligio

n an

d ca

ste/

tribe

, who

are

not

sho

wn

sepa

rate

ly.

( ) B

ased

on

25-4

9 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

*

Perc

enta

ge n

ot s

how

n; b

ased

on

few

er th

an 2

5 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

Delhi.indd 50 3/19/09 12:51:08 PM

��

51

Table 23 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms

Among women age 15-49 who are current pill or condom users and men age 15-49 who are current condom users and for whom the brand being used is known, percentage who are using a social marketing brand by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Women Men

Background characteristics

Percentage of pill users using a social marketing brand

Number of pill users

Percentage of condom users using a social

marketing brand

Number of condom

users

Percentage of condom users using a social

marketing brand

Number of condom

users

Age 15-19 nc 0 * 3 * 9 20-24 * 12 (40.9) 42 * 17 25-29 (78.3) 26 28.2 88 (45.2) 43 30-39 (68.1) 50 39.8 160 41.9 76 40-49 * 7 (40.4) 49 (35.4) 40

Residence Urban 76.2 84 36.7 332 37.6 173 Slum (61.3) 16 41.0 31 57.4 32 Non-slum 79.6 69 36.3 301 33.0 141 Rural * 10 * 9 * 12

Education No education (76.5) 25 (41.8) 31 * 8 < 5 years complete * 3 * 3 * 4 5-9 years complete * 22 (61.3) 49 (55.6) 43 10 or more years complete (67.5) 45 32.4 259 31.9 130

Religion Hindu 71.7 82 37.9 294 39.0 153 Muslim * 12 (56.3) 26 * 15 Sikh nc 0 * 14 * 13 Other nc 0 * 6 * 3

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste * 15 (39.3) 36 (60.9) 33 Scheduled tribe * 1 * 7 * 2 Other backward class * 18 (46.5) 32 * 19 Other 73.2 61 35.2 267 35.7 130

Wealth index Lowest nc 0 nc 0 nc 0 Second * 2 * 1 * 2 Middle * 4 * 5 * 4 Fourth * 24 (32.3) 32 (47.9) 30 Highest 68.9 65 37.9 304 36.4 149

Total 71.1 95 37.2 341 39.0 185

Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 51 3/19/09 12:51:08 PM

��

52

Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods

Percent distribution of current users of modern contraceptive methods by most recent source of the method, according to residence, Delhi, 2005-06

Most recent source of method Female

sterilization Pill IUD Condom/Nirodh

All modern methods1

URBAN

Public medical sector 79.3 14.5 44.9 12.1 42.9 Government/municipal hospital 74.7 6.3 29.7 5.2 36.2 Government dispensary 2.3 3.7 13.1 5.1 4.5 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sub-centre/ANM/camp 1.1 4.5 2.1 1.3 1.5 Other public medical sector 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3

Private medical sector 19.8 57.5 54.0 27.6 29.1 Private hospital 18.7 5.5 47.0 2.8 13.6 Private doctor/clinic 1.1 8.2 7.0 5.7 4.3 Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 35.4 0.0 14.7 8.8 Other private medical sector 0.0 8.4 0.0 4.3 2.4

Other source 0.0 28.0 0.0 59.8 26.9 Shop 0.0 16.1 0.0 3.1 2.5 Spouse 0.0 11.9 0.0 56.4 24.3 Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Don’t know 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Missing 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 505 96 109 518 1,253

RURAL

Public medical sector 83.6 * * * 65.0 Government/municipal hospital 78.7 * * * 56.0 Government dispensary 0.0 * * * 5.0 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 0.0 * * * 0.0 Sub-centre/ANM/camp 4.9 * * * 4.0 Other public medical sector 0.0 * * * 0.0

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.0 * * * 0.0

Private medical sector 16.4 * * * 22.0 Private hospital 16.4 * * * 12.0 Private doctor/clinic 0.0 * * * 2.0 Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 * * * 6.0 Other private medical sector 0.0 * * * 2.0

Other source 0.0 * * * 12.0 Shop 0.0 * * * 4.0 Spouse 0.0 * * * 7.0 Friend/relative 0.0 * * * 0.0 Other 0.0 * * * 1.0 Don’t know 0.0 * * * 0.0

Missing 0.0 * * * 1.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 64 10 8 20 104

Continued…

Delhi.indd 52 3/19/09 12:51:09 PM

��

53

Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods—Continued

Most recent source of method Female

sterilization Pill IUD Condom/

Nirodh All modern methods1

TOTAL

Public medical sector 79.7 15.0 45.2 12.8 44.6 Government/municipal hospital 75.2 6.7 30.2 5.4 37.7 Government dispensary 2.0 3.3 13.0 5.6 4.5 CHC/rural hospital/PHC 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sub-centre/ANM/camp 1.5 5.0 2.0 1.3 1.7 Other public medical sector 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3

Private medical sector 19.5 55.8 53.7 27.3 28.6 Private hospital 18.5 5.0 45.4 2.7 13.5 Private doctor/clinic 1.0 7.4 8.3 5.5 4.1 Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 35.8 0.0 14.6 8.6 Other private medical sector 0.0 7.6 0.0 4.5 2.4

Other source 0.0 29.1 0.0 59.2 25.8 Shop 0.0 16.5 0.0 3.4 2.6 Spouse 0.0 11.7 0.0 55.5 22.9 Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 Other 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Don’t know 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Missing 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 568 107 117 538 1,358

Note: All information in this table is based on women's reports. Table includes all users of modern contraceptive methods regardless of their marital status. CHC = Community health centre; PHC = Primary health centre; ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; NGO = Nongovernmental organization * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes users of male sterilization and injectables, who are not shown separately.

Delhi.indd 53 3/19/09 12:51:09 PM

��

54

Table 25 Informed choice

Among women who are current users of selected modern contraceptive methods who started the last episode of use within the five years preceding the survey, the percentage who were informed about possible side effects or problems of that method, the percentage who were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects, and the percentage who were informed about other methods they could use, by method and initial source of method, Delhi, 2005-06

Method/source

Percentage who were informed

about side effects or problems of method used

Percentage who were

informed about what to do if experienced side effects

Percentage who were informed by a

health or family planning worker

about other methods that could

be used Number

of women

Method Female sterilization1 62.4 51.1 46.5 126 Pill 53.1 42.5 51.3 58 IUD 69.7 62.2 65.6 95

Initial source of method2 Public medical sector 64.6 54.7 51.7 139 Private medical sector 61.9 53.0 56.8 126

Total 63.0 53.1 54.0 279

Note: Table includes only the contraceptive methods separately shown and excludes users who obtained their method from friends/relatives. Total includes women who reported the initial source of the method as other sources, who are not shown separately. 1 Among women who were sterilized in the five years preceding the survey. 2 Source at start of current episode of use.

Table 26 First-year contraceptive discontinuation rates

Percentage of contraceptive users who discontinued use of a method within 12 months after beginning its use, by reason for discontinuation and percentage who switched to another method, by type of method, Delhi, 2005-06

Method Method failure

Desire to become pregnant

Side effects/health

concerns

Infrequent sex/husband

awayOther reason Total

Switched to another method1

Female sterilization 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pill 0.8 7.5 12.2 0.0 9.1 29.6 10.3 IUD 0.4 0.0 4.9 0.0 1.4 6.7 3.1 Condom/Nirodh 2.9 13.2 0.6 0.2 6.0 22.8 4.4

All modern spacing methods2 2.0 9.7 3.4 0.1 5.9 21.2 5.5

All spacing methods3 1.6 9.8 3.1 0.1 5.4 20.1 5.2

All methods 1.4 8.5 2.7 0.1 4.7 17.5 4.5

Note: Table is based on episodes of contraceptive use that began 3-59 months prior to the survey. 1 Used a different method in the month following discontinuation or said they wanted a more effective method and started another method within two months of discontinuation. 2 Includes other modern spacing methods that are not shown separately. 3 Includes other spacing methods that are not shown separately.

Delhi.indd 54 3/19/09 12:51:10 PM

��

55

Table 27 Men's contraception-related perceptions and knowledge

Percentage of men age 15-49 who agree with two specific statements about women and contraception and say that a woman who is breastfeeding cannot become pregnant, and percent distribution of men according to their belief about the efficacy of condoms in preventing pregnancy, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage of men who agree

Percentage of men who say that if a male condom is used correctly, it protects against pregnancy:

Background characteristic

Contraception is women's business and a man should not have to worry

about it

Women who use contraceptionmay become promiscuous

A woman who is breast-feeding cannot

become pregnant

Most of the time

Some-times

Not at all

Don'tknow/unsure1 Total

Numberof men

Age 15-19 8.3 8.4 25.4 57.8 19.2 0.0 22.9 100.0 285 20-24 7.8 7.5 42.5 74.9 17.1 0.0 7.9 100.0 276 25-29 10.0 5.0 50.0 75.2 20.2 0.5 4.2 100.0 247 30-39 4.9 2.6 48.7 83.7 13.1 0.0 3.2 100.0 322 40-49 4.3 4.2 56.1 81.0 15.3 0.0 3.7 100.0 242

Residence Urban 7.3 5.6 45.3 74.3 17.0 0.1 8.6 100.0 1,266 Slum 7.0 6.6 54.7 75.0 14.1 0.0 10.9 100.0 271 Non-slum 7.4 5.3 42.7 74.2 17.8 0.1 7.9 100.0 996 Rural 3.3 4.3 30.4 77.2 15.2 0.0 7.6 100.0 106

Education No education 10.0 3.7 40.4 55.9 26.1 0.0 18.0 100.0 132 <5 years complete (9.6) (8.9) (50.2) (74.3) (5.6) (0.0) (20.1) 100.0 32 5-9 years complete 7.9 9.1 42.0 68.6 18.8 0.0 12.6 100.0 435 10 or more years complete 5.9 3.7 45.7 81.1 14.6 0.2 4.1 100.0 773

Religion Hindu 7.8 5.4 43.8 75.6 17.2 0.1 7.2 100.0 1,164 Muslim 3.1 6.7 47.4 64.9 20.1 0.0 15.0 100.0 127 Sikh (2.3) (4.7) (48.8) (81.4) (7.0) (0.0) (11.6) 100.0 56 Other * * * * * * * 100.0 25

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 10.4 6.5 39.8 73.9 16.2 0.0 9.9 100.0 272 Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * 100.0 12 Other backward class 7.2 8.6 43.1 65.1 20.4 0.7 13.9 100.0 198 Other 5.8 4.5 45.5 77.0 16.4 0.0 6.6 100.0 885

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * * 100.0 3 Second 11.9 5.9 42.0 61.7 24.9 0.0 13.4 100.0 40 Middle 9.6 6.0 38.6 67.2 16.5 0.0 16.2 100.0 115 Fourth 7.6 6.3 49.8 71.0 16.2 0.0 12.7 100.0 278 Highest 6.3 5.2 43.2 77.1 16.8 0.1 6.0 100.0 938

Total age 15-49 7.0 5.5 44.1 74.6 16.9 0.1 8.5 100.0 1,373 Age 50-54 10.5 4.9 43.8 81.1 17.2 0.0 1.7 100.0 63 Total age 15-54 7.2 5.5 44.1 74.8 16.9 0.1 8.2 100.0 1,436

Note: Total includes men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes missing values and those who had never heard of condoms.

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Table 28 Need for family planning among currently married women

Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, and total demand for family planning, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Unmet need for family planning1

Met need for family planning (currently using)2

Total demand for family planning3

Background characteristic For

spacing For

limiting Total For

spacing For

limiting Total For

spacingFor

limiting Total

Percentage of demand

satisfied

Number of

women

Age 15-19 17.5 4.2 21.7 24.7 0.0 24.7 42.2 4.2 46.4 53.3 50 20-24 16.0 3.2 19.2 20.3 16.7 37.1 36.3 19.9 56.2 65.9 318 25-29 2.8 8.6 11.4 14.4 47.4 61.8 17.2 56.0 73.2 84.5 482 30-34 1.2 6.3 7.5 5.9 74.2 80.1 7.0 80.5 87.6 91.4 464 35-39 0.0 4.1 4.1 2.0 82.0 84.0 2.0 86.1 88.0 95.4 447 40-44 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.0 73.8 73.8 0.2 74.4 74.5 99.0 338 45-49 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 58.5 58.5 0.0 59.4 59.4 98.5 253

Residence Urban 3.1 4.1 7.2 8.0 59.0 67.1 11.2 63.1 74.3 90.3 2,167 Slum 5.0 8.3 13.3 4.5 52.2 56.6 9.4 60.5 69.9 81.0 401 Non-slum 2.7 3.1 5.8 8.8 60.6 69.4 11.6 63.7 75.3 92.3 1,766 Rural 5.6 9.6 15.3 4.5 59.9 64.4 10.2 69.5 79.7 80.9 185

Education No education 3.9 6.9 10.8 3.7 56.2 59.9 7.6 63.1 70.7 84.7 640 <5 years complete (9.2) (16.1) (25.3) (9.7) (43.7) (53.5) (18.9) (59.8) (78.7) (67.9) 44 5-9 years complete 5.0 5.8 10.8 7.4 56.5 63.9 12.4 62.4 74.7 85.5 507 10 or more years complete 2.1 2.1 4.2 10.1 62.4 72.5 12.2 64.5 76.7 94.5 1,160

Religion Hindu 3.3 4.1 7.3 8.0 59.9 67.9 11.3 64.0 75.2 90.3 2,025 Muslim 5.4 10.7 16.1 4.2 47.3 51.5 9.7 58.0 67.6 76.1 198 Sikh 1.5 1.5 3.0 10.4 62.7 73.1 11.9 64.2 76.1 96.1 85 Other (0.0) (2.5) (2.5) (3.2) (70.9) (74.1) (3.2) (73.5) (76.6) (96.7) 40

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 4.9 7.1 12.0 7.5 53.3 60.8 12.4 60.4 72.8 83.5 409 Scheduled tribe (9.0) (10.8) (19.8) (4.5) (64.9) (69.4) (13.5) (75.7) (89.2) (77.8) 28 Other backward class 3.9 4.0 7.9 6.1 56.0 62.1 10.0 60.0 70.0 88.7 308 Other 2.8 3.8 6.5 8.2 61.1 69.3 10.9 64.9 75.8 91.4 1,606

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * * * * * 3 Second 8.4 17.0 25.4 2.7 37.8 40.5 11.1 54.7 65.9 61.5 58 Middle 6.6 12.7 19.3 5.0 43.2 48.2 11.6 56.0 67.5 71.4 175 Fourth 5.9 6.3 12.1 6.7 56.5 63.2 12.6 62.8 75.3 83.9 410

Highest 2.2 2.8 5.0 8.5 62.2 70.6 10.7 65.0 75.7 93.4 1,707

Total 3.3 4.5 7.8 7.8 59.1 66.9 11.1 63.6 74.7 89.5 2,351

Note: Total includes women with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Unmet need for spacing includes pregnant women whose pregnancy was mistimed; amenorrhoeic women who are not using family planningand whose last birth was mistimed, or whose last birth was unwanted but now say they want more children; and fecund women who are neither pregnant nor amenorrhoeic, who are not using any method of family planning, and say they want to wait 2 or more years for their next birth. Also included in unmet need for spacing are fecund women who are not using any method of family planning and say they are unsure whether they want another child or who want another child but are unsure when to have the birth. Unmet need for limiting refers to pregnant women whose pregnancy was unwanted; amenorrhoeic women who are not using family planning, whose last child was unwanted, and who do not want any more children; and fecund women who are neither pregnant nor amenorrhoeic, who are not using any method of family planning, and who want no more children. Excluded from the unmet need category are pregnant and amenorrhoeic women who became pregnant while using a method (these women are in need of a better method of contraception). 2 Using for spacing is defined as women who are using some method of family planning and say they want to have another child or are undecided whether to have another. Using for limiting is defined as women who are using and who want no more children. Note that the specific methods used are not taken into account here. 3 Nonusers who are pregnant or amenorrhoeic whose pregnancy was the result of a contraceptive failure are not included in the category of unmet need, but are included in total demand for contraception (since they would have been using had their method not failed).

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Table 29 Age at first marriage

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages, percentage never married, and median age at first marriage, first cohabitation with spouse, and first sex according to current age, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage first married by exact age: Current age 15 18 20 21 25

Percentage never married

Number of respondents

Median age at first

marriage

Median age at first

cohabitation

Median age at first sexual intercourse

WOMEN

15-19 2.3 na na na na 91.4 579 a a a 20-24 7.6 22.7 35.1 na na 47.7 615 a a a 25-29 11.9 34.6 52.1 61.0 85.9 10.3 544 19.7 19.9 19.9 30-34 17.2 40.2 57.3 65.7 85.9 1.7 481 19.1 19.2 19.3 35-39 19.1 42.3 58.4 66.1 89.0 0.8 481 18.9 19.3 19.4 40-44 17.5 43.8 63.7 69.6 89.2 1.9 367 18.6 18.9 19.0 45-49 19.1 40.2 60.3 69.7 90.4 0.9 282 18.9 19.1 19.2

20-49 14.6 36.1 52.7 na na 13.4 2,770 19.7 19.8 19.9

25-49 16.6 39.9 57.7 65.8 87.7 3.6 2,155 19.1 19.3 19.4

MEN

15-19 0.2 na na na na 99.3 285 a a a 20-24 1.0 5.0 10.6 na na 80.1 276 a a a 25-29 3.5 9.0 14.6 19.4 41.5 42.3 247 a a 24.9 30-34 4.0 7.9 17.5 24.3 56.7 9.9 169 24.2 24.2 23.8 35-39 3.6 13.7 26.0 37.5 64.2 2.0 154 23.2 23.4 23.2 40-44 4.4 10.4 19.7 24.6 57.0 3.1 126 24.1 24.3 23.7 45-49 3.5 12.6 26.7 35.2 64.7 0.0 116 22.9 23.4 23.4

20-49 3.1 9.0 17.5 na na 32.1 1,088 a a a

25-49 3.8 10.4 19.9 26.9 54.7 15.8 812 24.4 24.5 24.0

na = Not applicable due to censoring a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women or men were married, began living with their spouse, or had sex for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group

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Table 30 Early childhood mortality rates

Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for five-year periods precedingthe survey and for 0-4 years before NFHS-2 and NFHS-1, Delhi, 2005-06

Years preceding the survey

Neonatalmortality

(NN)

Postneonatal mortality1

(PNN)

Infantmortality

(1q0)

Childmortality

(4q1)

Under-five mortality

(5q0)

0-4 29.3 10.5 39.8 7.3 46.7 5-9 23.7 13.6 37.2 9.2 46.1 10-14 32.6 17.0 49.5 16.4 65.2

NFHS-2 (0-4) 29.5 17.4 46.8 9.0 55.4 NFHS-1 (0-4) 34.9 30.5 65.4 19.0 83.1

1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates.

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Table 31 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics

Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic

Neonatal mortality

(NN)

Postneonatal mortality1

(PNN)

Infant mortality

(1q0)

Childmortality

(4q1)

Under-five mortality

(5q0)

Residence Urban 27.2 13.4 40.6 8.2 48.5 Slum 36.2 17.8 54.1 19.8 72.8 Non-slum 24.3 11.9 36.1 4.5 40.4 Rural * * * * *

Education No education 35.1 14.5 49.6 17.4 66.2 <10 years complete 36.0 13.1 49.2 3.7 52.7 10 or more years complete 12.7 9.4 22.1 2.6 24.6

Religion Hindu 24.6 13.0 37.6 9.2 46.4 Muslim (37.2) (5.9) (43.1) (5.1) (48.0) Sikh * * * * * Other * * * * *

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 23.5 13.9 37.4 14.5 51.3 Scheduled tribe * * * * * Other backward class (30.0) (8.5) (38.5) (9.3) (47.5) Other 26.6 10.8 37.4 6.1 43.2

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * Second * * * * * Middle (43.3) (8.1) (51.4) (13.8) (64.6) Fourth 34.0 20.0 54.0 12.6 65.9 Highest 18.9 9.0 27.9 4.1 31.9

Child's sex Male 27.6 12.2 39.8 7.6 47.2 Female 24.9 12.0 36.9 8.9 45.5

Mother's age at birth <20 (31.2) (14.9) (46.1) (17.3) (62.5) 20-29 25.8 10.9 36.6 6.6 43.0 30-39 (21.5) (15.9) (37.3) (7.4) (44.5) 40-49 * * * * *

Birth order 1 25.0 13.9 38.9 6.3 44.9 2-3 25.3 6.4 31.7 10.0 41.4 4+ 31.9 23.8 55.6 7.4 62.6

Previous birth interval2 <2 years 40.6 19.2 59.8 10.0 69.2 2-3 years 31.2 (8.7) (39.9) (9.2) (48.7) 4 years or more (7.6) (11.4) (19.0) (2.0) (20.9)

Total 26.4 12.1 38.5 8.3 46.4

Note: Total includes births to women with missing information on education, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 250-499 unweighted cases. * Not shown; based on fewer than 250 unweighted cases. 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates. 2 Excludes first-order births.

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Table 32 High-risk fertility behaviour

Percent distribution of children born in the five years preceding the survey by category of elevated risk of mortality and the risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if they were to conceive a child at the time of the survey, Delhi, 2005-06

Births in the 5 years preceding the survey

Risk category Percentage of

birthsRisk ratio

Percentage of currently

married women1

Not in any high-risk category 35.4 1.0 43.2a

Unavoidable risk category First order births to mothers age 18-34 years 33.7 1.1 7.4

Single high-risk category Mother’s age <18 2.4 (1.5) 0.1 Mother’s age >34 1.2 * 15.7 Birth interval <24 months 12.3 2.2 7.2 Birth order >3 9.3 0.5 7.8

Subtotal 25.2 1.4 30.9

Multiple high-risk category Mother’s age <18 and birth interval <24 months2 0.2 * 0.0 Mother’s age >34 and birth interval <24 months 0.2 * 0.2 Mother’s age >34 and birth order >3 1.3 * 14.1

Mother’s age >34 and birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 0.3 * 0.3

Birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 3.7 3.2 3.9

Subtotal 5.7 3.5 18.5

In any avoidable high-risk category 30.9 1.8 49.4

Total 100.0 na 100.0

Number of births 1,186 na 2,351

Note: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category to the proportion dead among births not in any high-risk category. na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Ratio not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of a child if they were to conceive at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or greater than 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest birth of order 3 or higher. 2 Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3. a Includes sterilized women.

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Table 33 Antenatal care

Percent distribution of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during pregnancy for the most recent live birth, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic Doctor

ANM/nurse/ midwife/

LHV

Otherhealth

personnel Dai/TBA

Anganwadi/ICDS

worker Other No one Total Number of

women

Age at birth <20 75.5 6.2 0.7 4.8 0.7 0.0 12.0 100.0 70 20-34 79.7 8.2 0.2 2.5 0.3 0.1 9.1 100.0 770 35-49 (77.0) (5.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (17.4) 100.0 32

Birth order 1 85.9 8.9 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 3.6 100.0 279 2-3 81.1 6.2 0.1 3.5 0.3 0.0 8.8 100.0 455 4+ 59.6 11.6 1.1 2.4 0.4 0.0 24.8 100.0 138

Residence Urban 79.7 7.6 0.3 2.3 0.3 0.1 9.8 100.0 803 Slum 63.6 12.7 1.2 4.2 1.5 0.3 16.6 100.0 170 Non-slum 84.0 6.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 8.0 100.0 634 Rural 74.2 12.1 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 7.6 100.0 69

Education No education 59.2 10.3 0.6 5.8 0.8 0.2 23.0 100.0 243 <5 years complete * * * * * * * 100.0 19 5-9 years complete 76.1 9.6 0.3 3.6 0.0 0.0 10.4 100.0 204

10 or more years complete 93.2 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 406

Religion Hindu 80.2 7.6 0.2 3.0 0.2 0.1 8.8 100.0 736 Muslim 69.1 11.3 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.0 16.9 100.0 97 Sikh * * * * * * * 100.0 29 Other * * * * * * * 100.0 9

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 71.9 8.7 0.3 3.5 0.6 0.3 14.8 100.0 186 Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * 100.0 14 Other backward class 65.4 9.8 0.8 5.1 0.0 0.0 18.9 100.0 125 Other 85.5 7.2 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.0 5.8 100.0 547

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * * 100.0 2 Second 38.8 10.2 1.4 7.9 1.4 0.0 40.2 100.0 36 Middle 53.9 11.7 0.5 8.1 1.0 0.5 24.2 100.0 98 Fourth 69.7 10.2 0.5 5.1 0.3 0.0 14.2 100.0 189 Highest 89.7 6.3 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 3.5 100.0 548

Total 79.2 7.9 0.2 2.6 0.3 0.1 9.6 100.0 872

Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualification is considered in this tabulation. Total includes women with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately. ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant; ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 34 Antenatal care services and information received

Percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey and received antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth by services and information received, according to residence and source of antenatal care, Delhi, 2005-06

Residence Source of ANC

Urban

Services/information Slum Non-slum Total Rural

Publicsector only

Private/NGO

sector only

Both public and private/ NGO sector

ANCreceived only

at home Total

Percentage receiving selected services during antenatal care

Weighed 76.2 91.5 88.5 82.0 87.0 94.2 (92.5) 54.2 88.0 Blood pressure measured 72.2 90.0 86.5 82.0 85.0 92.3 (90.4) 54.2 86.1 Urine sample taken 72.9 90.6 87.2 70.5 83.9 92.9 (90.4) 54.1 85.8 Blood sample taken 68.2 89.3 85.2 72.1 83.0 91.3 (85.0) 47.3 84.1 Abdomen examined 74.0 88.2 85.5 77.0 83.1 93.4 (88.1) 41.5 84.8

Percentage receiving information on specific pregnancy complications

Vaginal bleeding 32.5 51.4 47.7 45.9 45.1 56.6 (31.3) 16.6 47.6 Convulsions 30.0 50.5 46.5 31.1 42.7 55.0 (25.9) 12.7 45.3 Prolonged labour 34.3 53.6 49.8 45.9 44.4 58.5 (41.9) 34.1 49.5

Where to go if experienced pregnancy complications 61.7 80.4 76.7 72.1 73.8 84.3 (53.7) 56.1 76.4

Number of women 142 583 724 64 385 327 24 53 788

NGO = Nongovernmental organization ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

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Table 35 Antenatal care indicators

Among women with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey, percentage who received different types of antenatal care (ANC) during the pregnancy for their most recent live birth, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic

Percentagewho had three or

more ANC visits

Percentagewith an ANC

visit in the first trimester of pregnancy

Percentagewho received two or more TT injections during the pregnancy

Percentage who received one TT

injection during the pregnancy and at

least one more in the three years prior to

the pregnancy

Percentagewho were given or

bought IFA

Percentagewho took IFA for at least 90

days

Percentage who took an

intestinalparasite drug

Number of women

Mother's age at birth <20 63.9 48.1 80.3 0.0 64.2 18.6 7.6 70 20-34 76.1 64.7 91.3 0.5 79.0 41.4 5.6 770 35-49 (76.2) (76.1) (87.3) (0.0) (72.9) (40.3) (7.9) 32

Birth order 1 83.8 70.0 94.6 0.0 84.3 47.5 7.7 279 2-3 76.4 65.8 90.3 0.8 77.9 40.4 5.9 455 4+ 53.6 44.5 81.6 0.4 62.9 20.5 2.0 138

Residence Urban 75.1 64.3 90.7 0.4 78.0 41.0 6.0 803 Slum 58.4 50.0 84.9 0.3 65.4 22.6 2.1 170 Non-slum 79.6 68.1 92.2 0.4 81.4 45.9 7.0 634 Rural 75.8 57.6 86.4 1.5 72.7 22.7 4.5 69

Education No education 52.2 45.0 79.7 0.7 58.6 16.5 2.2 243 <5 years complete * * * * * * * 19 5-9 years complete 70.1 54.2 91.5 0.6 72.8 25.7 1.5 204 10 or more years complete 92.3 80.9 96.9 0.3 92.1 61.4 10.2 406

Religion Hindu 75.6 63.9 90.7 0.6 78.4 39.3 6.4 736 Muslim 64.1 54.9 88.4 0.0 66.2 34.0 0.0 97 Sikh * * * * * * * 29 Other * * * * * * * 9

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 63.1 50.8 86.8 0.0 71.0 25.4 1.5 186 Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * 14 Other backward class 58.3 49.3 83.7 0.0 66.6 25.4 5.5 125 Other 83.4 71.0 93.2 0.5 82.4 48.4 7.4 547

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * * 2 Second 37.5 38.8 74.9 3.6 53.2 11.5 0.0 36 Middle 44.6 42.2 73.5 0.5 53.7 10.4 1.8 98 Fourth 64.1 49.7 87.5 0.6 68.0 24.6 4.7 189 Highest 86.9 74.0 95.3 0.2 86.7 51.8 7.4 548

Total 75.1 63.8 90.3 0.5 77.6 39.5 5.9 872

Note: Total includes women with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately. TT = Tetanus toxoid; IFA = Iron and folic acid tablets or syrup ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 36 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound was done

Percentage of all pregnancies in the five years preceding the survey for which an ultrasound test was done and percent distribution of pregnancies with an ultrasound test by pregnancy outcome, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Pregnancy outcome2

Background characteristic

Percentage of pregnancies

with an ultrasound

Number of pregnancies Son Daughter Termination

Still pregnant

Total percent

Number of pregnancies

with an ultrasound

Mother's age at pregnancy <20 37.9 192 41.7 47.1 6.6 4.6 100.0 73 20-34 53.3 1,273 44.1 39.3 10.3 6.3 100.0 679 35-49 (47.2) 45 * * * * 100.0 21

Residence Urban 51.2 1,388 43.8 39.4 10.7 6.0 100.0 711 Slum 32.0 313 47.4 38.8 7.7 6.1 100.0 100 Non-slum 56.9 1,074 43.2 39.5 11.2 6.0 100.0 611 Rural 50.8 123 46.7 38.3 8.3 6.7 100.0 63

Antenatal care visits1 None 8.2 84 * * na na 100.0 7 1-3 39.0 214 45.3 54.7 na na 100.0 83 4+ 76.3 560 55.6 44.4 na na 100.0 428

Education No education 25.6 449 43.7 39.7 10.6 6.0 100.0 115 <5 years complete (25.0) 37 * * * * 100.0 9 5-9 years complete 44.3 355 43.8 38.1 11.8 6.3 100.0 157 10 or more years complete 73.5 669 44.2 39.6 10.3 6.0 100.0 492

Religion Hindu 51.4 1,276 42.4 40.4 11.0 6.1 100.0 656 Muslim 42.0 177 50.0 35.3 7.2 7.5 100.0 74 Sikh (79.4) 43 (51.9) (33.3) (11.1) (3.7) 100.0 34 Other * 12 * * * * 100.0 9

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 36.0 325 42.5 44.7 8.3 4.6 100.0 117 Scheduled tribe * 23 * * * * 100.0 5 Other backward class 40.9 226 42.5 42.5 5.0 9.9 100.0 92 Other 59.7 937 44.4 38.0 11.8 5.8 100.0 559

Wealth index Lowest * 2 * * * * 100.0 1 Second 11.5 69 * * * * 100.0 8 Middle 20.4 180 48.2 43.4 2.8 5.6 100.0 37 Fourth 31.4 353 41.5 37.3 15.4 5.8 100.0 111 Highest 68.0 907 44.2 39.3 10.3 6.2 100.0 617

Mother's number of living children at time of pregnancy

No children 64.0 557 43.4 39.2 10.7 6.7 100.0 356 1 child 57.2 478 43.1 44.4 6.7 5.9 100.0 273 0 sons 62.0 222 48.4 37.5 7.7 6.3 100.0 138 1 son 53.0 256 37.6 51.3 5.6 5.5 100.0 135 2 children 36.6 275 49.9 29.1 17.0 4.1 100.0 101 0 sons 54.0 68 (77.0) (23.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 37 1 or more sons 30.9 207 34.3 32.7 26.7 6.4 100.0 64 3 children 24.4 112 (40.3) (36.3) (12.2) (11.1) 100.0 27 0 sons * 18 * * * * 100.0 6 1 or more sons 23.0 95 * * * * 100.0 22 4+ children 17.8 89 * * * * 100.0 16 0 sons * 10 * * * * 100.0 4 1 or more sons 15.6 79 * * * * 100.0 12

Total 51.2 1,511 44.1 39.3 10.5 6.1 100.0 773

Note: Total includes pregnancies to women with missing information on antenatal care visits and religion, who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes only the most recent pregnancy ending in a live birth in the five years preceding the survey. 2 For multiple births, sex of pregnancy outcome is the sex of the first listed birth.

