Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom ... · • Oct 18, 2002 Leaving from the village to Kampong Thom. Meeting with government’s provincial line agencies and NGOs

WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 4

RICE, FISH, COWS AND PIGS

Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom

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MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

November 2002 vicäika 2002




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lkñúgGMLgeBlsikSa eyIgdwgfaelakRbFanXMu)anTTYlmrN³PaB kWelak h‘n h‘l )aneRKahfañk;cracrN_ RkumsikSaTaMgmUl)ansMEdgTukçya:geRkomRkm cMeBaHmrN³PaB rbs;elak h‘n h‘l . r)aykarN_enH KWCakarcgcaM Canic© énRkumsikSa During the first part of the field study commune chief Mr Houn Houl died tragically in a traffic accident.

The whole field study team was deeply saddened by the death of Mr Houn Houl – this field study

report is dedicated to his memory.

Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from

G‘n mit – Oun Mit, lwg miul – Lin Mil, vn h‘t – Von Hout, h’l ehOg – Houl Hoern, pan; raMu – Phan Pom, mit sari – Mit Sary, miul hn – Mil Horn, Cag eRsog – Chhan Sreang, h‘n sarun – Houn Sarun, h‘n pat – Houn That, gwm sMbUr – Ngim Sambo, say hwm – Shay Him, hYn rwm – Houn Rim, san pan – San Phan, nwm eCOn – Nim Chim, exov Lg – Kiev Len, hiun gan – Hin Ngan, xaVv xat; – Kao Keat

RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team

elak ywm sMbUr - Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN kBaaØ Ny b:uk - Ms Noy Pok, Officer of Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN elak sr vuFnI- - Mr Sor Vathny, Officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom GñkRsI eTB sux bUra:n; - Mrs Tep Sok Boran, Officer of Seila-programme, Kampong Thom elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn – Mr Marko Keskinen, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La – Ms Ulla Haapala, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN

elakkarsresrr)aykarN_ - Report writing

elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, elak ywm sMbUr, kBaaØ Ny b:uk kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La - Marko Keskinen, Ulla Haapala, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok

For comments and questions please contact [email protected] or [email protected].

Table of contents 1. Introduction .......................................................35 2. Objective of the field study ...................................35 3. Methodology.......................................................36 4. Field study team .................................................36 5. Location of the field study.....................................37 6. Itinerary ............................................................37 7. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs.......38 8. Findings from key informant interviews ..................38

8.1. Village location and boundaries .................................... 38 8.2. Village history............................................................ 39 8.3. Migration / urbanisation .............................................. 39 8.4. Administrative structure .............................................. 40 8.5. Organisations working in the village.............................. 40 8.6. Religion, education, health, and infrastructure................ 40 8.7. Means of livelihood ..................................................... 41

9. Findings from group discussion..............................41 9.1. Occupations .............................................................. 42 9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations.............. 43 9.3. Natural resource use................................................... 44

10. Participatory exercises .......................................44 10.1. Remarks to participatory map ................................... 44 10.2. Remarks to transect walk map .................................. 45 10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational ........... 46 preference ranking ............................................................. 46 10.4. Remarks to time ranking .......................................... 50

11. Findings on migration/urbanisation......................53 11.1. Previous migration................................................... 53 11.2. Future prospects ..................................................... 53 11.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration/urbanisation...... 53

12. Remarks from the final discussion .......................55 13. Discussion........................................................56 14. Conclusions......................................................58 Annexes

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1. Introduction Tonle Sap Modelling Project (WUP-FIN) aims to model the flow regime and water quality of Tonle Sap Lake. Main objective is to create a water model of Tonle Sap in order to better understand the interaction between the physical and biological features of the lake and their changes that may occur due to human activities. Socio-economical issues form an important part of the project. They will be taken into account in the baseline studies, in the development of management tools and in guidelines to be produced. One of the aims of the project is that with the help of the outcomes of the project the utilisation and protection of the Tonle Sap could be socio-culturally acceptable. The main aim of the socio-economic analysis is to achieve basic understanding of the interconnections of the socio-economic and environmental impacts and factors in Tonle Sap area. Socio-economic analysis consists of literature and database reviews, expert interviews, participatory field studies, modelling and final analysis of gathered information. Socio-economic field studies are based on different rapid and participatory appraisal (RRA/PRA) methods and their focus is on village level. During the spring 2002 Tonle Sap Modelling Project conducted three socio-economic field studies in the villages situated along Tonle Sap in the provinces of Kampong Chhnang, Pursat and Battambang. In autumn 2002, three more field studies are conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom and Siem Reap. Although new field studies use similar approach as well, some modifications and improvements in actual field studies as well as in report writing have taken place. Also time of the studies differs totally from each other: three first field studies took place during the dry season when the lake was its shallowest, while three latter ones are conducted just after the rainy season and peak of the flooding. Aim of the field studies is to collect information on different socio-economic factors, focusing on occupations and their seasonal variation, use of natural resources and access to them, as well as on environmental changes. In new field studies focus is also put on issues of migration/urbanisation and floods. Field studies will also give better practical level understanding of local circumstances as well as of different RRA/PRA-methods. Since all field studies use similar approach, reports are also written using similar structure, making them thus easier comparable with each other. Moreover, some of the more overall chapters in each report (like this one) are partly or exactly the same.

