FATS4Linking cases to the guideline

Jane S Skinner

Consultant Community Cardiologist

FATS4; 3 main sections• People with symptomatic or prior occlusive

vascular disease– Coronary artery disease– Cerebro-vascular disease – Peripheral arterial disease

• People with Type 1, Type 2 diabetes, or IGT (OGTT)

• High risk people without symptomatic of prior occlusive vascular disease and without diabetes / IGT (OGTT)

A5 double sided summary, with supporting notes with additional information

Case history JW• Mr JW is a 75 year old man who has had angina

for 5 years. Stable. Symptoms are mild. • Current treatment;

– Aspirin 75mg od– Atenolol 50mg od– GTN if required (uses once or twice per month)– Ibuprofen PRN

• You are considering treatment with a statin– Why?– How?

Case history JW

• Not been treated with a statin before• Not taking regular or frequent treatment

which may interact• Cholesterol 5.6 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol

1.1 mmol/l, triglycerides 5.1 mmol/l (non fasting)

• Liver function tests normal

People with symptomatic or prior occlusive vascular disease

• Measure lipid profile, AST / ALT

• If AST/ALT < 2 fold normal, prescribe

• Drug flow – Simvastatin 40mg at night– Simvastatin 40mg x2 at night– Simvastatin 40mg plus ezetimibe 10mg od, or

atorvastatin 80mg od

Notes

• If total cholesterol > 7.5 mmol/l and or triglycerides > 4.5 mmol/l, – Consider possible familial hypercholesterolaemia– Consider discussion with local advisor

• Consider secondary causes of hyperlipidaemia - alcohol / thyroid / diabetes / nephrotic syndrome

Key messages if triglycerides are raised

• Measure a fasting sample– Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol

• Exclude other causes eg diabetes, impaired fasting glycaemia

• Review and discuss lifestyle factors– Diet– Alcohol– Exercise

• Reassess (fasting sample) following intervention• If remain high, or > 10mmol/l, at baseline, consider

referral

Case history Mr LK

• 54 years old. First presentation of IHD 6 weeks ago when he had a non ST elevation MI

• Admitted and had a PCI. Left ventricular function normal.

• Now treated with;– Aspirin 75mg od clopidogrel 75 mg od (for 1 year)– Bisoprolol 5mg od Ramipril 10mg od– Simvastatin 40mg od

Case history Mr LK• He is worried about his cholesterol. It was 6.9 mmol/l

when he was admitted to hospital

• You review the notes, other investigations as an inpatient; – HDL cholesterol 1.1 mmol/l, triglycerides 2.2mmo/l.

– TFT and LFT normal

– Initial glucose 8.8 mmo/l, but fasting glucose before discharge 5.8 mmol/l

• What do you need to think about?

Case history LK

• His individual management to reduce his cardiovascular risk

– Lifestyle changes

– Drug treatment

– Repeat lipid profile; total cholesterol 5.0 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol

1.1 mmol/l, non HDL cholesterol 3.9 mmol/l, triglycerides (non

fasting) 2.0 mmol/l)

Intensive vs less intensive statin treatment

• Acute coronary syndrome trials – PROVE-IT (A80 vs P40)– A-Z (Placebo 4 mths, then S20 vs S40 1 mth,

then S80)

• Stable coronary disease trials– TNT (A80 vs A10)– IDEAL (S20-40 vs A80 -40)

JACC 2006;48:438-445

Treatment targets

• Total cholesterol < 5 mmol/l, LDL-C < 3 mmol/l in all

• Non-HDL cholesterol < 3.8 mmol/l if preferred

In very high risk groups only• Aim for total cholesterol < 4 mmol/l, LDL-C < 2

mmol/l, non-HDL cholesterol < 2.8 mmol/l– People with recent acute coronary syndrome– People with recent recurrent spontaneous occlusive

vascular events MI, unstable angina, PCI, atheromatous stroke (not other causes of stroke), TIA)

