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ENDI 08States / Federalism

STATES / FEDERALISM ENDI 2008

states / federalism endi 2008..........................................................................................................................1=====federalism=====...................................................................................................................................31nc federalism disad......................................................................................................................................31nc federalism disad......................................................................................................................................4

-----uniqueness-----...........................................................................................................................................6federalism high.................................................................................................................................................6federalism high.................................................................................................................................................7federalism high globally................................................................................................................................8-----links-----.....................................................................................................................................................9link renewables..............................................................................................................................................9link renewables............................................................................................................................................10link environmental regulation......................................................................................................................11link federal subsidization of state programs................................................................................................12link helper snowball.....................................................................................................................................13link helper zero sum.....................................................................................................................................15generic federal action links.............................................................................................................................17-----impacts-----...............................................................................................................................................18

US federalism modeled...................................................................................................................................18impact war...................................................................................................................................................19impact economy...........................................................................................................................................20impact trade.................................................................................................................................................21impact democracy........................................................................................................................................22ext fism key to democracy...........................................................................................................................23impact genocide...........................................................................................................................................24impact genocide...........................................................................................................................................25impact secessionism.....................................................................................................................................26ext fism solves secession.............................................................................................................................27ext fism solves secession.............................................................................................................................28impact russia................................................................................................................................................29impact iraq...................................................................................................................................................31impact iraq...................................................................................................................................................32impact indonesia..........................................................................................................................................33impact south asia..........................................................................................................................................35=====states cp=====....................................................................................................................................361nc states counterplan..................................................................................................................................36states solve general helpers..........................................................................................................................37states solve energy policy............................................................................................................................38states solve energy policy............................................................................................................................39states solve energy policy............................................................................................................................40states solve have experience........................................................................................................................41states solve solar power...............................................................................................................................42states solve wind power...............................................................................................................................43a2: race to the bottom.....................................................................................................................................44states solve rps.............................................................................................................................................45Federal Modeling 2NC...................................................................................................................................46Solvency General.........................................................................................................................................47Solvency Soft Power....................................................................................................................................48A2: States = Racist..........................................................................................................................................49-----permutation-----........................................................................................................................................50A2: Perm Do Both.......................................................................................................................................50-----Politics NB-----........................................................................................................................................51

politics net benefit...........................................................................................................................................51-----theory-----.................................................................................................................................................52

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2nc 50 state fiat............................................................................................................................................522nc 50 state fiat............................................................................................................................................54=====LOPEZ CP=====...............................................................................................................................55lopez cp 1nc....................................................................................................................................................55lopez cp 1nc....................................................................................................................................................57lopez cp 1nc....................................................................................................................................................58court can devolve............................................................................................................................................59federalism net benefit.....................................................................................................................................60A2: rollback....................................................................................................................................................61A2: uniformity................................................................................................................................................62A2: heg da.......................................................................................................................................................63A2: precedent das..........................................................................................................................................64A2: no test case...............................................................................................................................................65A2: Perm Do Both.......................................................................................................................................66A2: perm do the cp......................................................................................................................................672nc lopez fiat................................................................................................................................................68=====aff=====.............................................................................................................................................69-----federalism-----..........................................................................................................................................69uniqueness federal incentives now..............................................................................................................69uniqueness federal control now...................................................................................................................70general no link................................................................................................................................................71no threshold....................................................................................................................................................72not zero sum....................................................................................................................................................73US federalism not modeled............................................................................................................................74lopez cp hurts federalism 2ac......................................................................................................................75federalism bad ethnic conflict......................................................................................................................76federalism bad indonesia.............................................................................................................................77federalism bad indonesia.............................................................................................................................78A2: iraq impact...............................................................................................................................................80A2: russia impact............................................................................................................................................81-----states-----..................................................................................................................................................822ac states cp.................................................................................................................................................822ac states cp.................................................................................................................................................83ext investment climate.................................................................................................................................842ac lopez cp.................................................................................................................................................852ac lopez cp.................................................................................................................................................86ext congress rollback...................................................................................................................................88ext executive rollback..................................................................................................................................90ext variance..................................................................................................................................................91A2: federal modeling......................................................................................................................................92A2: states best general.................................................................................................................................93Terrorism DA 2AC......................................................................................................................................94