2. Objective of the field study Main aim of the field study is to collect complementary village level information to support socio-economic information derived from different databases, literature reviews and expert interviews. Main indicators of the field study are related to the

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living condition, occupations, migration, natural resources, floods and environmental change.

3. Methodology Methods used in the field study were in chronological order:

- Key informant interview (semi-structured interview) - Group discussion (semi-structured interview) - Participatory mapping - Transect walk and observation - Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking - Time ranking - Focus group discussion and rankings on migration/urbanisation - Final discussion and analysis of the study

The idea is first to collect more overall information on socio-economic situation through key informant interview. Following group discussion deals especially with issues of livelihood, occupations, natural resources, environmental problems and floods. With the help of this data and information derived from participatory mapping and transect walk, study is then focused especially on issues of seasonality and recent changes in environment, natural resources, floods and livelihood. This is done using two different ranking exercises: seasonal calendar and time ranking. Next, issue of migration and urbanisation is dealt with in separate exercise including focus group discussion and different kind of rankings. In final discussion all derived information is put together and then analysed together with villagers. In this meeting, villagers’ comments on the field study and its results are achieved as well. Different visualisation exercises (mapping and rankings) do not only create a useful final product (map, matrix) but also act as tools for further discussion about the issues of seasonality, environmental changes, migration and causes behind them. Discussion evolved during the exercises is recorded in this report under the remarks for different methods. This report presents information chronologically according to methods used, not according to indicators and factors. This is done in order to see the differences in the nature and quality of information gathered with different methods and also to enable comparison and crosschecking between methods. Certain level of repetition could not therefore be avoided.

4. Field study team Field study team consists of two WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts, two provincial level team members and two WUP-FIN socio-economists:

• Mr Yim Sambo, team coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUPFIN • Ms Noy Pok, officer of Fisheries Development / WUP-FIN • Mr Sor Vathny, officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom • Mrs Tep Sok Boran, officer of Seila-programme, Kampong Thom

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• Mr Marko Keskinen, socio-economist, WUP-FIN • Ms Ulla Haapala, socio-economist, WUP-FIN

Like in the earlier field studies, two members of field study team acted as main facilitators during the exercises and two members were taking notes on discussions and progress of exercise. Practise of two note-takers allows crosschecking of gathered information and ensures that all the important information emerging during the exercise will also be written down. Tasks were rotated among the team members in each exercise. WUP-FIN socio-economists acted as the observers in every exercise. Methods and exercises of the field study were planned by WUP-FIN socio-economists together with socio-economic trainees. Final field study report was written by WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts and socio-economists.

5. Location of the field study WUP-FIN’s fourth field study took place in Kampong Pradam village, Msar Kran commune. Kampong Pradam is situated on the banks of Stoung River (Stueng Stoung) approximately eight kilometres from district headquarters. All the houses in the villages are built on stilts. The livelihood in the village depends primarily on agriculture, wet season (recession) rice and floating rice being most important crops. There are 26 families who are involved full timely in fishing.

6. Itinerary Field study was intended to carry out in a single occasion between 14th and 19th of October 2002. Unfortunately during the field study the commune chief Mr. Houn Houl died tragically in a traffic accident and field study was halted. The field study was therefore conducted in two separate parts in 14-18.10 and 5.11.2002. The group of villagers stayed same in both parts of the field study.

Oct 14, 2002 Travelling from Phnom Penh to Kampong Thom. Meeting with government’s provincial line agencies and NGOs. Training with provincial members of field study team.

Oct 15, 2002 Meeting with government's provincial line agencies and

NGOs. Travelling to Stoung District: meeting with the district chief of Rural Development. Travelling to the commune and village: meeting with commune and village chiefs. Team meeting, staying overnight in Stoung.

Oct 16, 2002 Field study with Kampong Pradam villagers: Key informant interview and group discussion. Team meeting, staying overnight in the village.

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Oct 17, 2002 Field study with Kampong Pradam villagers: Participatory mapping, transect walk and seasonal calendar. Team meeting, staying overnight in the village. • Oct 18, 2002 Leaving from the village to Kampong Thom. Meeting with government’s provincial line agencies and NGOs. Team meeting, report writing. Returning to Phnom Penh.