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Table 37 Delivery and postnatal care

Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by place of delivery and assistance during delivery and percentagedelivered by a skilled provider and by caesarean section, percentage of live births whose delivery was done at home by whether the delivery protocol was followed, and percent distribution of women giving birth in the five years preceding the survey by timing and typeof provider of the first postnatal check-up of the mother following the most recent live birth, by residence, Delhi, 2005-06

Residence

Urban

Delivery and postnatal care descriptors Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

Place of delivery Health facility 33.4 68.4 60.1 47.0 58.9 Public sector 19.6 33.3 30.1 31.0 30.2 NGO/trust 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.2 Private sector 13.8 34.9 29.9 15.0 28.6 At home 66.6 31.6 39.9 53.0 41.1 Own home 66.2 31.5 39.7 53.0 40.9 Parents’ home 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other home 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Assistance during delivery1 Doctor 32.6 62.2 55.2 48.0 54.6 ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 9.4 8.8 8.9 15.0 9.4 Other health personnel 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dai (TBA) 49.8 25.3 31.1 35.0 31.5 Friends/relatives 5.2 2.8 3.3 2.0 3.2 No one 2.8 0.8 1.2 0.0 1.1 Don't know/missing 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage delivered by a skilled provider 42.2 71.0 64.2 63.0 64.1

Percentage delivered by caesarean section 7.0 16.9 14.6 5.0 13.7

Number of births 256 826 1,082 104 1,186

For home deliveries Disposable delivery kit used 34.5 41.3 38.8 (47.1) 39.7 Clean blade used to cut the cord 94.2 96.5 95.6 (97.1) 95.8 Either of the above 96.6 98.6 97.9 (97.1) 97.8 Baby was immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without being bathed 54.9 59.4 57.8 (70.6) 59.2

Number of births delivered at home 105 182 287 35 322

Timing after delivery of mother's first postnatal check-up2 Had postnatal check-up 46.7 65.3 61.4 54.5 60.9 Less than 4 hours 29.2 43.5 40.5 34.8 40.0 4-23 hours 6.3 11.6 10.5 7.6 10.3 1-2 days 8.7 7.8 8.0 9.1 8.1 3-41 days 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.5 Don't know/missing/other response 0.3 3.0 2.4 1.5 2.4 No postnatal check-up 53.0 31.7 36.2 43.9 36.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Type of provider of mother's first postnatal check-up2 Doctor 28.3 54.5 49.0 37.9 48.1 ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.7

Dai (TBA) 14.2 7.2 8.7 13.6 9.1 Missing 0.3 3.0 2.4 1.5 2.4 No postnatal check-up 53.0 31.7 36.2 43.9 36.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of births 170 634 803 69 872

NGO = Nongovernmental organization; ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in thistabulation.2 Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey. Postnatal check-ups are checks on the woman's health within 42 daysof the birth.

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Table 38 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics

Percentage of live births in the five years preceding the survey delivered in a health facility and percentage delivered with assistance from health personnel and percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who received a postnatal check-up and who received a postnatal check-up within two days of the most recent birth, by background characteristics,Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic

Percentage of births

delivered in a health facility

Percentage of deliveries assisted by

health personnel1

Number of births

Percentage of women with a

postnatal check-up2, 3

Percentage of women with a

postnatal check-up within two

days of birth2Number of

women

Mother’s age at birth <20 39.2 45.0 120 50.3 48.5 70 20-34 61.1 66.1 1,032 61.5 58.9 770 35-49 (62.2) (68.7) 35 (69.1) (67.5) 32

Birth order 1 72.7 75.5 428 69.3 65.4 279 2-3 58.0 64.1 585 61.8 60.4 455 4+ 28.5 35.8 174 40.5 37.5 138

Antenatal care visits2 None 16.6 25.8 84 23.0 21.5 84 1-3 40.6 47.5 214 43.2 39.4 214 4+ 78.8 83.2 560 73.8 71.7 560

Residence Urban 60.1 64.2 1,082 61.4 59.0 803 Slum 33.4 42.2 256 46.7 44.3 170 Non-slum 68.4 71.0 826 65.3 62.9 634 Rural 47.0 63.0 104 54.5 51.5 69

Education No education 24.6 30.8 372 41.8 38.8 243 <5 years complete (16.0) (34.7) 29 * * 19 5-9 years complete 51.7 58.2 280 48.3 46.2 204 10 or more years complete 90.7 93.4 506 80.0 77.7 406

Religion Hindu 60.3 65.7 1,000 61.5 59.4 736 Muslim 41.3 45.8 143 49.0 44.6 97 Sikh (92.3) (92.3) 33 * * 29 Other * * 10 * * 9

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 40.6 48.0 267 51.1 48.9 186 Scheduled tribe * * 21 * * 14 Other backward class 45.2 54.0 184 44.4 42.5 125 Other 69.9 73.4 713 67.6 64.9 547

Wealth index Lowest * * 2 * * 2 Second 15.8 22.2 57 21.6 20.1 36 Middle 18.9 27.2 154 43.3 41.2 98 Fourth 37.8 43.6 283 43.5 42.1 189 Highest 80.0 84.1 691 72.5 69.6 548

Place of delivery Public health facility na 99.9 358 77.5 75.7 272 NGO or trust/hospital/clinic na * 2 * * 2 Private health facility na 99.3 339 83.5 81.3 275 Home na 13.1 487 27.2 23.9 322

Total 58.9 64.1 1,186 60.9 58.4 872

Note: Total includes births with missing information on antenatal care visits and religion, which are not shown separately. NGO = Nongovernmental organization na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel. 2 Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey. 3 Postnatal check-ups are checks on the woman's health within 42 days of the birth.

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Table 39 Trends in maternal care indicators

Maternal care indicators for births during the three years preceding the survey, by residence, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1, Delhi

Indicator NFHS-3 NFHS-2 NFHS-1

URBAN

Percentage who received antenatal care1 91.6 86.2 85.0 Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits1 74.3 69.8 73.2 Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 62.4 50.8 39.0 Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 61.5 61.9 46.7 Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2, 3 65.3 68.2 55.7

RURAL

Percentage who received antenatal care1 (93.9) 69.6 80.0 Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits 1 (75.5) 60.5 61.9 Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 (57.1) 40.9 32.4 Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 52.6 34.1 30.1 Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2, 3 63.2 45.5 35.8

TOTAL

Percentage who received antenatal care1 91.8 84.6 84.6 Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits1 74.4 68.9 72.2 Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 61.9 49.9 38.4 Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 60.7 59.1 45.3 Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2, 3 65.1 65.9 54.0

( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Based on the last birth to ever-married women in the three years preceding the survey. 2 Based on the last two births to ever-married women in the three years preceding the survey.3 Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.

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Table 40 Male involvement in maternal care: Men's report

Among men age 15-49 whose youngest living child was age 0-35 months, percentage for whom the youngest child's mother received antenatal care, percentage who were present during at least one antenatal care visit, percentage who were told by a health provider or worker at any time during the pregnancy about specific signs of pregnancy complications, percentage to whom a health provider or worker spoke about specific aspects of maternal care at any time during the pregnancy, and percentage whose youngest child was delivered in a health facility, and among men with a child age 0-35 months whose youngest living child was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who were given specific home delivery related information, by residence, Delhi, 2005-06

Residence

Urban

Antenatal/delivery care and information Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

Percentage of men for whom the youngest child's mother received antenatal care 70.2 83.2 79.9 * 80.4

Percentage of men who were present at any antenatal care visit 47.9 69.0 63.7 * 63.9

Percentage who were told by a health provider or health worker about the following signs of pregnancy complications:

Vaginal bleeding 18.1 30.1 27.0 * 25.9 Convulsion 18.1 31.0 27.7 * 26.5 Prolonged labour 18.1 35.4 31.0 * 29.6

Percentage ever told what to do if mother had any pregnancy complication 22.3 46.0 40.0 * 40.0

Percentage whose youngest child was delivered in a health facility 41.5 65.5 59.4 * 60.5

Percentage to whom a health provider or worker spoke about the following aspects of maternal care:

The importance of delivering in a health facility 37.2 52.2 48.4 * 47.7 The importance of proper nutrition for the mother

during pregnancy 41.5 55.8 52.1 * 51.1 Family planning or delaying his next child 36.2 53.1 48.8 * 48.1

Number of men with a child age 0-35 months 50 146 196 17 213

Among men whose last child age 0-35 months was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who were told the importance of:

Breastfeeding the baby immediately after birth 43.6 (35.9) 38.7 * 36.6 Keeping the baby warm immediately after birth 41.8 (35.9) 38.1 * 36.0 Cleanliness at the time of delivery 47.3 (33.3) 38.4 * 36.3 Using a new or unused blade to cut the cord 45.5 (35.9) 39.4 * 37.2

Number of men whose last child age 0-35 months was not delivered in a health facility 29 50 80 5 84

( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 41 Vaccinations by background characteristics

Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen by the interviewer, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for NFHS-2 and NFHS-1

DPT Polio1

Background characteristic BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles

All basic vaccina-

tions2No

vaccinations

Percentagewith a

vaccinationcard seen

Numberof

children

Sex Male 88.3 83.9 82.1 73.4 69.6 90.8 89.1 78.4 81.6 63.2 7.9 34.6 103 Female 85.6 82.8 78.8 70.0 71.2 86.1 83.9 79.8 74.7 63.2 10.3 26.2 101

Birth order 1 92.2 90.0 90.0 79.6 80.4 92.1 91.4 83.9 86.4 69.0 4.6 38.5 72 2-3 88.1 84.6 81.1 73.5 69.9 89.9 88.1 80.1 80.1 65.4 8.8 26.3 101 4-5 (75.9) (71.0) (68.5) (54.5) (55.7) (88.7) (88.7) (81.0) (63.3) (46.8) (11.3) (16.5) 20 6+ * * * * * * * * * * * * 11

Residence Urban 86.7 83.3 80.1 72.0 70.6 88.4 86.2 79.1 78.1 63.2 9.6 28.6 184 Slum 79.8 79.8 75.3 65.2 53.9 86.5 83.1 74.2 67.4 51.7 13.5 23.6 46 Non-slum 89.0 84.4 81.7 74.3 76.1 89.0 87.2 80.7 81.7 67.0 8.3 30.3 138 Rural * * * * * * * * * * * * 20

Mother’s education No education 68.1 65.8 58.9 49.6 41.1 75.4 70.0 66.2 55.4 44.2 24.6 20.4 66 <5 years complete * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 5-9 years complete (90.2) (87.6) (84.6) (74.0) (68.6) (91.4) (90.2) (85.8) (82.1) (67.2) (5.5) (27.2) 41

10 or more years complete 100.0 94.7 94.7 86.5 94.1 96.1 96.1 86.0 93.3 76.2 0.0 37.9 91

Religion Hindu 89.9 85.9 83.6 73.5 73.6 91.7 89.6 81.2 81.2 64.0 5.5 32.7 172 Muslim (68.1) (66.3) (60.1) (58.4) (48.6) (68.1) (66.3) (64.6) (58.4) (54.8) (31.9) (10.6) 29 Sikh * * * * * * * * * * * * 3

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 88.5 86.7 84.3 74.7 54.2 90.9 90.9 86.1 79.5 68.6 6.6 33.8 42 Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 Other backward class (82.3) (80.6) (78.8) (69.0) (64.7) (92.1) (90.3) (82.3) (69.1) (59.3) (7.9) (25.7) 29 Other 87.4 82.7 79.4 71.1 77.6 86.8 84.1 75.9 79.6 61.9 10.3 29.7 131

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 Second * * * * * * * * * * * * 13 Middle (64.5) (58.6) (45.2) (39.4) (50.1) (66.4) (59.7) (55.8) (35.6) (27.9) (24.9) (24.1) 27 Fourth 78.9 76.0 72.5 62.4 48.8 87.0 83.5 77.9 70.9 54.8 13.0 22.5 51

Highest 98.4 95.0 94.6 85.5 88.4 96.6 96.2 86.7 93.5 76.2 1.1 37.9 113

Total 87.0 83.4 80.5 71.7 70.4 88.5 86.5 79.1 78.2 63.2 9.1 30.4 204

NFHS-2 (1998-99) 92.0 90.8 88.3 79.9 36.9 93.8 91.7 81.0 77.5 69.8 5.1 43.7 275 NFHS-1 (1992-93) 90.1 89.0 81.9 71.6 12.3 88.8 85.1 75.0 69.6 57.8 6.7 45.5 464

( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Polio 0 is the polio vaccine given at birth. 2 BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth).

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Table 42 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever

Among children under age five, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever in the two weeks preceding the survey and percentage with symptoms of ARI and fever who received specific treatments, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Children under age five with symptoms of ARI Children under age five with fever

Children under age five

Background characteristic

Percentagewith

symptoms of ARI1

Percentagewith fever

Number of children

Percentagefor whom treatment was sought

from a health

facility or provider2

Percentagewho

receivedantibiotics

Number of children

Percentagefor whom treatment was sought

from a health

facility or provider2

Percentagewho took

antimalarial drugs

Number of children

Age in months <6 5.6 9.7 124 * * 7 * * 12 6-11 4.1 8.0 98 * * 4 * * 8 12-23 8.9 17.4 204 * * 18 (91.3) (34.6) 36 24-35 6.8 13.6 241 * * 16 (96.1) (16.5) 33 36-47 6.1 12.0 256 * * 16 (95.0) (41.3) 31 48-59 5.2 8.8 212 * * 11 * * 19

Sex Male 5.9 11.6 617 (93.0) (17.5) 37 97.1 25.5 71 Female 6.9 12.8 518 (85.6) (29.5) 35 88.5 33.8 66

Residence Urban 5.6 11.5 1,035 90.2 22.1 57 93.6 27.1 119 Slum 4.9 8.3 240 * * 12 (87.2) (28.2) 20 Non-slum 5.8 12.5 795 (94.4) (22.2) 46 94.9 26.9 99 Rural 14.6 18.7 100 * * 15 * * 19

Mother's education No education 3.8 9.3 348 * * 13 (89.8) (35.5) 32 <5 years complete (16.2) (14.2) 25 * * 4 * * 4 5-9 years complete 8.4 10.7 270 * * 23 (89.4) (17.8) 29 10 or more years complete 6.5 14.8 491 (93.5) (11.9) 32 95.4 32.9 73

Religion Hindu 6.9 11.4 962 88.5 24.5 67 91.6 27.4 109 Muslim 0.8 10.6 131 * * 1 * * 14 Sikh * * 30 * * 4 * * 10 Other * * 10 * * 1 * * 4

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 4.7 6.5 254 * * 12 * * 16 Scheduled tribe * * 20 * * 1 * * 2 Other backward class 6.9 12.4 176 * * 12 * * 22 Other 6.9 14.3 686 (84.9) (17.2) 48 91.9 28.2 98

Wealth index Lowest * * 2 nc nc 0 * * 1 Second 8.7 15.7 52 * * 5 * * 8 Middle 6.0 8.4 146 * * 9 * * 12 Fourth 6.5 11.8 266 * * 17 (94.3) (32.6) 31 Highest 6.2 12.7 669 (88.9) (15.3) 42 93.1 24.2 85

Total 6.4 12.1 1,135 89.3 23.4 72 92.9 29.5 138

Note: Total includes children with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately. nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 ‘Symptoms of ARI’ (cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing which was chest-related) is considered a proxy for pneumonia. 2 Excludes pharmacy, shop, and traditional practitioner.

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Tab

le 4

3 P

reva

lenc

e an

d tre

atm

ent o

f dia

rrho

ea

Perc

enta

ge o

f chi

ldre

n un

der

age

five

who

had

dia

rrho

ea in

the

two

wee

ks p

rece

ding

the

sur

vey

and

amon

g ch

ildre

n un

der

age

five

who

had

dia

rrho

ea in

the

tw

o w

eeks

pre

cedi

ng t

he s

urve

y,pe

rcen

tage

who

re

ceiv

ed a

dvic

e or

tre

atm

ent

from

a h

ealth

pro

vide

r, w

ho r

ecei

ved

oral

reh

ydra

tion

ther

apy

(ORT

), w

ho w

ere

give

n ot

her

treat

men

ts,

and

who

wer

e gi

ven

no t

reat

men

t, by

bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

s, D

elhi

, 20

05-0

6

Dia

rrho

ea in

the

two

wee

ks p

rece

ding

the

surv

eyO

ral r

ehyd

ratio

n th

erap

y (O

RT)

Oth

er tr

eatm

ents

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

An

ydi

arrh

oea

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

geof

chi

ldre

n w

ithdi

arrh

oea

take

n to

a

heal

thpr

ovid

er1

ORS

pa

cket

sG

ruel

Eith

erO

RS o

r gr

uel

Incr

ease

d flu

ids

Any

ORT

or

incr

ease

dflu

ids

Antib

iotic

drug

Oth

er d

rug2

Intra

veno

us

solu

tion

Hom

e re

med

y/

herb

al/o

ther

No

treat

men

t N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Age

in m

onth

s

<

6

14.2

12

4

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 18

6-11

12

.4

98

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 12

12-2

3

13.5

20

4

(81.

5)

(46.

2)

(19.

4)

(50.

8)

(9.2

) (5

0.8)

(3

7.1)

(2

4.0)

(0

.0)

(5.6

) (1

8.5)

28

24-3

5

6.9

24

1

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 17

36-4

7

5.1

25

6

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 13

48-5

9

3.6

21

2

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 8

Sex

M

ale

9.

5

617

77

.4

33.7

14

.4

42.9

10

.9

45.0

24

.5

19.6

2.

2

5.2

26

.7

58

Fe

mal

e

7.0

51

8

(71.

2)

(23.

9)

(26.

7)

(40.

8)

(7.0

) (4

0.8)

(4

2.3)

(1

8.3)

(0

.0)

(7.8

) (2

4.6)

36

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

7.9

1,

035

71

.2

29.4

19

.5

40.9

10

.8

42.4

29

.7

22.0

1.

5

5.9

27

.3

82

S

lum

8.

3

240

(64.

1)

(38.

5)

(10.

3)

(41.

0)

(0.0

) (4

1.0)

(2

0.5)

(2

0.5)

(0

.0)

(5.1

) (3

5.9)

20

Non

-slu

m

7.8

79

5 (7

3.5)

(2

6.5)

(2

2.4)

(4

0.8)

(1

4.3)

(4

2.9)

(3

2.7)

(2

2.4)

(2

.0)

(6.1

) (2

4.5)

62

Rura

l 12

.5

100

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

13

Mot

her's

edu

catio

n

No

educ

atio

n

7.8

34

8

(70.

1)

(26.

1)

(5.6

) (2

6.1)

(4

.6)

(26.

1)

(24.

3)

(24.

2)

(0.0

) (1

.9)

(38.

3)

27

<

5 ye

ars

com

plet

e

(24.

2)

25

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 6

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

10

.9

270

(7

0.8)

(3

0.3)

(1

6.4)

(4

6.7)

(4

.3)

(46.

7)

(19.

8)

(19.

8)

(0.0

) (6

.0)

(29.

2)

30

10 o

r mor

e ye

ars

com

plet

e6.

4

491

82

.3

(31.

4)

(29.

0)

(48.

4)

(12.

0)

(52.

4)

(38.

7)

(17.

7)

(4.0

) (1

1.3)

(1

2.9)

32

Relig

ion

H

indu

7.

8

962

78

.7

31.7

18

.3

42.9

10

.1

42.9

34

.7

21.0

1.

7

3.1

21

.4

75

M

uslim

10

.1

131

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

13

Si

kh

* 30

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

5

O

ther

*

10

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 1

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sc

hedu

led

cast

e

10.4

25

4

(75.

8)

(26.

3)

(16.

4)

(36.

0)

(9.6

) (3

6.0)

(2

6.3)

(1

7.4)

(0

.0)

(4.0

) (2

9.0)

26

Sche

dule

d tri

be

*

20

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 1

Oth

er b

ackw

ard

clas

s

10.9

17

6

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 19

Oth

er

7.1

68

6

73.3

29

.4

17.3

40

.4

5.2

43

.0

28.3

19

.9

2.6

9.

9

23.6

49

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t *

2

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

1

Se

cond

9.

3

52

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

* 5

Mid

dle

10

.0

146

*

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

15

Fo

urth

10

.5

266

(7

6.2)

(3

6.9)

(1

9.3)

(4

5.2)

(1

3.7)

(4

5.2)

(3

2.1)

(2

0.1)

(0

.0)

(0.0

) (3

0.2)

28

H

ighe

st

7.0

66

9

(72.

9)

(27.

6)

(23.

9)

(46.

1)

(10.

8)

(48.

8)

(33.

8)

(11.

9)

(2.7

) (9

.2)

(22.

8)

47

Tot

al

8.3

1,13

5 75

.0

29.9

19

.1

42.1

9.

4 43

.4

31.3

19

.1

1.3

6.2

25.9

95

Not

e: O

RT in

clud

es s

olut

ion

prep

ared

from

an

oral

rehy

drat

ion

salt

(ORS

) pac

ket a

nd g

ruel

. Tot

al in

clud

es c

hild

ren

with

miss

ing

info

rmat

ion

on re

ligio

n, w

ho a

re n

ot s

how

n se

para

tely

. ( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

1 Exc

lude

s ph

arm

acy,

sho

p, a

nd tr

aditi

onal

pra

ctiti

oner

. 2 In

clud

es a

ntim

otili

ty d

rugs

and

unk

now

n dr

ugs.

Delhi.indd 71 3/19/09 12:51:20 PM

��

72

Tab

le 4

4 F

eedi

ng p

ract

ices

dur

ing

diar

rhoe

a

Perc

ent d

istrib

utio

n of

chi

ldre

n un

der a

ge fi

ve w

ho h

ad d

iarr

hoea

in th

e tw

o w

eeks

pre

cedi

ng th

e su

rvey

by

amou

nt o

f liq

uids

and

food

offe

red

com

pare

d w

ith n

orm

al p

ract

ice,

acc

ordi

ng to

bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

s,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Am

ount

of l

iqui

ds o

ffere

d

Amou

nt o

f foo

d of

fere

d

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

M

ore

Sam

e as

us

ual

Som

e-w

hat l

ess

Muc

h le

ssN

one

Tota

l M

ore

Sam

e as

us

ual

Som

e-w

hat l

ess

Muc

h le

ssN

ever

gave

food

Tota

l

Perc

enta

ge g

iven

in

crea

sed

fluid

s an

d co

ntin

ued

feed

ing1,

2

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

ORT

or

incr

ease

d flu

ids

and

cont

inue

d fe

edin

g2

Num

ber

of

child

ren

with

diar

rhoe

a

Age

in m

onth

s

<6

*

* *

* *

100.

0

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

* *

18

6-

11

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 12

12-2

3

(9.2

) (2

7.7)

(5

1.9)

(1

1.3)

(0

.0)

100.

0

(0.0

) (2

7.7)

(5

0.0)

(1

7.7)

(4

.6)

100.

0 (4

.6)

(34.

1)

28

24

-35

*

* *

* *

100.

0

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

* *

17

36

-47

*

* *

* *

100.

0

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

* *

13

48

-59

*

* *

* *

100.

0

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

* *

8

Sex

M

ale

10

.9

18.4

44

.9

11.0

14

.8

100.

0

6.5

18

.4

44.9

15

.4

14.8

10

0.0

8.7

33

.6

58

Fe

mal

e

(7.0

) (2

9.5)

(4

9.4)

(4

.3)

(9.8

) 10

0.0

(2

.9)

(29.

5)

(51.

5)

(2.8

) (1

3.3)

10

0.0

(7.0

) (3

2.4)

36

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

10.8

22

.3

47.4

4.

7

14.9

10

0.0

4.

6

22.3

48

.3

8.4

16

.4

100.

0 9.

3

33.1

82

Slu

m

(0.0

) (2

8.2)

(4

8.7)

(1

2.8)

(1

0.3)

10

0.0

(0

.0)

(28.

2)

(46.

2)

(15.

4)

(10.

3)

100.

0 (0

.0)

(28.

2)

20

N

on-s

lum

(1

4.3)

(2

0.4)

(4

6.9)

(2

.0)

(16.

3)

100.

0

(6.1

) (2

0.4)

(4

9.0)

(6

.1)

(18.

4)

100.

0 (1

2.2)

(3

4.7)

62

Rura

l *

* *

* *

100.

0

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

* *

13

Mot

her's

edu

catio

n

No

educ

atio

n

(4.6

) (2

6.2)

(4

0.1)

(1

2.2)

(1

6.8)

10

0.0

(4

.6)

(21.

6)

(38.

3)

(18.

7)

(16.

8)

100.

0 (4

.6)

(15.

9)

27

<

5 y

ears

com

plet

e

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 6

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

(4

.3)

(24.

9)

(44.

9)

(8.7

) (1

7.2)

10

0.0

(7

.8)

(20.

6)

(49.

2)

(5.2

) (1

7.2)

10

0.0

(4.3

) (3

8.9)

30

10 o

r mor

e ye

ars

com

plet

e

(12.

0)

(21.

9)

(58.

8)

(3.3

) (4

.0)

100.

0

(4.0

) (2

1.9)

(5

8.8)

(7

.3)

(8.0

) 10

0.0

(8.0

) (4

1.0)

32

Relig

ion

H

indu

10

.1

23.1

45

.9

8.6

12

.2

100.

0

6.5

23

.1

45.2

11

.3

13.9

10

0.0

8.5

33

.0

75

M

uslim

*

* *

* *

100.

0

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

* *

13

Si

kh

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 5

Oth

er

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 1

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sc

hedu

led

cast

e

(9.6

) (2

4.2)

(5

5.5)

(1

.9)

(8.7

) 10

0.0

(9

.6)

(14.

6)

(57.

4)

(6.8

) (1

1.6)

10

0.0

(9.6

) (2

9.2)

26

Sche

dule

d tri

be

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 1

Oth

er b

ackw

ard

clas

s

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 19

Oth

er

5.2

24

.1

48.6

9.

6

12.5

10

0.0

2.

1

24.1

49

.1

11.1

13

.6

100.

0 2.

6

30.3

49

Wea

lth in

dex

Low

est

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 1

Seco

nd

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 5

M

iddl

e

* *

* *

* 10

0.0

*

* *

* *

100.

0 *

* 15

Four

th

(13.

7)

(27.

4)

(27.

6)

(11.

2)

(20.

1)

100.

0

(8.3

) (2

7.4)

(2

9.4)

(1

2.1)

(2

2.8)

10

0.0

(13.

7)

(33.

2)

28

Hig

hest

(1

0.8)

(2

2.4)

(5

2.7)

(3

.3)

(10.

8)

100.

0

(5.4

) (2

2.4)

(5

5.4)

(6

.0)

(10.

8)

100.

0 (8

.1)

(38.

5)

47

Tot

al

9.4

22.7

46

.6

8.4

12.9

10

0.0

5.1

22.7

47

.4

10.6

14

.2

100.

0 8.

0 33

.1

95

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

chi

ldre

n w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion,

who

are

not

sho

wn

sepa

rate

ly.

ORT

= O

ral r

ehyd

ratio

n th

erap

y, w

hich

incl

udes

sol

utio

n pr

epar

ed fr

om a

n or

al re

hydr

atio

n sa

lt pa

cket

and

gru

el

( ) B

ased

on

25-4

9 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

*

Perc

enta

ge n

ot s

how

n; b

ased

on

few

er th

an 2

5 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

1 E

quiv

alen

t to

the

UN

ICEF

/WH

O in

dica

tor '

Hom

e m

anag

emen

t of d

iarr

hoea

'. 2 C

ontin

ued

feed

ing

incl

udes

chi

ldre

n w

ho w

ere

give

n m

ore,

sam

e as

usu

al, o

r som

ewha

t les

s fo

od d

urin

g th

e di

arrh

oea

episo

de.