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=====FEDERALISM=====

1NC FEDERALISM DISAD

COURT RULINGS HAVE BROADLY UPHELD FEDERALISM -- PROTECTINGSTATE POWERS IS KEY

Bradley W. Joondeph , Associate Professor, Santa Clara University School of Law, The DeregulatoryValence of Justice OConnors Federalism, Houston Law Review, Fall, 2007 (44 Hous. L. Rev. 507)

This much is not news: the Rehnquist Court reshaped the constitutional rules governing the respective rolesof the national government and the states in our federal republic. 14 The Court [*512] articulated a newand arguably narrower standard for evaluating whether a federal statute falls within Congress's commerce

power. 15 It developed a fairly restrictive understanding of the breadth of Congress's legislative authorityunder Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment, requiring that such legislation be [*513] "congruentand proportional" to the constitutional violations that Congress seeks to remedy or prevent. 16 It minted theso-called "anticommandeering" principle, which prohibits Congress from directing the states to enact or implement particular regulation. 17 It held that Congress cannot use its Article I powers to enact legislationsubjecting the states to suits for damages, 18 overruling the relatively recent precedent of Pennsylvania v.Union Gas. 19 Further, the Court extended this principle of sovereign immunity to suits brought in anycourt, whether state or federal, 20 as well as to adjudicative proceedings before federal administrative

agencies. 21 Some have argued that, despite the considerable [*514] attention these decisions have drawn,their practical effects have actually been quite modest. 22 For instance, the Court's Commerce Clausedecisions affect only a small spectrum of activity that Congress might otherwise regulate - activity that isnoncommercial, noneconomic, and purely intrastate. 23 Its sovereign immunity decisions leave open a hostof alternative means for enforcing federal law against state governments, most notably suits for injunctionsunder Ex Parte Young. 24 Its anticommandeering decisions prohibit a form of legislation that Congress hademployed only rarely and for which there are typically a number of effective substitutes. 25 Perhaps mostsignificantly, the Rehnquist Court did nothing to trim Congress's authority under the Spending Clause,leaving Congress the ability to circumvent most of these constraints by enacting conditional spendinglegislation aimed at the states. 26 Still, even if the Rehnquist Court's federalism decisions did not constitutea "federalism revolution," they seem to have done something. It is now clear, as it was not before 1995, thatthere are judicially enforceable limits on Congress's commerce power, particularly with respect to activitiesthat have historically been regulated by the states. 27 Congress's capacity to enact legislation to enforce the

proscriptions of the Fourteenth Amendment has been narrowed, such that any legislative effort to enforce aconstitutional right or to protect a class of citizens that the Court has not deemed deserving of heightened

judicial scrutiny is [*515] virtually per se invalid. 28 And, because Congress can abrogate the sovereignimmunity of states only through legislation enacted under the Reconstruction Amendments, 29 Congresshas lost an important means for enforcing federal law against the states. These consequences are not trivial.Moreover, if the Rehnquist Court did not move the law in revolutionary directions itself, it may nonethelesshave laid the groundwork for a future Court to do so. As others have noted, the newly constituted RobertsCourt could use the Rehnquist Court's precedents to disrupt some long-settled constitutionalunderstandings. 30 It could hold that landmark environmental legislation, such as the Endangered SpeciesAct or the Clean Water Act, is beyond Congress's commerce power, at least in many of its applications,

because the regulated activity is not sufficiently connected to interstate commerce. 31 It could concludethat the anticommandeering decisions have effectively undermined Garcia and hold that Congress cannotuse its commerce power to regulate certain functions of state governments. 32 It could hold that thedisparate impact provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 are unconstitutional as applied tostate governments, at least with respect to private suits for damages, because they are not "congruent and

proportional" to any purported constitutional violations. 33 [*516] Conceivably, though much less likely,it could hold that most federal antidiscrimination legislation is beyond Congress's commerce power becausethe regulated activity of discrimination - whether based on race, gender, religion, age, or disability - is not"economic" or "commercial" in nature. 34

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4/94


1NC FEDERALISM DISAD

RENEWABLE ENERGY IS A STATE ISSUE -- FEDERAL INCENTIVES ARE ANENCROACHMENT

Steven Ferrey , Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law School, Sustainable Energy, EnvironmentalPolicy, and States Rights: Discerning the Energy Future Through the Eye of the Dormant CommerceClause, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 2004 (12 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 507)

