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FIBER OPTICAL CABLE
Citation preview
L1
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
The Whole ViewFIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY
OTHER APPLICATIONS
COMMUNICATION
MILITARY MEDICALSENSORS FIBER OPTICSFREE SPACE
OPTICS
LINK
COMPONENTS DEVICES FIBERS AND CABLES
TEST & MEASUREMENT
TEST & MEASUREMENT
P2MP NETWORK
SUB-SYSTEMSINSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE
TEST & MEASUREMENT
TEST & MEASUREMENT
PART 1: TECHNOLOGIES
Objectives
1. To understand Light
2. To understand Fiber Optic
3. To understand their Applications
ContentsA. Light
B. Fiber Optic
C. Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
D. Fiber Types
E. Problems of Fiber
F. Applications
G. Industries in Indonesia
Near Infrared
Frequency
Wavelength1.6
229
1.0 0.8 µm0.6 0.41.8 1.4
UV
(vacuum) 1.2
THz193 461
0.2
353
Longhaul Telecom
Regional Telecom
Local Area Networks
850 nm
1550 nm
1310 nm
CD Players780 nm
HeNe Lasers633 nm
A1. Light: Transmission Bands
A2. Light: Behavior
• Travels in straight line
• Reflects off different media
• Transmits through media
• Chargeless
• Does not interact with other light
• Can be visible/invisible
A3. LIGHT: Advantages
• Economics (cost/bandwidth)• Speed & Distance• Low Power Operations• Non-Visibility• No Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)• Secure• No Grounding • 2-Dimensional
B1. Fiber Optic: Basic
B1. Fiber Optic: Basic (cont.)
• Optical Fiber: Thin strands of highly transparent glass or sometimes plastic that guide light.
• Core: The center of the fiber where the light is transmitted.
• Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps the light in the core and guides it along - even through curves.
• Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fiber that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.
B1. Fiber Optic: Basic (cont.)
B2. Fiber Optic: Advantages• Lighter, thinner but stronger• Supports huge bandwidth, up to
Terabit/s • Very low loss• Flexible• Secure
• Non-electrical conductivity • Highly resistant to chemicals
B3. Fiber Optic: Behavior
• Strong yet brittle
• Passes light through
• Guides light path by reflection
• Absorbs light
• Delays light/ Reduce light speed
• Interact with light
C. Total Internal Reflection
The light is "guided" down the center of the fiber called the "core". The core is surrounded by a optical material called the "cladding" that traps the light in the core using an optical technique called "total internal reflection."
D. Types of Fiber Optic1. Multimode Fiber (MMF)
2. Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
3. Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)4. Specialized Fiber
Use of fibers:1. As a transmission medium2. As a component
D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Single Mode Fiber(SMF)
• Used to transmit one optical path • Used in submarine, long hauls, telephones and cable
TV (CATV) • Small cores (~3.5x10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter) • Transmit infrared laser light. • Wavelength range = 1,300 to 1,550nm
D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Multi Mode Fiber (MMF)
• Used to transmit in many optical path • Used in computer networks or local area networks• Larger cores (~2.5x10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in
diameter)• Transmit light emitting diodes (LEDs) • Wavelength range = 850 to 1,300nm
D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)
• It has large core (about 1mm)
• Fiber that can only be used for short, low speed networks
• Flexible bending compare to SMF and MMF
D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Specialized Fiber
• Not intended for transmission purposes
• Eg. erbium doped fiber (EDF), main components for fiber-based optical amplifier, namely EDFA
E. PROBLEMS OF FIBER OPTIC
1. Loss or Attenuation dB/km2. Chromatic Dispersion, CD ps/(nm-km)
3. Polarization Mode Dispersion, PMD ps/km
4. Non-Linear Coefficient, n2
F. Photonics Applications1. Communications (Fiber based and Free
Space)2. Military Applications3. Sensors (eg. gas, chemical, fuel,
distance, pressure, fluid level, gyro)4. Medical Field (LASIK, endoscope)5. Industrial Applications7. Lighting8. Entertainment9. Display & Signage
G. Industries in Indonesia
• PT Telekom Indonesia
• PT Indosat
• PT Bakrie
• PT Telekomsel
• PT Excelcomindo Pratama
• PT Icon+
• PT Sempoerna
• PT Teleakses Solusinso
PART 2: DWDM & THE LATEST
TREND
The Whole ViewFIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY
OTHER APPLICATIONS
COMMUNICATION
MILITARY MEDICALSENSORS FIBER OPTICSFREE SPACE
OPTICS
LINK
COMPONENTS DEVICES FIBERS AND CABLES
TEST & MEASUREMENT
TEST & MEASUREMENT
P2MP NETWORK
SUB-SYSTEMSINSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE
TEST & MEASUREMENT
TEST & MEASUREMENT
Objectives
1. To identify the main elements of a fiber optic link
2. To introduce to the main transmission issues in FOCS
3. To understand the current and future Technologies in FOCS
ContentsContentsA. Today’s Scenario
B. Network Hierarchy: LAN, Access, MAN and WAN
C. Basic Fiber Optic Communication
D. Elements of Fiber Optic Communication Link
E. Major Multiplexing Techniques: TDM & WDM
F. Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM)
G. Trend in LAN, Access Network, MAN & WAN
H. Conclusion
A. Today’s Scenario
• A total of 600 million kilometers of fiber-optic cable has been installed worldwide which throughout Asia represented 20% of it [Holton,2003] [1].
