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FEDERALISM IN GREEK ANTIQUITY

The world of ancient Greece witnessed some of the most sophisti-cated and varied experiments with federalism in the pre-modern era.In the volatile interstate environment of Greece, federalism was acreative response to the challenge of establishing regional unity, whileat the same time preserving a degree of local autonomy. To reconcilethe forces of integration and independence, Greek federal statesintroduced, for example, the notion of proportional representation,the stratification of legal practice, and a federal grammar of festivalsand cults. Federalism in Greek Antiquity provides the first compre-hensive reassessment of the topic. It comprises detailed contributionson all federal states in Aegean Greece and its periphery. With everychapter written by a leading expert in the field, the book also incor-porates thematic sections that place the topic in a broader historicaland social-scientific context.

hans beck is Professor of Ancient History, John MacNaughtonChair of Classics, and Director of Classical Studies in the Departmentof History and Classical Studies, McGill University. He is co-author,with John Buckler, of Central Greece and the Politics of Power in theFourth Century bc (2008), editor of A Companion to Ancient GreekGovernment (2013) and co-editor, with Antonio Duplá, Martin Jehne,and Francisco Pina Polo, of Consuls and Res Publica: Holding HighOffice in the Roman Republic (2011).

peter funke is Professor and Chair of Ancient History, andDirectorof the Institute for Ancient History, the Institute for Epigraphy, andthe Institute for Interdisciplinary Cypriot Studies at WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität in Münster. He is co-editor, with NinoLuraghi, of The Politics of Ethnicity and the Crisis of the PeloponnesianLeague (2009) and, with Matthias Haake, of Greek Federal States andTheir Sanctuaries. Identity and Integration (2013).

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FEDERALISM IN GREEKANTIQUITY

editors

HANS BECK AND PETER FUNKE






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First published 2015

Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataFederalism in Greek antiquity / Hans Beck and Peter Funke, editors.

pages cmisbn 978-0-521-19226-2 (hardback)

1. Federal government – Greece – History – To 1500. 2. City-states – Greece –History – To 1500. 3. Political culture – Greece – History – To 1500.

4. Regionalism – Political aspects – Greece – History –To 1500. 5. Greece – Politics and government – To 146 b.c. I. Beck,

Hans, 1969– II. Funke, Peter, 1950–jc75.f3f43 2015320.4380049–dc23

2015015129

isbn 978-0-521-19226-2 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.






Contents

List of maps page viiiList of contributors ixPreface xiiiA note on the transliteration of ancient Greek xviList of abbreviations xviiMaps xxi

1. An introduction to federalism in Greek antiquity 1Hans Beck and Peter Funke

2. Federalism and ethnicity 30Jonathan M. Hall

3. The community of the Hellenes 49Lynette G. Mitchell

4. Akarnania and the Akarnanian League 66Klaus Freitag

5. Aitolia and the Aitolian League 86Peter Funke

6. The Achaian League 118Athanasios Rizakis

7. Boiotia and the Boiotian Leagues 132Hans Beck and Angela Ganter

8. The Euboian League – an ‘irregular’ koinon? 158Denis Knoepfler

9. The Lokrians and their federal leagues 179Giovanna Daverio Rocchi

v






10. Phokis 199Jeremy McInerney

11. Microfederalism in Central Greece: the Dorians and Oitaians 222Denis Rousset

12. The Thessalian League 231Richard Bouchon and Bruno Helly

13. The Arkadian Confederacy 250Thomas Heine Nielsen

14. Elis (with Akroria and Pisatis) 269James Roy

15. Traces of federalism in Messenia 285Nino Luraghi

16. Molossia and Epeiros 297Elizabeth A. Meyer

17. Federal Makedonia 319Miltiades Hatzopoulos

18. The Chalkidike and the Chalkidians 341Michael Zahrnt

19. Federalism and the sea. The koina of the Aegean islands 358Kostas Buraselis

20. Federalism on Crete: The Cretan Koinon and the Koinonof the Oreioi 377Angelos Chaniotis

21. The Italiote League and southern Italy 386Michael P. Fronda

22. The Lykian League 403Ralf Behrwald

23. Federalism in the Kyrenaïka? 419Alex McAuley

24. Forerunners of federal states: collaboration and integrationthrough alliance in Archaic and Classical Greece 434Kurt A. Raaflaub

vi Contents






25. The Hellenic leagues of late Classical and Hellenistictimes and their place in the history of Greek federalism 452Bernhard Smarczyk