States can segment the market to promote renewable energy. FERC expressly acknowledged a state'sability to promulgate regulations favoring particular generation technologies over others, in holding that a"state may choose to require a utility to construct generation capacity of a preferred technology or to

purchase power from the supplier of a particular type of resource." 537 FERC suggests that the mechanismto do this may be for "a state [to] account for environmental costs of all fuel sources including an all sourcedetermination of avoided cost." 538 This provides a means, as long as the price paid is not more than thegeneral market or administratively set price. While states may not violate federal law, they retain

jurisdiction to structure the resource composition of the power supply market .

This undermines the U.S. balance of federalismLack 95

(James, Senator New York, Serial No. J-104-31, 7-11, p. 11)Every year Congress considers bills , federal agencies consider rules, and international agencies consider casesthat would supplant state statutory or common law. Adverse decisions may result not only innullifying state laws and court decisions, but also in narrowing the range of issues that legislaturesmay address. The threat is the steady, incremental, year-by-year erosion of the

jurisdiction of state legislatures .

D. Impact is global war --- U.S. federalism is modeled worldwide,solving conflict

Calabresi 95(Steven G., Assistant Prof Northwestern U., Michigan Law Review, Lexis)

First, the rules of constitutional federalism should be enforced because federalism is a goodthing, and it is the best and most important structural feature of the U.S. Constitution. Second, the political branchescannot be relied upon to enforce constitutional federalism, notwithstanding the contrary writings of Professor JesseChoper. Third, the Supreme Court is institutionally competent to enforce constitutionalfederalism. Fourth, the Court is at least as qualified to act in this area as it is in the Fourteenth Amendment area.And, fifth, the doctrine of stare [*831] decisis does not pose a barrier to the creation of any new, prospectivelyapplicable Commerce Clause case law. The conventional wisdom is that Lopez is nothing more than a flash in the pan.232 Elite opinion holds that the future of American constitutional law will involve the continuing elaboration of theCourt's national codes on matters like abortion regulation, pornography, rules on holiday displays, and rules on how thestates should conduct their own criminal investigations and trials. Public choice theory suggests many reasons why it islikely that the Court will continue to pick on the states and give Congress a free ride. But, it would be a very goodthing for this country if the Court decided to surprise us and continued on its way down theLopez path. Those of us who comment on the Court's work, whether in the law reviews or in the newspapers, should

encourage the Court to follow the path on which it has now embarked. The country and the world would be a better place if it did. We have seen that a desire for both international and devolutionary federalism has sweptacross the world in recent years. To a significant extent, this is due to global fascination withand emulation of our own American federalism success story. The global trend towardfederalism is an enormously positive development that greatly increases thelikelihood of future peace, free trade, economic growth , respect for social and cultural diversity, and protection of individual human rights. It depends for its success on thewillingness of sovereign nations to strike federalism deals in the belief that those deals will bekept. 233 The U.S. Supreme Court can do its part to encourage the future striking of such dealsby enforcing vigorously our own American federalism deal. Lopez could be a first step in that

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proces s, if only the Justices and the legal academy would wake up to the importance of what is at stake.

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-----UNIQUENESS-----

FEDERALISM HIGH

FEDERALISM STRONG NOW -- STATES RIGHTS ARE BEING PROTECTED

Patrick M. Garry , Associate Professor, University of South Dakota School of Law, The ConstitutionalLynchpin of Liberty in an Age of New Federalism, Brandeis Law Journal, Spring, 2007 (45 BrandeisL.J. 469)

With the constitutional inadequacies of substantive due process being continually debated over the pastfour decades, the recent federalism revolution waged by the Rehnquist Court may have revealed analternative constitutional approach to the protection of individual liberties. After having largely ignoredfederalism concerns since the late 1930s, the Supreme Court in the mid-1990s began to stall or even reversethe constitutional drift of power from the states to the federal government that began six decades earlier.This new federalism has attempted to resuscitate the role of the states in the constitutional system byreviving certain federalism doctrines abandoned during the constitutional revolution of the New Deal.

