Fatigue in AviationFatigue in Aviation

"My mind clicks on and off. I try letting one eyelid "My mind clicks on and off. I try letting one eyelid close at a time while I prop the other with my will. close at a time while I prop the other with my will.

But the effect is too much, sleep is winning, my whole But the effect is too much, sleep is winning, my whole body argues dully that nothing, nothing life can body argues dully that nothing, nothing life can

attain is quite so desirable as sleep. My mind is losing attain is quite so desirable as sleep. My mind is losing resolution and control." resolution and control." 

                                  Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh about his 1927 transatlantic about his 1927 transatlantic flightflight

Fatigue Education GoalsFatigue Education Goals

• Ask yourself these questions. Ask yourself these questions.

• Is your Operation looking at the role Fatigue may play in running the safest Is your Operation looking at the role Fatigue may play in running the safest operation possible?operation possible?

• Why should we educate ourselves? Why should we educate ourselves?

• Why should we regulate ourselves?Why should we regulate ourselves?

Why do we need to do this Why do we need to do this ourselves?ourselves?• Raise the Safety Bar for your Organization. Raise the Safety Bar for your Organization.

• Raise the Confidence of Regulators Raise the Confidence of Regulators

• May be an alternative to regulatory programs.May be an alternative to regulatory programs.

• Fosters public recognition of a well managed SAFE IndustryFosters public recognition of a well managed SAFE Industry

• Heightened Customer Confidence/Assurance to Customers of Heightened Customer Confidence/Assurance to Customers of a Safe Operationa Safe Operation

• Institutionalize best practicesInstitutionalize best practices

• Pride in Achievement.Pride in Achievement.

ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL!ALL!• All Air Carriers do NOT operate in the same or even a similar manner. If we become further All Air Carriers do NOT operate in the same or even a similar manner. If we become further

regulated, the rules might fit some but will cause confusion and organizational difficulty in regulated, the rules might fit some but will cause confusion and organizational difficulty in others.others.

• We are unique operations unlike Passenger 135/121 operations.We are unique operations unlike Passenger 135/121 operations.

• Our operations may actually result in lower levels of daily flying and significant opportunities Our operations may actually result in lower levels of daily flying and significant opportunities for rest IF we monitor and manage ourselves. for rest IF we monitor and manage ourselves.

• Taking a “wait and see” attitude may only result in increased regulation which will have the Taking a “wait and see” attitude may only result in increased regulation which will have the impact of imposing restrictions upon our ability to serve our customers in a cost effective impact of imposing restrictions upon our ability to serve our customers in a cost effective manner. This in turn could have dramatic economic implications to everyone involved… the manner. This in turn could have dramatic economic implications to everyone involved… the company, the customer, the pilot himself!company, the customer, the pilot himself!

• The role we play in educating our pilot group is crucial.The role we play in educating our pilot group is crucial.

• We instruct our pilots on the affects that Drugs and Alcohol have in their performance. It is We instruct our pilots on the affects that Drugs and Alcohol have in their performance. It is time to add to our Safety process by alerting them to the dangers of flying without adequate time to add to our Safety process by alerting them to the dangers of flying without adequate rest. rest.

• With around-the-clock activities, our 24/7 society can keep us from allocating enough time for With around-the-clock activities, our 24/7 society can keep us from allocating enough time for sleep or put us on irregular schedules. Feeling sleepy is a common experience, particularly for sleep or put us on irregular schedules. Feeling sleepy is a common experience, particularly for millions of Americans working non-traditional “shifts”. The body never adjusts to “shift” work! millions of Americans working non-traditional “shifts”. The body never adjusts to “shift” work! Working nontraditional schedules is a risk for on-the-job accidents.Working nontraditional schedules is a risk for on-the-job accidents. It is often difficult It is often difficult to get quality sleep during the day and support from others is important but often difficult. to get quality sleep during the day and support from others is important but often difficult.

• Managing fatigue in crewmembers is a shared responsibility. Managing fatigue in crewmembers is a shared responsibility.

Things to Know!Things to Know!

• Causes of Fatigue and Risk FactorsCauses of Fatigue and Risk Factors

• Symptoms of FatigueSymptoms of Fatigue

• What can you do as an Operator/Employer?What can you do as an Operator/Employer?

• Information for Your Pilots.Information for Your Pilots.