26. Peaceful conflict resolution in the world of the federal states 471Sheila Ager

27. The economics of federation in the ancient Greek world 487Emily Mackil

28. Ancient theoretical reflections on federalism 503Cinzia Bearzot

29. Greek federalism, the rediscovery of Polybius, andthe framing of the American constitution 512Gustav Adolf Lehmann

Bibliography 524Index 590

Contents vii






Maps

1: Northern and Central Greece page xxi2: Central Greece and the Peloponnese xxii3: Crete and the central Aegean xxiii

4a: Lesbos and surroundings xxiv4b: Lykia and Rhodes xxv5: Southern Italy and Sicily xxvi6: The Kyrenaïka xxvii

viii






Contributors

sheila ager is Professor and Chair of the Department of Classical Studiesat the University of Waterloo.

cinzia bearzot is Professor of Greek History at the Catholic University inMilan.

hans beck is Professor of Ancient History, John MacNaughton Chair ofClassics, and Director of Classical Studies at McGill University inMontreal.

ralf behrwald is Professor of Ancient History at Bayreuth University.

richard bouchon is Assistant Professor of Greek History at UniversitéLumière, Lyon 2, in Lyon.

kostas buraselis is Professor of Ancient History at the University ofAthens.

angelos chaniotis is Professor of Ancient History and Classics at theInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton.

giovanna daverio rocchi was Professor of Greek History in theDipartimento di Studi Storici, Università degli Studi di Milano and isnow Professor on contract in the same University.

klaus freitag is Professor of Ancient History at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen.

michael p. fronda is Associate Professor in the Department of Historyand Classical Studies, McGill University, Montreal.

peter funke is Professor of Ancient History and Director of the Instituteof Ancient History, the Institute of Epigraphy, and the Institute ofInterdisciplinary Cypriote Studies at the University of Münster.

ix






angela ganter is Assistant Professor of Ancient History at the JohannWolfgang Goethe Universität in Frankfurt.

jonathan m. hall is the Phyllis Fay Horton Distinguished ServiceProfessor in the Humanities and Professor in the Departments ofHistory and Classics, and the College at the University of Chicago.

miltiades b. hatzopoulos is Director Emeritus of Research of theNational Hellenic Research Foundation and a member of the Institutde France, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.

bruno helly is Directeur de Recherche au CNRS (émérite), Maison del’Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean-Pouilloux, Lyon.

denis knoepfler is Professor at the Collège de France (Chair of Epigraphyand History of the Greek Cities), Paris, and Emeritus Professor ofAncient History and Classical Archaeology at the University ofNeuchâtel (Switzerland).

gustav adolf lehmann is Professor Emeritus of Ancient History atGeorg-August-Universität in Göttingen.

nino luraghi is the D. Magie Professor of Classics and Director of theProgram in the Ancient World at Princeton University.

emily mackil is Associate Professor of History at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.

alex mcauley is a PhD student in Ancient History in the Department ofHistory and Classical Studies at McGill University in Montreal.

jeremy mcinerney is Davidson Kennedy Professor and Chair of theDepartment of Classical Studies at the University of Pennsylvania.

elizabeth a. meyer is Cary Johnson, Jr. Professor of History in theCorcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia inCharlottesville.

lynette mitchell is Professor of Greek History and Politics, Universityof Exeter.

thomas heine nielsen is Associate Professor in Ancient Greek at theSaxo-Institute, University of Copenhagen.

kurt a. raaflaub is David Herlihy University Professor and Professor ofClassics and History Emeritus at Brown University in Providence,Rhode Island.

x List of contributors






athanasios rizakis is Emeritus Professor and Director of Research at theInstitute of Historical Research, National Hellenic ResearchFoundation, Athens.

denis rousset is Directeur d’études in Épigraphie grecque et géographiehistorique du monde hellénique at École pratique des hautes études(Sciences historiques et philologiques), Sorbonne, Paris.

james roy is an Honorary Research Associate at the University ofNottingham (Reader in Greek History, retired).

bernhard smarczyk is Privatdozent in Ancient History at the Universityof Cologne and Lecturer at the Johannes Gutenberg-University ofMainz.

michael zahrnt is Retired Professor of Ancient History at the Universityof Cologne.