– People after CABG– People with diabetes and symptomatic occlusive

vascular disease

If achieved with maximum drug flow

Non HDL cholesterol

• Total atherogenic lipoproteins, alternative to LDL-C recommended by NCEP when TG are elevated or patient is non-fasting, simpler to calculate than LDL-C:

• Non-HDL-C = TC – HDL-C

• Example– TC 5.1 mmol/l, HDL-C 2.0 mmol/l

• non HDL cholesterol 3.1 mmol/l

– TC 4.9 mmol/l, HDL-C 0.9 mmo/l• non HDL cholesterol 4.0 mmol/l

Non HDL cholesterol

• Non-HDL-cholesterol is a simple, calculated measure which will be reported alongside LDL-Cholesterol and is an alternative therapeutic target in hypertriglyceridaemic, diabetic and non-fasting samples, or where the fasting status is unknown.

Case history; Mr LK

• What else should you consider if his initial cholesterol had been 8.2 mmol/l?

Notes

• If total cholesterol > 7.5 mmol/l and or triglycerides > 4.5 mmol/l, – Consider possible familial hypercholesterolaemia– Consider discussion with local advisor

• Consider secondary causes of hyperlipidaemia - alcohol / thyroid / diabetes / nephrotic syndrome

Case history Mrs HG• 66 year old woman. Presented with angina like

chest pain. Investigated and found to have severe aortic stenosis

• Had aortic valve replacement (mechanical valve) 6 months ago, uncomplicated, good recovery

• Now treated with warfarin and simvastatin 40mg od

• Been getting some muscle pains and she wonders if it could be the statin

Case history Mrs HG

• Could she be correct?

• What actions would you consider taking?

Case history Mrs HG• Review past history • Review other treatment

– Check no drugs increase serum simvastatin levels

– Grapefruit juice consumption

• Measure CK; 47 (normal)• Consider checking not developed another condition eg

hypothyroidism, polymyalgia rheumatica• What next?

FATS4; 3 main sections• People with symptomatic or prior occlusive

vascular disease– Coronary artery disease– Cerebro-vascular disease – Peripheral arterial disease

• People with Type 1, Type 2 diabetes, or IGT (OGTT)

• High risk people without symptomatic of prior occlusive vascular disease and without diabetes / IGT (OGTT)

Practical suggestions if people develop muscle pains on statins• Assess severity • Check for a raised CK• Check they have not developed another condition,

either to cause muscle pain or to increase the risk they will do so when treated with a statin

• Review indications for the statin• If treatment indicated and not at risk of serious

adverse effects, consider treating with low dose simvastatin (10mg od to start), or try pravastatin (40mg od, or less and uptitrate)

Case history Mr JB• Your practice has decided it wants to look at how you are

doing with primary prevention.

• You use the tool to search the register to produce a list of

people with a possible 10 year cardiovascular disease risk of

40% or more.

• Mr JB is on the list. He is aged 56 years. He had a blood

pressure measured 3 years ago, 160/100, but never returned

for it to be repeated. He was smoking 20 per day.

• What do you do next?

Case history; Mr JB• You invite him to attend the surgery (bringing his partner if

he wishes) and discuss with him the reasons for doing so. • He consents to further assessment• Assess

– Lifestyle (diet, alcohol, physical activity, smoking)

• Review family history for premature cardiovascular disease• Measure

– Blood pressure– BMI, consider waist measurement – Lipid profile, glucose, liver function tests, renal function, thyroid

function tests

Case history; Mr JB• Reasonable diet, but has no regular physical activity. Drinks

40-50 units per week. Smokes 5 per day (been cutting down) • Father died of MI aged 54, mother still alive aged 86. 2

younger brothers both well.• Measurements

– Blood pressure 162/88– BMI 33, waist 42 inches– Total cholesterol 5.2 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol 0.9 mmol/l, (total /

HDL ratio 5.8) triglycerides 3.4 mmol/l (fasting)– Fasting glucose 6.4 mmol/l– eGFR 61, LFT, TFT normal

Joint British Guidelines 2 Risk Charts

JBS Heart 2005 91 Suppl. V