• An Asia market segment of for DWDM systems for the year 2000 alone exceeds up to USD 1.3 billion
B. Network Hierarchy: LAN, Access, MAN and WAN
MAN WANLAN
Network TerminologiesPoint to Point (P2P) = LinkPoint to Multi-Point (P2MP) = BroadcastMulti-Point to Multi-Point (MP2MP) = Mesh
C. Basic Fiber Optic Communication
Service Provider
User
Fiber Optic
D. Elements of Fiber Optic Comm. Link
• Optical Transmitter (E-O)• Optical Receiver (O-E)• Transponder (O-E-O)• Fiber Optics• Optical Amplifier (O-O)• Multiplexer and Demultiplexer• Jointing (Splicing, connectors)• Attenuator• Splitter
Optical Transmitter (E-O)
Types of Light Sources (LS):
1. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
2. Lasers- Fabry Perot (FP)- DFB- VCSEL
Coder ModulatorLight Sourc
eFiber
Characterization of Light Source (LS)
Parameter LED LASER
Power (dBm) Very Low -Low Low - Very High
Spectral Width (nm)
Broad Narrow – Very Narrow
Wavelength (nm)
Fixed, Any Tunable, Any
Phase Incoherent Coherent
Optical Receiver (O-E)
Types of Photodiode (PD):
1. PIN
2. Avalanche PD
Decoder De-Modulator
Photodiode Fiber
Characterization Of Photodiodes
Parameter PIN-PD APD
Wavelength Material - based
Material - based
Responsivity Low High
Speed Material -based
Material -based
E. Multiplexing Techniques
• A method for sharing communication channel• Two Major Types of Multiplexing:
a. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Electrical
Optical
b. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
Electrical
Optical
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Reasonably easy to do as long as data rates are around a few Gbit/s
• Most TDM transmission today is at 2.5Gbit/s, although 10Gbit/s is available
• TDM at 40Gbit/s now implemented in US and Europe
TDM: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
C = CONTAINERVC = VIRTUAL CONTAINERTU = TRIBUTARY UNITTUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUPAU = ADMINISTRATIVE UNITAUG = ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUPSTM-1 = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE (155.52MB/S FRAME)
C = CONTAINERVC = VIRTUAL CONTAINERTU = TRIBUTARY UNITTUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUPAU = ADMINISTRATIVE UNITAUG = ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUPSTM-1 = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE (155.52MB/S FRAME)
MAPPINGMULTIPLEXINGALIGNING
STM-1STM-1 AUGAUG
VC-3VC-3
VC-4VC-4
AU-3AU-3
AU-4AU-4
TUG-2TUG-2
TUG-3TUG-3 TU-3TU-3
TU-2TU-2
TU-12TU-12
TU-11TU-11
VC-3VC-3
VC-2VC-2
VC-12VC-12
VC-11VC-11
C-4C-4
C-3C-3
C-2C-2
C-12C-12
C-11C-11
X 1
X 3
X 7
X 7
X 1
X 4X 3
X 1
X 3
139264kbit/s
44736kbit/s or34368kbit/s
6312kbit/s
2048kbit/s
1544kbit/s
SDH Transmission RateBit Rate PDH
EuropeSDH
Name Container Transport
40 Gbit/s STM-256
10 Gbit/s STM-64
2.5 Gbit/s STM-16
622 Mbit/s STM-4
155 Mbit/s STM-1
140 Mbit/s E4 VC-4
34 Mbit/s E3 VC-3
8 Mbit/s E2
2 Mbit/s E1 VC-12
64 kbit/s E0
Limitations of TDM at 10 Gbit/s
• High cost of the electronic components to modulate lasers and MUX/DEMUX electronic signals
• Laser chirp limits laser modulation capacity (need for external modulation)
• Chromatic dispersion’s effect is 16 times greater at 10 Gbit/s than at 2.5 Gbit/s
• PMD affects signal quality at these rates
• Therefore, WDM came……..