Delhi.indd 72 3/19/09 12:51:21 PM

��

73

Table 45 Knowledge of ORS packets

Percentage of all women and percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who know about ORS packets for treatment of diarrhoea, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

All women Women who gave birth in

the past five years

Background characteristic

Percentage who know about ORS

packets Number of

women

Percentage who know about ORS

packets Number of

women

Age 15-19 96.5 579 (97.7) 22 20-24 93.4 615 88.3 229 25-34 94.8 1,025 94.9 537 35-49 96.0 1,130 95.8 84

Residence Urban 95.2 3,096 93.4 803 Slum 93.6 572 91.9 170 Non-slum 95.6 2,524 93.8 634 Rural 95.5 253 92.4 69

Education No education 87.4 717 83.1 243 <5 years complete 95.3 59 * 19 5-9 years complete 96.0 791 96.1 204 10 or more years complete 98.1 1,782 97.8 406

Religion Hindu 95.1 2,845 93.2 736 Muslim 95.6 310 92.4 97 Sikh 98.0 126 * 29 Other 93.7 65 * 9

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 92.6 580 91.2 186 Scheduled tribe 90.7 49 * 14 Other backward class 91.1 430 87.2 125 Other 96.8 2,290 95.5 547

Wealth index Lowest * 3 * 2 Second 80.0 64 80.6 36 Middle 83.9 212 85.5 98 Fourth 91.5 565 86.2 189 Highest 97.4 2,505 98.1 548

Total 95.2 3,349 93.3 872

Note: Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, who are not shown separately. ORS = Oral rehydration salts ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 73 3/19/09 12:51:22 PM

��

74

Ta

ble

46 I

CD

S co

vera

ge a

nd u

tiliz

atio

n of

ICD

S se

rvic

es

Perc

enta

ge o

f chi

ldre

n un

der a

ge s

ix y

ears

who

are

in a

n ar

ea c

over

ed b

y an

ang

anw

adi c

entr

e (A

WC

), an

d pe

rcen

tage

of c

hild

ren

in a

reas

cov

ered

by

an A

WC

who

rece

ived

any

ser

vice

and

rece

ived

spe

cific

ser

vice

s fro

m

an A

WC

in th

e 12

mon

ths

prec

edin

g th

e su

rvey

, by

back

grou

nd c

hara

cter

istic

s, D

elhi

, 200

5-06

Chi

ldre

n in

are

as c

over

ed b

y an

AW

C

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 36

-71

mon

ths

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 0-

59 m

onth

sC

hild

ren

age

0-59

mon

ths

who

w

ere

wei

ghed

at a

n AW

C

Perc

enta

ge o

f chi

ldre

n ag

e 0-

71 m

onth

s w

ho re

ceiv

ed

from

an

AWC

Back

grou

nd c

hara

cter

istic

Perc

enta

geof

chi

ldre

n ag

e 0-

71

mon

ths

in

area

sco

vere

d by

an

AW

C

Num

ber

of

child

ren

age

0-71

m

onth

s An

yse

rvic

e1Su

pple

men

tary

food

2An

yim

mun

izat

ion

Hea

lthch

eck-

ups

Num

ber

of

child

ren

age

0-71

m

onth

s

Perc

enta

ge w

ho

wen

t for

ear

ly

child

hood

care

/pre

scho

ol to

an

AW

C

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

gew

ho w

ere

wei

ghed

at a

n A

WC

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

ge w

hose

m

othe

rs re

ceiv

ed

coun

selin

g fro

m

an A

WC

afte

r ch

ild w

as w

eigh

edN

umbe

r of

child

ren

Age

in m

onth

s

<12

47

.7

222

4.

1

3.6

2.

2

1.5

10

6

na

na

1.2

10

6

* 1

12-2

3

48.2

20

4

7.3

7.

3

4.7

2.

9

98

na

na

3.4

98

*

3

24-3

5

50.8

24

1

22.6

21

.3

5.9

6.

1

123

na

na

6.

9

123

*

8

36-4

7

45.3

25

6

14.6

14

.2

4.7

3.

3

116

7.

9

116

3.

3

116

*

4

48-5

9

39.8

21

2

12.1

10

.0

4.6

4.

3

84

4.9

84

3.

0

84

*3

60

-71

41

.2

257

11

.4

10.4

7.

0

2.2

10

6

9.7

10

6

na

na

na

na

0-

35

49.0

66

7

12.0

11

.4

4.3

3.

6

327

na

na

4.

0

327

*

13

36-7

1

42.2

72

5

12.8

11

.7

5.5

3.

2

306

7.

7

306

na

na

na

na

Sex

M

ale

46

.8

750

13

.7

12.5

5.

0

4.2

35

1

7.6

16

9

5.0

29

4

* 15

Fem

ale

43

.9

642

10

.7

10.4

4.

7

2.4

28

2

7.8

13

7

2.1

23

3

* 5

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

42.5

1,

271

9.

7

9.1

3.

8

1.9

54

0

5.8

26

1

2.9

45

0

* 13

Slu

m

25.7

29

8 12

.0

9.3

10

.0

3.3

77

6.

3

40

5.0

61

*

3

Non

-slu

m

47.7

97

2 9.

3

9.0

2.

7

1.6

46

3 5.

7

221

2.6

38

8 *

10

Ru

ral

76.7

12

1

28.1

25

.8

11.2

12

.4

93

(18.

6)

45

8.1

77

*

6

Mot

her's

edu

catio

n

No

educ

atio

n

46.7

44

0

8.0

7.

8

5.4

4.

4

205

5.

7

108

3.

3

166

*

5

<

5 ye

ars

com

plet

e

(52.

1)

29

* *

* *

15

*

6

* 14

nc

0

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

58

.9

322

24

.8

22.2

8.

1

5.0

19

0

15.9

92

6.

3

157

*

10

10

or m

ore

year

s co

mpl

ete

37

.1

600

6.

7

6.7

2.

0

1.4

22

2

2.8

10

0

2.2

19

0

* 4

Relig

ion

H

indu

49

.0

1,16

9

12.5

11

.7

5.1

3.

5

573

7.

6

276

3.

5

478

*

17

M

uslim

30

.8

164

13

.1

12.1

3.

0

3.5

50

*

23

(5.9

) 43

*

3

Sikh

(8.3

) 46

*

* *

* 4

*

3

* 3

nc

0

O

ther

*

12

* *

* *

6

* 5

*

4

nc

0

C

ontin

ued…

Delhi.indd 74 3/19/09 12:51:22 PM

��

75

Tab

le 4

6 IC

DS

cove

rage

and

util

izat

ion

of IC

DS

serv

ices

—C

ontin

ued

Chi

ldre

n in

are

as c

over

ed b

y an

AW

C

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 36

-71

mon

ths

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 0-

59 m

onth

sC

hild

ren

age

0-59

mon

ths

who

w

ere

wei

ghed

at a

n AW

C

Perc

enta

ge o

f chi

ldre

n ag

e 0-

71 m

onth

s w

ho re

ceiv

ed

from

an

AWC

Back

grou

nd c

hara

cter

istic

Perc

enta

geof

chi

ldre

n ag

e 0-

71

mon

ths

in

area

sco

vere

d b y

an A

WC

Num

ber

of

child

ren

age

0-71

m

onth

s An

yse

rvic

e1Su

pple

men

tary

food

2An

yim

mun

izat

ion

Hea

lthch

eck-

ups

Num

ber

of

child

ren

age

0-71

m

onth

s

Perc

enta

ge w

ho

wen

t for

ear

ly

child

hood

care

/pre

scho

ol

to a

n AW

C

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

gew

ho w

ere

wei

ghed

at a

n A

WC

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

ge w

hose

m

othe

rs re

ceiv

ed

coun

selin

g fro

m

an A

WC

afte

r ch

ild w

as w

eigh

edN

umbe

r of

child

ren

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sche

dule

d ca

ste

46

.8

302

19

.0

19.0

9.

4

4.0

14

1

18.6

71

6.

0

119

*

7

Sc

hedu

led

tribe

*

22

* *

* *

18

* 8

*

17

nc

0

Oth

er b

ackw

ard

clas

s

47.9

22

1

18.2

17

.0

2.9

5.

1

106

(8

.1)

51

3.7

84

*

3

O

ther

43

.4

846

8.

2

7.6

3.

3

2.3

36

7

3.0

17

7

3.0

30

8

* 9

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t *

2

nc

nc

nc

nc

0

nc

0

nc

0

nc

0

Seco

nd

39.5

64

(1

6.4)

(1

6.4)

(4

.1)

(12.

3)

25

*

12

(9.3

) 22

*

2

M

iddl

e

41.7

17

6

6.3

5.

6

5.6

1.

4

74

(5.7

) 37

3.

4

60

* 2

Four

th

53.9

32

9

20.3

18

.1

8.6

5.

4

177

12

.3

86

1.9

14

6

* 3

Hig

hest

43

.5

820

9.

4

9.1

2.

9

2.2

35

7

5.8

17

2

4.2

29

9

* 13

Year

s si

nce

AWC

was

es

tabl

ishe

d

<6

year

s ag

o

na

na

(31.

0)

(31.

0)

(6.0

) (0

.0)

35

* 17

*

27

* 4

6 or

mor

e ye

ars

ago

na

na

11

.3

10.4

4.

8

3.6

59

8

5.7

28

9

3.2

50

0

* 16

Tot

al

45.5

1,

392

12.4

11

.5

4.9

3.4

633

7.7

306

3.7

527

* 19

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

chi

ldre

n w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion,

who

are

not

sho

wn

sepa

rate

ly.

ICD

S =

Inte

grat

ed C

hild

Dev

elop

men

t Ser

vice

s na

= N

ot a

pplic

able

nc

= N

ot c

alcu

late

d be

caus

e th

ere

are

no c

ases

. ( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.1 A

WC

ser

vice

s fo

r chi

ldre

n in

clud

e di

strib

utio

n of

sup

plem

enta

ry fo

od, g

row

th m

onito

ring,

imm

uniz

atio

ns, h

ealth

che

ck-u

ps, a

nd p

resc

hool

edu

catio

n.

2 Sup

plem

enta

ry fo

od in

clud

es b

oth

food

coo

ked

and

serv

ed a

t the

AW

C o

n a

daily

bas

is an

d fo

od g

iven

in th

e fo

rm o

f tak

e ho

me

ratio

ns.

Delhi.indd 75 3/19/09 12:51:23 PM

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76

Table 47 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while breastfeeding

Among children under age six years in areas covered by an anganwadi centre (AWC), percentage whose mothers received specific services from an AWC duringpregnancy and while breastfeeding, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Mother received from an AWC during pregnancy Mother received from an AWC while breastfeeding2

Background characteristic No

servicesSupplementary

food1

Healthcheck-

ups

Health and nutrition

education

Numberof

childrenNo

servicesSupplementary

food1

Healthcheck-

ups

Health and nutrition

education

Numberof children breastfed

Residence Urban 96.8 2.6 1.6 1.5 540 96.9 2.5 1.7 2.0 539 Slum 96.0 3.3 2.7 2.0 77 94.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 77 Non-slum 97.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 463 97.3 2.2 1.4 1.6 462 Rural 76.4 21.3 14.6 10.1 93 79.8 19.1 9.0 6.7 93

Mother's education No education 93.4 5.9 4.4 3.1 205 94.6 4.7 3.8 2.5 204 <5 years complete * * * * 15 * * * * 15 5-9 years complete 93.6 5.8 4.5 4.0 190 94.0 6.0 2.9 4.5 190 10 or more years complete 94.6 4.8 1.4 0.9 222 94.6 4.8 1.5 1.5 222

Religion Hindu 93.5 5.7 3.7 2.8 573 94.0 5.3 2.9 2.8 571 Muslim 96.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 50 98.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 50

Sikh * * * * 4 * * * * 4 Other * * * * 6 * * * * 6

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 90.2 8.9 4.3 3.4 141 93.0 6.1 4.4 4.4 140 Scheduled tribe * * * * 18 * * * * 18 Other backward class 89.0 10.0 7.9 5.9 106 86.6 12.4 6.9 7.3 106 Other 96.9 2.6 1.5 1.1 367 96.8 2.7 1.2 0.8 367

Wealth index Lowest nc nc nc nc 0 nc nc nc nc 0 Second (83.6) (12.3) (12.3) (4.1) 25 (83.6) (12.1) (8.2) (0.0) 25 Middle 94.1 5.9 1.4 1.4 74 94.7 5.3 2.8 2.8 72 Fourth 89.8 9.6 7.0 6.4 177 92.6 7.2 4.8 4.8 177 Highest 96.5 2.6 1.5 1.1 357 96.0 3.3 1.4 1.8 357

Years since AWC was established <6 years ago (87.3) (12.7) (3.0) (3.0) 35 (83.6) (16.4) (3.0) (10.3) 35 6 or more years ago 94.2 4.9 3.5 2.7 598 95.0 4.3 2.8 2.2 597

Total 93.8 5.3 3.5 2.7 633 94.4 5.0 2.8 2.7 632

Note: Total includes children with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately. ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services nc = Not calculated because there are no cases ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Supplementary food includes both food cooked and served at the AWC on a daily basis and food given in the form of take home rations.2 Services are usually provided to breastfeeding mothers during the first six months of breastfeeding.

Delhi.indd 76 3/19/09 12:51:24 PM

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77

Table 48 Nutritional status of children

Percentage of children under age five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for children of ever-married women age 15-49, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2

Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age

Background characteristic

Percentagebelow -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD1

Mean Z-score

(SD)

Percentagebelow -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD1

Percentageabove+2 SD

Mean Z-score

(SD)

Percentagebelow -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD1

Percentageabove+2 SD

Mean Z-score

(SD)

Numberof

children

Age in months <6 4.8 10.5 -0.2 27.1 35.0 5.8 -1.3 9.7 22.5 2.1 -0.9 60 6-11 7.8 22.1 -0.8 10.0 18.8 3.6 -0.8 7.0 18.9 2.0 -1.1 65 12-23 33.7 57.5 -2.3 5.5 13.0 7.5 -0.2 11.0 24.5 0.0 -1.3 133 24-35 24.4 50.1 -1.9 4.4 11.6 4.0 -0.4 5.8 26.1 2.3 -1.3 170 36-47 21.0 48.5 -1.8 5.5 17.5 0.9 -0.7 11.7 32.7 0.0 -1.6 180 48-59 14.7 32.7 -1.5 3.3 9.1 4.1 -0.4 6.6 23.7 1.0 -1.2 134

Sex Male 21.4 43.3 -1.7 6.6 17.3 3.3 -0.6 8.6 27.0 0.0 -1.4 381 Female 19.5 41.1 -1.5 7.4 13.3 4.7 -0.4 8.9 25.1 2.1 -1.2 361

Birth interval in months2 First birth3 16.2 35.2 -1.4 7.3 17.6 4.4 -0.6 8.2 22.8 2.1 -1.2 246 <24 39.8 63.2 -2.5 3.0 12.4 3.2 -0.5 15.9 41.7 0.0 -1.8 114 24-47 21.4 48.2 -1.7 9.0 15.0 3.3 -0.6 9.4 27.7 0.6 -1.4 218 48+ 12.2 29.7 -1.2 8.1 18.2 5.1 -0.6 4.2 20.5 1.0 -1.1 130

Birth order2 1 16.3 35.4 -1.4 7.4 17.7 4.5 -0.6 8.2 22.9 2.1 -1.2 245 2-3 23.4 46.5 -1.7 7.1 15.0 3.1 -0.6 10.0 28.3 0.7 -1.4 350 4-5 20.2 39.1 -1.6 7.4 13.4 3.4 -0.5 5.8 27.4 0.0 -1.4 85 6+ (32.0) (70.3) (-2.4) (8.1) (24.0) (12.8) (-0.4) (14.5) (43.8) (0.0) (-1.6) 29

Residence Urban 20.0 40.9 -1.6 7.5 15.3 3.6 -0.6 8.6 26.5 1.2 -1.3 663 Slum 30.8 50.9 -2.1 5.5 14.5 3.1 -0.5 13.8 35.3 0.0 -1.5 152 Non-slum 16.8 37.9 -1.4 8.0 15.6 3.8 -0.6 7.0 23.9 1.5 -1.2 511 Rural 23.9 53.5 -1.9 2.8 15.5 7.0 -0.4 9.9 22.5 0.0 -1.4 79

Size at birth2 Very small (33.7) (51.8) (-1.9) (5.9) (21.7) (3.3) (-0.7) (12.7) (29.7) (0.0) (-1.6) 39 Small (22.6) (66.0) (-2.3) (10.4) (25.1) (1.8) (-0.5) (19.1) (33.8) (0.0) (-1.7) 30 Average or larger 19.8 41.0 -1.6 7.2 15.3 4.2 -0.6 8.4 26.2 1.2 -1.3 634

Mother's education4 No education 32.8 52.9 -2.1 7.3 17.4 4.1 -0.5 14.7 34.7 0.0 -1.6 215 <5 years complete * * * * * * * * * * * 18 5-9 years complete 19.1 47.2 -1.8 3.7 11.6 4.6 -0.5 5.5 26.2 0.0 -1.4 181

10 or more years complete 11.5 30.5 -1.1 9.2 17.0 3.1 -0.6 7.0 19.8 2.4 -1.0 318

Religion Hindu 21.4 43.0 -1.7 7.4 14.8 3.7 -0.5 8.2 26.2 0.8 -1.3 625 Muslim 17.5 43.1 -1.7 4.7 19.3 7.0 -0.6 14.6 31.1 0.0 -1.4 89

Sikh * * * * * * * * * * * 19 Other * * * * * * * * * * * 7

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 30.2 50.5 -1.9 6.1 14.9 3.3 -0.5 10.0 30.0 0.0 -1.5 167 Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * * * * * 9 Other backward class 20.6 39.1 -1.8 4.0 13.5 3.8 -0.5 7.3 27.7 1.1 -1.4 122 Other 16.5 40.1 -1.4 8.0 15.9 4.4 -0.6 8.8 23.7 1.4 -1.2 443

Mother's interview status Interviewed 20.9 42.7 -1.6 7.3 16.1 4.0 -0.6 9.1 27.0 1.1 -1.3 709

Not interviewed but in household * * * * * * * * * * * 23

Not interviewed and not in household5 * * * * * * * * * * * 10

Continued…

Delhi.indd 77 3/19/09 12:51:25 PM

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78

Table 48 Nutritional status of children—Continued

Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age

Background characteristic

Percentagebelow -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD1

Mean Z-score

(SD)

Percentagebelow -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD1

Percentageabove+2 SD

Mean Z-score

(SD)

Percentagebelow -3 SD

Percentagebelow -2 SD1

Percentageabove+2 SD

Mean Z-score

(SD)

Numberof

children

Mother's nutritional status Underweight (BMI<18.5) 26.0 49.0 -2.0 5.0 12.7 3.7 -0.7 11.8 35.7 0.0 -1.6 134 Normal (BMI 18.5-24.9) 22.8 43.4 -1.6 9.3 19.5 3.6 -0.6 10.0 28.4 0.6 -1.4 411 Overweight (BMI 25.0) 10.3 33.5 -1.2 4.0 8.6 4.6 -0.4 3.1 14.5 3.2 -0.9 159 Mother not measured * * * * * * * * * * * 28

Child's living arrangements Living with both parents 20.5 43.3 -1.7 6.8 15.5 4.1 -0.6 8.8 26.9 1.1 -1.3 682

Living with one or neither parent 20.2 30.5 -1.2 9.4 13.7 2.1 -0.5 7.8 16.5 0.0 -1.1 60

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * * * * * * 1 Second (53.0) (68.4) (-2.9) (3.7) (15.8) (10.9) (-0.3) (15.0) (49.1) (0.0) (-1.8) 28 Middle 32.0 57.4 -2.3 6.9 15.9 3.1 -0.7 17.5 44.4 0.0 -1.8 87 Fourth 29.8 52.6 -2.0 4.4 12.1 5.4 -0.4 9.8 27.8 0.0 -1.4 180 Highest 12.4 33.4 -1.3 8.1 16.5 3.2 -0.6 6.2 20.4 1.7 -1.1 445

Total 20.4 42.2 -1.6 7.0 15.4 4.0 -0.5 8.7 26.1 1.0 -1.3 742

Children age 0-35 months born to interviewed ever- married women NFHS-3 (2005-06) 22.5 43.2 -1.6 9.2 17.2 5.2 -0.6 8.6 24.9 1.6 -1.3 408

NFHS-2 (1998-99) 22.7 43.2 -1.6 7.0 15.7 4.1 -0.6 10.0 29.9 0.5 -1.3 587

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the 2006 WHO International Reference Population. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurements of both heightand weight. Total includes children with missing information on size at birth, education, religion, and mother’s nutritional status, who are not shown separately. BMI = Body mass index (kg/m2)( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the International Reference Population median. 2 Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed. 3 First born twins (triplets, etc.) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval. 4 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the household schedule. 5 Includes children whose mothers are deceased.

Delhi.indd 78 3/19/09 12:51:25 PM

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79

Table 49 Initial breastfeeding

Percentage of children born in the five years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, and for last-born children born in the five years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, percentage who started breastfeeding within half an hour, one hour, and one day of birth and percentage who received a prelacteal feed, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage who started breastfeeding:

Background characteristic Percentage

ever breastfed Number of

childrenWithin half an hour of birth

Within one hour of birth1

Within one day of birth2

Percentagewho received a prelacteal

feed3

Number of last-born ever

breastfed children

Residence Urban 95.6 1,082 21.7 21.7 68.1 45.7 781 Slum 94.6 256 18.1 18.1 58.0 53.4 167 Non-slum 95.9 826 22.7 22.7 70.9 43.6 614 Rural 96.0 104 12.7 12.7 65.1 42.9 66

Sex Male 96.7 643 21.9 21.9 68.7 43.8 473 Female 94.2 543 19.9 19.9 66.8 47.5 374

Mother's education No education 94.7 372 16.9 16.9 57.2 52.6 241 <5 years complete (94.6) 29 * * * * 19 5-9 years complete 96.4 280 14.5 14.5 65.7 47.8 195 10 or more years complete 95.9 506 27.7 27.7 76.4 38.2 391

Religion Hindu 95.2 1,000 20.2 20.2 67.4 44.0 714 Muslim 97.0 143 29.9 29.9 67.0 55.6 93

Sikh (100.0) 33 * * * * 29 Other * 10 * * * * 9

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 96.3 267 13.3 13.3 56.4 53.4 182 Scheduled tribe * 21 * * * * 14 Other backward class 95.4 184 18.5 18.5 59.7 54.2 123 Other 95.6 713 23.8 23.8 73.2 41.2 528

Assistance at delivery Health personnel4 95.9 760 25.6 25.6 76.8 36.7 576

Dai (TBA) 94.9 373 12.0 12.0 53.0 61.3 240 Other/no one 95.6 52 (5.7) (5.7) (17.2) (86.1) 31

Place of delivery Health facility 95.5 697 27.5 27.5 80.0 33.7 526 At home 95.6 487 10.6 10.6 48.0 64.6 318 Other * 2 * * * * 2

Wealth index Lowest * 2 * * * * 2 Second 100.0 57 12.9 12.9 55.5 59.7 36 Middle 92.4 154 11.6 11.6 48.7 57.3 97 Fourth 95.9 283 17.0 17.0 61.7 48.0 185 Highest 95.8 691 24.8 24.8 74.5 41.4 528

Total 95.6 1,186 21.0 21.0 67.9 45.5 847

Note: Table is based on children born in the last five years whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview. Total includes children with missing information on religion and assistance at delivery, who are not shown separately. TBA = Traditional birth attendant ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Includes children who started breastfeeding within half an hour of birth. 2 Includes children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth. 3 Children given something other than breast milk during the first three days of life. 4 Doctor, nurse, midwife, auxiliary nurse midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.

Delhi.indd 79 3/19/09 12:51:26 PM

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80

Table 50 Breastfeeding status by age

Percent distribution of youngest children under three years living with the mother by breastfeeding status and percentage of all children under three years using a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months, Delhi, 2005-06

Breastfeeding and consuming:

Age in months Not breast-

feedingExclusivelybreastfed

Plain water only

Non-milkliquids/juice

Other milk

Comple-mentary

foods Total

Number of youngest childrenunder

three years

Percentageusing a bottle with a nipple1

Number of children

<2 * * * * * * 100.0 22 * 23 2-3 2.3 27.6 13.8 6.0 33.7 16.6 100.0 55 39.6 55 4-5 (5.0) (29.5) (16.1) (5.5) (10.5) (33.3) 100.0 46 (16.7) 46 6-8 11.3 6.6 15.0 4.2 4.2 58.7 100.0 54 39.5 56 9-11 (13.7) (1.2) (8.3) (0.0) (8.9) (67.9) 100.0 43 (36.8) 43 12-17 27.8 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 70.6 100.0 96 39.3 104 18-23 35.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.4 62.3 100.0 91 32.8 99 24-35 59.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.6 100.0 183 30.7 241

<4 1.6 37.5 11.5 4.3 28.9 16.1 100.0 77 29.4 78

<6 2.9 34.5 13.2 4.8 22.1 22.5 100.0 123 24.7 124 6-9 12.7 5.4 12.2 3.4 5.4 61.0 100.0 67 37.6 68

12-23 31.3 0.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 66.6 100.0 187 36.1 204

Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a ‘24-hour’ period (yesterday and last night). Children who are classified as breastfeeding and consuming plainwater only consumed no liquid or solid supplements. The categories of not breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed, breastfeeding and consuming plain water only, non-milk liquids/juice, other milk, and complementary foods (solids and semi-solids) are hierarchical and mutually exclusive, and their percentages add to 100 percent. Thus any children who get complementary food are classified in that category as long as they are breastfeeding as well. Children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids and who do not receive complementary foods are classified in the non-milk liquidcategory even though they may also get plain water. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Based on all children under three years.

Delhi.indd 80 3/19/09 12:51:27 PM

��

81

Ta

ble

51 M

edia

n du

ratio

n of

bre

astfe

edin

g an

d in

fant

and

you

ng c

hild

feed

ing

(IYC

F) p

ract

ices

Med

ian

dura

tion

(mon

ths)

of b

reas

tfeed

ing

amon

g la

st-b

orn

child

ren

born

in th

e la

st th

ree

year

s an

d pe

rcen

tage

of y

oung

est c

hild

ren

age

6-23

mon

ths

livin

g w

ith th

e m

othe

r w

ho a

re fe

d w

ith a

ppro

pria

te fe

edin

gpr

actic

es b

ased

upo

n nu

mbe

r of f

ood

grou

ps a

nd ti

mes

they

are

fed

durin

g th

e da

y or

nig

ht p

rece

ding

the

surv

ey, b

y br

east

feed

ing

stat

us a

nd b

ackg

roun

d ch

arac

teris

tics,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Med

ian

dura

tion

(mon

ths)

of b

reas

tfeed

ing

amon

gla

st-b

orn

child

ren

born

in th

e la

st th

ree

year

s1Am

ong

brea

stfe

d ch

ildre

n 6-

23 m

onth

s, p

erce

ntag

e fe

d:

Amon

g al

l chi

ldre

n 6-

23 m

onth

s, p

erce

ntag

e fe

d:

Back

grou

nd

char

acte

ristic

Any

brea

st-

feed

ing

Excl

usiv

ebr

east

-fe

edin

g

Pred

om-

inan

tbr

east

-fe

edin

g2N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Thre

e or

m

ore

food

gr

oups

3

Min

imum

nu

mbe

r of

times

4

3+ fo

od

grou

ps a

nd

min

imum

nu

mbe

r of

times

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Brea

st m

ilk,

milk

, or m

ilk

prod

ucts

5

Appr

opria

tenu

mbe

r of f

ood

grou

ps6

Min

imum

tim

es7

With

3 IY

CF

prac

tices

8N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Age

in m

onth

s

6-

8

na

na

na

na

22.2

62

.5

22.2

48

97

.7

19.7

60

.1

19.7

54

9-11

na

na

na

na

(3

6.6)

(3

3.8)

(2

4.2)

37

(1

00.0

) (3

2.8)

(2

9.2)

(2

0.9)

43

12-1

7

na

na

na

na

66.3

57

.5

46.8

69

96

.0

58.3

55

.5

38.7

96

18-2

3

na

na

na

na

67.3

70

.3

54.7

59

95

.8

61.7

61

.9

44.3

91

Sex

M

ale

21

.1

2.0

4.

0

381

53

.8

55.4

39

.7

112

96

.4

50.2

51

.8

34.1

14

2

Fe

mal

e

21.3

*

* 31

6

49.0

61

.1

39.4

10

1

97.3

46

.1

57.1

34

.2

141

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

21.1

1.

1

2.5

63

8

50.6

57

.3

39.1

19

5

96.6

47

.4

53.5

33

.6

258

Slu

m

24.2

*

* 14

8 43

.8

56.2

35

.2

54

100.

0

44.4

53

.2

32.3

63

Non

-slu

m

20.5

(1

.3)

3.7

49

0 53

.2

57.7

40

.5

141

95.4

48

.4

53.6

34

.0

194

Ru

ral

*

* *

59

* *

* 19

(1

00.0

) (5

6.0)

(6

4.0)

(4

0.0)

26

Mot

her's

edu

catio

n

N

o ed

ucat

ion

(2

1.8)

(1

.4)

(3.6

) 21

4

43.0

54

.9

32.3

71

97

.2

42.0

51

.9

30.5

91

<5

year

s co

mpl

ete

*

* *

18

* *

* 5

*

* *

* 6

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

(2

6.5)

*

* 16

6

62.0

59

.1

38.4

52

10

0.0

58

.5

56.0

34

.7

63

10 o

r mor

e ye

ars

com

plet

e

( 20.

7)

*

(2.6

) 29

9

50.8

59

.7

44.8

85

94

.9

46.5

54

.9

35.4

12

4

Relig

ion

Hin

du

21.4

0.

9

1.9

58

6

53.6

59

.1

40.6

18

3

97.9

49

.4

55.2

35

.4

240

Mus

lim

*

* *

85

(44.

4)

(59.

4)

(37.

8)

27

(93.

2)

(44.

