FCAT REVIEWFCAT REVIEWPhysical Science: Force and EnergyPhysical Science: Force and Energy

Assembled by: Jami Shaw and Amanda Braget

Force and MotionForce and Motion• A force is a push or pull that A force is a push or pull that

starts, stops, or changes the starts, stops, or changes the direction of an object.direction of an object.

• Some examples of contact Some examples of contact forces are gravity and forces are gravity and friction.friction.

• Some examples of non-Some examples of non-contact forces are magnetism contact forces are magnetism and electricity.and electricity.

• Gravity keeps the planets in Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.orbit around the sun.

• Friction can slow down and Friction can slow down and stop objects in motion.stop objects in motion.

Force and MotionForce and Motion• Forces can be Forces can be

balanced or balanced or unbalanced.unbalanced.

• Unbalanced Unbalanced forces cause an forces cause an object to start object to start moving moving (accelerate) but (accelerate) but balanced forces balanced forces do not.do not.

Force and Motion Force and Motion • Speed is how fast an object is

moving.• Speed and velocity are very

similar and are often used interchangeably.

• Acceleration is the rate at Acceleration is the rate at which an object’s velocity which an object’s velocity changes.changes.

• Positive acceleration values Positive acceleration values mean that an object is mean that an object is speeding up speeding up

• Negative acceleration values Negative acceleration values mean that an object is slowing mean that an object is slowing down.down.

• Negative acceleration is often Negative acceleration is often called deceleration.called deceleration.

EnergyEnergy

• Energy is the ability to cause change or do Energy is the ability to cause change or do work.work.

• There are five main types of energy: There are five main types of energy: mechanical, electrical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, chemical, electromagnetic, and thermal.electromagnetic, and thermal.

• The mechanical energy of a moving object is The mechanical energy of a moving object is called its kinetic energy. called its kinetic energy.

• The mechanical energy of an object due to its The mechanical energy of an object due to its position is called its potential energy.position is called its potential energy.

Potential EnergyPotential Energy• Potential Potential energy is the energy is the

energy that results energy that results from the position or from the position or shape of an object.shape of an object.

• Any object no matter Any object no matter its size has the its size has the potential to fall potential to fall (mechanical energy). (mechanical energy). THAT IS THE OBJECTS THAT IS THE OBJECTS POTENTIAL ENERGY!POTENTIAL ENERGY!

Kinetic and Mechanical EnergyKinetic and Mechanical Energy

• Kinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy that results from the is the energy that results from the motion of an object.motion of an object.

• Anything in motion and moving has kinetic energy.Anything in motion and moving has kinetic energy.• Mechanical energyMechanical energy is energy associated with the is energy associated with the

position, shape, or motion of an object and is made position, shape, or motion of an object and is made up of kinetic and potential energy.up of kinetic and potential energy.

Force

Kinetic energy

EnergyEnergy

Types of EnergyTypes of Energy– Mechanical Energy – Kinetic energy or matter that is Mechanical Energy – Kinetic energy or matter that is

moving.moving.

– Thermal Energy- kinetic and potential energy of Thermal Energy- kinetic and potential energy of particlesparticles

– Electric Energy- energy carried in the electric charges Electric Energy- energy carried in the electric charges of particlesof particles

– Electromagnetic Energy- travels through space in Electromagnetic Energy- travels through space in waveswaves

– Chemical Energy- potential energy stored in chemical Chemical Energy- potential energy stored in chemical bondsbonds

The Law of Conservation of EnergyThe Law of Conservation of Energy• Energy is constantly changing from one form to another.Energy is constantly changing from one form to another.• As energy changes from one form to another, it is never As energy changes from one form to another, it is never

created or destroyed.created or destroyed.• Many times it takes a whole series of energy conversions to do Many times it takes a whole series of energy conversions to do

a certain job. a certain job. • For example, just to get the energy to make a piece of toast, For example, just to get the energy to make a piece of toast,

there are several energy conversions involved. there are several energy conversions involved. – Chemical energy stored in coal is released as heat and light Chemical energy stored in coal is released as heat and light

energy when the coal is burned. energy when the coal is burned. – The heat energy is used to produce steam and is changed The heat energy is used to produce steam and is changed

into mechanical energy in a generator. into mechanical energy in a generator. – The generator converts mechanical energy into electric The generator converts mechanical energy into electric

energy that travels through power lines into your home.energy that travels through power lines into your home.– When you use your toaster, that electric energy is again When you use your toaster, that electric energy is again

changed into heat/thermal energy. changed into heat/thermal energy.