CAUSES OF FATIGUECAUSES OF FATIGUE• Lack of sleepLack of sleep

• StressStress

• AnxietyAnxiety

• Poor healthPoor health

• Disruption in Circadian RhythmDisruption in Circadian Rhythm

(Circadian Rhythm is an issue even if a person has been “off” for a (Circadian Rhythm is an issue even if a person has been “off” for a period of time and allowed to rest.)period of time and allowed to rest.)

NOTE: These could also be symptoms of hypoxia or dehydration. NOTE: These could also be symptoms of hypoxia or dehydration.

definition of circadian rhythm: internal clock in our brain that tells us we should be awake and working when it is light out and sleeping when it is dark out (or on the golf course when it is light out and

dreaming about being on the golf course when it is dark out!)

Risk Factors:Risk Factors:• Extended work and/or extended commuting schedule. Extended work and/or extended commuting schedule.

• Split shift work schedules.Split shift work schedules.

• Sleep/Work periods conflicting with the circadian rhythm.Sleep/Work periods conflicting with the circadian rhythm.

• Changing or rotating work schedules.Changing or rotating work schedules.

• Unpredictable work schedules.Unpredictable work schedules.

• Lack of rest or nap periods during work.Lack of rest or nap periods during work.

• Sleep disruption.Sleep disruption.

• Inadequate exercise opportunities.Inadequate exercise opportunities.

• Poor Diet.Poor Diet.

• Environmental stressors. Environmental stressors.

• Personal issues…death in the family, divorce, birth of child, financial stress.Personal issues…death in the family, divorce, birth of child, financial stress.

• A “second” job.A “second” job.

Symptoms of FatigueSymptoms of Fatigue• Increased reaction timeIncreased reaction time

• Indifference to performance (decreased situational awareness)Indifference to performance (decreased situational awareness)

• Decreased ability to concentrate on tasksDecreased ability to concentrate on tasks

• FixationFixation

• Short term memory lossShort term memory loss

• Impaired decision making or judgment skills Impaired decision making or judgment skills

• DistractibilityDistractibility

• Sloppy skillsSloppy skills

• Reduced visual perceptionReduced visual perception

• Loss of initiativeLoss of initiative

• Personality changesPersonality changes

• DepressionDepression

AS AN OPERATOR OR AS A PILOT:AS AN OPERATOR OR AS A PILOT:

• DO NOT PLACE YOUR OWN AGENDA AHEAD DO NOT PLACE YOUR OWN AGENDA AHEAD OF SAFETY!OF SAFETY!

STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT FATIGUE IS A FACTOR IN AT LEAST 4-8%OF AVIATION ACCIDENTS.

THE MAJORITY OF THESE INCIDENTS UNDER PART 135 WERE SHOWN TO HAVE OCCURRED WHEN THE PILOT IN COMMAND

HAD BEEN ON DUTY LESS THAN 14 HOURS.

IT IS IMPERATIVE FOR BOTH OPERATORS AND EMPLOYEES

(PILOTS AND DISPATCHERS/FLIGHT FOLLOWERS)TO RECOGNIZE THE ROLE FATIGUE MAY PLAY IN

ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS AND RECOGNIZE THE SYMPTOMS IN TIME TO PREVENT THAT ACCIDENT.

What you should doWhat you should do

• As the employer/manager of the flight crew member that may be assigned As the employer/manager of the flight crew member that may be assigned duty during evening, night-time or early morning (non-traditional times), do duty during evening, night-time or early morning (non-traditional times), do as much as you can to minimize the risk:as much as you can to minimize the risk:

• Give your crewmember adequate time to rest free from restriction Give your crewmember adequate time to rest free from restriction interruption or even the interruption or even the possibility possibility of interruption. of interruption.

• Don’t constantly change the shift assignment. Changes in work and rest Don’t constantly change the shift assignment. Changes in work and rest schedules that do not have a fixed pattern result in fatigue management schedules that do not have a fixed pattern result in fatigue management challenges that are extremely difficult to address. challenges that are extremely difficult to address.

Remember its not just how much time they have had off, it is how/where Remember its not just how much time they have had off, it is how/where their duty time falls into their circadian rhythm.their duty time falls into their circadian rhythm.