List of contributors xi











Preface

For many decades, the study of federalism in the ancient Greek world hasbeen associated with Jakob Larsen, who dedicated his scholarly life to theexploration of the topic. Starting in the 1920s, Larsen produced ahigh volume of studies that appeared in all possible formats, rangingfrom more minute contributions to substantial scholarly articles and anaward-winning series of public lectures. Moreover, and perhaps even moreprofoundly, it is fair to assert that Larsen was actually the one who put thetopic on the radar of ancient historians and classicists. In this sense, the riseof a more multi-faceted perception of Greek history, one that extendsbeyond Athens and Sparta, as witnessed gradually since the 1980s, was alsomade possible through Larsen’s work. In the later stages of his career,Larsen’s lifelong commitment to the topic merged into the magisterialmonograph Greek Federal States. Their Institutions and History (OxfordUniversity Press 1968), which became one of the most frequently citedbooks in Greek history.Ancient History and Classical Studies research has experienced a

knowledge increase since Larsen’s day that is nothing short of breath-taking. A very significant amount of new evidence has surfaced in theform of inscriptions, coinages, and archaeological material, the latter bymeans of, at times, spectacular discoveries and also by way of complexdata sets assembled by survey archaeologists. At the same time, newconceptual approaches and methodologies have been crafted that allowfor a meaningful integration of diverse bodies of evidence. The ‘ethnicturn’ was clearly the most impactful development along the way, as itinitiated a true paradigm shift. Yet the richness of the results accumu-lated from research on ethnicity and identity issues owed much to thecircumstances of the day with which it coincided; in part, it was alsofueled by a new sense of vibrant regional diversification of Greek history.Finally, it is obvious but nonetheless important to acknowledge that inneighboring disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences,

xiii






federalism, its cognate concepts and proxies – for instance the conceptualunderstanding of political institutions and integration – have beenre-negotiated, with important consequences for the understanding offederalism in its ancient Greek variant.We have both endeavored to disclose the many forms and features

of federalism in Greek antiquity from the early days of our respectiveacademic journeys. Over the last decade or so, it gradually becameapparent to us that the time was ripe for a new synthesis. Theresponse to the idea was extremely encouraging. The announcementof the ‘New Larsen’, as the project was soon and maybe somewhatpresumptively called, was met with much enthusiasm. In June 2010,we held a symposium at Münster University to strategize with con-tributors and oblige them to, as much as this was tolerable, commonthemes and approaches (agreed, some might say that at times weextended our authority as editors for which we would make the sameexcuse as always, i.e., we did so “for the greater good of coherence”).In the aftermath of the Münster meeting, everyone returned to theirdesks to draft their chapters. The manuscript central at McGill heldconsultations with contributors and steered the editorial process. Allthe while, our research collaboration quickly grew into a tight net-work of organization and knowledge exchange between McGill andMünster, a lively exchange that included established scholars, juniorcolleagues, graduate students, and staff.The project received much help and generous support from many.

The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, theMacNaughton Chair of Classics at McGill University, and the Clusterof Excellence “Religion and Politics in Premodern and ModernCultures” at Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster all offeredtheir generous financial support, for which we are genuinely grateful.At the Press, Michael Sharp and Elizabeth Hanlon saw to a seamlessdevelopment of the book from commission to publication; as ever, theirprecision, efficiency, and professionalism is much appreciated. They alsoinitiated and steered the meaningful scholarly exchange with Readers Aand B, whose comments no doubt helped to improve the manuscript inits very final stages and iron out some errors. Michael Tieke compiledthe maps in Münster, while Marie Drauschke provided the Englishtranslation of Chapter 5. At McGill, the editorial work was, at variousstages of the project, assisted by Ruben Post, François Gauthier, ErinCrochetière, and Katrina Van Amsterdam. Alex McAuley was onceagain the strong right (and sometimes also left) arm who supported all

xiv Preface






areas of editing and critical review. He also translated Chapters 8 and 11from French into English. To all of these, we offer our gratitude andheartfelt thanks.

December 2014hans beck

McGill University, Montreal

peter funkeWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster

Preface xv






A note on the transliteration of ancient Greek

The transliteration of ancient Greek proper names, terms, and citationsfrom the sources poses a notorious problem. There is no single solution tothis, and our approach might appear as subjective as those adopted byothers.In general terms, we favor proximity to the Greek over Latinized

English, i.e.: Boiotia (rather than Boeotia), Arkadia, Chaironeia,Kleomenes, Ephoros, etc. Akhaia and the Akhaian League, however, wefound somewhat puristic; hence Achaia and the Achaian League. There area few exceptions to our prioritization of Greek-style transliteration, mostlywhere English nomenclature has gained overall recognition: Corinth,Crete, Cyclades, also Thucydides, Herodotus. Greek technical termsappear in italics (koinon, polis, sympoliteia) unless they are used inAnglicized form: synoikism, dioikism, syntely. The same goes for propernames, i.e., Boiōtoi, to koinon tōn Aitolōn. To avoid unnecessary barriers, weforewent the use of source citations in Greek script. When necessary, therelevant sections were transliterated. Accents were abandoned along theway, but the distinctions of the Greek alphabet were kept in place: etaappears as ē, omega as ō, ypsilon as y. Transliterated citations from thesources are accompanied by English translations throughout.We hope that scholars in the field and in other Humanities and Social