FEDERALISM WIDELY PROTECTED ACROSS THE BOARD NOW

Patrick M. Garry , Associate Professor, University of South Dakota School of Law, The ConstitutionalLynchpin of Liberty in an Age of New Federalism, Brandeis Law Journal, Spring, 2007 (45 BrandeisL.J. 469)

Although the Rehnquist Court's revival of federalism was initially opposed by various groups arguing thatsocial problems should be addressed primarily by a strong centralized federal government, recentindications suggest that even these groups are embracing federalism as a source of political freedom. 66 Asdemonstrated by the 2004 presidential election, there are substantial contrasts between the different statesand regions of the nation. "Red" states differ from "blue" states in their attitudes toward the public role of religion, environmental and immigration policies, and the construction and operation of public educationalsystems. Consequently, the more sovereignty each state possesses, the more it can respond to the diverseneeds and interests of its residents. Recognizing this reality, many political liberals, even though steeped inthe nationalism of the New Deal and Great Society, have begun pursuing a federalism strategy with respect

to a number of policy and legal issues. 67 The opposition to President Bush's No Child Left Behindeducation bill has focused largely on federalism concerns, 68 as has liberal opposition to federal attempts to prohibit states from permitting assisted suicide or the [*480] medical use of marijuana. 69 Thetraditionally more liberal members of the Court waved the flag of federalism in their objection to thedecision in Bush v. Gore. 70 But perhaps the most dramatic liberal embrace of federalism principles hasoccurred in connection with the political battle over the legal recognition of same-sex marriages. 71 Unable to pass national legislation supporting their cause, gay-rights organizations have turned to thestates. They obtained a ruling from the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declaring a stateconstitutional right to same- sex marriage, and in San Francisco, the mayor ordered city officials to performgay weddings. 72 In addition, gay-rights activists lobbied the Vermont legislature to enact a civil-unionslaw. 73 On the other side of the issue, on November 2, 2004, eleven states passed constitutionalreferendums banning same-sex marriage. 74 But as one liberal gay-rights activist argued, "The best chanceof averting a culture war is to localize the issue by leaving it to the states, letting them go their own way at

their own speed." 75 According to another supporter of gay marriage, "The whole point of federalism isthat different states can have different policies on matters of burning controversy-and that this is O.K." 76Thus, despite their general criticism of the Court's federalism revival, many liberals have come to embracestate autonomy when it comes to issues on which they cannot prevail at the national level. Another instance of liberal embrace of federalism principles occurred in connection with the Terri Schiavocontroversy. While the Republican congressional [*481] leadership sought to obtain federal judicial or congressional reversal of astate court's order that Ms. Schiavo's feeding tube be removed, many liberal Democrats argued that the matter was one of state

jurisdiction and that the federal government should not intervene. 77 Indeed, when Congress passed legislation requiring the federalcourts to take a fresh look at the case, many liberals cried a violation of federalism. 78

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FEDERALISM HIGH GLOBALLY

Federalism is strong worldwide

Mallat 03(Chilibi, PhD U London, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Winter, Lexis)

In its European dimension, federalism has been on the march since the Treaty of Rome. In its "Third world" dimension,federalism is inevitably the shape of things to come within and between countries in the Middle East, Southeast Asia,South America, and the luckier parts of Africa and the former Soviet Union. Examples of federalism abound, of course,from Malaysia to Nigeria. Where it is absent, as in the Middle East, it carries much promise. In the same way a decentfuture for Iraq or Turkey can only be federal within each country's borders, the emerging shape of Arab-Israeli peacemust consider, for long-term success, federalism's hard-to-adopt central features of freedom of movement for businessand labor

Worldwide federalism is growing

Calabresi 95(Steven G., Assistant Prof Northwestern U., Michigan Law Review, Lexis)

The prevailing wisdom is that the Supreme Court should abstain from enforcing constitutional limits on federal power for reasons of judicial competence and because the Court should spend essentially all its political capital enforcing theFourteenth Amendment against the states instead. This view is wrong. First, the rules of constitutional federalismshould be enforced because federalism is a good thing, and it is the best and most important structural feature of theU.S. Constitution. Second, the political branches cannot be relied upon to enforce constitutional federalism,notwithstanding the contrary writings of Professor Jesse Choper. Third, the Supreme Court is institutionally competentto enforce constitutional federalism. Fourth, the Court is at least as qualified to act in this area as it is in the FourteenthAmendment area. And, fifth, the doctrine of stare [*831] decisis does not pose a barrier to the creation of any new,