• Don’t use the shifting of regulations to “get-around” rest requirements. Don’t use the shifting of regulations to “get-around” rest requirements. Remember Fatigue is Fatigue whether you are flying Part 91, 135, or 121.Remember Fatigue is Fatigue whether you are flying Part 91, 135, or 121.

• Be prepared for contingencies when weather, traffic, late freight or Be prepared for contingencies when weather, traffic, late freight or mechanical problems result in delays. mechanical problems result in delays.

And more…….And more…….

• Educate your crewmembers on fatigue and the effects on a recurrent, not Educate your crewmembers on fatigue and the effects on a recurrent, not one-time basis.one-time basis.

• Encourage your crewmembers to live a healthy lifestyle. Encourage your crewmembers to live a healthy lifestyle.

• Promote an atmosphere where crewmembers feel free to come to Promote an atmosphere where crewmembers feel free to come to management with issues that may be affecting their sleep. management with issues that may be affecting their sleep.

• If you provide crew quarters, be aware of environmental factors such as If you provide crew quarters, be aware of environmental factors such as light, noise, temperature and humidity. light, noise, temperature and humidity.

As a Pilot…take care of As a Pilot…take care of YOU!YOU!• As a flight crew member on duty during evening, night-time or early morning As a flight crew member on duty during evening, night-time or early morning

hours, follow as many of these suggestions as possible:hours, follow as many of these suggestions as possible:

• Avoid caffeine (coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate) and nicotine (cigarettes, Avoid caffeine (coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate) and nicotine (cigarettes, tobacco products) close to bedtime, which can delay the onset of sleep. tobacco products) close to bedtime, which can delay the onset of sleep.

• Avoid alcohol as it can lead to disrupted sleep and also delay the onset of Avoid alcohol as it can lead to disrupted sleep and also delay the onset of sleep. sleep.

• What we eat can be a determining factor in sleep quality and duration. What we eat can be a determining factor in sleep quality and duration. Examples: heavy or spicy food that can cause indigestion. Examples: heavy or spicy food that can cause indigestion.

• Exercise regularly, but complete your workout at least 3 hours before Exercise regularly, but complete your workout at least 3 hours before bedtime. bedtime.

• Establish a regular relaxing, bedtime routine (e.g. taking a bath or relaxing in Establish a regular relaxing, bedtime routine (e.g. taking a bath or relaxing in a hot-tub). a hot-tub).

• Create a sleep-conducive environment that is dark, quiet and preferably cool Create a sleep-conducive environment that is dark, quiet and preferably cool and comfortable. and comfortable.

• If you are in a hotel room, pay attention to the potential for noise sources as If you are in a hotel room, pay attention to the potential for noise sources as you check in and request a different room if you are in an area of noise you check in and request a different room if you are in an area of noise sources. sources.

ITS ITS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

• RECOGNIZE!RECOGNIZE!

• EDUCATE!EDUCATE!

• SUPPORT!SUPPORT!

Thanks for the info:Thanks for the info:• REFERENCES:REFERENCES:

•       US DOT Commercial Transportation Operator Fatigue Management US DOT Commercial Transportation Operator Fatigue Management Reference issued July 2003Reference issued July 2003

•       US DOT SAFO 06004 dated 4-28-06 Approach and Landing Accident US DOT SAFO 06004 dated 4-28-06 Approach and Landing Accident Reduction: Sterile Cockpit, FatigueReduction: Sterile Cockpit, Fatigue

•       Fatigue in Aviation by John A Caldwell from the Aviation Sustained Fatigue in Aviation by John A Caldwell from the Aviation Sustained Operations Team, Fatigue Countermeasures Branch, Air Force Research Operations Team, Fatigue Countermeasures Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory dated July 2004    Laboratory dated July 2004    

• Flight Safety Foundation Principles and Guidelines for Duty and Rest.Flight Safety Foundation Principles and Guidelines for Duty and Rest.

• NASA Crew Factors in Flight Operation XI: A Survey of Fatigue Factors in NASA Crew Factors in Flight Operation XI: A Survey of Fatigue Factors in Regional Airline Operations. Oct 1999Regional Airline Operations. Oct 1999

• 11 Proven Sleep Tips to Help You Rest Well In Any Strange or Noisy Hotel 11 Proven Sleep Tips to Help You Rest Well In Any Strange or Noisy Hotel by Pilot Paul. by Pilot Paul.