9)

(59.

2)

(32.

0)

37

Sikh

* *

* 23

*

* *

4

* *

* *

6

Oth

er*

* *

3

nc

nc

nc

0

nc

nc

nc

nc

0

C

ontin

ued…

Delhi.indd 81 3/19/09 12:51:27 PM

��

82

Ta

ble

51 M

edia

n du

ratio

n of

bre

astfe

edin

g an

d in

fant

and

you

ng c

hild

feed

ing

(IYC

F) p

ract

ices

—C

ontin

ued

Med

ian

dura

tion

(mon

ths)

of b

reas

tfeed

ing

amon

g la

st-b

orn

child

ren

born

in th

e la

st th

ree

year

s1 Am

ong

brea

stfe

d ch

ildre

n 6-

23 m

onth

s, p

erce

ntag

e fe

d:A

mon

g al

l chi

ldre

n 6-

23 m

onth

s, p

erce

ntag

e fe

d:

Back

grou

nd

char

acte

ristic

Any

brea

st-

feed

ing

Excl

usiv

ebr

east

-fe

edin

g

Pred

om-

inan

tbr

east

-fe

edin

g2N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Thre

e or

m

ore

food

gr

oups

3

Min

imum

nu

mbe

r of

times

4

3+ fo

od

grou

ps a

nd

min

imum

nu

mbe

r of

times

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Brea

st m

ilk,

milk

, or m

ilk

prod

ucts

5

App

ropr

iate

num

ber o

f fo

od g

roup

s6M

inim

um

times

7

With

3

IYC

Fpr

actic

es8

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sche

dule

d ca

ste

(2

2.5)

*

*

158

46

.5

53.1

31

.8

54

100.

0

43.7

52

.0

29.9

65

Sche

dule

d tri

be

* *

* 13

*

* *

4

* *

* *

4

O

ther

bac

kwar

d cl

ass

*

*

*

109

(4

7.5)

(5

1.7)

(3

7.5)

31

(1

00.0

) (4

6.8)

(5

2.7)

(3

4.6)

40

Oth

er

20.1

*

* 41

7

55.2

60

.5

43.6

12

5

94.9

50

.5

54.8

35

.6

175

Wea

lth in

dex

Low

est

* *

* 2

*

* *

1

* *

* *

1

Se

cond

*

* *

32

*

* *

16

* *

* *

17

M

iddl

e

* *

* 88

(4

4.1)

(5

3.2)

(3

2.4)

28

96

.5

45.4

46

.1

28.4

36

Four

th

(21.

6)

* (2

.0)

174

50

.6

59.8

36

.5

56

98.2

45

.2

56.7

32

.6

71

H

ighe

st

20.7

*

2.9

40

2

56.6

59

.0

44.9

11

3

96.0

51

.4

55.1

36

.5

159

To

tal

21.2

1.

1 2.

6 69

7 51

.5

58.1

39

.5

213

96.9

48

.2

54.5

34

.2

284

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

chi

ldre

n w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion,

who

are

not

sho

wn

sepa

rate

ly.

na =

Not

app

licab

le

nc =

Not

cal

cula

ted

beca

use

ther

e ar

e no

cas

es

( ) B

ased

on

25-4

9 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

*

Perc

enta

ge n

ot s

how

n; b

ased

on

few

er th

an 2

5 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

1 It

is a

ssum

ed th

at c

hild

ren

not c

urre

ntly

livi

ng w

ith th

e m

othe

r are

not

cur

rent

ly b

reas

tfeed

ing.

2 E

ither

exc

lusiv

ely

brea

stfe

d or

rece

ived

bre

ast m

ilk a

nd p

lain

wat

er a

nd/o

r non

-milk

liqu

ids

only

. 3 F

ood

grou

ps a

re:

a. in

fant

form

ula,

milk

oth

er th

an b

reas

t milk

, che

ese,

yog

urt,

or o

ther

milk

pro

duct

s; b

. foo

ds m

ade

from

gra

ins

or r

oots

, inc

ludi

ng p

orrid

ge o

r gr

uel,

forti

fied

baby

food

; c.

vita

min

A-r

ich

fruits

and

veg

etab

les;

d. o

ther

frui

ts a

nd v

eget

able

s; e

. egg

s; f.

mea

t, po

ultry

, fish

, she

llfish

, or o

rgan

mea

ts; g

. bea

ns, p

eas,

lent

ils, o

r nut

s; h

. foo

ds m

ade

with

oil,

fat,

ghee

, or b

utte

r. 4 A

t lea

st tw

ice

a da

y fo

r bre

astfe

d in

fant

s 6-

8 m

onth

s an

d at

leas

t thr

ee ti

mes

a d

ay fo

r bre

astfe

d ch

ildre

n 9-

23 m

onth

s.

5 Com

mer

cial

ly p

rodu

ced

infa

nt fo

rmul

a; ti

nned

, pow

dere

d, o

r fre

sh a

nim

al m

ilk; c

hees

e; y

ogur

t; or

oth

er m

ilk p

rodu

cts.

6 T

hree

or m

ore

food

gro

ups

for b

reas

tfed

child

ren

and

four

or m

ore

food

gro

ups

for n

on-b

reas

tfed

child

ren.

7 F

ed s

olid

or s

emi-s

olid

food

at l

east

twic

e a

day

for i

nfan

ts 6

-8 m

onth

s, 3

or m

ore

times

for o

ther

bre

astfe

d ch

ildre

n, a

nd 4

or m

ore

times

for n

on-b

reas

tfed

child

ren.

8 N

on-b

reas

tfed

child

ren

age

6-23

mon

ths

are

cons

ider

ed to

be

fed

with

thre

e IY

CF

prac

tices

if th

ey r

ecei

ve m

ilk o

r m

ilk p

rodu

cts

and

are

fed

at le

ast t

he m

inim

um n

umbe

r of

tim

es p

er d

ay w

ith a

t lea

st th

e m

inim

um n

umbe

r of f

ood

grou

ps.

Delhi.indd 82 3/19/09 12:51:28 PM

��

83

Table 52 Prevalence of anaemia in children

Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and percentage of children age 6-35 months classified as having anaemia, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2

Anaemia status by haemoglobin level

Background characteristic Mild

(10.0-10.9 g/dl)Moderate

(7.0-9.9 g/dl)Severe

(<7.0 g/dl) Any anaemia (<11.0 g/dl)

Number of children

Age in months 6-11 (23.9) (42.7) (2.7) (69.4) 47 12-23 24.2 46.9 0.0 71.2 129 24-35 20.9 32.7 1.4 55.0 164 36-47 29.2 24.2 0.3 53.7 173 48-59 32.7 11.0 0.0 43.7 116

Sex Male 25.7 29.2 1.1 56.0 336 Female 26.9 30.9 0.2 58.0 293

Birth order1 1 28.1 23.7 0.0 51.8 207 2-3 25.2 30.5 0.8 56.5 299 4-5 19.3 47.9 1.9 69.1 68 6+ (27.6) (45.9) (2.0) (75.4) 27

Residence Urban 26.3 29.1 0.7 56.2 561 Slum 24.6 45.6 1.2 71.4 130 Non-slum 26.9 24.2 0.6 51.6 430 Rural 25.8 37.1 0.0 62.9 69

Mother's education2 No education 21.4 41.0 1.5 63.9 187 <5 years complete * * * * 12 5-9 years complete 24.9 36.6 0.0 61.5 154 10 or more years complete 29.3 19.6 0.5 49.3 266

Religion Hindu 27.1 29.3 0.8 57.2 528 Muslim 23.4 31.8 0.0 55.2 80 Sikh * * * * 14 Other * * * * 6

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 26.6 35.2 0.9 62.7 142 Scheduled tribe * * * * 7 Other backward class 21.0 31.0 0.5 52.6 104 Other 27.5 27.1 0.6 55.2 376

Mother's interview status Interviewed 25.6 30.8 0.7 57.2 601 Not interviewed but in household * * * * 18 Not interviewed and not in household3 * * * * 11

Child's living arrangements Living with both parents 26.2 30.4 0.7 57.3 584 Living with one or neither parent (27.8) (24.9) (0.0) (52.7) 45

Mother's anaemia status Not anaemic 26.4 23.1 0.7 50.3 318 Mildly anaemic 28.1 35.5 0.0 63.6 194 Moderately/severely anaemic 20.4 47.5 0.6 68.5 83

Wealth index Lowest * * * * 1 Second (24.9) (40.4) (2.1) (67.3) 26 Middle 16.5 46.4 1.4 64.3 74 Fourth 24.0 44.0 0.0 67.9 155

Highest 29.3 20.1 0.7 50.2 374

Total 26.3 30.0 0.7 57.0 629

Children age 6-35 months born to interviewed ever-married women

NFHS-3 (2005-06) 21.6 40.5 1.1 63.2 324 NFHS-2 (1998-99) 22.2 42.9 3.9 69.0 559

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per decilitre (g/dl). Total includes children with missing information on mother’s education, religion, and mother’s anaemia status, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed. 2 For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the household schedule. 3 Includes children whose mothers are deceased.

Delhi.indd 83 3/19/09 12:51:29 PM

��

84

Tab

le 5

3 M

icro

nutri

ent i

ntak

e am

ong

child

ren

Perc

enta

ge o

f you

nges

t chi

ldre

n ag

e 6-

35 m

onth

s liv

ing

with

thei

r m

othe

r w

ho c

onsu

med

vita

min

A-r

ich

and

iron-

rich

food

s in

the

day

or n

ight

pre

cedi

ng th

e su

rvey

, per

cent

age

of c

hild

ren

age

12-3

5 m

onth

s an

d 6-

59 m

onth

s w

ho w

ere

give

n vi

tam

in A

sup

plem

ents

in t

he s

ix m

onth

s pr

eced

ing

the

surv

ey, p

erce

ntag

e of

chi

ldre

n ag

e 6-

59 m

onth

s w

ho w

ere

give

n iro

n su

pple

men

ts in

the

pas

t se

ven

days

, who

wer

e gi

ven

dew

orm

ing

med

icat

ion

in th

e six

mon

ths

prec

edin

g th

e su

rvey

, and

who

live

in h

ouse

hold

s us

ing

adeq

uate

ly io

dize

d sa

lt, b

y ba

ckgr

ound

cha

ract

erist

ics,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Youn

gest

chi

ldre

n ag

e 6-

35 m

onth

s liv

ing

with

thei

r mot

her

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 12

-35

mon

ths

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 6-

59 m

onth

s C

hild

ren

age

6-59

mon

ths

in

hous

ehol

ds w

ith s

alt t

este

d

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

Perc

enta

ge

who

cons

umed

food

s ric

h in

vi

tam

in A

in

last

24

hour

s1

Perc

enta

gew

hoco

nsum

edfo

ods

rich

in

iron

in la

st 2

4 ho

urs2

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

vita

min

A

sup

ple-

m

ents

in la

st 6

m

onth

s N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

vita

min

A

supp

lem

ents

in

last

6

mon

ths

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

iron

supp

lem

ents

in

last

7 d

ays

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

dew

orm

ing

med

icat

ion

in

last

6 m

onth

s3N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Perc

enta

geliv

ing

in

hous

ehol

ds

usin

g ad

equa

tely

iodi

zed

salt4

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Age

in m

onth

s

6-

8

10.8

0.

0

54

na

na

17.0

4.

1

6.4

56

87

.1

56

9-

11

(18.

0)

(6.6

) 43

na

na

(1

7.9)

(6

.6)

(7.1

) 43

(8

2.2)

42

12-1

7

50.7

20

.0

96

33.5

10

4

33.5

14

.1

0.5

10

4

77.9

10

2

18

-23

55

.5

18.2

91

19

.3

99

19.3

11

.0

10.5

99

79

.2

96

24

-35

62

.6

19.3

18

3

14.9

24

1

14.9

8.

9

12.2

24

1

79.6

23

8

36

-47

na

na

na

na

na

8.

7

9.9

12

.7

256

77

.3

252

48-5

9

na

na

na

na

na

4.9

7.

7

7.7

21

2

81.4

21

0

Sex

M

ale

50

.6

18.7

25

4

20.6

24

7

15.1

10

.1

11.2

54

4

80.0

53

6

Fe

mal

e

46.2

12

.4

212

19

.8

198

12

.4

8.4

7.

5

467

79

.3

459

Birt

h or

der

1

43.3

12

.1

158

23

.4

166

15

.5

11.5

10

.0

371

85

.3

365

2-3

52

.6

17.5

23

5

18.9

21

8

14.3

8.

4

10.3

49

1

80.9

48

3

4-

5

53.9

21

.5

51

19.7

40

8.

4

5.5

5.

0

107

65

.1

105

6+

(32.

3)

(12.

0)

22

(9.8

) 21

7.

4

9.2

7.

4

42

53.1

41

Brea

stfe

edin

g st

atus

Br

east

feed

ing

45

.7

14.9

28

7

24.4

20

6

21.3

9.

9

6.7

32

2

80.0

31

7

N

ot b

reas

tfeed

ing

53

.0

17.4

17

8

16.7

23

5

10.1

9.

1

11.0

67

8

79.6

66

7

Resi

denc

e

U

rban

47

.1

15.0

42

1

19.8

40

1

13.3

9.

7

9.7

91

6

79.5

90

3

S

lum

46

.3

20.9

10

3 14

.8

100

11.7

5.

2

6.3

21

8 61

.4

213

Non

-slu

m

47.4

13

.1

319

21.5

30

1 13

.8

11.1

10

.7

698

85.1

68

9 Ru

ral

(62.

8)

(23.

3)

45

(23.

8)

44

18.7

5.

5

7.7

95

81

.8

92

C

ontin

ued…

Delhi.indd 84 3/19/09 12:51:30 PM

��

85

Tab

le 5

3 M

icro

nutri

ent i

ntak

e am

ong

child

ren—

Con

tinue

d

Youn

gest

chi

ldre

n ag

e 6-

35 m

onth

s liv

ing

with

thei

r mot

her

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 12

-35

mon

ths

Chi

ldre

n ag

e 6-

59 m

onth

s C

hild

ren

age

6-59

mon

ths

in

hous

ehol

ds w

ith s

alt t

este

d

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

Perc

enta

ge

who

cons

umed

food

s ric

h in

vi

tam

in A

in

last

24

hour

s1

Perc

enta

gew

hoco

nsum

edfo

ods

rich

in

iron

in la

st 2

4 ho

urs2

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

vita

min

A

sup

ple-

m

ents

in la

st 6

m

onth

s N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

vita

min

A

supp

lem

ents

in

last

6

mon

ths

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

iron

supp

lem

ents

in

last

7 d

ays

Perc

enta

gegi

ven

dew

orm

ing

med

icat

ion

in

last

6 m

onth

s3N

umbe

r of

child

ren

Perc

enta

geliv

ing

in

hous

ehol

ds

usin

g ad

equa

tely

iodi

zed

salt4

Num

ber o

f ch

ildre

n

Mot

her's

edu

catio

n

N

o ed

ucat

ion

44

.2

18.5

14

0

12.5

13

7

8.2

2.

5

5.7

31

1

58.4

30

3

<

5 ye

ars

com

plet

e

* *

8

*

7

* *

* 19

*

19

5-

9 ye

ars

com

plet

e

51.8

18

.9

112

18

.5

109

14

.5

8.7

7.

3

247

76

.8

244

10 o

r mor

e ye

ars

com

plet

e

48.8

12

.5

206

26

.4

192

17

.2

14.4

12

.9

434

97

.6

428

Relig

ion

Hin

du

50.5

15

.2

403

21

.3

385

14

.9

9.6

8.

9

863

82

.6

851

Mus

lim

32.8

23

.6

47

11.5

47

6.

7

7.6

7.

0

113

53

.3

109

Si

kh*

* 14

*

11

* *

* 25

*

25

Oth

er*

* 1

*

1

* *

* 8

*

8

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sche

dule

d ca

ste

49

.6

17.9

10

5

17.7

98

12

.3

4.4

7.

6

230

77

.8

225

Sche

dule

d tri

be

* *

7

* 5

*

* *

16

* 16

Oth

er b

ackw

ard

clas

s

44.6

15

.5

71

13.4

74

12

.0

7.5

11

.5

159

68

.5

155

Oth

er

49.4

14

.7

283

23

.5

267

15

.0

11.8

9.

9

605

83

.9

598

Wea

lth in

dex

Low

est

* *

1

* 1

*

* *

1

* 1

Seco

nd

(24.

7)

(10.

5)

22

(7.3

) 21

4.

3

0.0

5.

3

48

67.7

48

Mid

dle

42

.6

24.4

55

12

.3

58

8.3

2.

2

3.2

12

9

43.3

12

6

Fo

urth

54

.7

16.3

12

0

18.5

11

2

13.5

5.

5

9.0

23

9

71.1

23

4

H

ighe

st

49.2

14

.3

270

23

.9

254

16

.0

13.1

11

.4

594

92

.0

586

Tot

al

48.6

15

.8

466

20.2

44

5 13

.8

9.3

9.5

1,01

1 79

.7

994

Not

e: In

form

atio

n on

iron

sup

plem

ents

and

dew

orm

ing

med

icat

ion

is ba

sed

on th

e m

othe

r's r

ecal

l. In

form

atio

n on

vita

min

A s

uppl

emen

tatio

n is

base

d on

the

vacc

inat

ion

card

and

mot

her's

rec

all.

Tota

l in

clud

es c

hild

ren

with

miss

ing

info

rmat

ion

on b

reas

tfeed

ing

stat

us a

nd re

ligio

n, w

ho a

re n

ot s

how

n se

para

tely

. na

= N

ot a

pplic

able

( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

1 Incl

udes

mea

t and

org

an m

eats

, fish

, pou

ltry,

egg

s, p

umpk

in, c

arro

ts, s

wee

t pot

atoe

s th

at a

re y

ello

w o

r ora

nge

insid

e, d

ark

gree

n le

afy

vege

tabl

es, r

ipe

man

go, p

apay

a, c

anta

loup

e, a

nd ja

ckfru

it.

2 Incl

udes

mea

t and

org

an m

eats

, fish

, pou

ltry,

or e

ggs.

3 D

ewor

min

g fo

r int

estin

al p

aras

ites.

4 S

alt c

onta

inin

g 15

par

ts p

er m

illio

n or

mor

e of

iodi

ne. E

xclu

des

child

ren

in h

ouse

hold

s in

whi

ch s

alt w

as n

ot te

sted

. Inc

lude

s ch

ildre

n w

hose

mot

hers

wer

e no

t int

ervi

ewed

.

Delhi.indd 85 3/19/09 12:51:30 PM

��

86

Table 54 Presence of iodized salt in household

Percent distribution of households with salt tested for iodine content, by level of iodine in salt (parts per million), according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and total for NFHS-2

Iodine content of salt

Background characteristic None

(0 ppm) Inadequate (<15 ppm)

Adequate(15+ ppm) Total

Number of households

Residence Urban 7.6 6.0 86.4 100.0 2,976 Slum 19.2 13.4 67.4 100.0 602 Non-slum 4.7 4.1 91.2 100.0 2,374 Rural 14.5 4.8 80.7 100.0 230

Religion of household head Hindu 7.3 5.6 87.1 100.0 2,757 Muslim 21.5 10.8 67.7 100.0 268 Sikh 1.2 1.7 97.1 100.0 107 Other 0.0 6.1 93.9 100.0 72

Caste/tribe of household head Scheduled caste 11.9 9.1 79.1 100.0 556 Scheduled tribe (14.7) (7.4) (77.9) 100.0 39 Other backward class 12.9 8.8 78.3 100.0 458 Other 6.0 4.4 89.6 100.0 2,152

Wealth index Lowest * * * 100.0 5 Second 24.3 14.0 61.7 100.0 96 Middle 26.2 19.5 54.3 100.0 303 Fourth 15.3 9.1 75.5 100.0 622 Highest 2.8 2.6 94.5 100.0 2,180

Total 8.1 5.9 86.0 100.0 3,206

NFHS-2 (1998-99) 6.2 4.5 89.3 100.0 2,761

Note: Less than 3 percent of households did not have any salt in the household. Total includes households with missing information on religion and caste/tribe of the household head, which are not shown separately. ppm = parts per million( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 86 3/19/09 12:51:31 PM

��

87

Table 55 Women's and men's food consumption

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by frequency of consumption of specific foods, Delhi, 2005-06

Frequency of consumption

Type of food Daily Weekly Occasionally Never Missing Total Number of respondents

WOMEN

Milk or curd 51.5 14.1 24.1 10.3 0.0 100.0 3,349 Pulses or beans 61.0 35.5 3.3 0.1 0.0 100.0 3,349 Dark green leafy vegetables 62.3 32.0 5.5 0.1 0.0 100.0 3,349 Fruits 40.8 32.6 25.3 1.2 0.0 100.0 3,349 Eggs 4.5 17.5 33.2 44.7 0.0 100.0 3,349 Fish 0.7 8.6 31.5 59.3 0.0 100.0 3,349 Chicken/meat 1.0 10.5 35.8 52.8 0.0 100.0 3,349 Fish or chicken/meat 1.4 12.7 34.5 51.5 0.0 100.0 3,349

MEN

Milk or curd 54.8 23.1 20.7 1.5 0.0 100.0 1,373 Pulses or beans 43.1 53.2 3.2 0.4 0.0 100.0 1,373 Dark green leafy vegetables 46.8 47.3 5.7 0.3 0.0 100.0 1,373 Fruits 28.7 35.8 35.3 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,373 Eggs 5.9 28.4 44.6 20.9 0.2 100.0 1,373 Fish 0.4 12.0 41.4 46.2 0.1 100.0 1,373 Chicken/meat 3.1 18.8 43.6 34.5 0.0 100.0 1,373 Fish or chicken/meat 3.4 20.6 42.6 33.5 0.0 100.0 1,373

Delhi.indd 87 3/19/09 12:51:31 PM

��

88

Table 56 Nutritional status of adults

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific body mass index (BMI) levels, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2

Women1 Men

Background characteristic <18.5

(total thin)

<17.0(moderately/ severely thin)

25.0(overweight or obese)

30.0(obese)

Number of women

<18.5 (total thin)

<17.0(moderately/ severely thin)

25.0(overweight or obese)

30.0(obese)

Number of men

Age 15-19 32.2 14.6 5.1 0.1 423 34.2 10.6 3.2 1.3 193 20-29 19.1 6.4 15.7 3.1 778 13.9 3.3 13.0 1.7 371 30-39 7.2 2.7 35.2 9.7 726 5.1 1.8 24.8 2.7 193 40-49 4.6 1.8 48.5 19.1 498 10.2 0.7 33.1 5.9 154

Marital status Never married 26.5 11.3 8.6 0.5 648 21.7 5.9 8.8 2.1 429 Currently married 10.6 3.8 32.8 10.5 1,703 10.2 2.4 24.0 3.0 476

Widowed/divorced/ separated/deserted 9.5 2.8 35.0 11.8 73 * * * * 6

Residence Urban 14.4 5.3 27.3 8.2 2,224 15.1 3.6 17.9 2.8 833 Slum 21.2 7.9 20.3 6.4 420 22.4 6.5 10.5 1.4 186 Non-slum 12.8 4.7 28.9 8.6 1,804 13.0 2.8 20.0 3.2 646 Rural 19.8 10.9 16.7 4.2 200 22.1 8.8 5.9 0.0 79

Education No education 16.3 5.9 23.8 5.6 512 21.1 4.9 14.2 1.5 85 <5 years complete (21.6) (8.2) (4.5) (0.0) 34 * * * * 16 5-9 years complete 20.9 9.1 21.0 6.6 591 23.7 7.0 9.8 1.4 305 10 or more years complete 11.3 4.2 30.5 9.5 1,287 10.1 1.9 21.8 3.5 505

Religion Hindu 14.8 5.9 26.2 7.5 2,056 15.1 3.9 15.9 2.2 764 Muslim 18.3 4.6 19.9 7.4 220 20.4 6.4 9.4 0.0 91 Sikh 8.9 3.8 43.0 15.2 100 (13.8) (3.4) (44.8) (13.8) 37 Other (8.0) (5.7) (33.5) (9.6) 45 * * * * 18

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 23.2 9.8 18.3 3.1 406 18.5 5.2 12.2 2.5 180 Scheduled tribe (34.6) (12.1) (7.8) (0.0) 30 * * * * 7 Other backward class 20.9 9.2 19.4 4.7 311 21.1 8.1 9.5 1.9 133 Other 11.3 4.1 30.0 9.7 1,677 13.5 2.9 20.2 2.8 588

Wealth index Lowest * * * * 1 * * * * 1 Second 38.9 22.0 12.1 1.2 42 (34.1) (10.8) (15.1) (4.4) 29 Middle 28.1 9.4 9.1 1.8 142 26.7 7.3 3.0 0.0 78 Fourth 20.3 8.3 13.7 3.6 417 21.3 6.0 8.1 0.0 179 Highest 12.0 4.6 31.0 9.4 1,823 11.9 2.8 21.2 3.5 624

Total 14.8 5.8 26.4 7.8 2,425 15.7 4.1 16.8 2.6 911

Note: Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months.

Delhi.indd 88 3/19/09 12:51:32 PM

��

89

Table 57 Prevalence of anaemia in adults

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with anaemia, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 with anaemia, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2

Women Men

Background characteristic Mild (10.0-11.9 g/dl)1

Moderate(7.0-9.9 g/dl)

Severe(<7.0 g/dl)

Any anaemia (<12.0 g/dl)2

Numberof

womenMild (12.0-12.9 g/dl)

Moderate(9.0-11.9 g/dl)

Severe(<9.0 g/dl)

Any anaemia (<13.0 g/dl)

Numberof

men

Age 15-19 39.8 9.9 0.1 49.7 414 9.8 7.9 0.3 18.0 188 20-29 34.2 9.7 0.5 44.4 840 10.5 7.0 0.4 17.9 358 30-39 36.1 7.0 0.0 43.1 715 9.9 5.0 0.3 15.2 190 40-49 31.8 9.1 0.2 41.1 471 12.6 7.3 0.8 20.7 153

Marital status Never married 37.9 9.2 0.0 47.1 623 9.2 7.2 0.1 16.6 413 Currently married 34.3 8.6 0.3 43.3 1,748 11.6 6.6 0.7 18.9 468

Widowed/divorced/ separated/deserted 34.4 9.9 0.0 44.3 70 * * * * 6

Maternity status Pregnant 15.3 13.4 1.2 29.9 105 na na na na na Breastfeeding 39.6 12.0 0.0 51.7 309 na na na na na Neither 35.6 8.1 0.2 43.9 2,026 na na na na na

Residence Urban 35.6 8.5 0.2 44.3 2,235 10.6 6.8 0.4 17.8 810 Slum 35.6 11.8 0.5 47.8 430 12.0 9.5 0.6 22.1 185 Non-slum 35.7 7.7 0.1 43.5 1,805 10.1 6.0 0.4 16.5 626 Rural 31.0 12.7 0.5 44.2 205 10.4 7.5 0.0 17.9 78

Education No education 39.0 10.2 0.5 49.7 525 18.4 12.3 0.0 30.6 84 <5 years complete (30.7) (9.0) (4.5) (44.1) 40 * * * * 15 5-9 years complete 34.5 10.3 0.2 44.9 593 13.5 8.5 0.0 22.0 296 10 or more years complete 34.2 7.6 0.0 41.8 1,282 7.4 4.8 0.7 12.9 493

Religion Hindu 35.0 9.1 0.3 44.5 2,060 10.3 6.6 0.5 17.3 748 Muslim 38.9 7.7 0.0 46.6 233 16.0 10.0 0.0 26.0 89 Sikh 33.8 3.8 0.0 37.5 102 (7.4) (7.4) (0.0) (14.8) 35 Other (27.7) (11.6) (0.0) (39.3) 44 * * * * 16

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 35.8 13.1 0.2 49.2 410 13.3 7.7 0.0 20.9 175 Scheduled tribe (50.0) (9.5) (0.0) (59.5) 30 * * * * 7 Other backward class 36.4 8.1 0.6 45.1 321 11.6 6.5 0.0 18.1 129 Other 34.6 7.9 0.2 42.7 1,681 9.4 6.5 0.6 16.4 573

Wealth index Lowest * * * * 1 * * * * 1 Second 32.1 13.1 0.0 45.1 47 (19.0) (25.4) (0.0) (44.4) 29 Middle 37.2 11.8 0.3 49.3 152 13.7 11.4 0.0 25.0 78 Fourth 40.7 12.4 0.8 54.0 423 11.1 12.0 0.8 23.9 172 Highest 33.9 7.6 0.1 41.6 1,818 9.6 3.9 0.4 13.9 608

Total 35.2 8.8 0.2 44.3 2,441 10.5 6.8 0.4 17.8 888

Total for ever-married women

NFHS-3 (2005-06) 34.3 8.7 0.3 43.3 1,818 na na na na na NFHS-2 (1998-99) 29.6 9.6 1.3 40.5 2,197 na na na na na

Note: Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known, using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per decilitre (g/dl). Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, and men with missinginformation on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. na = Not applicable ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 For pregnant women the value is 10.0-10.9 g/dl.2 For pregnant women the value is <11.0 g/dl.