Nov 5, 2002 Second part of the field study in Kampong Pradam: Time ranking, focus group discussion, preference ranking on migration/urbanisation and final discussion. Leaving from village to Kampong Thom. For more detailed information itinerary have a look on Annex 7.

7. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs On Monday and Tuesday field study team visited various governmental line agencies (Provincial Department of Rural Development - PDRD, Seila-programme, Department of Agriculture) and NGOs (GTZ, CWS). In these meetings field study team informed line agencies and NGOs about the whole project as well as about the field study. Team also got information about the activities of different line agencies and organizations in the region. Moreover, one person from both department of Rural Development and Seila-programme was invited to join the field study team. In the meetings it was found out that GTZ has together with governmental departments carried out PRA-studies in three districts of Kampong Thom (Stoung, Stung Sen and Santuk). Part of the surveys conducted were more overall PRA-studies, while the others, more recent ones (2001-2002), concentrated on natural resources and their management. Some of the PRA-reports were available in English and formed important source of information from the area. Also Church World Service (CWS) has used some PRA methods (mapping etc.) in Kampong Svay District, but the reports were only written in Khmer and were not available. Field study team also met with the chief of Rural Development in Stoung district for arrangements of the field study.

8. Findings from key informant interviews Key informant interview was conducted with commune chief Mr Houn Houl, village chief Mr Oun Mit, and two village elders, Mr Houn Rim and Mrs Houn Phath. The interview took place in the house of commune chief and Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator of the interview.

8.1. Village location and boundaries Kampong Pradam is situated in Msar Kran commune, Stoung district, Kampong Thom Province. Village boundaries are as follow:

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- Southern border against Samproach commune - Eastern border against Kouk Trea village - Northern border against Msa Krang Cheung village - Western border against Bat Trang village

In Kampong Pradam village there are 227 families and 990 inhabitants, out of which 525 are females. The village is situated along the banks of Stoung River (Stueng Stoung). Village is located 1.5 kilometres west from the commune headquarter, 8 kilometres west from the district headquarter, and 58 kilometres northwest from the provincial headquarter. Kampong Pradam has 170 permanent houses (in some houses there are living more families than one). 60 houses have tile roof, 103 houses palm leaf roof and seven houses zinc roof. All the houses are built on stilts and residential area is flooded during the high flood. In 1984 government gave the ownership of the land for every family in the village. As a result every family in the village owns residential land and almost every family also some agriculture land. At the moment there are 28 families that do not own agricultural land: most of them get their livelihood from fishing. Total land area in the village is 203 hectares and it consists of following land types:

- Public land one hectare - Residential land 12 hectares - Agriculture land 190 hectares, divided into two types:

o Land for wet season rice 110 hectares o Land for floating rice 80 hectares

- No orchard land

8.2. Village history Kampong Pradam village was founded in 1850, at that time there were 25 families living in the village. Between years 1946-1970 there were approximately 50 families – number of families increased because people got married and some families moved to the village from Kampong Svay district. Between 1970-1975 there were 100 families: people moved especially from Kampong Thom city to the village to escape the fights between Khmer Rouge and the government. Between 1975-1979 the number of families increased to 120 because Pol Pot regime removed families from Phnom Penh to live in other areas, also in Kampong Pradam. In 1979 fifteen families moved from the village back to Phnom Penh. After year 1979 the number of families has increased steadily because of marriages and at the moment there are 227 families.

8.3. Migration / urbanisation After the Pol Pot regime there has not been remarkable migration to or from Kampong Pradam village. Five people (three males and two females) have migrated from the village to Thailand because of low rice yield and lack of food. These

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villagers moved to Thailand to do business or work as sold labour. They moved to Thailand because they have some relatives or friends living in there. Moreover, 11 people (ten females and one male) have migrated from the village to Phnom Penh to work in the garment factories. Reason for their migration was lack of food due to too low rice yield, and they moved to Phnom Penh because they knew someone living there. Anyhow, migrated people come to visit their families during the Khmer New Year in April and Phum Ben in October. One family moved to live in Battambang Province in 1999 because they lacked both residential and agricultural land since they have sold their land due to illness in the family. They moved to Battambang because they had friends living there.

8.4. Administrative structure Kampong Pradam village has a village chief and a deputy chief – there is no village development committee (VDC) in the village. Village is divided into six administrative groups: each group has chief and deputy chief. There are 38 families in each group except the group six that has 37 families.

8.5. Organisations working in the village At the moment there are no organisations working in Kampong Pradam village. Seila-programme is starting up and Seila has just recently conducted short PRA-related study in the village. However, information in the study was collected mainly from the village chief. Participatory map derived from Seila’s study is kept in the village and was helpful source of information for this field study as well. World Food Programme supported in 1998 building of part of the new road (500m) to the village as a part of its Food for work -programme. Also government has supported village with ADB loan to construct a new school building in 2002. COW-organisation is in the future planning to set up fisheries committee in the village.

