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Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei Jonathan Deenik, P.hD. Department of Tropical Plants and Soil Sciences University of Hawaii

Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

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Page 1: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Jonathan Deenik, P.hD.Department of Tropical Plants and Soil Sciences

University of Hawaii

Page 2: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Outline

• Soils• Conventional management • Local options• Properties of organic amendments

• Applying organic amendments

Page 3: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Island Food Security

• Multi‐story agroforestry• Relies on nutrients stored in soil organic matter

• Animal production systems linked to cropping systems

• Manure is fertilizer

Page 4: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Old pepper field

Rakied series

Recent pepper field

Native Forest

pH P Ca K OM

ppm %

5.5 3.3 390 26 6.1

pH P Ca K OM

ppm %

6.4 33 6626 129 11.9

pH P Ca K OM

ppm %

5.1 5.4 251 74 12.6

Page 5: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

pH P Ca K OM

ppm %

6.0 7.7 2539 59 7.6

Agroforestry System

Page 6: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

pH P Ca K Alsat

ppm %

6.0 90 2,500 300 <12

Soil Fertility Requirements Selected Crops

pH P Ca K Alsat

ppm %

6.0 35 2,500 700 <12

pH P Ca K Alsat

ppm %

6.0 35 2,500 700 <12

Taro Banana Chinese Cabbage

Page 7: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Conventional Approach

• Imported lime and chemical fertilizers are effective, but EXPENSIVE

• Prolonged use of chemical fertilizers leads to declines in soil quality 

Page 8: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Local Resources

• Conversion of animal manure to compost• Potential pollutants (N & P) become valuable soil amendments

Page 9: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

What is Compost?

Compost – The remains of plants and animals after they have decomposed. Can be used to fertilize soil and to improve its structure and ability to hold water.

Page 10: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Benefits of CompostSoil Physical Properties• Improve soil structure• Increase water retention• Decrease bulk density

Soil Chemical Properties• Source of essential nutrients• Increase nutrient retention (CEC)• Detoxify Al 

Soil Biological Properties• Enhance life of the soil• Create disease suppressive soils 

Page 11: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei
Page 12: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Optimum Conditions for Composting

• Pile size: 3’X3’X12’• Correct mixture of C and N

• Particle size: <1”• Moisture: 45 – 60%• Oxygen: >5%• Temperature:  130 ‐150°F

Page 13: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Common FeedstocksMixing Ratio:• 1/3 manure, 1/3 high carbon (wood chips), 1/3 green materials (grass, leaves)

• Turning the pile monthly speeds up the composting process

Page 14: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Compost QualityCarbon Material pH C:N OC TN P Ca Mg K

% % % % % %

Mac Nut 5.8 12.8 33.8 2.64 0.69 1.44 0.91 3.35

Tree Trim (TT) 7.1 22.4 42.8 1.91 0.99 2.30 0.72 1.06

Swine NA 13.8 25.8 1.87 0.58 1.91 0.77 1.12

Page 15: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

No soil amendment

Using Compost as a Soil Amendment

Swine compost at ≈ 20 Ton per acre

Page 16: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

How Much Compost to Add?

Required information:1. Crop N requirement

bok choy = 100 lb N/ac2. Compost C:N ratio

<15 means N available 3. Total N content and 

“availability” in the compostIf no lab data assume 1.5%Assume 25% of total N isplant available

Page 17: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

How Much Compost to Add?

Example Calculation:1.

. .26,667 /

2. Scaling down to 1,000 ft2

3. How deep a layer?This much compost is       equivalent to 0.2 inches deep

Page 18: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Compost Can Overcome Fertility Constraints of Pohnpei Soils

• A source of N, P, K and Ca, which are very low in Oxisols of Palau

• Reduces Al levels and eliminate Al toxicity

• Increases water infiltration decreasing erosion 

Page 19: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Compost Quality

Compost with lots of woody materials has high probability of causing N deficiency

Cured compost with little woody material is a high value soil amendment

Page 20: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Summary

1. Compost has multiple benefits to soil

2. It is essential to use manures from animal production systems to make high value compost

3. Compost application can reduce dependence on imported fertilizers

Page 21: Fertility Management Strategies for the Soils of Pohnpei

Kalahngan!