Waves, Sound, and LightWaves, Sound, and Light• All waves have a wavelength, All waves have a wavelength,

amplitude, frequency, and amplitude, frequency, and speed.speed.

• The wavelength is the distance The wavelength is the distance between two consecutive between two consecutive crests or troughs.crests or troughs.

• The amplitude of wave is the The amplitude of wave is the vertical distance between the vertical distance between the line of origin (middle) and each line of origin (middle) and each crest or trough.crest or trough.

• The frequency of a wave is the The frequency of a wave is the number of wavelengths that number of wavelengths that pass a point in a given amount pass a point in a given amount of time.of time.

• The speed of a wave is equal to The speed of a wave is equal to the frequency times the the frequency times the wavelength.wavelength.

Waves, Sound, and LightWaves, Sound, and Light• A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through

matter or through space.matter or through space.• Mechanical waves move through a medium which can Mechanical waves move through a medium which can

be a solid, liquid, or gas.be a solid, liquid, or gas.• Sound waves, water waves, and earthquakes are all Sound waves, water waves, and earthquakes are all

mechanical waves.mechanical waves.• Light waves travel faster than sound wavesLight waves travel faster than sound waves• E.g. Lightning strike is seen before thunder is heard.E.g. Lightning strike is seen before thunder is heard.

• Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium. Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium. • Light waves are electromagnetic waves.Light waves are electromagnetic waves.• Thus, light can travel through the vacuum of outer space Thus, light can travel through the vacuum of outer space

but sound cannot.but sound cannot.• Sound waves need matter to travel.Sound waves need matter to travel.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESCHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES•An An electromagnetic waveelectromagnetic wave is a disturbance that involves the is a disturbance that involves the transfer of electric and magnetic energy.transfer of electric and magnetic energy.•An electromagnetic wave is made up of vibrating electric and An electromagnetic wave is made up of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that move through space or some medium at the magnetic fields that move through space or some medium at the speed of light.speed of light.ENERGYENERGY•The energy that electromagnetic waves transfer through matter or The energy that electromagnetic waves transfer through matter or space is called space is called electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic radiation..•The sun’s energy arrives on Earth as electromagnetic radiation.The sun’s energy arrives on Earth as electromagnetic radiation.•All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum, All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum, but they have different wavelengths and different frequencies. but they have different wavelengths and different frequencies.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMTHE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum• The The electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum is the complete range of is the complete range of

electromagnetic waves placed in order or increasing electromagnetic waves placed in order or increasing frequency.frequency.– Running Madly In Very Unusual Xtreme GamesRunning Madly In Very Unusual Xtreme Games

• Radio-Radio-used in broadcasting to carry signals for radio programs.used in broadcasting to carry signals for radio programs.• MicrowavesMicrowaves- have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies - have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies

than radio waves do.than radio waves do.• E.g. Microwave ovens are used to heat foodE.g. Microwave ovens are used to heat food

• InfraredInfrared – invisible heat you feel (e.g .warming by a campfire)– invisible heat you feel (e.g .warming by a campfire)• VisibleVisible- Electromagnetic waves you see.- Electromagnetic waves you see.

– WHITE LIGHTWHITE LIGHT• Visible light that appears white is actually a mixture of many colors. Visible light that appears white is actually a mixture of many colors. • Light waves bend, or refract when they enter a new medium.Light waves bend, or refract when they enter a new medium.• So, when white light passes through rain drops, a rainbow can resultSo, when white light passes through rain drops, a rainbow can result

•UltravioletUltraviolet- these rays have higher frequencies - these rays have higher frequencies than visible light, so they carry more energy.than visible light, so they carry more energy.•Ultraviolet rays can damage or kill living Ultraviolet rays can damage or kill living cells. cells. •Small doses of ultraviolet rays are useful; for Small doses of ultraviolet rays are useful; for instance, they cause cells to produce vitamin instance, they cause cells to produce vitamin D. D.