Delhi.indd 89 3/19/09 12:51:33 PM

�0

90

Tab

le 5

8 K

now

ledg

e of

HIV

/AID

S an

d its

pre

vent

ion

Perc

enta

ge o

f wom

en a

nd m

en a

ge 1

5-49

who

hav

e he

ard

of A

IDS

and

who

, in

resp

onse

to

prom

pted

que

stio

ns, s

ay th

at p

eopl

e ca

n re

duce

the

risk

of g

ettin

g H

IV/A

IDS

by u

sing

cond

oms

ever

y tim

e th

ey h

ave

sexu

al in

terc

ours

e, w

ho k

now

tha

t th

e ris

k of

HIV

/AID

S ca

n be

red

uced

by

limiti

ng s

ex t

o on

e un

infe

cted

par

tner

, who

hav

e a

com

preh

ensiv

e kn

owle

dge

abou

t H

IV/A

IDS,

and

who

kno

w t

hat

HIV

/ AID

S ca

n be

tra

nsm

itted

from

a m

othe

r to

her b

aby,

by

back

grou

nd c

hara

cter

istic

s, D

elhi

, 200

5-06

Perc

enta

ge w

ho h

ave

hear

d of

AID

S

Perc

enta

ge w

ho s

ay th

at

the

risk

of H

IV/A

IDS

can

be

redu

ced

by u

sing

cond

oms

Perc

enta

ge w

ho k

now

that

th

e ris

k of

HIV

/AID

S ca

n be

re

duce

d by

lim

iting

sex

to

one

unin

fect

ed p

artn

er

Perc

enta

ge w

ho h

ave

a co

mpr

ehen

sive

know

ledg

e ab

out H

IV/A

IDS1

Perc

enta

ge w

ho k

now

that

H

IV/A

IDS

can

be tr

ansm

itted

fro

m a

mot

her t

o he

r bab

y N

umbe

r

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

Age

1

5-24

90

.4

98.0

73

.0

88.9

80

.0

93.3

48

.5

56.8

78

.5

78.2

1,

194

56

1

15-

19

90.2

97

.2

70.7

85

.7

77.8

90

.1

46.2

49

.2

77.1

71

.4

579

28

5

20-

24

90.5

98

.8

75.1

92

.2

82.1

96

.6

50.5

64

.7

79.8

85

.1

615

27

6

2

5-29

88

.3

97.2

76

.9

92.1

79

.0

93.7

45

.7

68.9

79

.1

83.9

54

4

247

30-

39

90.0

97

.1

78.4

93

.7

84.0

94

.5

47.7

62

.8

79.8

83

.1

962

32

2

4

0-49

88

.9

97.1

78

.0

90.6

82

.3

94.5

50

.9

65.3

76

.9

84.6

64

9

242

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

90.0

97

.8

76.7

91

.3

81.9

94

.1

48.5

61

.8

79.2

81

.5

3,09

6

1,26

6

S

lum

80

.9

95.9

60

.6

85.4

68

.3

89.5

33

.7

54.5

65

.7

71.7

57

2 27

1

Non

-slu

m

92.1

98

.3

80.3

92

.9

85.0

95

.3

51.9

63

.8

82.2

84

.2

2,52

4 99

6

Rura

l 84

.8

93.5

69

.5

87.0

75

.7

91.3

45

.3

63.0

72

.0

81.5

25

3

106

Educ

atio

n

N

o ed

ucat

ion

64

.7

83.5

45

.0

67.1

52

.1

71.5

17

.0

30.6

48

.1

53.9

71

7

132

<5

year

s co

mpl

ete

81.1

(9

5.1)

50

.5

(82.

2)

64.3

(8

4.6)

15

.6

(41.

0)

64.3

(7

0.8)

59

32

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

91

.1

97.6

72

.2

90.6

78

.7

94.1

38

.3

53.1

76

.2

77.1

79

1

435

10 o

r mor

e ye

ars

com

plet

e 99

.3

99.9

91

.3

95.5

95

.0

97.9

66

.3

73.0

92

.5

89.2

1,

782

77

3

Regu

lar

med

ia e

xpos

ure2

Ye

s

92.4

98

.0

79.3

92

.1

84.4

95

.0

50.8

63

.1

81.4

83

.0

3,09

4

1,30

3

N

o

56.1

86

.7

37.8

69

.6

45.5

72

.9

17.0

39

.1

44.7

53

.3

255

70

Mar

ital s

tatu

s

Nev

er m

arrie

d

93.9

98

.0

76.8

90

.3

83.1

93

.6

51.9

59

.9

83.0

79

.9

901

63

2

C

urre

ntly

mar

ried

88

.1

97.3

76

.0

91.9

80

.7

94.4

47

.0

64.0

77

.0

83.2

2,

351

73

0

Wid

owed

/div

orce

d/

sepa

rate

d/de

serte

d

86.8

*

74.1

*

81.8

*

45.5

*

76.8

*

97

11

Tim

es s

lept

aw

ay fr

om h

ome

in

the

past

12

mon

ths

N

one

na

97

.2

na

89.8

na

95

.1

na

60.3

na

80

.6

na

670

1-2

na

97

.1

na

91.2

na

92

.0

na

63.7

na

78

.7

na

262

3-4

na

98

.9

na

92.8

na

95

.2

na

61.0

na

87

.6

na

159

5+

na

97.6

na

92

.4

na

91.8

na

64

.4

na

82.7

na

28

2

Con

tinue

d…

Delhi.indd 90 3/19/09 12:51:34 PM

��

91

Tab

le 5

8 K

now

ledg

e of

HIV

/AID

S an

d its

pre

vent

ion—

Con

tinue

d

Perc

enta

ge w

ho h

ave

hear

d of

AID

S

Perc

enta

ge w

ho s

ay th

at

the

risk

of H

IV/ A

IDS

can

be

redu

ced

by u

sing

cond

oms

Perc

enta

ge w

ho k

now

that

th

e ris

k of

HIV

/AID

S ca

n be

re

duce

d by

lim

iting

sex

to

one

unin

fect

ed p

artn

er

Perc

enta

ge w

ho h

ave

a co

mpr

ehen

sive

know

ledg

e ab

out H

IV/A

IDS1

Perc

enta

ge w

ho k

now

that

H

IV/A

IDS

can

be tr

ansm

itted

fro

m a

mot

her t

o he

r bab

y N

umbe

r

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

Relig

ion

Hin

du

89.8

97

.6

76.5

91

.5

81.8

94

.5

49.5

63

.0

78.9

81

.6

2,84

5

1,16

4

M

uslim

85

.4

94.5

66

.3

86.3

72

.3

87.3

30

.6

49.5

71

.1

74.0

31

0

127

Sikh

94

.9

(100

.0)

86.9

(9

3.0)

90

.9

(95.

3)

53.5

(6

9.8)

84

.8

(93.

0)

126

56

Oth

er

93.7

*

87.4

*

90.2

*

67

.4

* 90

.2

*

65

25

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sc

hedu

led

cast

e

80.4

95

.6

60.3

86

.1

67.7

90

.5

29.3

54

.7

64.3

74

.3

580

27

2

Sc

hedu

led

tribe

81

.9

*

63.7

*

64

.2

*

34.2

*

68.9

*

49

12

O

ther

bac

kwar

d cl

ass

83

.3

96.5

67

.2

86.9

72

.7

89.3

36

.5

56.1

68

.9

78.8

43

0

198

Oth

er

93.3

98

.4

82.1

93

.3

86.9

96

.0

55.6

65

.2

84.3

84

.3

2,29

0

885

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

3

3

Se

cond

44

.0

86.0

29

.2

68.2

34

.8

74.2

10

.1

39.0

32

.8

58.1

64

40

Mid

dle

61

.6

87.5

40

.9

69.7

46

.3

77.8

18

.0

44.8

43

.2

59.7

21

2

115

Four

th

79.1

96

.9

59.6

90

.1

64.5

92

.0

28.2

52

.2

62.3

76

.6

565

27

8

H

ighe

st

95.6

99

.4

84.1

94

.8

89.5

97

.4

56.4

67

.9

86.6

86

.7

2,50

5

938

Tot

al

89.6

97

.5

76.1

90

.9

81.4

93

.9

48.3

61

.9

78.7

81

.5

3,34

9 1,

373

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

wom

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

edu

catio

n an

d re

ligio

n, a

nd m

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion

and

cast

e/tri

be, w

ho a

re n

ot s

how

n se

para

tely

. na

= N

ot a

pplic

able

( )

bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

1 Res

pond

ents

with

com

preh

ensiv

e kn

owle

dge

say

that

the

use

of a

con

dom

for

ever

y ac

t of s

exua

l int

erco

urse

and

hav

ing

just

one

uni

nfec

ted

faith

ful p

artn

er c

an r

educ

e th

e ch

ance

of g

ettin

g H

IV/A

IDS,

say

that

a

heal

thy-

look

ing

pers

on c

an h

ave

HIV

/AID

S, a

nd re

ject

the

two

mos

t com

mon

misc

once

ptio

ns in

NFH

S-3,

nam

ely

that

HIV

/AID

S ca

n be

tran

smitt

ed b

y m

osqu

ito b

ites

and

by s

harin

g fo

od.

2 Exp

osur

e to

radi

o, te

levi

sion,

or n

ewsp

aper

s/m

agaz

ines

at l

east

onc

e a

wee

k.

Delhi.indd 91 3/19/09 12:51:34 PM

��

92

Tab

le 5

9 A

ccep

ting

attit

udes

tow

ard

thos

e liv

ing

with

HIV

/AID

S

Am

ong

wom

en a

nd m

en a

ge 1

5-49

who

hav

e he

ard

of A

IDS,

per

cent

age

expr

essin

g sp

ecifi

c ac

cept

ing

attit

udes

tow

ard

peop

le w

ith H

IV/A

IDS,

by

back

grou

nd c

hara

cter

istic

s, D

elhi

, 200

5-06

Pe

rcen

tage

of w

omen

who

:

Perc

enta

ge o

f men

who

:

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

Are

will

ing

to c

are

for a

re

lativ

e w

ith

HIV

/AID

S in

ow

n ho

me

Wou

ld b

uy

fresh

ve

geta

bles

from

a

shop

keep

er

who

has

H

IV/A

IDS

Say

that

a

fem

ale

teac

her w

ho

has

HIV

/AID

S bu

t is

not s

ick

shou

ld b

e al

low

ed to

co

ntin

uete

achi

ng

Wou

ld n

ot

wan

t to

keep

se

cret

that

a

fam

ily

mem

ber g

ot

infe

cted

with

H

IV/A

IDS

Perc

enta

geof

wom

en

expr

essin

gac

cept

ing

attit

udes

on

all f

our

indi

cato

rs

Num

ber o

f w

omen

who

ha

ve h

eard

of

AID

S

Are

will

ing

to

car

e fo

r a

rela

tive

with

H

IV/A

IDS

in

own

hom

e

Wou

ld b

uy

fresh

ve

geta

bles

from

a

shop

keep

er

who

has

H

IV/A

IDS

Say

that

a

fem

ale

teac

her w

ho

has

HIV

/AID

S bu

t is

not s

ick

shou

ld b

e al

low

ed to

co

ntin

uete

achi

ng

Wou

ld n

ot

wan

t to

kee p

secr

et th

at a

fa

mily

m

embe

r got

in

fect

ed w

ith

HIV

/AID

S

Perc

enta

geof

men

ex

pres

sing

acce

ptin

gat

titud

es o

n al

l fou

r in

dica

tors

Num

ber o

f m

en w

ho

have

hea

rd

of A

IDS

Age

15-2

4

87.9

85

.9

89.6

64

.2

49.0

1,

079

88

.6

87.5

87

.6

56.3

48

.8

550

15-

19

87.5

84

.7

88.2

64

.0

46.9

52

3

84.6

82

.6

84.3

51

.2

41.8

27

7

2

0-24

88

.2

87.0

91

.0

64.4

50

.9

557

92

.6

92.3

90

.9

61.6

55

.8

273

25-2

9

88.9

82

.2

89.1

70

.0

53.4

48

0

89.6

92

.1

91.8

64

.9

54.4

24

0

30

-39

85

.7

81.0

84

.7

69.5

49

.8

866

90

.5

93.3

88

.5

64.5

55

.2

313

40-4

9

86.8

82

.5

84.5

64

.9

50.8

57

7

89.1

90

.0

91.5

69

.1

59.1

23

5

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

87.0

83

.5

87.1

67

.2

50.6

2,

787

89

.2

90.2

89

.6

63.2

54

.1

1,23

8

S

lum

79

.9

79.6

82

.7

68.7

47

.2

463

86.8

84

.9

82.7

76

.8

61.7

26

0

N

on-s

lum

88

.4

84.3

88

.0

66.9

51

.2

2,32

5

89.8

91

.5

91.4

59

.6

52.0

97

9

Ru

ral

89.8

80

.1

87.4

61

.7

46.6

21

5

90.7

89

.5

84.9

47

.7

40.7

10

0

Educ

atio

n

No

educ

atio

n

79.5

66

.0

69.9

66

.9

38.7

46

4

82.8

79

.4

66.5

62

.3

41.9

11

0

<

5 ye

ars

com

plet

e 83

.5

73.9

65

.5

57.4

30

.8

48

(78.

8)

(78.

8)

(70.

9)

(66.

3)

(47.

3)

31

5-

9 ye

ars

com

plet

e

82.8

79

.8

84.1

68

.2

45.4

72

1

87.4

86

.8

86.4

63

.2

52.7

42

5

10

or m

ore

year

s co

mpl

ete

91.1

89

.4

93.4

66

.5

55.8

1,

769

91

.7

93.9

94

.8

61.2

55

.1

772

Regu

lar

med

ia e

xpos

ure1

Ye

s

87.5

84

.3

87.9

67

.2

51.4

2,

859

89

.8

90.3

89

.8

61.6

53

.0

1,27

7

N

o

80.5

61

.4

72.2

60

.0

27.9

14

3

79.0

85

.3

77.5

70

.8

55.6

61

Mar

ital s

tatu

s

Nev

er m

arrie

d

89.1

86

.7

90.7

65

.0

50.3

84

6

88.3

88

.7

88.5

57

.6

49.2

62

0

C

urre

ntly

mar

ried

86

.4

82.1

85

.6

67.2

50

.0

2,07

2

90.1

91

.3

89.8

65

.5

56.0

71

0

W

idow

ed/d

ivor

ced/

sepa

rate

d/de

serte

d

88.8

76

.7

88.4

75

.4

56.9

84

*

* *

* *

8

Relig

ion

H

indu

87

.7

83.9

87

.5

67.1

51

.4

2,55

4

89.8

90

.0

89.6

62

.6

53.4

1,

136

Mus

lim

80.6

77

.1

83.1

63

.2

40.6

26

5

82.7

88

.9

83.4

59

.3

50.1

12

0

Si

kh

86.2

77

.7

86.2

71

.3

45.7

11

9

(90.

7)

(97.

7)

(90.

7)

(65.

1)

(62.

8)

56

O

ther

96

.2

92.0

92

.0

60.2

52

.3

61

* *

* *

* 25

Con

tinue

d …

Delhi.indd 92 3/19/09 12:51:35 PM

��

93

Tab

le 5

9 A

ccep

ting

attit

udes

tow

ard

thos

e liv

ing

with

HIV

/AID

S—C

ontin

ued

Perc

enta

ge o

f wom

en w

ho:

Pe

rcen

tage

of m

en w

ho:

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

Are

will

ing

to c

are

for a

re

lativ

e w

ith

HIV

/AID

S in

ow

n ho

me

Wou

ld b

uy

fresh

ve

geta

bles

from

a

shop

keep

er

who

has

H

IV/A

IDS

Say

that

a

fem

ale

teac

her w

ho

has

HIV

/AID

S bu

t is

not s

ick

shou

ld b

e al

low

ed to

co

ntin

uete

achi

ng

Wou

ld n

ot

wan

t to

keep

secr

et th

at a

fa

mily

m

embe

r got

in

fect

ed w

ith

HIV

/AID

S

Perc

enta

geof

wom

en

expr

essin

gac

cept

ing

attit

udes

on

all f

our

indi

cato

rs

Num

ber o

f w

omen

who

ha

ve h

eard

of

AID

S

Are

will

ing

to

car

e fo

r a

rela

tive

with

H

IV/A

IDS

in

own

hom

e

Wou

ld b

uy

fresh

ve

geta

bles

from

a

shop

keep

er

who

has

H

IV/A

IDS

Say

that

a

fem

ale

teac

her w

ho

has

HIV

/AID

S bu

t is

not s

ick

shou

ld b

e al

low

ed to

co

ntin

uete

achi

ng

Wou

ld n

ot

wan

t to

keep

secr

et th

at a

fa

mily

m

embe

r got

in

fect

ed w

ith

HIV

/AID

S

Perc

enta

geof

men

ex

pres

sing

acce

ptin

gat

titud

es o

n al

l fou

r in

dica

tors

Num

ber o

f m

en w

ho

have

hea

rd

of A

IDS

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sche

dule

d ca

ste

80

.9

77.6

79

.8

65.0

41

.9

467

88

.8

87.3

86

.7

63.4

52

.8

260

Sche

dule

d tri

be

(95.

6)

(75.

3)

(77.

9)

(80.

4)

(53.

8)

40

* *

* *

* 10

Oth

er b

ackw

ard

clas

s

85.8

80

.6

84.7

74

.1

53.8

35

8

83.6

88

.2

83.1

69

.9

58.8

19

1

O

ther

88

.7

85.1

89

.3

65.7

51

.5

2,13

7

90.5

91

.3

91.1

60

.0

51.9

87

1

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t *

* *

* *

1

* *

* *

* 2

Seco

nd

(80.

0)

(60.

0)

(70.

0)

(57.

3)

(23.

6)

28

(78.

6)

(74.

0)

(73.

5)

(56.

5)

(34.

7)

34

M

iddl

e

74.6

69

.2

75.4

69

.5

41.3

13

1

86.7

83

.3

76.0

62

.2

45.9

10

1

Fo

urth

80

.2

72.0

79

.3

67.6

42

.5

447

87

.8

88.0

85

.8

68.5

57

.8

269

Hig

hest

89

.3

86.4

89

.4

66.6

52

.5

2,39

5

90.5

92

.1

92.3

60

.4

53.2

93

2

Tot

al

87.2

83

.2

87.1

66

.8

50.3

3,

002

89.3

90

.1

89.2

62

.0

53.1

1,

338

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

wom

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

edu

catio

n an

d re

ligio

n, a

nd m

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion

and

cast

e/tri

be, w

ho a

re n

ot s

how

n se

para

tely

. ( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

1 Exp

osur

e to

radi

o, te

levi

sion,

or n

ewsp

aper

s/m

agaz

ines

at l

east

onc

e a

wee

k.

Delhi.indd 93 3/19/09 12:51:36 PM

��

94

Tab

le 6

0 S

exua

l beh

avio

ur, b

lood

tran

sfus

ion,

and

inje

ctio

ns

Ind

icat

ors

of h

ighe

r-ris

k se

xual

beh

avio

ur, u

se o

f blo

od tr

ansf

usio

n, p

rior H

IV te

stin

g, a

nd m

edic

al in

ject

ions

for w

omen

and

men

age

15-

49, b

y re

siden

ce, D

elhi

, 200

5-06

Urb

an

Slum

N

on-s

lum

To

tal

Rura

l To

tal

Beh

avio

ur/b

lood

tran

sfus

ion/

inje

ctio

ns

Wom

enM

en

Wom

en

Men

W

omen

M

en

Wom

en

Men

W

omen

Men

Amon

g th

ose

who

had

sex

ual i

nter

cour

se in

the

past

12

mon

ths:

Pe

rcen

tage

who

had

two

or m

ore

part

ners

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s

0.1

3.

6

0.0

0.

7

0.0

1.

4

0.0

5.

8

0.0

1.

7

Pe

rcen

tage

who

had

hig

her-

risk

inte

rcou

rse

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s1 0.

0

10.4

0.

1

7.1

0.

1

7.8

0.

0

15.4

0.

1

8.4

Pe

rcen

tage

who

had

two

or m

ore

part

ners

and

hig

her-

risk

inte

rcou

rse

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s10.

0

2.9

0.

0

0.7

0.

0

1.2

0.

0

5.8

0.

0

1.6

Num

ber w

ho h

ad s

exua

l int

erco

urse

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s 39

3 16

2 1,

729

55

0 2,

122

71

2

181

60

2,

303

77

2

Amon

g th

ose

who

had

hig

her-

risk

inte

rcou

rse

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s, p

erce

ntag

e w

ho

repo

rted

usin

g a

cond

om a

t las

t hig

her-

risk

inte

rcou

rse1

nc

(56.

3)

* (6

0.0)

*

58.9

nc

*

* 62

.9

Num

ber w

ho h

ad h

ighe

r-ris

k in

terc

ours

e in

the

past

12

mon

ths

0

173

393

56

0

9

3

65

Amon

g th

ose

who

eve

r had

sex

ual i

nter

cour

se, m

ean

num

ber

of s

exua

l par

tner

s in

life

time

1.0

1.

5

1.0

1.

6

1.0

1.

6

1.0

1.

5

1.0

1.

6

Num

ber w

ho e

ver h

ad s

exua

l int

erco

urse

42

3 17

81,

822

597

2,24

5

775

19

4

66

2,43

9

841

Per

cent

age

who

pai

d fo

r sex

ual i

nter

cour

se in

the

past

12

mon

ths

na

0.

8 na

0.

8 na

0.

8

na

3.3

na

1.

0

Num

ber o

f men

na

27

1 na

99

6 na

1,

266

na

10

6

na

1,37

3

Per

cent

age

ever

test

ed fo

r HIV

prio

r to

NFH

S-3

2.

4

2.0

7.

4

5.3

6.

5

4.6

1.

6

2.2

6.

1

4.4

P

erce

ntag

e w

ho h

ave

ever

had

a b

lood

tran

sfus

ion

4.

7

2.7

5.

7

2.1

5.

5

2.2

7.

0

0.0

5.

6

2.0

Pe

rcen

tage

who

rece

ived

an

inje

ctio

n fro

m a

hea

lth w

orke

r in

the

past

12

mon

ths2

23.5

20

.9

24.9

20

.1

24.7

20

.3

30.0

16

.3

25.1

20

.0

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of m

edic

al in

ject

ions

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s2 1.

4

1.2

1.

4

0.8

1.

4

0.9

1.

8

0.6

1.

4

0.8

N

umbe

r of r

espo

nden

ts

572

271

2,52

499

63,

096

1,

266

25

3

106

3,

349

1,

373

Amon

g th

ose

who

rece

ived

an

inje

ctio

n fro

m a

hea

lth w

orke

r in

the

pas

t 12

mon

ths,

per

cent

age

for w

hom

for t

he la

st in

ject

ion,

the

syrin

ge a

nd n

eedl

e w

ere

take

n fro

m a

new

ly o

pene

d pa

ckag

e or

the

need

le w

as s

teril

ized

2 96

.6

97.2

98

.6

98.1

98

.2

97.9

93

.2

* 97

.8

98.0

N

umbe

r of r

espo

nden

ts w

ho re

ceiv

ed a

n in

ject

ion

from

a h

ealth

w

orke

r in

the

past

12

mon

ths2

134

5763

020

076

4 25

7 76

17

84

0 27

4

nc =

not

cal

cula

ted

beca

use

ther

e ar

e no

cas

es

na =

Not

app

licab

le

( ) B

ased

on

25-4

9 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

*

Perc

enta

ge n

ot s

how

n; b

ased

on

few

er th

an 2

5 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

1 S

exua

l int

erco

urse

with

a p

artn

er w

ho w

as n

eith

er a

spo

use

nor w

ho li

ved

with

the

resp

onde

nt.

2 Inje

ctio

ns g

iven

by

a do

ctor

, nur

se, p

harm

acist

, den

tist,

or o

ther

hea

lth w

orke

r.

Delhi.indd 94 3/19/09 12:51:37 PM

��

95

Tab

le 6

1 K

now

ledg

e of

AID

S an

d se

xual

beh

avio

ur: Y

outh

Ind

icat

ors

of H

IV/A

IDS

know

ledg

e an

d se

xual

beh

avio

ur fo

r wom

en a

nd m

en a

ge 1

5-24

, by

resid

ence

, Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Urb

an

Slum

N

on-s

lum

Tota

l Ru

ral

Tota

l

Kno

wle

dge

and

beha

viou

r W

omen

Men

W

omen

Men

W

omen

Men

W

omen

Men

W

omen

Men

Know

ledg

e

Per

cent

age

with

com

preh

ensiv

e kn

owle

dge

of A

IDS1

34.2

53

.7

52.1

57

.3

48.4

56

.5

49.4

(6

0.0)

48

.5

56.8

Per

cent

age

who

kno

w a

con

dom

sou

rce

70

.1

96.1

75

.7

95.0

74

.5

95.3

67

.4

(93.

3)

74.0

95

.1

Sexu

al b

ehav

iour

P

erce

ntag

e w

ho h

ave

ever

had

sex

ual i

nter

cour

se

40.8

30

.6

27.7

18

.7

30.4

21

.5

39.3

(3

3.3)

31

.1

22.6

Per

cent

age

who

had

sex

ual i

nter

cour

se b

efor

e ag

e 15

9.

4

1.3

1.9

0.

3

3.4

0.

6 5.

6

(2.2

) 3.

6

0.7

HIV

test

ing,

inje

ctio

ns, a

nd b

lood

tran

sfus

ion

Per

cent

age

who

hav

e ev

er h

ad a

blo

od tr

ansf

usio

n

2.0

0.

9 2.

0

1.0

2.

0

1.0

5.6

(0

.0)

2.3

0.

9

Per

cent

age

who

rece

ived

an

inje

ctio

n fro

m a

hea

lth w

orke

r in

the

past

12

mon

ths2

25.9

19

.2

25.3

19

.3

25.4

19

.3

36.0

(1

3.3)

26

.3

18.8

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of m

edic

al in

ject

ions

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s2 1.

2

0.6

1.1

0.

8

1.1

0.

7 1.

6

(0.4

) 1.

2

0.7

Num

ber o

f res

pond

ents

age

15-

24

229

121

872

388

1,10

1

509

93

52

1,

194

56

1

Am

ong

thos

e w

ho re

ceiv

ed a

n in

ject

ion

from

a h

ealth

wor

ker i

n th

e pa

st

1

2 m

onth

s, p

erce

ntag

e fo

r who

m fo

r the

last

inje

ctio

n, th

e sy

ringe

and

ne

edle

wer

e ta

ken

from

a n

ewly

ope

ned

pack

age

or th

e ne

edle

was

st

erili

zed2

95.7

(9

7.7)

98

.9

96.6

98

.2

96.8

(9

6.9)

* 98

.0

97.0

N

umbe

r of r

espo

nden

ts w

ho re

ceiv

ed a

n in

ject

ion

from

a h

ealth

wor

ker

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s2 59

23

22

1 75

28

0

98

33

7 31

4

105

P

erce

ntag

e w

ho u

sed

a co

ndom

at f

irst s

exua

l int

erco

urse

2.

7

25.7

4.

2

30.4

3.

8

28.8

(5

.7)

* 4.

0

27.6

Num

ber w

ho e

ver h

ad s

exua

l int

erco

urse

94

37

24

1 72

33

5

109

36

17

37

1

127

P

erce

ntag

e te

sted

for H

IV a

nd re

ceiv

ed re

sults

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s

2.2

1.

8 6.

3

0.0

5.

2

0.7

(5.9

)*

5.2

0.

6

P

erce

ntag

e w

ho h

ad h

ighe

r-ris

k in

terc

ours

e3in

the

past

12

mon

ths

0.

0

35.1

0.

5

(47.

4)

0.4

42

.7

(0.0

)*

0.3

42

.7

N

umbe

r who

had

sex

ual i

nter

cour

se in

the

past

12

mon

ths

94

30

24

0 49

33

4

79

35

16

369

95

Per

cent

age

who

repo

rted

usin

g a

cond

om a

t las

t hig

her-

risk

inte

rcou

rse3

nc

* *

* *

(53.

1)nc

*

* (5

8.3)

N

umbe

r who

had

hig

her-

risk

sexu

al in

terc

ours

e3 in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s

0 11

1

23

1

34

0

7 1

41

Amon

g th

ose

neve

r m

arri

ed

P

erce

ntag

e w

ho h

ave

neve

r had

sex

ual i

nter

cour

se

100.

0

83.7

99

.8

87.5

99

.8

86.6

10

0.0

(8

1.1)

99.8

86

.2

P

erce

ntag

e w

ho h

ad s

exua

l int

erco

urse

in th

e pa

st 1

2 m

onth

s

0.0

11

.1

0.2

6.

5

0.2

7.

5 0.

0

(16.

2)0.

2

8.2

Num

ber o

f nev

er m

arrie

d re

spon

dent

s ag

e 15

-24

136

100

631

361

766

461

56

43

823

504

nc =

Not

cal

cula

ted

beca

use

ther

e ar

e no

cas

es

( ) B

ased

on

25-4

9 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

*

Perc

enta

ge n

ot s

how

n; b

ased

on

few

er th

an 2

5 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

1 R

espo

nden

ts w

ith c

ompr

ehen

sive

know

ledg

e sa

y th

at u

se o

f a c

ondo

m fo

r ev

ery

act o

f sex

ual i

nter

cour

se a

nd h

avin

gju

st o

ne u

ninf

ecte

d fa

ithfu

l par

tner

can

red

uce

the

chan

ce

of g

ettin

g H

IV/A

IDS,

say

that

a h

ealth

y-lo

okin

g pe

rson

can

hav

e H

IV/A

IDS,

and

reje

ct th

e tw

o m

ost c

omm

on m

iscon

cept

ions

in N

FHS-

3, n

amel

y th

at H

IV/A

IDS

can

be tr

ansm

itted

by

mos

quito

bite

s an

d by

sha

ring

food

. 2 In

ject

ion

give

n by

a d

octo

r, nu

rse,

pha

rmac

ist, d

entis

t, or

oth

er h

ealth

wor

ker.

3 Sex

ual i

nter

cour

se w

ith a

par

tner

who

was

nei

ther

a s

pous

e no

r liv

ed w

ith th

e re

spon

dent

.