prospectively applicable Commerce Clause case law. The conventional wisdom is that Lopez is nothing more than aflash in the pan. 232 Elite opinion holds that the future of American constitutional law will involve the continuingelaboration of the Court's national codes on matters like abortion regulation, pornography, rules on holiday displays,and rules on how the states should conduct their own criminal investigations and trials. Public choice theory suggestsmany reasons why it is likely that the Court will continue to pick on the states and give Congress a free ride. But, itwould be a very good thing for this country if the Court decided to surprise us and continued on its way down theLopez path. Those of us who comment on the Court's work, whether in the law reviews or in the newspapers, shouldencourage the Court to follow the path on which it has now embarked. The country and the world would be a better

place if it did. We have seen that a desire for both international and devolutionary federalism has swept across theworld in recent years . To a significant extent, this is due to global fascination with and emulation of our own American federalism success story. The global trend toward federalism is anenormously positive development that greatly increases the likelihood of future peace, freetrade, economic growth, respect for social and cultural diversity, and protection of individualhuman rights . It depends for its success on the willingness of sovereign nations to strike federalism deals in the

belief that those deals will be kept. 233 The U.S. Supreme Court can do its part to encourage the future striking of suchdeals by enforcing vigorously our own American federalism deal. Lopez could be a first step in that process, if only theJustices and the legal academy would wake up to the importance of what is at stake.

8
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-----LINKS-----

LINK RENEWABLES

FEDERAL INTRUSION INTO RENEWABLE ENERGY SNOWBALLS ANDUNDERMINES FEDERALISM

Becky Norton Dunlop , Vice President of External Relations at the Heritage Foundation, Speech Given atRegent University, November 17, 19 94 (http://www.heritage.org/press/Regent_Univ.cfm)

The federal governments appetite is voraciousfor dollarsfor powerfor bigger federal government.Regard for states is lacking. Regard for the Tenth Amendment is nil. Yet, having observed the currentstatus, I recall President Reagans hypothesis that the Twenty-first century will be the century of the States.And I am optimistic. In Virginia, we look upon our challenge for the remainder of the Allen administrationas Virginias Federalist challenge. And, indeed, Virginias Federalist challenge is Americas Federalistchallenge. We must understand what federalism is and why it is important. The genius of the Americanexperiment is that our Constitution is a charter of government the central proposition of which is that the

people must be protected from government. As George Washington said in his farewell address,Government is like fire. It can be a helpful servant or a fearful master. And today, as never before, we aresuffering under the ravages of a fearful master. The principle of Federalism is woven into every thread of the fabric of the Constitution, and is summed up in the 10th Amendment: The Powers not delegated to the

United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively,or to the people. My area of natural resources is in the very vortex of this issue. You might even say weare a magnet for unfunded federal mandates and bureaucratic red tape. So now, I would like outline the five

principles that guide public policy-making in my secretariat. It will become very clear to you how some of these principles relate to or are dependent on Federalism. Principle One: People are Virginias greatest natural resource. The enhancement of our naturalresources is dependent on the good stewardship of the citizens of this Commonwealth. Clean air and clean water are not to be takenfor granted. They must be treated with the respect and care that their inherent value requires. Most Virginians appreciate that fact, andare inclined to do their part in caring for our vast natural resources. In government, it is our role to see that regulatory structuresempower good stewards of our environment and the practice of sound conservation methods, as well as promote innovation andadvance science. Principle Two: Personnel is Policy. It has an obvious tie to the first principle. Governor Allen and I place a highvalue on the contributions of individuals inside government as well as private citizens. We are working hard to make the best use of the diverse talents of the dedicated professionals in our natural resource agencies; in our colleges and universities; and in the privatesector. Groups and individuals have an important contribution to make in the process of finding the best solutions to our problems. Ialways cherish the opportunity to hear the advice and expertise that thoughtful, solution oriented individuals and groups have to offer.Those individuals closest to the problem are the best equipped to deal with it. Principle Three: A growing economy and a healthyenvironment are mutually dependent. Without economic growth and technological advancement, there are insufficient resources to