•X-RaysX-Rays- carry more energy than ultraviolet rays - carry more energy than ultraviolet rays and can penetrate through most matter. and can penetrate through most matter. •Dense matter, such as bone or lead, absorbs Dense matter, such as bone or lead, absorbs X-rays so they can pass through. X-rays so they can pass through. •Thus, X-rays are used to make images of Thus, X-rays are used to make images of bones and teeth bones and teeth

•Gamma RaysGamma Rays- have the greatest amount of - have the greatest amount of energy; the most penetrating of electromagnetic energy; the most penetrating of electromagnetic waves. waves. . .

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum

Which wave image (A or B) is accurate? Which wave image (A or B) is accurate? Using the terms “wavelength” and Using the terms “wavelength” and

“frequency” describe the trends in the “frequency” describe the trends in the waves within the EM Spectrumwaves within the EM Spectrum..SC.8.E.5.11

•There are three kinds of wave interactions, reflection, refraction, and There are three kinds of wave interactions, reflection, refraction, and absorption.absorption.

•Refraction: Light bendingRefraction: Light bending•The speed of a wave through a substance is determined by the The speed of a wave through a substance is determined by the substance’s physical properties.substance’s physical properties.

•Some substances will cause the light to move at a slower speed than Some substances will cause the light to move at a slower speed than it will through other substances. it will through other substances.

WAVES IN DIFFERENT MATERIALSWAVES IN DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Waves, Sound, and LightWaves, Sound, and Light

• Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a surface.surface.

Reflect, Refract, AbsorbReflect, Refract, Absorb

Label the images above with the Label the images above with the correct term concerning the motion correct term concerning the motion

of light waves. of light waves. SC.7.P.10.2

What are the three ways heat is transferredWhat are the three ways heat is transferred

• ConvectionConvection• The heat transfer that occurs only in fluids such as air and The heat transfer that occurs only in fluids such as air and

water.water.• Convection currents- warmer less dense material rises, Convection currents- warmer less dense material rises,

cooler more dense material fallscooler more dense material falls• ConductionConduction• Transfers heat from one particle of matter to another Transfers heat from one particle of matter to another

within or between two objects.within or between two objects.• TouchTouch

• RadiationRadiation• The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.• Does not need matter to transfer, can transfer through Does not need matter to transfer, can transfer through

space.space.

HEAT/Thermal energy transfer

• Heat is the Heat is the transfer of transfer of energy from a energy from a warmer object warmer object to a cooler to a cooler object.object.

• Heat will Heat will continue to continue to transfer until transfer until both objects both objects are the same are the same temperature.temperature.

1. The warm air from the room is transferring to the cooler water.

2. The water is transferring thermal energy to the cooler ice.

3. These transfers of energy from warm to cool will continue until the ice is melted and the water is the same temperature as the room.

Sample Question

What is the source of energy used in What is the source of energy used in photosynthesis?photosynthesis?A. GlucoseA. GlucoseB. SunlightB. SunlightC. ChlorophyllC. ChlorophyllD. DNAD. DNA

Sample Question

What type of radiation represents the What type of radiation represents the color spectrum seen on Earth?color spectrum seen on Earth?

A. gamma raysA. gamma raysB. infraredB. infraredC. visibleC. visibleD. X-rayD. X-ray

Sample Question While attending a baseball game of his favorite major While attending a baseball game of his favorite major league team, Takahiro notices that he can see the batter league team, Takahiro notices that he can see the batter hit the ball before he hears the crack of the bat. Which of hit the ball before he hears the crack of the bat. Which of the following statements best explains why there is a time the following statements best explains why there is a time lapse between seeing the baseball hit and hearing it?lapse between seeing the baseball hit and hearing it?

A. Eyes react to stimuli faster than ears doA. Eyes react to stimuli faster than ears doB. Light waves travel in a more direct path than B. Light waves travel in a more direct path than

sound sound waves.waves.C. Sound waves travel more slowly in the air than C. Sound waves travel more slowly in the air than

light light waves do.waves do.D. Sound waves from other sounds cause D. Sound waves from other sounds cause

interference interference with sound waves from the bat.with sound waves from the bat.

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