Sciences disciplines will find this an agreeable and indeed convenient wayto navigate through the chapters that follow.

xvi






Abbreviations

ATL B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery, and M. F.McGregor (eds.), 1939–1953. The AthenianTribute Lists. 4 vols. Princeton

Austin M. M. Austin, 2006. The Hellenistic Worldfrom Alexander to the Roman Conquest. ASelection of Ancient Sources in Translation. 2ndedn. Cambridge

BE Bulletin ÉpigraphiqueBNJ Brill’s New JacobyCEG Carmina epigraphica GraecaCID Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes

ParisCIG Corpus Inscriptionum GraecarumDNP Der Neue PaulyE&R H. van Effenterre and F. Ruzé, 1994. Nomima.

Recueil d’inscriptions politiques et juridiques del’archaïsme grec. 2 vols. Paris

FdD Fouilles de DelphesFdXanthos Fouilles de XanthosFGrH Die Fragmente der griechischen HistorikerFHG Fragmenta Historicorum GraecorumFornara C. W. Fornara, 1983. Archaic Times to the

End of the Peloponnesian War. TranslatedDocuments of Greece and Rome i. 2nd edn.Cambridge

Harding P. Harding, 1985. From the End of thePeloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus.Translated Documents of Greece and Romeii. Cambridge

xvii






I. Alexandreia Troas The Inscriptions of Alexandreia Troas (Inschriftengriechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 53)

I.Bouthrotos Corpus des inscriptions grecques d′Illyrieméridionale et d′Épire. 2.2. Inscriptions deBouthrôtos

I.Cos Iscrizioni di CosI.Cret Inscriptiones CreticaeI.Délos Inscriptions de DélosIG Inscriptiones GraecaeIGR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentesIGUR Inscriptiones Graecae Urbis RomaeIK Inschriften griechischer Städte aus KleinasienILLRP Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicaeI.Magnesia Die Inschriften von Magnesia am MaeanderI.Mylasa Die Inschriften von Mylasa i–ii (Inschriften

griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 34–35)I.Oropos Oi epigraphes tou Oropou [The Inscriptions of

Oropos]IPArk G. Thür and H. Taeuber, 1994. Prozessrechtliche

Inschriften der griechischen Poleis aus Arkadien.Vienna

ISE Iscrizioni storiche ellenisticheIvO Die Inschriften von OlympiaKoerner R. Koerner, 1993. Inschriftliche Gesetzestexte der

frühen griechischen Polis. CologneLSAG L. H. Jeffery, 1990. The Local Scripts of

Archaic Greece. A Study of the Origin of theGreek Alphabet and Its Development from theEighth to the Fifth Centuries. Revised edn.Oxford

M&L R.Meiggs and D.M. Lewis, 1988. A Selection ofGreek Historical Inscriptions to the End of theFifth Century. Revised edn. Oxford

Merkelbach and West Fragmenta HesiodeaMilet Inschriften von MiletOGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones SelectaePMG Poetae Melici GraeciRE Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswiss

enschaften

xviii Abbreviations






R&L P. J. Rhodes with D. M. Lewis, 1997. TheDecrees of the Greek States. Oxford

R&O P. J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, 2003. GreekHistorical Inscriptions 404–323 bc. Oxford

SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSGDI Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-InschriftenSIG Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edition.SVA H. Bengtson, 1975. Die Staatsverträge des

Altertums. ii. Band: Die Verträge der grie-chisch-römischen Welt. 2nd edn. Munich. H.H. Schmitt, 1969. Die Staatsverträge desAltertums. iii. Band: Die Verträge der grie-chisch-römischen Welt von 338 bis 200 v. Chr.Munich

TAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTGF Tragicorum Graecorum FragmentaTod M.N. Tod, 1948. A Selection of Greek Historical

Inscriptions ii: From 403 to 232 b.c. Oxford

Abbreviations xix











Maps

Map 1: Northern and Central Greece

xxi






Map 2: Central Greece and the Peloponnese

xxii Maps






Map 3: Crete and the central Aegean

Maps xxiii






Map 4a: Lesbos and surroundings

xxiv Maps






Map 4b: Lykia and Rhodes

Maps xxv






Map 5: Southern Italy and Sicily

xxvi Maps






Map 6: The Kyrenaïka

Maps xxvii