8.6. Religion, education, health, and infrastructure All villagers in Kampong Pradam are Buddhists. Village doesn’t have its own pagoda and during traditional festivals villagers visit Speu Khagkai pagoda and Speu Khagchheu pagoda located approximately 1.5 km from the village. There is a new school building constructed by ADB-loan in 2002 and old school building constructed by villagers in 1980. There are totally six class rooms and enough tables for all the pupils. Both of the buildings are constructed on public land. The school is known as Prek Chhek primary school. School has grades from one to three and there are at the moment 132 children. After finishing Prek Chhek primary school children can continue their studies in Speu primary school, which is approximately 1.5 km from the village. There is no health centre in the village but villagers can use the commune health centre in Speu Khagkai. It was built up by social fund. District health centre arranges vaccinations to the children, trains villagers about health care and pure drinking water

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and distributes chloramines to the villagers. There is no pharmacy in the village but the medicine is sold in the small shops. Kampong Pradam has no electricity. Families in the village do not have their own latrines but there is one public latrine in the school premises. There are no wells in the village and all the villagers use water from Stoung River during both wet and dry season. There is a small bridge in the village constructed by the villagers in 1972. There is an old rural road (2500 m) in the village, although it is at the moment partly unusable because of flooding. Part of the road (500 metres) was constructed in 1998 and its construction supported by World Food Programme. Villagers transport their products to Stoung to sell them in the market .The expense of transportation to Stoung market by motorbike is 4000 riels and by boat 4000 riels (used mainly during the wet season when the village is easily accessible by boat).

8.7. Means of livelihood Villagers in Kampong Pradam village depend mostly on wet season rice (i.e. recession rice) and floating rice as their livelihood. Other important occupations include fishing, livestock raising and vegetable cultivation. Villagers grow only during the wet season (recession rice and floating rice). Average yield for wet season rice is 1.5 tonnes per hectare and for floating rice 2 tonnes. After rice cultivation is finished, villagers continue to grow vegetables such as cucumber and cabbage in the rice fields. There are 23 rich families in the village. Most of them cultivate rice but they are also involved in livestock raising and commerce. These families have more agricultural land than average because they have bought land from other villagers. There are approximately 204 poor families in the village. Almost all of them are farmers owning a little bit agriculture land and doing also fishing and livestock raising. There are 28 families that do not own agricultural land because they have sold their land to other villagers. These families are living with subsistence occupations like fishing and paid labour – most of the families (26) are especially involved in fishing.

9. Findings from group discussion

Information presented in this chapter was collected from the group discussion with 19 villagers (17 villagers, one village chief and one commune chief). Group discussion took place in the house of commune chief and Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator of the exercise.

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9.1. Occupations Cultivation of wet season rice (recession rice) and floating rice forms main occupation for the villagers. Other important occupations include fishing, livestock raising and cultivation of chamkar (i.e. vegetables cultivated especially during the dry season). Villagers are also involved in firewood collection for home consumption, catching of rats, collection of aquatic plants and commerce.

9.1.1. Cultivation of wet season rice and floating rice Most of the villagers rely on rice cultivation as their livelihood: there are approximately two hundred (199) families involved in it. All these families cultivate normally both wet season rice and floating rice. Wet season rice (recession rice) is cultivated in higher areas while floating rice grows in the lower areas where the water level during the flood is higher. Because of lack of irrigation system no one is involved in cultivation of dry season rice. Normally farmers grow rice during wet season and use the same land in dry season for cultivation of vegetable crop (chamkar). Cultivation of both wet season rice and floating rice is naturally highly dependent on rain and floods. Villagers use cows and water buffalos as draught animals: there are totally 240 cows and 24 buffalos in the village. Average rice yield for wet season rice is approximately 1.5 tonnes per hectare. Villagers prefer to use traditional Khmer wet season rice seeds such as Sei Bor, Sam Lao, Phak Mless and Leuk Slak. Average rice yield for floating rice is approximately 2 tonnes per hectare. Villagers use rice seeds like Por Pay and Kragnol. Some people use manure as fertiliser but villagers do not use chemical fertilisers. Villagers have never used pesticides for wet season or floating rice. People travel to Stoung Market to sell their rice: price of the rice is normally 300 riels per kilogramme. The rice yield is highest when flood rises to 3.5 meters. If flood rises up to four meters, the flood will be too high and rice crop is destroyed. Also, if flood rises too fast or too slow, rice will be destroyed.

9.1.2. Cultivation of vegetables and fruits Also cultivation of chamkar (vegetable crop) forms important income for the villagers. Most of the villagers are involved in cucumber and melon cultivation during the dry season. Average income from melon and cucumber harvesting is 100 000 riels per season per family. People sell chamkar products in Stoung market and grow them according to market requirements and possibilities. Besides cultivation of vegetables, villagers also grow fruits around their houses. These include coconut, banana and mango that all are harvested seasonally. Some of the fruits are sold in market and some of them are for home consumption.