Delhi.indd 95 3/19/09 12:51:38 PM

��

96

Tab

le 6

2 A

ttitu

des

tow

ard

fam

ily li

fe e

duca

tion

in s

choo

l

Perc

enta

ge o

f wom

en a

nd m

en a

ge 1

5-49

who

agr

ee th

at s

peci

fic to

pics

on

fam

ily li

fe e

duca

tion

shou

ld b

e ta

ught

in s

choo

l to

girls

and

to b

oys,

and

per

cent

dist

ribut

ion

of th

ose

who

agr

ee th

at a

spe

cific

topi

c sh

ould

be

taug

ht in

sc

hool

by

the

age

at w

hich

they

bel

ieve

that

the

topi

c sh

ould

firs

t be

taug

ht in

sch

ool,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Ag

e to

pic

shou

ld b

e fir

st ta

ught

in s

choo

l to

girls

Age

topi

c sh

ould

be

first

taug

ht in

sch

ool t

o bo

ys

Top

ics

Perc

enta

gew

ho s

ay th

at

the

topi

c sh

ould

be

taug

ht in

sc

hool

to

girl

s

Num

ber o

f re

spon

-de

nts

<10

year

s 10

-12

year

s 13

-15

year

s 16

year

sor

old

er

Don

'tkn

ow/

miss

ing

Tota

l

Num

ber w

ho

say

that

topi

csh

ould

be

taug

ht in

sc

hool

to

girl

s

Perc

enta

gew

ho s

ay th

at

the

topi

c sh

ould

be

taug

ht in

sc

hool

to

boy

s

Num

ber

of re

spon

-de

nts

<10

year

s 10

-12

year

s 13

-15

year

s 16

year

sor

old

er

Don

'tkn

ow/

miss

ing

Tota

l

Num

ber

who

say

that

to

pic

shou

ld

be ta

ught

in

scho

ol to

bo

ys

WO

MEN

Mor

al v

alue

s 99

.5

3,34

9

82.0

15

.5

1.9

0.

5

0.1

10

0.0

3,

333

99

.6

3,34

9

81.8

14

.9

2.4

0.

7

0.2

10

0.0

3,

334

Cha

nges

in b

oys’

bod

ies

at

pub

erty

79

.9

3,34

9

8.9

38

.7

41.0

11

.0

0.4

10

0.0

2,

675

90

.2

3,34

9

5.8

38

.7

40.8

13

.5

1.1

10

0.0

3,

022

Cha

nges

in g

irls’

bod

ies

at

pub

erty

incl

udin

g m

enst

ruat

ion

95.4

3,

349

5.

8

62.7

27

.2

4.2

0.

1

100.

0

3,19

4

62.5

3,

349

1.

9

20.6

47

.8

28.5

1.

2

100.

0

2,09

2

S

ex a

nd s

exua

l beh

avio

ur

78.0

3,

349

1.

1

13.4

44

.9

40.0

0.

6

100.

0

2,61

3

74.3

3,

349

1.

0

8.3

44

.7

44.9

1.

1

100.

0

2,48

7

C

ontra

cept

ion

76.8

3,

349

0.

9

8.8

40

.4

49.2

0.

8

100.

0

2,57

1

72.0

3,

349

0.

9

5.7

35

.9

55.4

2.

1

100.

0

2,41

2

H

IV/A

IDS

86.6

3,

349

1.

5

13.8

46

.2

37.4

1.

0

100.

0

2,89

9

86.4

3,

349

1.

3

12.6

43

.6

40.7

1.

7

100.

0

2,89

4

C

ondo

m u

se to

avo

id

sex

ually

tran

smitt

ed

dise

ases

80

.5

3,34

9

1.1

7.

7

36.8

52

.7

1.7

10

0.0

2,

696

78

.2

3,34

9

0.9

6.

2

32.4

57

.7

2.8

10

0.0

2,

620

MEN

Mor

al v

alue

s 99

.4

1,37

3

79.1

16

.6

2.9

1.

1

0.3

10

0.0

1,

364

99

.4

1,37

3

78.8

17

.4

2.3

1.

0

0.5

10

0.0

1,

364

Cha

nges

in b

oys’

bod

ies

at

pub

erty

84

.0

1,37

3

1.7

23

.1

41.8

33

.3

0.1

10

0.0

1,

153

94

.4

1,37

3

2.4

26

.9

43.4

27

.0

0.3

10

0.0

1,

296

Cha

nges

in g

irls’

bod

ies

at

pub

erty

incl

udin

g m

enst

ruat

ion

92.9

1,

373

0.

8

20.2

51

.4

27.5

0.

1

100.

0

1,27

6

83.0

1,

373

1.

3

19.2

43

.6

35.5

0.

3

100.

0

1,13

9

S

ex a

nd s

exua

l beh

avio

ur

84.1

1,

373

0.

3

11.6

34

.3

53.5

0.

3

100.

0

1,15

5

85.0

1,

373

0.

6

12.2

31

.0

55.8

0.

4

100.

0

1,16

7

C

ontra

cept

ion

86.9

1,

373

0.

2

11.0

31

.2

57.5

0.

1

100.

0

1,19

2

85.6

1,

373

0.

6

10.5

27

.6

61.2

0.

1

100.

0

1,17

6

H

IV/A

IDS

94.3

1,

373

2.

8

21.5

32

.0

43.6

0.

1

100.

0

1,29

5

94.7

1,

373

3.

1

21.3

32

.7

42.7

0.

2

100.

0

1,30

0

C

ondo

m u

se to

avo

id

sex

ually

tran

smitt

ed

dise

ases

89

.9

1,37

3 0.

4 10

.2

30.1

59

.2

0.1

100.

0 1,

235

90.8

1,

373

0.7

9.7

27.4

61

.9

0.3

100.

0 1,

247

Delhi.indd 96 3/19/09 12:51:38 PM

��

97

Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis

Number of persons per 100,000 usual household residents suffering from any tuberculosis and medically treated tuberculosis, by age, sex, and main type of cooking fuel, according to residence, Delhi, 2005-06

Number of persons per 100,000 suffering from:

Characteristic Tuberculosis1Medically treated

tuberculosis Number of

usual residents

URBAN SLUM

Age <15 55 55 962

15-59 528 528 1,789 60+ 885 885 119

Sex Women 376 376 1,258 Men 391 391 1,612

Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 598 598 614 Other fuel 306 306 2,230

Total 384 384 2,869

URBAN NON-SLUM

Age <15 87 87 2,949 15-59 229 211 7,297 60+ 472 472 817

Sex Women 206 206 4,986 Men 211 190 6,077

Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 249 249 516 Other fuel 208 196 10,496

Total 209 197 11,063

URBAN TOTAL

Age <15 79 79 3,911 15-59 288 274 9,086 60+ 524 524 936

Sex Women 240 240 6,244 Men 249 232 7,689

Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 439 439 1,131 Other fuel 225 215 12,725

Total 245 236 13,933

Continued…

Delhi.indd 97 3/19/09 12:51:39 PM

��

98

Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis—Continued

Number of persons per 100,000 suffering from:

Characteristic Tuberculosis1Medically treated

tuberculosis Number of

usual residents

RURAL

Age <15 0 0 426 15-59 152 152 729 60+ 1,587 1,587 70

Sex Women 0 0 530 Men 319 319 694

Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 0 0 439 Other fuel 288 288 770

Total 181 181 1,225

TOTAL

Age <15 71 71 4,337 15-59 278 265 9,815 60+ 598 598 1,006

Sex Women 221 221 6,774 Men 255 240 8,383

Cooking fuel Solid fuel2 316 316 1,570 Other fuel 229 219 13,495

Total 240 231 15,157

Note: Total includes usual residents with missing information on type of cooking fuel, who are not shown separately. 1 Includes medically treated tuberculosis. 2 Includes coal, lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung cakes.

Delhi.indd 98 3/19/09 12:51:40 PM

��

99

Tab

le 6

4 K

now

ledg

e an

d at

titud

e to

war

d tu

berc

ulos

is

Perc

enta

ge o

f wom

en a

nd m

en a

ge 1

5-49

who

hav

e he

ard

of tu

berc

ulos

is (T

B), a

nd a

mon

g th

ose

who

hav

e he

ard

of T

B, p

erce

ntag

e w

ith s

peci

fic k

now

ledg

e an

d be

liefs

, acc

ordi

ng to

bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

s,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Amon

g w

omen

who

hav

e he

ard

of T

B, p

erce

ntag

e w

ho:

Amon

g m

en w

ho h

ave

hear

d of

TB,

per

cent

age

who

:

Back

grou

nd

char

acte

ristic

Perc

enta

geof

wom

en

who

hav

e he

ard

of

TB

Num

ber

of

wom

en

Repo

rt th

at T

B is

spre

ad

thro

ugh

the

air

by c

ough

ing

or

snee

zing

Hav

em

iscon

cept

ions

abou

ttra

nsm

issio

n

of T

B

Belie

ve

that

TB

can

be

cure

d

Wou

ld w

ant a

fa

mily

mem

ber's

TB

kep

t sec

ret

from

the

neig

hbou

rs

Num

ber o

f w

omen

w

ho h

ave

hear

d of

TB

Perc

enta

geof

men

w

ho h

ave

hear

d of

TB

Num

ber

of

men

Repo

rt th

at T

B is

spre

ad

thro

ugh

the

air

by c

ough

ing

or

snee

zing

Hav

em

iscon

cept

ions

ab

out

trans

miss

ion

of

TB

Belie

ve th

at

TB c

an b

e cu

red

Wou

ld w

ant a

fa

mily

mem

ber's

TB

kep

t sec

ret

from

the

neig

hbou

rs

Num

ber o

f m

en w

ho

have

hear

d of

TB

Age

15-1

9

97.9

57

9

76.5

77

.4

94.7

18

.0

567

98

.1

285

71

.6

60.0

97

.5

9.5

27

9

20

-34

97

.9

1,64

0

75.6

78

.0

95.0

15

.2

1,60

6

99.8

69

2

80.5

69

.0

96.4

7.

7

691

35-4

9

98.1

1,

130

76

.9

79.5

96

.7

14.4

1,

109

99

.1

396

83

.1

75.6

98

.7

7.4

39

2

Resi

denc

e

U

rban

98

.1

3,09

6

76.6

78

.6

95.6

15

.4

3,03

6

99.5

1,

266

79

.9

69.5

97

.3

8.1

1,

261

Slu

m

97.1

57

2 76

.0

72.7

94

.0

14.3

55

5 98

.8

271

81.6

67

.8

96.4

8.

9

268

N

on-s

lum

98

.3

2,52

4 76

.7

79.9

96

.0

15.7

2,

481

99.7

99

6 79

.4

69.9

97

.5

7.9

99

3

Rura

l 97

.1

253

71

.2

76.3

94

.1

15.3

24

6

95.7

10

6

73.9

63

.6

97.7

5.

7

102

Educ

atio

n

N

o ed

ucat

ion

94

.1

717

65

.1

69.2

90

.3

15.3

67

5

97.9

13

2

67.4

58

.7

89.8

17

.1

129

<5

year

s co

mpl

ete

96.1

59

57

.8

62.4

92

.4

21.9

57

(9

8.4)

32

(6

5.7)

(6

2.4)

(1

00.0

) (1

4.7)

32

5-9

year

s co

mpl

ete

98

.3

791

74

.8

74.2

95

.1

15.9

77

7

98.6

43

5

74.7

65

.0

97.1

7.

6

429

10

or m

ore

year

s co

mpl

ete

99.5

1,

782

81

.6

84.3

97

.8

15.1

1,

773

99

.9

773

84

.7

73.3

98

.6

6.3

77

2

Relig

ion

Hin

du

98.0

2,

845

75

.8

78.3

95

.3

16.1

2,

788

99

.3

1,16

4

79.0

70

.0

97.2

8.

3

1,15

5

M

uslim

98

.1

310

80

.4

82.6

96

.4

7.3

30

4

98.6

12

7

81.0

63

.7

97.7

7.

1

125

Sikh

99

.0

126

76

.5

68.4

96

.9

16.3

12

4

(100

.0)

56

(83.

7)

(67.

4)

(100

.0)

(7.0

) 56

Oth

er

96.1

65

70

.6

80.4

98

.0

22.4

62

*

25

* *

* *

25

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sche

dule

d ca

ste

96

.3

580

70

.1

72.7

93

.2

18.6

55

9

98.8

27

2

72.8

68

.0

94.0

9.

0

268

Sche

dule

d tri

be

91.2

49

(6

9.9)

(5

9.7)

(9

6.0)

(1

3.6)

45

*

12

* *

* *

12

O

ther

bac

kwar

d cl

ass

96

.9

430

71

.9

78.0

92

.8

16.4

41

6

98.5

19

8

78.2

65

.7

98.2

9.

6

195

Oth

er

98.8

2,

290

78

.6

80.3

96

.6

14.5

2,

262

99

.5

885

82

.0

69.9

98

.3

7.2

88

1

Wea

lth in

dex

Low

est

*

3

* *

* *

2

* 3

*

* *

* 3

Seco

nd

95.2

64

60

.2

60.1

84

.0

19.3

61

98

.7

40

60.0

68

.6

94.0

15

.3

39

M

iddl

e

93.0

21

2

66.2

63

.1

88.0

22

.5

197

96

.2

115

70

.7

61.0

94

.7

14.3

11

1

Fo

urth

97

.2

565

69

.2

69.4

92

.1

13.1

54

9

98.9

27

8

76.1

66

.2

95.8

12

.3

275

Hig

hest

98

.7

2,50

5

78.9

82

.1

97.2

15

.3

2,47

3

99.7

93

8

82.2

70

.8

98.2

5.

6

935

Tot

al

98.0

3,

349

76.2

78

.4

95.5

15

.4

3,28

2 99

.2

1,37

3 79

.4

69.0

97

.3

8.0

1,36

2

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

wom

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

edu

catio

n an

d re

ligio

n, a

nd m

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion

and

cast

e/tri

be, w

ho a

re n

ot s

how

n se

para

tely

. ( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

Delhi.indd 99 3/19/09 12:51:40 PM

�00

100

Table 65 Health problems

Number of women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 who reported that they have diabetes, asthma, or goitre or any other thyroid disorders, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Number of women per 100,000 who have: Number of men per 100,000 who have:

Background characteristic Diabetes Asthma

Goitre or other thyroid disorder

Total number of

women Diabetes Asthma

Goitre or other thyroid disorder

Total number of

men

Age 15-19 0 88 177 579 0 0 0 285 20-34 543 387 683 1,640 824 450 263 692 35-49 4,227 1,013 3,307 1,130 2,821 1,767 0 396

Residence Urban 1,831 591 1,535 3,096 1,332 798 144 1,266 Slum 1,252 537 537 572 977 391 195 271 Non-slum 1,962 604 1,761 2,524 1,429 909 130 996 Rural 0 0 823 253 0 0 0 106

Education No education 1,562 888 819 717 400 0 0 132 <5 years complete 0 2,146 0 59 (0) (1,631) (0) 32 5-9 years complete 1,479 225 968 791 364 1,309 0 435 10 or more years complete 1,896 499 2,024 1,782 1,909 502 236 773

Wealth index Lowest * * * 3 * * * 3 Second 799 0 0 64 0 0 0 40 Middle 839 1,204 482 212 0 458 0 115 Fourth 1,036 225 590 565 190 931 0 278 Highest 1,917 578 1,806 2,505 1,743 746 194 938

Total 1,692 547 1,481 3,349 1,229 736 133 1,373

Note: Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, and men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 100 3/19/09 12:51:41 PM

�0�

101

Tab

le 6

6 T

obac

co a

nd a

lcoh

ol u

se b

y w

omen

and

men

Perc

enta

ge o

f w

omen

and

men

age

15-

49 b

y th

eir

use

of t

obac

co a

nd a

lcoh

ol,

perc

ent

dist

ribut

ion

of t

hose

who

sm

oke

ciga

rette

s or

bidi

s by

num

ber

of c

igar

ette

s/bi

dis

smok

ed in

the

24 h

ours

pre

cedi

ng th

e su

rvey

, and

am

ong

thos

e w

ho d

rink

alco

hol,

the

frequ

ency

of a

lcoh

ol c

onsu

mpt

ion,

by

resid

ence

, Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Wom

en

Men

Urb

an

U

rban

Tob

acco

/alc

ohol

use

Sl

um

Non

-slu

mTo

tal

Rura

l To

tal

Slum

N

on-s

lum

Tota

l Ru

ral

Tota

l

Use

of t

obac

co/a

lcoh

ol

Smok

es c

igar

ette

s or

bid

is

3.5

0.

9

1.3

2.

5

1.4

34

.2

23.8

26

.0

32.6

26

.5

Sm

okes

cig

ars

or p

ipe

0.

3

0.0

0.

0

1.2

0.

1

0.2

0.

1

0.1

0.

0

0.1

Che

ws

paan

mas

ala,

gut

kha,

or o

ther

toba

cco

3.

0

1.2

1.

5

2.5

1.

6

34.4

17

.9

21.4

22

.8

21.5

Use

s sn

uff

0.0

0.

1

0.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

6

0.0

0.

1

0.0

0.

1

O

ther

0.

2

0.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

1

0.1

0.

0

0.1

Doe

s no

t use

toba

cco

93

.6

97.9

97

.1

94.7

96

.9

45.5

64

.4

60.4

55

.4

60.0

D

rinks

alc

ohol

0.

5

0.3

0.

3

1.2

0.4

34

.2

32.3

32

.7

37.0

33

.1

Num

ber o

f res

pond

ents

57

2 2,

524

3,09

6

253

3,

349

27

1 99

6 1,

266

10

6

1,37

3

Num

ber

of c

igar

ette

s/bi

dis

smok

ed in

the

past

24

hour

s

0

(0.0

) *

0.0

*

2.2

4.

0

6.6

5.

8

(3.3

) 5.

6

1-

4

(41.

0)

* 41

.1

* 44

.5

34.3

32

.2

32.8

(3

0.0)

32

.5

5-

9

(20.

5)

* 25

.1

* 21

.8

17.1

16

.9

17.0

(2

0.0)

17

.3

10

or m

ore

(3

8.5)

*

33.8

*

31.5

44

.6

44.3

44

.3

(46.

7)

44.6

To

tal

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

Num

ber o

f cig

aret

te/b

idi s

mok

ers

20

22

42

6

48

93

23

7 32

9

35

364

Amon

g th

ose

who

dri

nk a

lcoh

ol, f

requ

ency

of d

rink

ing

A

lmos

t eve

ry d

ay

* *

* *

* 8.

0

2.4

3.

7

(2.9

) 3.

6

A

bout

onc

e a

wee

k

* *

* *

* 21

.7

18.5

19

.2

(11.

8)

18.6

Less

than

onc

e a

wee

k

* *

* *

* 69

.7

78.7

76

.7

(85.

3)

77.4

Miss

ing

* *

* *

* 0.

6

0.4

0.

4

(0.0

) 0.

4

To

tal

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

Num

ber o

f res

pond

ents

who

drin

k al

coho

l 3

6 9

3 13

93

32

2 41

5 39

45

4

( ) B

ased

on

25-4

9 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

*

Perc

enta

ge n

ot s

how

n; b

ased

on

few

er th

an 2

5 un

wei

ghte

d ca

ses.

Delhi.indd 101 3/19/09 12:51:42 PM

�0�

102

Tab

le 6

7 S

ourc

e of

hea

lth c

are

Perc

ent

dist

ribut

ion

of h

ouse

hold

s by

the

sou

rce

of h

ealth

car

e th

at h

ouse

hold

mem

bers

gen

eral

ly u

se w

hen

they

get

sick,

per

cent

age

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith a

t le

ast

one

usua

l mem

ber

cove

red

byhe

alth

insu

ranc

e or

a h

ealth

sch

eme,

and

per

cent

age

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith a

t le

ast

one

usua

l mem

ber

cove

red

by h

ealth

insu

ranc

e or

a h

ealth

sch

eme

that

hav

e di

ffere

nt t

ypes

of h

ealth

cov

erag

e,

acco

rdin

g to

resid

ence

and

the

wea

lth in

dex,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Resid

ence

Urb

an

Wea

lth in

dex

S

ourc

e/he

alth

insu

ranc

e Sl

um

Non

-slu

mTo

tal

Rura

l Lo

wes

t Se

cond

M

iddl

e Fo

urth

H

ighe

st

Tota

l

Publ

ic m

edic

al s

ecto

r 32

.1

27.7

28

.6

37.9

*

32.2

29

.5

34.5

27

.6

29.3

Gov

ernm

ent/m

unic

ipal

hos

pita

l 19

.7

17.3

17

.8

24.8

*

20.6

14

.9

21.4

17

.7

18.3

Gov

ernm

ent d

ispen

sary

12

.0

10.2

10

.6

11.7

*

10.2

13

.9

12.8

9.

7

10.7

UH

C/U

HP/

UFW

C

0.3

0.

1

0.1

1.

4

* 0.

0

0.6

0.

3

0.1

0.

2

G

over

nmen

t mob

ile c

linic

0.

0

0.1

0.

0

0.0

*

1.3

0.

0

0.0

0.

0

0.0

Oth

er p

ublic

med

ical

sec

tor

0.0

0.

1

0.1

0.

0

* 0.

0

0.0

0.

0

0.1

0.

1

Priv

ate

med

ical

sec

tor

67.4

72

.2

71.2

62

.1

* 67

.3

70.4

65

.2

72.3

70

.5

Pr

ivat

e ho

spita

l 11

.7

9.4

9.

8

5.1

*

4.7

11

.6

8.2

9.

8

9.5

Priv

ate

doct

or/c

linic

54

.7

61.7

60

.3

57.0

*

61.5

57

.3

56.5

61

.4

60.0

Priv

ate

para

med

ic

0.3

0.

2

0.2

0.

0

* 1.

1

0.3

0.

0

0.2

0.

2

Vaid

ya/h

akim

/hom

eopa

th

0.0

0.

3

0.2

0.

0

* 0.

0

0.0

0.

0

0.3

0.

2

Tr

aditi

onal

hea

ler

0.3

0.

0

0.1

0.

0

* 0.

0

0.5

0.

0

0.0

0.

0

Ph

arm

acy/

drug

stor

e 0.

4

0.6

0.

5

0.0

*

0.0

0.

7

0.5

0.

5

0.5

Oth

er p

rivat

e m

edic

al s

ecto

r 0.

0

0.1

0.

1

0.0

*

0.0

0.

0

0.0

0.

1

0.1

Oth

er s

ourc

e 0.

3

0.1

0.

2

0.0

*

0.5

0.

2

0.1

0.

1

0.1

Shop

0.

1

0.0

0.

0

0.0

*

0.0

0.

2

0.0

0.

0

0.0

Hom

e tre

atm

ent

0.3

0.

1

0.1

0.

0

* 0.

5

0.0

0.

1

0.1

0.

1

O

ther

0.

2

0.0

0.

0

0.0

*

0.0

0.

0

0.2

0.

0

0.0

Tot

al

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

100.

0

Hea

lth in

sura

nce

Perc

enta

ge o

f hou

seho

lds

in w

hich

at l

east

one

usu

al m

embe

r is

cove

red

by a

hea

lth s

chem

e or

hea

lth in

sura

nce

5.

6

16.1

14

.0

13.1

*

1.6

4.

4

7.5

17

.8

13.9

Num

ber o

f hou

seho

lds

62

8 2,

459

3,08

7 23

7

5

100

32

4

660

2,

235

3,

324

Type

of c

over

age

amon

g ho

useh

olds

in w

hich

at l

east

one

us

ual m

embe

r is

cov

ered

by

a he

alth

sch

eme/

heal

th

insu

ranc

e

Empl

oyee

Sta

te In

sura

nce

Sche

me

(ESI

S)

23.9

16

.8

17.4

(1

0.7)

nc

*

* 17

.8

16.7

17

.0

C

entra

l Gov

ernm

ent H

ealth

Sch

eme

(CG

HS)

14

.9

22.3

21

.7

(42.

9)

nc

* *

22.8

22

.9

23.1

Com

mun

ity h

ealth

insu

ranc

e pr

ogra

mm

e

3.0

1.

6

1.7

(3

.6)

nc

* *

6.2

1.

2

1.9

Oth

er h

ealth

insu

ranc

e th

roug

h em

ploy

er

9.0

8.

4

8.5

(0

.0)

nc

* *

17.6

6.

7

7.9

Med

ical

reim

burs

emen

t fro

m e

mpl

oyer

0.

0

13.9

12

.8

(3.6

) nc

*

* 0.

0

14.2

12

.2

O

ther

priv

atel

y pu

rcha

sed

com

mer

cial

hea

lth in

sura

nce

43

.3

39.2

39

.5

(35.

7)

nc

* *

32.4

40

.1

39.2

O

ther

7.

5

1.3

1.

8

(0.0

) nc

*

* 3.

2

1.6

1.

7

M

issin

g 0.

0

0.3

0.

3

(3.6

) nc

*

* 0.

0

0.6

0.

5

Num

ber o

f hou

seho

lds

35

397

432

31

0 2

14

50

397

463

UH

C =

Urb

an h

ealth

cen

tre;

UH

P =

Urb

an h

ealth

pos

t; U

FWC

= U

rban

fam

ily w

elfa

re c

entre

nc

= N

ot c

alcu

late

d be

caus

e th

ere

are

no c

ases

( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

Delhi.indd 102 3/19/09 12:51:43 PM

�0�

103

Table 68 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men

Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who were employed at any time in the 12 months preceding the survey andpercent distribution of currently married women and men employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of earnings and sector, according to age, Delhi, 2005-06

Percent distribution of employed respondents by type of earnings

Percent distribution of employed respondents

by sector

Age Percentage employed

Number of respondents Cash only

Cash and in-kind

In-kind only Not paid Missing Total Agriculture

Non-agriculture Total

Number of

employed respon-dents

WOMEN

15-19 6.2 50 * * * * * 100.0 * * 100.0 3 20-24 8.0 318 (80.8) (4.0) (0.0) (11.1) (4.1) 100.0 (4.1) (95.9) 100.0 26 25-29 16.8 482 94.0 1.3 0.0 4.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 81 30-34 24.1 464 89.9 5.9 0.9 3.2 0.0 100.0 2.1 97.9 100.0 112 35-39 27.0 447 91.8 4.2 0.0 3.0 1.1 100.0 1.5 98.5 100.0 121 40-44 27.7 338 92.9 2.7 0.0 4.4 0.0 100.0 2.5 97.5 100.0 94 45-49 21.0 253 (88.4) (3.9) (0.0) (7.7) (0.0) 100.0 (4.4) (95.6) 100.0 53

Total 20.8 2,351 90.9 3.8 0.2 4.6 0.5 100.0 2.1 97.9 100.0 489

MEN

15-19 * 2 * * * * * 100.0 * * 100.0 2 20-24 98.0 54 97.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 100.0 2.2 97.8 100.0 53 25-29 99.1 142 96.5 2.7 0.0 0.4 0.4 100.0 0.4 99.6 100.0 141 30-34 100.0 150 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 150 35-39 99.6 148 96.6 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 2.0 98.0 100.0 148 40-44 100.0 121 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.1 97.9 100.0 121 45-49 99.1 112 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.6 98.4 100.0 111

Total 99.5 730 98.4 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 100.0 1.4 98.6 100.0 726

( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

Delhi.indd 103 3/19/09 12:51:43 PM

�0�

104

Tab

le 6

9 C

ontro

l ove

r and

mag

nitu

de o

f cas

h ea

rnin

gs

Perc

enta

ge o

f cur

rent

ly m

arrie

d w

omen

and

men

age

15-

49 b

y pe

rson

who

dec

ides

how

wom

en's

and

men

's ca

sh e

arni

ngs

are

used

and

by

the

mag

nitu

de o

f wom

en's

cash

ear

ning

s co

mpa

red

with

thei

r hus

band

's ca

sh e

arni

ngs,

acc

ordi

ng to

ba

ckgr

ound

cha

ract

erist

ics,

Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Pe

rcen

tage

of c

urre

ntly

mar

ried

wom

en w

ho re

port

that

they

:

Pe

rcen

tage

of c

urre

ntly

mar

ried

men

who

repo

rt th

at:

Bac

kgro

und

char

acte

ristic

Alon

e or

join

tly

with

thei

r hu

sban

d de

cide

ho

w th

eir o

wn

earn

ings

are

use

d

Num

ber

empl

oyed

for

cash

Alon

e or

join

tly

with

thei

r hus

band

de

cide

how

thei

r hu

sban

d’s

earn

ings

ar

e us

ed

Num

ber o

f w

omen

who

se

husb

ands

are

em

ploy

ed fo

r ca

sh

Earn

mor

e or

ab

out t

he

sam

e as

thei

r hu

sban

d

Num

ber

empl

oyed

for

cash

and

who

se

husb

ands

are

em

ploy

ed fo

r ca

sh

Thei

r wife

alo

ne

or jo

intly

with

th

em d

ecid

es

how

her

ear

ning

s ar

e us

ed

Num

ber o

f m

en w

hose

w

ives

are

em

ploy

ed fo

r ca

sh

Thei

r wife

alo

ne

or jo

intly

with

th

em d

ecid

es

how

thei

r ow

n ea

rnin

gs a

re u

sed

Num

ber

empl

oyed

for

cash

Thei

r wife

ear

ns

mor

e or

abo

ut

the

sam

e as

th

ey e

arn

Num

ber

empl

oyed

for

cash

and

who

se

wiv

es a

re

empl

oyed

for

cash

Age

15-1

9

* 3

58

.4

49

* 3

nc

0

*

2

nc

0

20

-29

89

.2

99

77.7

79

4

22.8

99

*

17

75

.7

191

*

17

30

-39

94

.3

223

87

.4

900

23

.1

218

(9

5.7)

43

84

.7

296

(3

3.4)

42

40-4

9

93.6

13

9

88.5

58

2

42.0

13

6

98.9

50

88

.6

233

(3

8.8)

49

Resi

denc

e

Urb

an

93.0

43

2

84.0

2,

143

27

.9

424

95

.2

102

83

.9

669

34

.5

101

Slu

m

93.1

89

78

.6

394

22.9

85

(9

5.1)

22

82

.6

149

(30.

8)

21

N

on-s

lum

93

.0

343

85.3

1,

749

29.2

33

9 95

.2

80

84.3

52

0 35

.5

80

Ru

ral

(93.

3)

31

80.5

18

1

(36.

7)

31

*

8

(78.

3)

53

* 8

Educ

atio

n

No

educ

atio

n

92.6

16

3

80.0

63

1

21.5

15

9

* 15

76

.8

90

* 15

<5

year

s co

mpl

ete

*

9

(74.

6)

44

* 9

*

5

* 18

*

5

5-

9 ye

ars

com

plet

e

93.8

66

85

.4

494

28

.0

63

(100

.0)

27

74.4

20

9

(49.