E2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
WDM Revolution• Parallel set of optical channels sharing the
same transmission medium• Holds great promise
– Increase fiber bandwidth without re-cabling, (numb. of λ x TDM)
– Eg., 4 λ x STM-64 (10.0Gbps) = STM-256 (40Gbps) in one
fiber
– Future-proof network capacity– Brings all-optical network design capacity
Elements of WDM Link
λ1
λ3
λ3
Mu
x/DeM
ux
OEO
OEO
OEO
PumpPump PumpPump
Transmitter
EDFAOADM
ReceiverTransponder and Multiplexing
Demultiplexing(Filtering)
Optical Amplification
Add and Drop
New Components Requirement in WDM
• Transmitter with small Linewidth• Wavelength Multiplexer and de-Multiplexer• Optical Amplifier (SOA, EDFA, Raman)• Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM)• Others
n
Narrow spectral width
High output power
High stability
Transmitter Module: Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB) source
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Narrow Band Filtering technology
n
MU
X-D
EM
UX
Bragg gratings
Bulk optics
Optical Amplifier (mostly used EDFA)
n Erbium doped fiber amplifiers
Amplifying from 1530 to 1560 nm
MU
X-D
EM
UX
EDFA
ITU Wavelength Grid (100 and 50GHz Spacing
WDM introduced the WDM introduced the
necessity for testing a third necessity for testing a third
parameter ...parameter ...Wavelength
From a TDM bidimensional system to a WDM
tridimensional system
Power •Laser modulation•Eye diagram•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)
•Laser modulation•Eye diagram•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)
Time
•Laser output power•Fiber attenuation•Component loss•Polarization loss
•Laser output power•Fiber attenuation•Component loss•Polarization loss
•Chromatic dispersion•PMD
•Chromatic dispersion•PMD
TDM: a bidimensional system
Power
Wavelength
Time
•Laser output power•Fiber attenuation•Component loss•Polarization loss
•Laser output power•Fiber attenuation•Component loss•Polarization loss
•Laser modulation•Eye diagrams•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)
•Laser modulation•Eye diagrams•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)
•Four wave mixing (FWM)•Cross phase modulation (XPM)•Stimulated Raman scattering
•Four wave mixing (FWM)•Cross phase modulation (XPM)•Stimulated Raman scattering
•Chromatic dispersion•PMD
•Chromatic dispersion•PMD
•DFB laser chirp•DFB laser chirp
•EDFA ASE•EDFA Gain•MUX XT•PDCW
•EDFA ASE•EDFA Gain•MUX XT•PDCW
•DFB stability•EDFA range•MUX bandwidth
•DFB stability•EDFA range•MUX bandwidth
WDM: a new dimension
F. Optical Code Division Multiplexing Technique
G1. Trend in LAN • Migration from copper-based network to
fiber-based network or wireless network
Twisted pair
Fiber for Speed
Wireless for Mobility
G2. Trend in Access Network
• Migration from copper-based network to fiber-based network (FTTx)
Benefits of FTTH• Higher Bandwidth• Service Flexibility• Extension of Coverage• FTTH is reliable, scalable, and secure• Provides services including voice, high-speed
data, analog or digital CATV, DBS, and video on demand
• Passive optical network, from the central office (CO) to the end user
• Minimizes the network maintenance cost and requirements
OLT at CO
ONU at Home (House)
G3. Trend in MAN
PDHSDH
STM-1, 4 &
16
SDH
STM-64
WDM
8, 16, 32,
64 channel
CWDM
Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
Metro CWDM Wavelength Grid as specified by ITU-T G.694.2
G4. Trend in WAN
PDHSDH
STM-4 &
16
SDH
STM-64
WDM
8, 16, 32,
64 channel
H. Conclusion
= Fibercount
Bit rates(TDM)
Nb of carriers(WDM)
+ +Future
network
Thank You