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9.1.3. Other occupations Besides cultivation of rice and vegetables, most of the families are also involved in livestock raising and fishing. They both form important income for the villagers. Most important livestock in the village are cows, buffalos and pigs. There are also lot of chicken in the village. There are 26 families having large scale fishing as their primary occupation. These families do not own land: they have sold their agricultural and residential land due to illness and debt. At the moment they live on the boat all year around. These families leave from the village for eight months to fish in Boeng Prasan Lake (8 kilometres from the village) and return to the village during the flood. Other families are involved in small scale, subsistence fishing. Villagers are involved in fishing during both wet and dry season and catch fish from Stoung River and from Boeng Prasan Lake situated partly outside village boundaries. One family can catch fish an average 5-8 kilogramme per day. Fish that is not eaten is sold to the market: price for best quality fish is 2500 Riels per kilogramme. Villagers do not make prahok (fish paste) but produce smoked fish. Two families work as sold labour because they do not have agricultural land (sold due to illness in the family). Eight families in the village are involved in regular commerce and trade. None of the families are involved in collecting of firewood for sale: families collect firewood only for home consumption. Villagers estimate that demand of firewood for one family is 10 steers (~m3) per year. Firewood is collected from inundated forest close to Boeng Prasan Lake approximately 8 kilometres from the villages. Frogs are caught for food from the rice fields during the rains and most of the frogs are caught at the beginning of rainy season. Average catch of frogs per night is 1-2 kilograms. Frogs are caught for home consumption – there is no family involved in catching frogs for sale.

9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations Population in Kampong Pradam village increases naturally through births: average birth rate in the village is 28 children per year. There are no people migrating to the village from outside. Occupation of the villagers does not change much between different seasons: most of the villagers are farmers all year around. In wet season villagers cultivate rice (wet season and floating rice) and in dry season vegetables. Villagers also do some fishing in both wet and dry season and most of the families are involved also in livestock raising. Some families collect aquatic plants (e.g. water lily, morning glory) for daily consumption or for sale in the village or in Stoung market.

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9.3. Natural resource use Main water source in Kampong Pradam village is Stoung River (Stueng Stoung). Water quality was earlier good especially during the higher water level (wet season) but recently there has been decrease in water quality. This decrease is especially due to soil erosion which is caused by express boat driving too fast in the river. Situation is worst in August and September because during that time the boat traffic in the river is its peak (access is possible). Villagers use water from Stoung River for consumption (drinking) and bathing. They also catch fish from the river during both wet and dry season. Also Boeng Prasan Lake is important source of fish, especially during the dry season when there is not that much fish in the river. Main soil type in the village is called Dei Kandeng. Soil quality depends from water and consequently from rains and floods: when the rainfall is normal, the quality of soil is good. Moreover, soil that has been flooded for long time is good for agriculture. Soil produces an average of 1.5-2 tonnes rice per hectare. Many years ago there was lot of inundated forest around the Boeng Prasan Lake. Up to now there has been decrease of the forest caused by people collecting firewood and cutting trees for making poles for fishing gears (e.g. samras). Villagers collect different kind of products from the inundated forest, including fruits, forest vegetables. Villagers collect forest products only for own consumption, not for sale. Fish is the main source of food for the villagers throughout the year. The quantity of fish and fish species is great when the floods are high. During this time most of the villagers go fishing in Boeng Prasan Lake, some fish also in Stoung River. More recently the quantity of fish and fish species has decreased due to over-fishing and use of illegal fishing tools such as electro fishing.

10. Participatory exercises

Products of different participatory exercises (participatory mapping, transect walk, seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking, time ranking, preference ranking on migration/urbanisation) carried out during the field study can be found from the Annexes 1-5. Explanations for different methods and factors used as well as discussion and remarks written down during each exercise can be found from this chapter. In all of the participatory exercises participants were actively involved in discussions, mappings and rankings. Also, the responsibility of drawing maps and writing down the factors and results of ranking exercises was rotated among different participants.

10.1. Remarks to participatory map Participatory map was done with the group of villagers (18 people: 17 villagers and village chief) in the house of commune chief. Main facilitators for the mapping were Noy Pok and Tep Sok Boran.

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Participatory map is partly based on the village map done by the village chief for Seila-programme couple of months earlier. It is good to notice that the maps present situation when the field study took place i.e. at the end of the wet season, just after flood had reached its peak. Following remarks present main structures and natural resources in and around the village. Full explanation for the different symbols used in the map can be found from the map legend. As can be seen, the main natural resources in Kampong Pradam village are agricultural land, Stoung River as well as Boeng Prasan Lake and inundated forest outside the village boundaries.