4)

27

10

or m

ore

year

s co

mpl

ete

93.6

22

5

85.4

1,

155

33

.6

224

97

.9

62

89.6

40

5

34.4

62

Relig

ion

H

indu

92

.5

406

83

.8

2,00

0

29.6

39

9

94.9

96

85

.1

618

36

.8

95

M

uslim

(9

8.2)

29

82

.0

197

(9

.8)

29

* 5

72

.4

60

* 5

Sikh

*

14

85.1

85

*

14

* 6

*

30

* 6

Oth

er

* 14

(8

5.6)

39

*

13

* 3

*

13

* 3

Cas

te/tr

ibe

Sc

hedu

led

cast

e

94.9

11

0

79.8

40

1

21.8

10

7

(88.

4)

20

80.2

13

4

(35.

3)

19

Sc

hedu

led

tribe

*

8

(87.

4)

28

* 8

*

1

* 7

*

1

O

ther

bac

kwar

d cl

ass

95

.4

50

79.7

30

2

(41.

0)

47

* 16

84

.7

102

*

16

O

ther

91

.9

295

85

.5

1,59

3

29.5

29

4

96.5

73

84

.3

476

36

.4

73

Wea

lth in

dex

Lo

wes

t nc

0

*

3

nc

0

nc

0

* 2

nc

0

Seco

nd

(86.

6)

21

74.8

56

(3

7.5)

19

*

5

(65.

5)

26

* 4

Mid

dle

90

.0

44

76.5

17

4

23.1

43

*

10

75.2

73

*

10

Fo

urth

94

.2

97

82.8

40

4

22.0

94

(9

7.9)

25

83

.7

157

(4

9.8)

24

Hig

hest

93

.5

301

85

.1

1,68

9

30.8

29

9

96.4

71

85

.8

464

31

.3

71

Tota

l 93

.0

463

83.8

2,

325

28.5

45

5 95

.5

110

83.5

72

2 36

.2

109

Not

e: T

otal

incl

udes

wom

en/m

en w

ith m

issin

g in

form

atio

n on

relig

ion

and

men

with

miss

ing

info

rmat

ion

on c

aste

/trib

e, w

ho a

re n

ot s

how

n se

para

tely

. nc

= N

ot c

alcu

late

d be

caus

e th

ere

are

no c

ases

( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

* Pe

rcen

tage

not

sho

wn;

bas

ed o

n fe

wer

than

25

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

Delhi.indd 104 3/19/09 12:51:44 PM

�0�

105

Tab

le 7

0 D

ecisi

on m

akin

g

Perc

ent d

istrib

utio

n of

cur

rent

ly m

arrie

d w

omen

age

15-

49 b

y pe

rson

who

usu

ally

mak

es d

ecisi

ons

abou

t fou

r kin

ds o

f iss

ues

and

perc

ent d

istrib

utio

n of

cur

rent

ly m

arrie

d m

en b

y pe

rson

who

they

thin

k sh

ould

hav

e th

e gr

eate

r say

in fi

ve d

ecisi

ons,

by

resid

ence

, Del

hi, 2

005-

06

Acco

rdin

g to

wom

en, p

erso

n w

ho u

sual

ly m

akes

the

deci

sion

Ac

cord

ing

to m

en, p

erso

n th

ey th

ink

shou

ld h

ave

the

grea

ter s

ay

in th

e de

cisio

n

Dec

ision

M

ainl

y

wom

an

Wom

an a

nd

husb

and

join

tlyM

ainl

yhu

sban

d So

meo

ne

else

O

ther

To

tal

M

ainl

yhu

sban

d

Wife

and

hu

sban

d jo

intly

Mai

nly

wife

D

on't

know

/ de

pend

sTo

tal

URB

AN

Ow

n he

alth

car

e 36

.0

38.2

22

.4

1.3

2.

1

100.

0

na

na

na

na

na

Maj

or h

ouse

hold

pur

chas

es

6.2

61

.9

23.1

3.

6

5.2

10

0.0

19

.5

78.6

1.

7

0.3

10

0.0

Pur

chas

es o

f dai

ly h

ouse

hold

nee

ds

47.7

28

.2

13.9

4.

8

5.4

10

0.0

7.

6

42.2

49

.6

0.7

10

0.0

V

isits

to h

er/w

ife's

fam

ily o

r rel

ativ

es

10.0

64

.9

18.4

3.

5

3.2

10

0.0

7.

9

86.6

4.

9

0.6

10

0.0

W

hat t

o do

with

the

mon

ey w

ife e

arns

na

na

na

na

na

na

3.

1

79.5

17

.1

0.3

10

0.0

H

ow m

any

child

ren

to h

ave

na

na

na

na

na

na

2.0

97

.6

0.2

0.

2

100.

0

RURA

L

Ow

n he

alth

car

e 32

.8

41.8

21

.5

2.3

1.

7

100.

0

na

na

na

na

na

Maj

or h

ouse

hold

pur

chas

es

4.5

53

.7

31.1

4.

5

6.2

10

0.0

(6

.5)

(91.

3)

(2.2

) (0

.0)

100.

0

Pur

chas

es o

f dai

ly h

ouse

hold

nee

ds

37.9

35

.0

11.3

10

.2

5.6

10

0.0

(1

0.9)

(2

8.3)

(6

0.9)

(0

.0)

100.

0

Visi

ts to

her

/wife

's fa

mily

or r

elat

ives

10

.2

64.4

17

.5

3.4

4.

5

100.

0

(4.3

) (9

3.5)

(2

.2)

(0.0

) 10

0.0

W

hat t

o do

with

the

mon

ey w

ife e

arns

na

na

na

na

na

na

(4

.3)

(91.

3)

(4.3

) (0

.0)

100.

0

How

man

y ch

ildre

n to

hav

e na

na

na

na

na

na

(4

.3)

(95.

7)

(0.0

) (0

.0)

100.

0

TOTA

L

Ow

n he

alth

car

e 35

.7

38.5

22

.3

1.4

2.

1

100.

0

na

na

na

na

na

Maj

or h

ouse

hold

pur

chas

es

6.1

61

.2

23.7

3.

7

5.3

10

0.0

18

.6

79.5

1.

7

0.2

10

0.0

Purc

hase

s of

dai

ly h

ouse

hold

nee

ds

46.9

28

.7

13.7

5.

3

5.4

10

0.0

7.

8

41.2

50

.4

0.6

10

0.0

V

isits

to h

er/w

ife's

fam

ily o

r rel

ativ

es

10.0

64

.9

18.3

3.

5

3.3

10

0.0

7.

7

87.1

4.

7

0.6

10

0.0

W

hat t

o do

with

the

mon

ey w

ife e

arns

na

na

na

na

na

na

3.

2

80.4

16

.1

0.3

10

0.0

H

ow m

any

child

ren

to h

ave

na

na

na

na

na

na

2.1

97.5

0.

2 0.

2 10

0.0

na

= N

ot a

pplic

able

( )

Bas

ed o

n 25

-49

unw

eigh

ted

case

s.

Delhi.indd 105 3/19/09 12:51:45 PM

�0�

106

Table 71 Decision making by background characteristics

Percentage of currently married women who usually make four specific kinds of decisions, either by themselves or jointly with their husband, and percentage of men who say that wives should have an equal or greater say than their husband in five specific kinds of decisions, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage of women who usually make specific decisions alone or jointly with their husband

Percentage of men who say that wives should have an equal or greater say than

their husband in:

Background characteristic

Own healthcare

Making major

household purchases

Making purchases for

dailyhousehold

needs

Visits to her family or relatives

Percentagewho

participate in all four

decisions

Percentagewho

participate in none of the

four decisionsNumber

of women

All of five specifieddecisions1

None of five

specifieddecisions1

Number of men

Age 15-19 57.8 48.1 49.6 52.1 33.7 31.9 50 * * 2 20-24 57.9 52.3 55.0 57.9 35.9 24.0 318 74.5 4.6 54 25-29 71.7 61.2 68.6 70.5 45.8 14.2 482 67.9 2.2 142 30-39 78.0 71.5 81.9 79.9 56.3 6.5 911 73.2 0.5 298 40-49 80.4 75.5 85.2 81.7 60.6 4.3 591 80.0 0.7 234

Residence Urban 74.2 68.1 75.9 74.9 52.3 10.4 2,167 73.6 1.1 676 Slum 73.3 69.5 77.7 75.3 52.7 10.6 401 72.7 2.4 153 Non-slum 74.3 67.7 75.5 74.8 52.2 10.4 1,766 73.8 0.7 524 Rural 74.6 58.2 72.9 74.6 48.6 10.7 185 (84.8) (2.2) 53

Education No education 71.0 65.8 77.0 74.1 50.4 11.0 640 68.9 8.2 90 <5 years complete (70.2) (59.2) (69.5) (70.8) (36.2) (12.0) 44 * * 18 5-9 years complete 72.6 65.5 77.5 73.4 50.1 10.8 507 70.5 0.6 213 10 or more years complete 76.8 69.1 74.4 76.1 54.3 9.9 1,160 78.4 0.0 408

Employment (past 12 months)

Employed 81.8 75.0 83.1 81.6 60.7 5.2 487 74.5 1.2 723 Employed, for cash 81.8 74.7 84.0 81.9 60.5 4.8 463 74.4 1.2 722 Employed, not for cash * * * * * * 24 * * 1 Not employed 72.2 65.2 73.7 73.1 49.7 11.8 1,863 * * 4

Number of living children 0 58.0 53.0 52.8 61.2 33.9 24.2 205 69.0 1.3 88 1-2 75.3 67.0 73.3 73.8 52.9 11.4 1,218 77.7 1.0 383 3-4 76.6 70.5 84.0 79.3 54.7 5.9 766 73.2 0.9 209 5+ 74.9 72.1 83.0 79.5 55.1 7.2 163 63.0 4.3 50

Household structure2 Nuclear 77.5 72.8 83.7 79.8 57.3 6.3 1,343 75.1 1.5 385 Non-nuclear 69.8 59.9 65.0 68.4 44.9 16.0 1,009 73.6 0.9 345 .

Religion Hindu 73.9 66.9 76.2 74.4 52.0 10.4 2,025 76.0 1.0 626 Muslim 76.6 67.4 71.6 75.7 53.6 13.2 198 53.3 4.6 60 Sikh 73.1 71.6 73.1 79.1 47.8 6.0 85 * * 30 Other (80.3) (77.2) (73.5) (87.9) (55.1) (6.3) 40 * * 13

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 70.9 64.4 73.7 71.4 48.5 10.8 409 78.9 1.2 136 Scheduled tribe (78.4) (74.8) (89.2) (76.6) (53.2) (4.5) 28 * * 7 Other backward class 74.7 65.9 77.2 79.4 53.3 10.6 308 57.6 3.0 103 Other 74.9 68.2 75.6 74.9 52.6 10.4 1,606 77.0 0.7 480

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * * 3 * * 2 Second 72.4 67.5 72.1 75.1 47.1 10.6 58 (70.2) (8.8) 27 Middle 71.3 65.0 77.3 74.2 51.2 13.3 175 69.1 3.7 73 Fourth 74.2 67.3 78.7 74.9 53.3 9.9 410 67.0 1.1 160 Highest 74.6 67.5 74.9 75.0 51.9 10.2 1,707 78.0 0.3 467

Total 74.2 67.3 75.7 74.9 52.0 10.4 2,351 74.4 1.2 730

Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on employment (past 12 months) and religion, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Decisions about major household purchases, purchases for daily household needs, visits to the wife's family or relatives, what to do with the money the wife earns, and how many children to have. 2 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.

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Table 72 Women's access to money and credit

Percentage of women who have access to money, who know of a microcredit programme, who have taken a loan from a microcredit programme, and who are allowed to go to three specified places alone, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Women’s access to money Women’s knowledge and use of

microcredit programmes

Background characteristic

Percentage who have money that they can decide

how to use

Percentage who have a bank or savings account

that they themselves use

Percentage who know of a

microcreditprogramme

Percentage who have taken a loan from a microcreditprogramme

Percentage of women

allowed to go to three specified

places alone1Number of

women

Age 15-19 30.7 17.6 22.9 0.2 20.7 579 20-24 38.1 23.6 27.0 0.4 25.0 615 25-29 40.5 30.5 28.0 0.2 35.2 544 30-39 47.1 33.1 32.1 1.9 43.3 962 40-49 55.5 43.9 32.5 1.7 52.8 649

Residence Urban 43.7 31.2 29.2 1.0 37.5 3,096 Slum 27.7 11.8 20.8 0.4 28.7 572 Non-slum 47.3 35.6 31.0 1.2 39.4 2,524 Rural 36.6 19.8 26.7 0.8 25.5 253

Education No education 29.3 12.7 15.8 0.5 29.2 717 <5 years complete 38.1 9.1 15.1 1.7 15.5 59 5-9 years complete 32.3 20.4 23.1 1.0 28.9 791 10 or more years complete 53.7 42.6 37.3 1.2 43.5 1,782

Employment (past 12 months) Employed 73.6 46.6 37.0 2.1 52.2 763 Employed, for cash 74.2 46.8 36.9 2.2 52.2 735 Employed, not for cash (57.7) (39.4) (38.6) (0.0) (52.3) 28 Not employed 34.2 25.5 26.6 0.7 32.0 2,583

Marital status Never married 42.2 27.0 27.7 0.3 28.8 901 Currently married 42.3 30.8 29.5 1.3 38.4 2,351 Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 74.4 51.3 27.1 1.3 64.2 97

Number of living children 0 41.8 27.9 27.6 0.5 27.3 1,108 1-2 45.8 37.1 32.7 1.4 41.6 1,260 3-4 42.9 26.3 26.3 1.1 40.3 803 5+ 34.6 16.2 23.0 1.2 41.7 178

Household structure2 Nuclear 42.9 29.9 28.1 1.2 38.2 1,942 Non-nuclear 43.6 31.0 30.2 0.8 34.3 1,407

Religion Hindu 43.8 31.2 28.9 1.0 36.3 2,845 Muslim 24.4 11.4 27.6 0.2 31.7 310 Sikh 62.6 45.5 31.3 1.0 44.4 126 Other 67.9 52.5 31.8 3.9 53.0 65

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 37.3 17.7 21.3 0.4 27.2 580 Scheduled tribe 38.8 19.1 14.0 2.6 31.6 49 Other backward class 36.6 20.4 28.0 0.5 33.6 430 Other 46.0 35.7 31.4 1.2 39.6 2,290

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * 3 Second 30.4 0.8 4.8 0.0 28.8 64 Middle 23.1 8.1 18.6 0.2 22.4 212 Fourth 28.6 12.4 21.1 0.6 26.1 565

Highest 48.5 37.1 32.3 1.2 40.3 2,505

Total 43.2 30.3 29.0 1.0 36.6 3,349

Note: Total includes women with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months), and religion, who are not shown separately.( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 To the market, to the health facility, and to places outside the village/community. 2 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.

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Table 73 Gender-role attitudes

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific attitudes toward wife beating and refusal by a wife to have sex with her husband by reason and percentage of men age 15-49 who agree that a man can behave in specific ways if his wife refuses him sex, according to marital status, Delhi, 2005-06

Ever married Never married Total

Reason/behaviour Women Men Women Men Women Men

Percentage who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if:

She goes out without telling him 15.0 7.2 7.0 12.0 12.9 9.4 She neglects the house or children 15.1 3.8 9.0 5.7 13.5 4.7 She argues with him 16.1 8.8 10.0 14.0 14.4 11.2 She refuses to have sexual intercourse with him 5.0 1.4 2.1 2.5 4.2 1.9 She doesn't cook food properly 9.1 2.1 4.4 2.2 7.8 2.2 He suspects she is unfaithful 12.4 9.8 7.3 16.2 11.0 12.8 She shows disrespect for in-laws 27.1 18.8 18.6 31.8 24.8 24.8

Percentage who agree with at least one specified reason 35.2 21.4 24.6 35.1 32.3 27.7

Percentage who agree that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband when she:

Knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease 83.9 95.9 78.5 95.8 82.5 95.9 Knows husband has sex with other women 83.4 91.9 77.6 90.9 81.9 91.5 Is tired or not in the mood 84.1 93.8 75.9 92.8 81.9 93.4

Percentage who agree with all three reasons 79.0 90.2 70.9 88.7 76.8 89.5 Percentage who agree with none of the three reasons 11.5 3.1 15.3 3.5 12.5 3.3

Percentage who agree that when a woman refuses to have sex with her husband, he has the right to:

Get angry and reprimand her na 3.3 na 4.8 na 4.0 Refuse to give her financial support na 1.4 na 2.2 na 1.8 Use force to have sex na 2.2 na 2.6 na 2.4 Have sex with another woman na 2.9 na 9.6 na 6.0

Percentage who agree with all four behaviours na 0.1 na 0.3 na 0.2 Percentage who agree with none of the four behaviours na 93.1 na 85.6 na 89.6

Number of respondents 2,448 740 901 632 3,349 1,373

na = Not applicable

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Table 74 Gender-role attitudes by background characteristics

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one specified reason and who agreethat a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all specified reasons, and percentage of men who agree that when a wife refuses to have sex with her husband, the husband does not have the right to any of the four specified behaviours, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage who agree that a husband is justified in hitting

or beating his wife for at least one specified reason1

Percentage who agree that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband

for all specified reasons2

Percentage who agree that when a wife refuses

to have sex with her husband, he does not

have the right to any of the four specified

behaviours3 Number Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Men Women Men

Age 15-19 29.0 42.5 69.1 85.6 84.2 579 285 20-24 32.3 30.4 73.4 91.1 87.8 615 276 25-29 34.2 27.1 77.5 88.0 90.4 544 247 30-39 33.3 19.4 82.1 91.0 90.8 962 322 40-49 32.2 19.0 78.6 91.7 95.8 649 242

Residence Urban 30.9 27.3 77.8 89.5 89.9 3,096 1,266 Slum 41.3 31.2 72.3 82.4 86.5 572 271 Non-slum 28.5 26.2 79.1 91.4 90.8 2,524 996 Rural 49.8 32.6 65.0 89.1 87.0 253 106

Education No education 53.2 50.5 70.5 79.5 84.4 717 132 <5 years complete 51.3 (20.1) 63.8 (79.0) (95.1) 59 32 5-9 years complete 40.7 38.0 69.7 86.6 85.9 791 435 10 or more years complete 19.6 18.3 83.1 93.2 92.4 1,782 773

Employment (past 12 months) Employed 28.1 27.0 78.1 89.4 90.3 763 1,106 Employed, for cash 27.9 26.9 78.3 89.4 90.3 735 1,104 Employed, not for cash (33.0) * (74.1) * * 28 2 Not employed 33.6 30.8 76.5 89.9 86.8 2,583 264

Marital status Never married 24.6 35.1 70.9 88.7 85.6 901 632 Currently married 35.1 21.2 78.9 90.2 93.0 2,351 730

Widowed/divorced/ separated/deserted 37.2 * 82.9 * * 97 11

Number of living children 0 26.0 33.6 72.9 88.2 86.8 1,108 724 1-2 28.9 17.0 80.7 91.7 94.0 1,260 385 3-4 42.6 26.6 77.0 89.6 92.3 803 211 5+ 49.5 30.1 73.5 89.9 86.4 178 52

Household structure4 Nuclear 33.6 28.7 76.1 90.2 89.2 1,942 716 Non-nuclear 30.6 26.6 77.9 88.7 90.1 1,407 657

Religion Hindu 32.4 28.3 75.5 89.5 89.3 2,845 1,164 Muslim 40.2 29.9 86.2 87.6 89.0 310 127 Sikh 20.2 (11.6) 77.8 (90.7) (93.0) 126 56 Other 14.1 * 90.6 * * 65 25

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 48.4 40.2 67.6 85.8 88.0 580 272 Scheduled tribe 35.8 * 66.9 * * 49 12 Other backward class 39.5 36.7 74.1 86.5 80.2 430 198 Other 26.8 22.1 79.9 91.3 92.0 2,290 885

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * 3 3 Second 50.0 50.8 61.6 93.3 90.1 64 40 Middle 53.2 46.0 65.2 75.1 81.8 212 115 Fourth 49.2 38.0 67.1 85.4 85.5 565 278

Highest 26.3 21.5 80.5 92.4 91.9 2,505 938

Total 32.3 27.7 76.8 89.5 89.6 3,349 1,373

Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on employment (past 12 months) and religion, women with missing information on education, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Specified reasons are: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues with him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook food properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws. 2 Specified reasons are: she knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, knows husband has sex with other women, and is tired or not in the mood. 3 Specified behaviours are: get angry and reprimand her, refuse to give her financial support, use force to have sex, and have sex with another woman. 4 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.

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Table 75 Experience of physical or sexual violence

Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence, and among those who have experienced physical or sexual violence, the person committing the violence, by marital status, Delhi, 2005-06

Type of violence/perpetrator Ever

married Never

married Total

Type of violence experienced Physical violence ever 18.6 9.8 16.3 Sexual violence ever 2.1 0.1 1.6 Physical and sexual violence ever 2.0 0.0 1.4 Physical or sexual violence ever 18.8 10.0 16.5

Number of women 1,693 604 2,297

Person committing physical violence Current husband 81.4 (0.0) 68.5 Former husband 5.7 (0.0) 4.8 Current boyfriend 0.3 (0.0) 0.3 Father/step-father 4.9 (10.6) 5.8 Mother/step-mother 16.0 (56.1) 22.3 Sister/brother 3.9 (40.9) 9.8 Daughter/son 0.3 (0.0) 0.2 Other relative 0.7 (0.0) 0.6 Mother-in-law 1.7 (0.0) 1.5 Father-in-law 1.4 (0.0) 1.2 Other in-law 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 Teacher 7.9 (25.9) 10.8

Employer/someone at work 0.1 (0.0) 0.1

Number who experienced physical violence 315 59 374

Person committing sexual violence Current husband (85.0) * (83.0) Former husband (12.6) * (12.3) Father (0.0) * (2.4) Own friend/acquaintance (2.4) * (2.4)

Number who experienced sexual violence 36 1 37

Note: All women were asked about their experience of physical violence since age 15. Ever-married women were also asked about their experience of spousal physical violence at any age. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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Table 76 Forms of spousal violence

Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced various forms of violence committed by their husband ever or in the 12 months preceding the survey, Delhi, 2005-06

In the past 12 months1

Type of violence Ever Often Sometimes Often or

sometimes

Physical violence Any form of physical violence 16.1 3.1 8.6 11.7 Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 5.5 0.7 3.0 3.7 Slapped her 16.0 2.9 8.6 11.5 Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 4.9 0.7 2.7 3.4 Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her 4.4 0.5 2.3 2.8 Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 3.3 0.5 1.7 2.2 Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.7

Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or any other weapon 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2

Sexual violence Any form of sexual violence 2.1 0.4 1.1 1.5

Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse with him even when she did not want to 2.0 0.3 1.0 1.4

Forced her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to 1.3 0.2 0.8 1.0

Emotional violence Any form of emotional violence 4.9 1.6 2.0 3.6 Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others 4.4 1.3 1.9 3.2 Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone close to her 2.2 0.5 1.2 1.8 Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself 2.8 0.8 1.2 2.0

Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 16.3 3.3 8.5 11.8 Any form of physical and sexual violence 2.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 Any form of physical and/or sexual and/or emotional violence 17.2 3.9 8.7 12.6 Any form of physical and sexual and emotional violence 1.4 0.9 0.2 1.1

Any violence by women against their husband2 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5

Number of ever-married women 1,693 1,641 1,641 1,641

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. 1 Excludes widows. 2 Any violence by women against their husband when he was not already beating or physically hurting them.

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Table 77 Spousal violence by background characteristicsPercentage of ever-married women age 15-49 by whether they have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06

Background characteristic Emotional violence

Physicalviolence

Sexualviolence

Physical or sexual

violence

Emotional, physical, or

sexualviolence

Number of women

Age 15-19 (7.3) (15.1) (0.0) (15.1) (17.0) 37 20-24 5.7 12.9 3.2 12.9 14.0 227 25-29 5.4 18.2 1.8 18.2 19.5 336 30-39 4.4 16.5 2.2 16.9 17.9 661 40-49 4.5 15.6 1.8 15.6 16.0 432

Residence Urban 4.6 15.3 2.1 15.4 16.5 1,566 Slum 5.5 27.9 2.9 28.0 28.8 299 Non-slum 4.3 12.3 1.9 12.4 13.5 1,267 Rural 8.7 26.6 2.3 26.6 26.6 126

Education No education 8.2 28.9 2.7 28.9 29.6 469 <5 years complete (12.5) (28.9) (7.1) (28.9) (34.3) 32 5-9 years complete 5.6 20.6 3.6 20.7 21.5 365 10 or more years complete 2.3 6.3 0.8 6.5 7.6 826

Employment (past 12 months) Employed 8.5 20.2 2.0 20.5 22.7 374 Employed, for cash 8.5 20.6 2.1 20.8 22.7 357 Employed, not for cash * * * * * 18 Not employed 3.8 15.0 2.1 15.1 15.7 1,318

Marital status Currently married 4.3 15.7 1.9 15.9 16.7 1,631 Widowed 9.5 18.3 1.4 18.3 21.1 52 Divorced/separated/deserted * * * * * 10

Marital status and duration1 Married only once 4.3 15.4 1.9 15.5 16.4 1,616 0-4 years 4.5 6.9 1.8 6.9 8.3 259 5-9 years 4.6 15.2 2.4 15.2 16.4 345 10+ years 4.1 17.7 1.7 17.9 18.5 1,012 Married more than once * * * * * 15

Number of living children 0 2.5 6.0 0.9 6.6 7.7 142 1-2 5.1 11.9 2.2 12.0 13.2 869 3-4 4.0 21.0 2.7 21.1 21.9 558 5+ 9.8 35.2 0.3 35.2 35.5 124

Household structure2 Nuclear 4.4 18.7 2.2 18.8 19.4 959 Non-nuclear 5.5 12.8 1.9 12.9 14.4 734

Religion Hindu 5.1 16.8 2.3 17.0 18.0 1,459 Muslim 4.1 14.1 0.3 14.1 14.1 140 Sikh 2.7 4.1 1.4 4.1 5.5 64 Other (3.0) (16.9) (3.0) (16.9) (16.9) 29

Caste/tribe Scheduled caste 7.1 26.0 3.7 26.0 27.2 308 Scheduled tribe (23.4) (35.8) (3.6) (35.8) (35.8) 24 Other backward class 5.3 21.5 3.9 21.9 22.5 226 Other 3.8 12.0 1.3 12.1 13.1 1,134

Wealth index Lowest * * * * * 2 Second 9.3 37.8 1.7 37.8 37.8 40 Middle 11.4 38.7 3.3 38.7 39.4 134 Fourth 8.3 28.1 5.1 28.1 29.8 288

Highest 3.2 10.1 1.2 10.3 11.1 1,229

Respondent's father beat her mother Yes 13.8 48.4 8.8 49.1 49.7 131 No 3.8 11.2 1.5 11.3 12.2 1,403 Don't know 6.7 33.1 1.8 33.4 35.0 157

Total 4.9 16.1 2.1 16.3 17.2 1,693

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. Total includes women with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months), religion, and whether the respondent's father beat her mother, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Currently married women only. 2 Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.

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Table 78 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment indicators

Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever suffered emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband, according to his characteristics, marital characteristics, and selected empowerment indicators, Delhi, 2005-06

Husband’s characteristic/empowerment indicator Emotional violence

Physicalviolence

Sexualviolence

Physical or sexual

violence

Emotional, physical, or

sexualviolence

Number of women

Husband's education No education 7.9 28.2 2.8 28.2 28.4 186 <5 years complete (4.2) (26.4) (3.0) (26.4) (26.4) 29 5-7 years complete 6.3 28.1 3.2 28.1 29.2 193 8-9 years complete 7.8 23.2 3.4 23.2 24.7 224 10-11 years complete 5.7 17.2 2.9 17.2 18.0 336 12 or more years complete 2.5 6.6 0.8 6.8 7.9 721

Husband's alcohol consumption Does not drink 2.5 9.8 0.5 9.9 11.0 1,035 Drinks/never gets drunk 2.7 13.6 0.4 13.6 14.3 246 Gets drunk sometimes 7.2 27.6 3.4 27.6 28.3 340 Gets drunk often 35.1 61.1 25.2 63.6 64.8 72

Spousal age difference1 Wife older * * * * * 25 Wife is same age 4.8 20.8 2.6 21.9 23.0 80 Wife 1-4 years younger 3.5 14.6 1.3 14.6 15.5 823 Wife 5-9 years younger 4.6 15.7 2.0 15.9 16.9 601 Wife 10+ years younger 8.8 20.4 6.1 20.4 20.4 101

Spousal education difference Husband better educated 4.8 17.2 2.5 17.4 18.2 858 Wife better educated 5.2 13.4 3.1 13.4 14.6 292 Both equally educated 3.5 9.9 0.4 10.1 11.4 398 Neither educated 8.4 31.5 2.4 31.5 31.7 140

Number of marital control behaviours displayed by husband2

0 1.5 10.4 0.2 10.4 11.0 1,020 1-2 5.5 18.3 1.8 18.5 19.6 530 3-4 21.8 44.5 13.4 45.2 48.6 117 5-6 (49.2) (70.5) (28.9) (70.5) (70.5) 25

Number of decisions in which women participate3

0 3.8 14.6 1.6 14.6 14.8 166 1-2 6.7 16.4 2.5 16.4 17.2 322 3-4 3.7 15.7 1.8 15.9 16.9 1,143

Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified4

0 4.0 11.9 1.8 12.0 13.1 1,091 1-2 3.1 16.5 2.0 16.9 16.9 328 3-4 10.2 31.1 3.6 31.1 32.0 169 5-6 11.4 21.4 3.1 21.4 26.9 57 7 9.5 50.3 3.3 50.3 50.3 48

Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband5

0 10.4 32.0 5.4 32.4 34.0 194 1-2 4.1 20.9 1.5 20.9 22.5 166 3 4.2 13.2 1.7 13.3 14.1 1,332

Total 4.9 16.1 2.1 16.3 17.2 1,693

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. Total includes women with missing information on husband's education, spousal age difference, spousal education difference, and number of decisions in which women participate, who are not shown separately. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage are not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases. 1 Currently married women only. 2 Behaviours include: he is jealous or angry if she talks to other men, frequently accuses her of being unfaithful, does not permit her to meet her female friends, tries to limit her contact with her family, insists on knowing where she is at all times, and does not trust her with anymoney. 3 Currently married women only. Decisions included are decisions about own health care, major household purchases, purchases for dailyhousehold needs, and visits to her family or relatives. 4 Reasons given for which wife beating is justified include: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argueswith him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook food properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws. 5 Reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband include: she knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she knows husband has sex with other women, and she is tired or not in the mood.