meet both the increasing demand of the public for goods and the requirements of environmental stewardship. The Governor and Iformulate public policy on the basis of this principle. Private property rights and responsibilities, the incentives of the marketplace,and the free enterprise system offer the greatest new prospects for improving the environment. Principle Four: Renewable naturalresources are inherently dynamic, resilient, and responsive to conservation management. The science of conservation management allows us to improve the quality and condition of our natural resources. Sound science must be the basis of our decision making in the domain of natural resource policy. Principle Five: Excessive government regulations are injurious to theenvironment. People and states have a responsibility to collaborate and challenge excessive and injurious regulations. We must deviseways to ensure that advancement of the arts and sciences of natural resource management are not thwarted by the burden of government regulation. You may have noted a Federalist theme in several of these principles. As I mentioned previously, my area of

Natural Resources is at the very vortex of the struggle that defines the issue of Federalism. For example,the interpretation of Clean Air Act provisions is galvanizing the states to stand up against federal dictates.The lawful acts of Congress require that the states undertake deeds to accomplish reductions in air pollution. Agencies of the federalgovernment -contrary to the principles of Federalism- are insisting that we impose what we in Virginia believe to be wrongheadedmandates on our people and local governments. Many of you may be following the on-going struggle between EPA and theCommonwealth or one of the other states that are struggling with the proposed enhanced inspection and maintenance program. Thisissue is not about the relative merits of clean air. I also want an improvement in air quality. What this, and many other issues are really

about, is the Liberty of states and the liberty of the people.

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LINK RENEWABLES

RENEWABLE ENERGY IS A STATE RESPONSIBILITY

Laura Gebert , A Survey of Selected Government-Sponsored Energy Plans and Recommendations for Floridas Future Energy Policy, Barry Law Review, Spring, 2007 (8 Barry L. Rev. 149)

Air pollution in the form of particulate matter has been linked to significant health problems, including premature death and respiratory problems. 36 One source of particulate matter is electric power generation by fossil fuel-based power plants. 37 The problems associated with particulate matter seem todisproportionately affect the elderly, children, and individuals suffering from asthma, heart, or lung disease.38 Under the Clean Air Act of 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to examinethe available scientific data and then to set appropriate standards for the allowable emission of fine

particulate matter. 39 The states, not the federal government, have the responsibility to implementplans that meet the standards set by the EPA . 40 Since fossil fuel-based power plants are a source of

particulate matter, the partial substitution of clean renewable energy -- such as solar or wind -- for power generated by coal, oil, or natural gas would lead to a reduction in particulate matter generated by thetraditional fossil-based power plant. 41 Therefore, increased use of clean renewable energy could provide amethod of complying with EPA standards regarding fine particulate matter.

STATES HAVE JURISDICTION FOR IMPLEMENTING RENEWABLESINCENTIVES

Steven Ferry , Professor of Law at Suffolk University Law School in Boston, Renewable Orphans:Adopting Legal Renewable Standards at the State Level, The Electricity Journal, March 2006ScienceDirect

More than a dozen states have established renewable energy subsidy programs funded by system benefitcharges that over this decade should raise approximately $3.4 billion.3 Between 1998 and 2012,approximately $3.5 billion will be collected by the original 14 states with renewable energy funds.4 Morethan half the amount collected at least $135 million per year comes from just California.5 The funding

levels range from $0.07/MWh in Wisconsin up to almost $0.6/MWh in Massachusetts.6 The funds aredisbursed as either investments, grants, other subsidies, or R&D grants by the funding agency. Most only provide assistance to new projects, and not existing renewable projects. Normalizing all incentives to afive-year production incentive equivalent utilizing a 10 percent discount rate, states have subsidized large-scale renewable energy projects in a range of 0.17/kWh.7 Wind power has been a major beneficiary of these subsidies. The subsidy level in California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island ranges from 0.59to 1.95/kWh for wind and hydroelectric projects, and from 0.11 to 0.57/kWh for landfill gas projects.8The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission suggested that states have jurisdiction to implement thecharge.9 It is also very important to note that a system benefit charge can be avoided, in spite of its non-

bypassable feature. The customer could bypass the distribution system altogether by moving out of theservice territory of the local distribution company, selling or reorganizing its assets, or generatingelectricity on-site for its own purposes.10 The legal problem, addressed in more detail below, is that after taxing interstate power some of the trust fund schemes explicitly restrict the subsidy to in-state projects.