- Stoung River Approximately 3500 metres of the river runs inside the village boundaries. Useful for villagers as source of water and fish and also as transportation route.

- Road Two and half kilometres long. Road is partly flooded during the highest flood.

- Houses Houses are built on residential land in rows, following the river and the road.

- Rice fields Rice fields are situated behind the houses and flooded every year. In the fields villagers grow wet season rice and floating rice during the wet season and some vegetables during the dry season. The total land area for wet season rice is 110 hectares and for floating rice 80 hectares.

- Small lakes Villagers use small lakes to get irrigation water for the fields and drinking water for the livestock.

- Stoung Market Local people transport their product to Stoung and sell them at Stoung market. From Stoung some people also buy goods to sell in the village stores.

- Boeng Prasan Lake Boeng Prasan Lake is surrounded by inundated forest and it is situated eight kilometres southeast from the village. Villagers go to the lake to catch fish and collect firewood.

10.2. Remarks to transect walk map Transect walk map was done after participatory mapping with the same group of villagers (18 people). The walk started from the riverbanks of Stoung River and finished to the flooded rice fields situated behind the villager’s houses. The transect walk was conducted just after the wet season and the peak the flooding. The final transect walk map was drawn by Tep Sok Boran, Sor Vuthny and Yim Sambo.

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1. Rice fields This area is used for both wet season and floating rice cultivation. In the wet season villagers cultivate rice and in the dry season different kind of vegetables (e.g. cucumber and water melon). Soil type in this zone is Dei Kandeng. There are also some small lakes situated in this zone.

2. Houses and fruit trees Most of the houses in the village are located in this area. Around their houses villagers grow fruit trees (e.g. mango, coconut, bananas) which they harvest seasonally to get some income. There are also shelters for pig raising. The only rice mill in the village is situated in this zone.

3. Road This road runs along Stoung River and its length is 2500m. Some section of the road is in a bad shape due to flooding. Road is useful for the villagers for transportation inside the village as well as to other villages.

4. Houses and fruit trees Similar residential area than second zone.

5. Stoung River Stoung River is the main source of water for the villagers. Villagers catch fish from the river and use also its water for consumption and bathing throughout the year. During the dry season villagers grow vegetables along the river banks and use water from the river for irrigation. Stoung River starts from the upland region and flows into the Tonle Sap Lake.

6. Rice field and fruit trees In this zone there are rice fields where villagers grow wet season rice. There are also some fruit trees in this area.

10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

The seasonal calendar of different occupations and environmental factors was done with the group of 18 villagers. Main facilitators were Yim Sambo and Sor Vuthny. Markers (small stones) were placed in each of the boxes. Villagers decided together which value between 0 and 10 each box gets. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different months: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. Factors used were decided and agreed together with villagers. It is important to notice that the values are comparable only between different months, not between different factors. This means that for example January’s value of 3 for both fishing and cow raising does not mean that they are equally important in January, whereas fishing’s value of 3 for both January and February indicates that it is equally important in those months. After seasonal calendar ranking, comparison between different occupations was done through occupational preference ranking. This ranking was carried out in a similar

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way than actual seasonal calendar i.e. placing markers for each occupation to indicate the importance of the occupation. Numbers in parenthesis after each occupation show results from the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more important the occupation. From the occupational preference ranking it can be seen that cultivation and harvesting of wet season rice and floating rice is the most important occupation in the village. After wet season rice comes cow raising, fishing as well as cultivation of cucumber, smoked fish processing and pig raising. The importance of commerce, firewood collection, catching rats and collecting aquatic plants is remarkably lower. Following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by the field study team.

- Rainfall The month with heaviest rainfall is September. During this month also flood is usually highest and it is therefore not so good time for the villagers. Villagers start normally to grow floating rice in April and wet season rice in May: during these months some rain would be needed but rainfall is not adequate at this time. Irregular rains make the agricultural work more difficult.

- Flooding Flood reaches its peak in September when most of the village area is flooded as well. If the flood rises too high (4 meter), wet season rice and floating rice crops are destroyed. Past three years (2000-2002) Kampong Pradam village has been flooded more than normally: higher floods are caused by combination of heavy rainfall as well as flood from Tonle Sap Lake and Stoung River. High floods during past three years have caused damage to the rice crop and food shortage in the village.

- Water quality Water quality in Stoung River is good between August and November because during this time the flood is highest and there is plenty of water in the river. During the other months water is lower and also water quality is lower. This makes the use of the water more difficult. In the dry season some families dig small wells to the riverbank to collect drinking water because during this season water in Stoung River is more contaminated.

- Soil quality Soil quality does not change remarkably between different seasons but is good throughout the year. Anyhow, rainfall and flood has some effect to the soil quality: if rainfall and floods are normal, soil is good for cultivation of wet season rice and floating rice and villagers get good rice yield.