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Table 79 Injuries to women due to spousal violence

Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced specific types of spousal violence by types of injuries resulting from what their husband did to them, the type of violence, and whether they have experienced the violence ever and in the 12 months preceding the survey, Delhi, 2005-06

Percentage of women who have had:

Type of spousal violence experienced Cuts, bruises,

or aches Severe burns

Eye injuries, sprains,

dislocations, or burns

Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any other serious injury

Any of these injuries

Number of ever-married

women

Experienced physical violence Ever 25.4 4.1 8.5 5.1 27.0 273 In the past 12 months1 26.8 3.1 9.2 6.5 27.2 191

Experienced sexual violence Ever (62.2) (5.9) (23.1) (17.5) (63.2) 35 In the past 12 months1 (59.4) (5.0) (24.6) (20.2) (60.8) 25

Experienced physical or sexual violence Ever 25.2 4.1 8.5 5.1 26.8 275 In the past 12 months1 26.5 3.1 9.1 6.5 26.9 193

Experienced physical and sexual violence Ever (66.2) (6.3) (24.5) (18.7) (67.2) 33 In the past 12 months1 (64.9) (5.4) (26.8) (22.0) (66.5) 23

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women. ( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Excludes widows.

Table 80 Help seeking behaviour

Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have ever sought help, andamong those who have sought help from any source, the source from which help was sought, according to the type of violence experienced and marital status, Delhi, 2005-06

Type of violence experienced Marital status

Source Physical onlySexualonly

Both physical and sexual

Evermarried

Never married Total

Help seeking behaviour Never sought help and never told anyone 75.4 * (41.8) 72.8 (69.4) 72.3 Never sought help but told someone 6.9 * (9.0) 6.3 (12.5) 7.3 Sought help 14.6 * (49.2) 17.9 (16.7) 17.7 Don’t know/missing 3.1 * (0.0) 3.0 (1.4) 2.8

Number of women who experienced violence 341 4 33 318 60 378

Sources of help among those who sought any help

Own family 78.9 * * 75.5 * 76.6 Husband's family 26.1 * * 32.1 * 27.3 Husband/last husband 0.7 * * 0.6 * 0.5 Friend 6.4 * * 5.3 * 7.1 Neighbour 0.7 * * 1.9 1.6 Religious leader 0.0 * * 1.5 * 1.3 Police 0.0 * * 1.5 * 1.3 Lawyer 0.0 * * 1.5 * 1.3

Social service organization 4.4 * * 5.4 * 4.6 Other 0.0 * * 0.6 * 0.5

Number of women who sought help 50 1 16 57 10 67

( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases. * Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.

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APPENDIX

ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the result of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in NFHS-3 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected sample size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NFHS-3 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for NFHS-3 is programmed in SAS. This procedure uses the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as total fertility rates and child mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any proportion or mean as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance:

H

h h

hm

ihi

h

h

mzz

mm

xfrvarrSE

h

1

2

1

22

2

11)()(

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in which

hihihi rxyz , and hhh rxyz

where h represents the stratum, which varies from 1 to H,mh is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum, yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum,

andf is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.

The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of several replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates using simple formulae. Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the estimates. Pseudo-independent replications are thus created. In the NFHS-3 sample for Delhi, there were 112 clusters. Hence, 112 replications were created. The variance of a rate r is calculated as follows:

SE r var rk k

r ri

k

i2

1

211

( ) ( )( )

( )

in which

)()1( ii rkkrrwhere r is the estimate computed from the full sample of 112 clusters,

r(i) is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 111 clusters (ith cluster excluded), and

k is the total number of clusters.

In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also computed, which is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design. The relative standard error (SE/R) and confidence limits (R±2SE) for each estimate are also computed.

Sampling errors for NFHS-3 are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest. The results are presented in this appendix for Delhi as a whole and for the urban and rural areas of the state. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, rate, or ratio) and the base population are given in Table A.1. Table A.2 presents the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R±2SE) for each variable. The DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error for a simple random sample is zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1). In the case of the total fertility rate, the number of unweighted cases is not relevant, as there is no known unweighted value for woman-years of exposure to childbearing.

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Table A.1 List of variables for sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06

Variable Estimate Base population

Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) Ratio De facto household population, all ages No education Proportion De facto household population of females/males age 6 and above Tuberculosis prevalence Rate 100,000 usual household residents Using adequately iodized salt Proportion Households Urban residence Proportion Women/men age 15-49 No education Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Completed 10 or more years of education Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Never married, including married gauna not performed Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Currently married Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Married before age 18 Proportion Women age 20-49 Married before age 21 Proportion Men age 25-49 Currently using any method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using a modern method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using a traditional method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using female sterilization Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using pill Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using IUD Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Currently using condom Proportion Currently married women age 15-49 Using public medical sector source of contraception Proportion Women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraception Want no more children Proportion Currently married women/men age 15-49 Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married women/men age 15-49 Ideal number of children Mean Women/men age 15-49 Mother received ANC from health personnel Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth) Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 90 days or more Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth) Births delivered by a skilled provider Proportion Births in last 5 years Institutional delivery Proportion Births in last 5 years Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth) Treated with ORS packets Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks Child’s vaccination card seen by interviewer Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received BCG vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received DPT vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child received measles vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months Child fully vaccinated Proportion Children age 12-23 months Children given vitamin A supplement in last 6 months Proportion Children age 6-59 months Ever experienced physical or sexual violence Proportion Women age 15-49 Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured Body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 Proportion Women/men age 15-49 who were measured Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kg/m2 Proportion Women/men age 15-49 who were measured Have heard of AIDS Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Total and age-specific fertility rates (last 3 years) Rate Women years of exposure Mortality rates Rate Births in last 5 years Women/men with any anaemia Proportion Women/men age 15-49 Children with any anaemia Proportion Children age 6-59 months

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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relative standard error

(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males, all ages)

Urban 819 16 7634 7538 1.362 0.019 788 850 Slum 771 32 2986 1568 1.644 0.042 707 835 Non-slum 831 18 4648 5970 1.258 0.022 795 867 Rural 767 23 619 687 0.639 0.029 722 813 Total 814 14 8253 8225 1.315 0.018 786 843

No education (household female population age 6+ years) Urban 0.220 0.014 5441 5482 2.336 0.064 0.192 0.248 Slum 0.409 0.034 1985 1042 2.751 0.083 0.341 0.476 Non-slum 0.175 0.015 3456 4439 2.234 0.086 0.145 0.206 Rural 0.288 0.034 424 470 1.556 0.116 0.221 0.355 Total 0.225 0.013 5865 5952 2.275 0.058 0.199 0.251

No education (household male population age 6+ years) Urban 0.106 0.009 6824 6758 1.960 0.087 0.088 0.125 Slum 0.224 0.018 2644 1388 1.876 0.082 0.187 0.261 Non-slum 0.076 0.010 4180 5369 1.987 0.137 0.055 0.096 Rural 0.126 0.026 541 600 1.592 0.205 0.074 0.177 Total 0.108 0.009 7365 7358 1.931 0.081 0.090 0.125

Tuberculosis prevalence (per 100,000 usual household residents) Urban 245 48 14077 13933 1.096 0.198 148 342 Slum 384 103 5464 2869 1.130 0.267 179 589 Non-slum 209 55 8613 11063 1.062 0.262 99 319 Rural 181 116 1104 1225 0.907 0.639 0 413 Total 240 46 15181 15157 1.085 0.190 149 331

Using adequately iodized salt (households) Urban 0.864 0.015 2995 2976 2.410 0.018 0.833 0.894 Slum 0.674 0.038 1147 602 2.747 0.057 0.598 0.750 Non-slum 0.912 0.015 1848 2374 2.246 0.016 0.882 0.941 Rural 0.807 0.052 207 230 1.877 0.064 0.703 0.911 Total 0.860 0.015 3202 3206 2.366 0.017 0.830 0.889

Urban residence (women age 15-49) Total 0.924 0.007 3349 3349 1.453 0.007 0.911 0.938

Urban residence (men age 15-49) Total 0.922 0.009 1374 1373 1.222 0.010 0.905 0.940

No education (women age 15-49) Total 0.214 0.016 3349 3349 2.272 0.075 0.182 0.246

No education (men age 15-49) Total 0.096 0.012 1374 1373 1.561 0.129 0.071 0.121

Completed 10 or more years of education (women age 15-49) Total 0.532 0.027 3349 3349 3.092 0.050 0.479 0.585

Completed 10 or more years of education (men age 15-49) Total 0.563 0.027 1374 1373 2.046 0.049 0.508 0.618

Never married, including married gauna not performed (women age 15-49) Total 0.269 0.011 3349 3349 1.440 0.041 0.247 0.291

Never married, including married gauna not performed (men age 15-49) Total 0.461 0.017 1374 1373 1.243 0.036 0.427 0.494

Currently married (women age 15-49) Total 0.702 0.012 3349 3349 1.467 0.017 0.679 0.725

Currently married (men age 15-49) Total 0.532 0.017 1374 1373 1.246 0.032 0.498 0.565

Married before age 18 (women age 20-49) Total 0.361 0.021 2752 2770 2.255 0.057 0.319 0.402

Married before age 21 (men age 25-49) Total 0.269 0.022 800 812 1.378 0.080 0.226 0.312

Continued…

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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi , 2005-06—Continued

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relative standard error

(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SECurrently using any method (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.671 0.013 2175 2167 1.329 0.020 0.644 0.698 Slum 0.566 0.028 784 401 1.572 0.049 0.511 0.622 Non-slum 0.694 0.015 1391 1766 1.214 0.022 0.664 0.724 Rural 0.644 0.058 177 185 1.590 0.089 0.529 0.759 Total 0.669 0.013 2352 2351 1.352 0.020 0.642 0.695

Currently using a modern method (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.565 0.014 2175 2167 1.317 0.025 0.537 0.593 Slum 0.505 0.027 784 401 1.501 0.053 0.451 0.559 Non-slum 0.579 0.016 1391 1766 1.205 0.028 0.547 0.611 Rural 0.559 0.058 177 185 1.534 0.103 0.444 0.675 Total 0.565 0.014 2352 2351 1.337 0.024 0.537 0.592

Currently using a traditional method (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.106 0.009 2175 2167 1.425 0.089 0.087 0.124 Slum 0.061 0.011 784 401 1.269 0.178 0.039 0.083 Non-slum 0.116 0.011 1391 1766 1.313 0.097 0.093 0.138 Rural 0.085 0.023 177 185 1.097 0.272 0.039 0.131 Total 0.104 0.009 2352 2351 1.402 0.085 0.086 0.122

Currently using female sterilization (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.220 0.010 2175 2167 1.177 0.047 0.199 0.241 Slum 0.269 0.020 784 401 1.280 0.075 0.229 0.310 Non-slum 0.209 0.012 1391 1766 1.101 0.057 0.185 0.233 Rural 0.339 0.029 177 185 0.812 0.085 0.281 0.397 Total 0.230 0.010 2352 2351 1.139 0.043 0.210 0.249

Currently using pill (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.044 0.005 2175 2167 1.157 0.115 0.034 0.055 Slum 0.041 0.007 784 401 0.959 0.166 0.027 0.054 Non-slum 0.045 0.006 1391 1766 1.088 0.134 0.033 0.057 Rural 0.056 0.013 177 185 0.734 0.226 0.031 0.082 Total 0.045 0.005 2352 2351 1.120 0.106 0.036 0.055

Currently using IUD (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.050 0.006 2175 2167 1.188 0.111 0.039 0.061 Slum 0.031 0.007 784 401 1.083 0.218 0.017 0.044 Non-slum 0.055 0.007 1391 1766 1.089 0.122 0.041 0.068 Rural 0.045 0.023 177 185 1.487 0.517 0.000 0.092 Total 0.050 0.005 2352 2351 1.213 0.109 0.039 0.061

Currently using condom (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.239 0.012 2175 2167 1.352 0.052 0.214 0.264 Slum 0.147 0.018 784 401 1.443 0.124 0.110 0.183 Non-slum 0.260 0.015 1391 1766 1.243 0.056 0.231 0.290 Rural 0.107 0.031 177 185 1.319 0.287 0.046 0.169 Total 0.229 0.012 2352 2351 1.336 0.051 0.206 0.252

Using public medical sector source of contraception (women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraception)

Urban 0.429 0.022 1232 1253 1.548 0.051 0.386 0.473 Slum 0.593 0.033 410 210 1.373 0.056 0.526 0.659 Non-slum 0.397 0.025 822 1044 1.486 0.064 0.346 0.447 Rural 0.660 0.073 100 104 1.530 0.111 0.513 0.807 Total 0.446 0.021 1332 1358 1.543 0.047 0.404 0.488

Want no more children (currently married women age 15-49)

Urban 0.769 0.011 2175 2167 1.237 0.015 0.746 0.791 Slum 0.744 0.021 784 401 1.356 0.028 0.701 0.786 Non-slum 0.774 0.013 1391 1766 1.149 0.017 0.749 0.800 Rural 0.791 0.034 177 185 1.115 0.043 0.723 0.859 Total 0.770 0.011 2352 2351 1.228 0.014 0.749 0.792

Continued…

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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06—Continued

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relativestandard

error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE

Want no more children (currently married men age 15-49)

Urban 0.709 0.017 694 676 0.978 0.024 0.675 0.743 Slum 0.668 0.025 289 153 0.895 0.037 0.618 0.717 Non-slum 0.721 0.020 405 524 0.908 0.028 0.680 0.761 Rural 0.739 0.084 46 53 1.278 0.114 0.571 0.908 Total 0.711 0.017 740 730 1.004 0.024 0.678 0.745

Want to delay next birth at least 2 years (currently married women age 15-49)

Total 0.101 0.007 2352 2351 1.206 0.074 0.086 0.116 Want to delay next birth at least 2 years (currently married men age 15-49)

Total 0.144 0.012 740 730 0.961 0.086 0.119 0.169 Ideal number of children (women age 15-49)

Total 2.043 0.026 3288 3286 2.149 0.013 1.992 2.095 Ideal number of children (men age 15-49)

Total 2.032 0.030 1358 1359 1.693 0.015 1.972 2.093 Mother received ANC from health personnel (women with at least one birth in last five years, last birth)

Urban 0.875 0.017 831 803 1.464 0.020 0.841 0.909 Slum 0.774 0.034 332 170 1.481 0.044 0.706 0.842 Non-slum 0.902 0.020 499 634 1.472 0.022 0.863 0.941 Rural 0.864 0.055 66 69 1.287 0.063 0.754 0.973 Total 0.874 0.016 897 872 1.449 0.019 0.841 0.907

Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 90 days or more (women with at least one birth in last five years, last birth)

Urban 0.410 0.032 831 803 1.863 0.079 0.345 0.474 Slum 0.226 0.031 332 170 1.346 0.137 0.164 0.288 Non-slum 0.459 0.041 499 634 1.814 0.088 0.378 0.540 Rural 0.227 0.063 66 69 1.223 0.279 0.101 0.354 Total 0.395 0.030 897 872 1.812 0.076 0.335 0.455

Births delivered by a skilled provider (births in the last five years)

Urban 0.642 0.034 1151 1082 1.930 0.053 0.574 0.709 Slum 0.422 0.044 500 256 1.688 0.105 0.333 0.511 Non-slum 0.710 0.043 651 826 1.997 0.060 0.624 0.795 Rural 0.630 0.077 100 104 1.288 0.123 0.475 0.785 Total 0.641 0.032 1251 1186 1.877 0.049 0.577 0.704

Institutional delivery (births in the last five years)

Urban 0.601 0.035 1151 1082 1.949 0.058 0.531 0.671 Slum 0.334 0.049 500 256 1.946 0.146 0.237 0.431 Non-slum 0.684 0.043 651 826 1.988 0.063 0.597 0.770 Rural 0.470 0.029 100 104 0.487 0.061 0.412 0.528 Total 0.589 0.032 1251 1186 1.847 0.054 0.526 0.653

Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth (last birth in last five years)

Urban 0.590 0.030 831 803 1.714 0.050 0.530 0.649 Slum 0.443 0.042 332 170 1.529 0.094 0.359 0.526 Non-slum 0.629 0.036 499 634 1.670 0.057 0.557 0.702 Rural 0.515 0.080 66 69 1.291 0.155 0.355 0.675 Total 0.584 0.028 897 872 1.681 0.048 0.528 0.640

Children with diarrhoea treated with ORS packets (children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks)

Urban 0.294 0.045 88 82 0.884 0.152 0.205 0.383 Slum 0.385 0.083 39 20 1.014 0.215 0.219 0.550 Non-slum 0.265 0.051 49 62 0.817 0.192 0.164 0.367 Total 0.299 0.048 100 95 0.998 0.161 0.203 0.396

Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider (children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks)

Urban 0.712 0.056 88 82 1.064 0.079 0.599 0.824 Slum 0.641 0.074 39 20 0.838 0.115 0.494 0.788 Non-slum 0.735 0.069 49 62 1.074 0.094 0.597 0.872 Total 0.750 0.050 100 95 1.065 0.067 0.649 0.851

Continued…

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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06—Continued

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relativestandard

error(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE

Child’s vaccination card seen by interviewer (children age 12-23 months)

Urban 0.286 0.037 198 184 1.092 0.128 0.213 0.359 Slum 0.236 0.056 89 46 1.198 0.237 0.124 0.348 Non-slum 0.303 0.045 109 138 1.026 0.149 0.212 0.393 Total 0.304 0.036 217 204 1.122 0.120 0.232 0.377

Child received BCG vaccination (children age 12-23 months)

Urban 0.867 0.034 198 184 1.353 0.039 0.799 0.935 Slum 0.798 0.049 89 46 1.143 0.061 0.700 0.895 Non-slum 0.890 0.042 109 138 1.409 0.048 0.805 0.974 Total 0.870 0.031 217 204 1.328 0.036 0.807 0.932

Child received DPT vaccination (3 doses) (children age 12-23 months)

Urban 0.720 0.042 198 184 1.279 0.059 0.636 0.805 Slum 0.652 0.067 89 46 1.314 0.103 0.518 0.785 Non-slum 0.743 0.052 109 138 1.241 0.070 0.639 0.847 Total 0.717 0.040 217 204 1.272 0.056 0.637 0.797

Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) (children age 12-23 months)

Urban 0.791 0.034 198 184 1.149 0.043 0.722 0.860 Slum 0.742 0.052 89 46 1.125 0.071 0.637 0.846 Non-slum 0.807 0.042 109 138 1.117 0.052 0.723 0.892 Total 0.791 0.033 217 204 1.154 0.042 0.725 0.857

Child received measles vaccination (children age 12-23 months)

Urban 0.781 0.039 198 184 1.281 0.050 0.703 0.859 Slum 0.674 0.062 89 46 1.249 0.093 0.549 0.799 Non-slum 0.817 0.048 109 138 1.296 0.059 0.720 0.913 Total 0.782 0.037 217 204 1.280 0.047 0.708 0.856

Child fully vaccinated (children age 12-23 months)

Urban 0.632 0.043 198 184 1.201 0.068 0.546 0.717 Slum 0.517 0.073 89 46 1.360 0.141 0.371 0.663 Non-slum 0.670 0.051 109 138 1.139 0.077 0.567 0.772 Total 0.632 0.041 217 204 1.211 0.065 0.550 0.714

Children given vitamin A supplement in last 6 months (children age 6-59 months)

Urban 0.133 0.016 976 916 1.317 0.121 0.101 0.165 Slum 0.117 0.021 426 218 1.108 0.180 0.075 0.160 Non-slum 0.138 0.020 550 698 1.296 0.145 0.098 0.178 Rural 0.187 0.049 91 95 1.082 0.264 0.088 0.285 Total 0.138 0.015 1067 1011 1.286 0.110 0.108 0.169

Ever experienced physical or sexual violence (women age 15-49)

Total 0.165 0.013 2297 2297 1.659 0.078 0.139 0.190 Weight-for-height, wasting (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)

Urban 0.153 0.020 687 663 1.417 0.132 0.113 0.194 Slum 0.145 0.024 289 152 1.155 0.162 0.098 0.193 Non-slum 0.156 0.025 398 511 1.342 0.163 0.105 0.206 Rural 0.155 0.065 71 79 1.482 0.420 0.025 0.285 Total 0.154 0.019 758 742 1.429 0.127 0.115 0.192

Height-for-age, stunting (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)

Urban 0.409 0.022 687 663 1.096 0.053 0.366 0.452 Slum 0.509 0.036 289 152 1.175 0.071 0.436 0.581 Non-slum 0.379 0.026 398 511 1.043 0.069 0.327 0.431 Rural 0.535 0.044 71 79 0.789 0.083 0.446 0.624 Total 0.422 0.020 758 742 1.051 0.046 0.383 0.462

Weight-for-age, underweight (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)

Urban 0.265 0.023 687 663 1.272 0.088 0.218 0.311 Slum 0.353 0.037 289 152 1.277 0.106 0.278 0.427 Non-slum 0.239 0.028 398 511 1.228 0.119 0.182 0.295 Rural 0.225 0.024 71 79 0.530 0.105 0.178 0.273 Total 0.261 0.021 758 742 1.234 0.080 0.219 0.303

Continued…

Delhi.indd 121 3/19/09 12:51:58 PM

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122

Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06—Continued

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relative standard error

(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SEBody mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 (women age 15-49 who were measured)

Urban 0.144 0.012 2243 2224 1.670 0.086 0.119 0.169 Slum 0.212 0.023 822 420 1.589 0.107 0.166 0.257 Non-slum 0.128 0.014 1421 1804 1.623 0.112 0.099 0.157 Rural 0.198 0.024 192 200 0.820 0.119 0.151 0.245 Total 0.148 0.012 2435 2425 1.608 0.078 0.125 0.172

Body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 (men age 15-49 who were measured)

Urban 0.151 0.014 852 833 1.107 0.090 0.124 0.178 Slum 0.224 0.027 352 186 1.211 0.120 0.170 0.278 Non-slum 0.130 0.015 500 646 1.027 0.119 0.099 0.161 Rural 0.221 0.074 68 79 1.448 0.334 0.073 0.368 Total 0.157 0.014 920 911 1.144 0.088 0.130 0.185

Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kg/m2 (women age 15-49 who were measured)

Urban 0.273 0.017 2243 2224 1.808 0.062 0.239 0.307 Slum 0.203 0.026 822 420 1.818 0.126 0.152 0.254 Non-slum 0.289 0.020 1421 1804 1.699 0.071 0.248 0.330 Rural 0.167 0.031 192 200 1.157 0.187 0.104 0.229 Total 0.264 0.016 2435 2425 1.760 0.060 0.233 0.296

Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kg/m2 (men age 15-49 who were measured)

Urban 0.179 0.016 852 833 1.217 0.090 0.147 0.211 Slum 0.105 0.021 352 186 1.261 0.196 0.064 0.146 Non-slum 0.200 0.020 500 646 1.126 0.101 0.160 0.240 Rural 0.059 0.021 68 79 0.726 0.353 0.017 0.100 Total 0.168 0.015 920 911 1.194 0.088 0.139 0.198

Have heard of AIDS (women age 15-49)

Urban 0.900 0.010 3106 3096 1.901 0.011 0.880 0.921 Slum 0.809 0.027 1118 572 2.257 0.033 0.756 0.863 Non-slum 0.921 0.011 1988 2524 1.862 0.012 0.898 0.944 Rural 0.848 0.016 243 253 0.682 0.019 0.816 0.879 Total 0.896 0.009 3349 3349 1.803 0.011 0.877 0.915

Have heard of AIDS (men age 15-49)

Urban 0.978 0.004 1282 1266 1.029 0.004 0.970 0.986 Slum 0.959 0.010 512 271 1.182 0.011 0.938 0.980 Non-slum 0.983 0.005 770 996 0.982 0.005 0.974 0.992 Rural 0.935 0.038 92 106 1.450 0.040 0.859 1.010 Total 0.975 0.005 1374 1373 1.136 0.005 0.965 0.984

Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS (women age 15-49)

Urban 0.485 0.025 3106 3096 2.834 0.052 0.434 0.536 Slum 0.337 0.031 1118 572 2.172 0.091 0.276 0.399 Non-slum 0.519 0.031 1988 2524 2.722 0.059 0.457 0.580 Rural 0.453 0.041 243 253 1.275 0.090 0.371 0.534 Total 0.483 0.024 3349 3349 2.743 0.049 0.435 0.530

Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS (men age 15-49)

Urban 0.618 0.020 1282 1266 1.479 0.033 0.578 0.658 Slum 0.545 0.028 512 271 1.263 0.051 0.489 0.601 Non-slum 0.638 0.024 770 996 1.405 0.038 0.589 0.686 Rural 0.630 0.102 92 106 1.980 0.162 0.427 0.834 Total 0.619 0.020 1374 1373 1.537 0.033 0.579 0.659

Total fertility rate (last 3 years)

Urban 2.099 0.106 na 8852 1.472 0.05 1.887 2.31 Slum 2.498 0.214 na 1617 1.607 0.086 2.069 2.926 Non-slum 1.999 0.12 na 7235 1.393 0.06 1.758 2.239 Total 2.127 0.103 na 9554 1.466 0.048 1.922 2.332

Continued…

Delhi.indd 122 3/19/09 12:51:59 PM

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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06—Continued

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relative standard error

(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SEAge-specific fertility rate for women age 15-19 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.041 0.005 na 1710 1.095 0.134 0.030 0.052 Slum 0.074 0.015 na 371 1.460 0.204 0.044 0.105 Non-slum 0.031 0.006 na 1339 1.044 0.182 0.020 0.043 Total 0.040 0.005 na 1849 1.118 0.133 0.030 0.051

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 20-24 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.158 0.011 na 1677 1.260 0.070 0.136 0.180 Slum 0.176 0.021 na 323 1.393 0.117 0.135 0.217 Non-slum 0.154 0.013 na 1354 1.182 0.084 0.128 0.180 Total 0.165 0.011 na 1807 1.240 0.065 0.143 0.186

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 25-29 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.143 0.009 na 1454 0.988 0.061 0.126 0.161 Slum 0.165 0.016 na 279 0.981 0.094 0.134 0.196 Non-slum 0.138 0.010 na 1175 0.937 0.073 0.118 0.158 Total 0.141 0.009 na 1573 1.023 0.061 0.123 0.158

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 30-34 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.063 0.007 na 1366 1.069 0.115 0.049 0.078 Slum 0.063 0.014 na 228 1.239 0.219 0.035 0.091 Non-slum 0.064 0.008 na 1138 0.972 0.131 0.047 0.080 Total 0.065 0.007 na 1455 1.049 0.109 0.051 0.079

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 35-39 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.012 0.004 na 1212 1.200 0.354 0.004 0.021 Slum 0.018 0.006 na 195 0.900 0.334 0.006 0.031 Non-slum 0.011 0.005 na 1017 1.138 0.452 0.001 0.021 Total 0.014 0.004 na 1328 1.173 0.308 0.005 0.022

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 40-44 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.002 0.001 na 984 1.033 0.773 0.000 0.005 Slum 0.003 0.003 na 159 1.020 1.015 0.000 0.010 Non-slum 0.002 0.002 na 825 1.003 1.005 0.000 0.005 Total 0.002 0.001 na 1062 1.031 0.773 0.000 0.004

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 45-49 years (last 3 years)

Urban 0.000 0.000 na 449 nc nc 0.000 0.000 Slum 0.000 0.000 na 481 nc nc 0.000 0.000 Non-slum 0.000 0.000 na 61 nc nc 0.000 0.000 Total 0.000 0.000 na 388 nc nc 0.000 0.000

Neonatal mortality (0-4 years) Total 29.278 5.591 1269 1204 0.991 0.191 18.095 40.460

Postneonatal mortality (0-4 years) Total 10.488 3.241 1282 1218 1.106 0.309 4.006 16.970

Infant mortality (0-4 years) Total 39.766 6.790 1270 1205 1.059 0.171 26.187 53.345

Child mortality (0-4 years) Total 7.255 2.188 1289 1211 0.905 0.302 2.878 11.631

Under-five mortality (0-4 years) Total 46.732 7.460 1273 1208 1.108 0.160 31.812 61.651

Women with any anaemia (women age 15-49 years)

Urban 0.443 0.016 2263 2235 1.512 0.036 0.411 0.475 Slum 0.478 0.022 841 430 1.298 0.047 0.433 0.523 Non-slum 0.435 0.019 1422 1805 1.441 0.044 0.397 0.473 Rural 0.442 0.039 197 205 1.111 0.089 0.363 0.520 Total 0.443 0.015 2460 2441 1.482 0.034 0.413 0.473

0.443 0.016 2263 2235 1.512 0.036 0.411 0.475

Continued…

Delhi.indd 123 3/19/09 12:51:59 PM

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Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06—Continued

Number of cases Confidence limits

Residence Value (R)

Standard error(SE)

Unweighted (N)

Weighted (WN)

Design effect (DEFT)

Relative standard error

(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SEMen with any anaemia (men age 15-49 years)

Urban 0.178 0.016 833 810 1.212 0.091 0.146 0.210 Slum 0.221 0.026 349 185 1.154 0.116 0.169 0.272 Non-slum 0.165 0.020 484 626 1.169 0.119 0.126 0.205 Rural 0.179 0.037 67 78 0.779 0.204 0.106 0.252 Total 0.178 0.015 900 888 1.177 0.085 0.148 0.208

Children with any anaemia (children age 6-59 months) Urban 0.562 0.023 583 561 1.061 0.041 0.516 0.608 Slum 0.714 0.035 248 130 1.177 0.049 0.644 0.784 Non-slum 0.516 0.028 335 430 0.989 0.054 0.461 0.572 Rural 0.629 0.086 62 69 1.326 0.137 0.457 0.801 Total 0.570 0.023 645 629 1.103 0.040 0.524 0.615

na = Not applicable nc = Not calculated because the denominator is zero

Delhi.indd 124 3/19/09 12:52:00 PM