10
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11/94


LINK ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION IS A TRADITIONAL STATE POWER

Steven Ferrey , Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law School, Sustainable Energy, EnvironmentalPolicy, and States Rights: Discerning the Energy Future Through the Eye of the Dormant Commerce

Clause, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 2004 (12 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 507)Environmental protection is a traditional local power, and many of the federal environmental statutes setfederal minima, with express license to local authorities to regulate more [*611] stringently. 573 "[A]federal decision to forgo regulation in a given area may imply an authoritative federal determination thatthe area is best left unregulated, and in that event would have as much pre-emptive force as a decision toregulate." 574 Even where there is no evident congressional intent to federally occupy a field, the conflict

principle requires that a court strike inconsistent state or local law. 575 State regulation is not allowed toveto the regulatory scheme of a superior level of government. 576 Correspondingly, courts hold that wherestate and federal laws complement each other, there is no preemption. 577

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12/94


LINK FEDERAL SUBSIDIZATION OF STATE PROGRAMS

FEDERAL SUBSIDIZATION OF STATE PROGRAMS UNDERMINES THEFEDERAL BALANCE OF POWER AND DISCOURAGES STATE INNOVATION

Ilya , Assistant Professor at George Mason University School of Law, 02 (Somin, Jan,Closing the Pandora's box of federalism: The case for judicial restriction of federalsubsidies to state governments, Georgetown Law Journal,http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3805/is_200201/ai_n9064334/pg_2)

This Article begins the process of closing the gap in the existing literature on federalsubsidies. It does so by laying out the case for the proposition that federal grants tostates, including those that are noncoercive, seriously undermine federalism values.It further argues in favor of judicial intervention to constrain them, both because of constitutional considerations and because the legislative and executive brancheshave no incentive to address the problem adequately. To the contrary, both state andfederal legislators have strong incentives to support grant programs. Like Pandora'sbox, the pork barrel trough of federal subsidies is enormously tempting, highlydestructive of important values, and difficult to close once opened. Part I of thisArticle explains how federal subsidization of the states subverts key federalismvalues of diversity, vertical competition, and horizontal competition. In so doing, Iborrow from models of competitive federalism developed by economists and politicalscientists. I also address the standard arguments in favor of federal subsidization--controlling interstate externalities and ensuring redistribution. Both are considerablyweaker than their advocates suppose and neither can justify the virtually unlimitedfederal power to subsidize states that exists today.

FEDERAL SUBSIDIZATION OF STATE PROGRAMS UNDERMINESFEDERALISM

Ilya , Assistant Professor at George Mason University School of Law, 02 (Somin, Jan,Closing the Pandora's box of federalism: The case for judicial restriction of federal

subsidies to state governments, Georgetown Law Journal,http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3805/is_200201/ai_n9064334/pg_2)

Federal subsidization of state governments undermines three of the most importantadvantages of a federal system of government relative to a unitary one-responsiveness to diverse local preferences, horizontal competition between states,and vertical competition between states and the federal government.131. Responsiveness to Diverse Local Preferences Responsiveness to diverse localpreferences is perhaps the oldest and bestknown rationale for federalism, receivingan endorsement even from the Supreme Court. 14 To the extent that local majoritiesin different states have divergent preferences from each other, a federal system canensure a higher degree of citizen satisfaction than a unitary one that would require asingle fix for all.15 If, for example, some state-level majorities prefer a policy of hightaxes and high levels of government services while others prefer low taxes and low

service levels, they can each be accommodated by their respective stategovernments. A unitary government with a one-size-fits-all policy will, by contrast,likely leave a larger proportion of the population dissatisfied with the resultingpackage of policies. The ability of federalism to accommodate diverse preferencescan ease racial, ethnic, and ideological conflicts by allowing each of the opposinggroups to control policy in its own region. 16

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13/94


LINK HELPER SNOWBALL

Expansion of federal power is a slippery slope --- each violation key

Johnson 01(Virginia H., JD Candidate, Cardoza Law Review, November, Lexis)

Although the Lue court agreed that the "plainly adapted" 139 standard was the appropriate test to be applied to theHostage Taking Act, it found that, contrary to appellant's interpretation, the Act was "plainly adapted" to theConvention, in that "it tracks the language of the Convention in all material respects." 140 [*

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Fed and States