- Soil erosion Soil erosion is highest between September and November because during these months express boats drive too fast along the river. Waves caused by the boats cause erosion especially to the banks of Stoung River.

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- Fruit trees Most of the villagers harvest fruit trees seasonally during June and July to get some income. Fruits are transported to Stoung Market for sale while some of the fruits are sold in the village or used for own consumption. Fruit trees growing in the village include mango, coconut and banana.

- Festivals There are two main festivals in the village: Khmer New Year in May and Phum Ben in October. Other smaller festivals include Meak Bochea in March, Pisa Bochea in June, Chheng Preak Vosa in October and water festival in November.

- Health The health of the villagers is good from March till August since during this time villagers have enough food and they have free time from the work. Most of diseases in the village harm both young and old villagers; most common diseases include bad cold, high fever and dysentery. During the rest of the year villagers have poorer health due to the lack of food and change of the weather (e.g. too cold or hot).

- Level of livelihood Livelihood of Kampong Pradam villagers depends mainly from cultivation of wet season rice and floating rice. Villagers have enough food only from March till June since during these months they harvest the rice crop. During other months villagers have shortage of rice causing also decrease in level of livelihood.

- Cultivation of floating rice (10) Floating rice is cultivated from May till February, which is busy period for the villagers. From May to June villagers prepare land for the cultivation and sow floating rice seeds to the fields while February is the most important month of harvesting. Cultivation of floating rice depends naturally greatly from the rain and the floods: best flood height is 3.5 metres. Land area for floating rice cultivation in the village is 80 hectares.

- Cultivation of wet season rice (10) Wet season rice is cultivated from June till March when most of villager’s time goes into rice cultivation. Involvement in wet season rice cultivation starts in June when villagers plough the land after which they plant the rice seedlings to the fields. Cultivation of wet season rice depends greatly on rain because no one in the village has irrigation system. Land area for wet season rice cultivation amounts 110 hectares.

- Fishing (8) People in the village catch fish all year around for their own consumption from Stoung River and Boeng Prasan Lake. Villagers use mostly small scale fishing gears. Best place for fishing is Boeng Prasan Lake – villagers do not normally go to fish in Boeng Chhma Lake or Tonle Sap Lake.Some families also move out from the village to live and catch fish in Boeng Prasan Lake: especially those 26 families that are full-timely involved in fishing and also have engine boats. Fish catch is best between May and December because during these months water level raises and lot of fish migrates to and from Tonle Sap Lake. Fish that is not used for own consumption is sold in Stoung Market.

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- Cow raising (9)

Since most of the villagers are farmers, they need draught animals for ploughing of the land. Therefore they are also involved in cow raising that takes place throughout the year. After the cows have grown up, some families sell them to other villagers and thus increase their income. At the moment approximately 200 families in the village are involved in cow raising.

- Collecting firewood (2) During the flood between July and September villagers cut firewood from the inundated forests around Boeng Prasan Lake. In these months they normally collect firewood enough for the whole year. They use boats for the transportation of firewood. One family collects an average of 10 steers (~5 m3) per season. Villagers collect firewood only for own consumption, not for sale. Some families go to cut firewood around Boeng Prasan Lake also during the dry season (in April and May), when they use oxcarts for the transportation.

- Cultivation of cucumber (5) Some families in Kampong Pradam cultivate cucumber in the rice fields behind their houses. Cucumber is cultivated from May till August. After the harvesting they keep some of the product for own consumption and transport some to Stoung Market for sale. They sell their products with price of 200 riels per kilogramme.

- Smoked fish processing (5) Some villagers in Kampong Pradam fish especially to produce smoked fish. Smoked fish processing takes place especially in June and July because during these months they catch a lot of fish. Especially small fish is smoked and villagers use this smoked fish for their own consumption during the next months (cultivation and harvesting of rice).

- Pig raising (5) Pig raising is a subsistence occupation for some of the villagers. Most important months for pig raising are June and September: villagers start to raise pigs in June and sell them in Stoung market in September because in this month they get highest price for the pigs. Some villagers also sell their pigs to the middleman in the village: they do not normally keep pigs for their own consumption.

- Collecting aquatic plants (2) During the flood season between August and September villagers collect aquatic plants like water lily and morning glory. August is particularly good month for collection of water lily. Most of the villagers collecting aquatic plants are fishermen. Villagers collect aquatic plants for own consumption and some also sell plants in the village or in Stoung Market. Aquatic plants are collected mainly from the Boeng Prasan Lake.

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- Catching rats (2) Villagers catch rats especially between August and September. Rat catch in September is good because during this month a lot of rats migrate from Boeng Prasan Lake. Vllagers sell their rats mainly to the middleman in the village for a price of 700 riels per kilogramme. Rats are sold for crocodile food because in Stoung district there are some families involved in crocodile raising.

- Commerce (3) There are eight families involved in commerce all year around. They are selling goods, vegetable and some medicines in the village. These families are also involved in cultivation of wet season rice and floating rice and sometimes in small scale fishing as well. Commerce is especially important during the festivals like Khmer New Year in August and Phum Ben in October when villagers need food and other goods to organise festivals.

10.4. Remarks to time ranking Time ranking (historical change) of environmental and demographical factors was done during the second part of the field study with same group than earlier exercises (18 people). As in seasonal calendar, markers using the scale 0-10 were placed in each of the boxes. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different time periods: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. As an improvement to the earlier field study reports, this report shows also the trends of different factors to make the understanding of time ranking easier. Arrow pointing up indicates increase of the factor, arrow pointing down decrease, and tilde (~) that factor has stayed the same or is changing without clear trend. Moreover, in some earlier field study reports there appeared a minor error during the translation from Khmer to English: water depth was translated to be sedimentation i.e. exactly the opposite. This means that decreasing number for sedimentation in earlier reports means actually decrease of water depth and thus increase of sedimentation. This error occurs only in the table of time ranking: remarks to sedimentation are naturally correct. From this report onwards this error has been corrected. It is important to notice that as in the seasonal calendar, also in time ranking the values are comparable only between different time periods, not between different factors. The following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by field study team.

- Population Before 1990 the population in the village was rather small due to civil war where many people were killed. After 1990 up to now population has increased steadily because there have been marriages in the village (spouses moving to the village) and more children have borne. At the moment average birth rate in the village is 28 children per year. Due to this the population will increase in the future as well.

- Rainfall Before 1990 there were lot of rains in the village because during that time the forest cover in Cambodia was larger. After 1995 rains have decreased, villagers think that

51

one reason for this is the lack of forest management: when there is less forest there is also less rain. In the future the rains may continue to decrease because of over-exploitation of the forests.

- Water quality Until year 1995 water quality in the Stoung River was rather good. This is result of various reasons: there were not too many people and fishermen, river was deeper and its flow was fast. Moreover, flooded forest cover in the area was larger due to smaller scale exploitation of forest in Tbaing Mountain (upland) and also the erosion and waste disposal from human activities was smaller. After 1995 water has become less clean. People think that this is because river has become shallower, water flow in Stoung River has decreased, people living along the river dispose a lot of waste to the river and fishermen use lot of fish catches (samras) that increase sedimentation. Also the exploitation of forest in Tbaing Mountain has caused increase of erosion and release of silt to the water. In the future water quality may get even worse due to the continuing use of the river.

- Flood “quality” Unlike in three first field study reports, ranking for flooding in this time ranking was not done for the height and duration of the flood but the “quality” of flood. This means that maximum value (10) indicates regular i.e. good flood, and smaller value not so regular and, consequently, not so good flood. In this case smaller value for flood “quality” means increase of flooding. Before year 1990 there were regular floods in the area. Villagers think that Tonle Sap and Stoung River were deeper at that time and were able to store more water and this way decreased the floods. Before 1990 the high flood was between 3 and 3.5 meters, which was good height for the rice cultivation. After 1995 flooding in the area has increased due to the loss of forest area. Sedimentation of Tonle Sap Lake and Stoung River has made these water bodies shallower and the floods are nowadays higher (from 4 up to 6 meters) which causes damage to the floating rice. Villagers think that in the future floods will even increase due to the sedimentation of Tonle Sap Lake and Stoung River.

- Water depth (opposite to sedimentation) Before year 1990 Stoung River, Prasan Lake and Tonle Sap Lake were deep because during that time people did not dispose waste in to the water, fishermen did not use that much of fish catches (samras) that increase sedimentation, water flow from upland (Tbaing Mountain) contained less silt and larger forest areas prevented soil erosion. From 1990 up to present all the water bodies have become shallower due to the loss of forest cover that has increased the amount of silt in water flows from the upland, heavier use of fish catches (samras) and increased waste from human activities. Villagers think that in the future sediment in the river may increase even further, causing decrease of water depth.

- Forest cover Before 1990 forest area was large especially around Boeung Prasan Lake because villagers cut forest only for their own consumption. After 1995 up to the present forest cover has decreased due to the forest cutting for fish catches (samras), burning

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of forest to ease the turtle hunting and firewood collection. The villagers think that in the future forest cover around Boeung Prasan Lake will increase due to the increasing awareness and wise use of the natural recourses and forest.

- Soil quality Before 1990 up to now soil quality has been good but the quality has decreased little due to irregular rains and floods. If the rains and floods are regular the soil is fertile and produces good rice yield.

- Fish catch Before year 1990 there was plenty of fish in Stoung River, Boeung Prasan Lake as well as in Tonle Sap Lake. During this time people used reasonable fishing gears, amount of people living along the river was smaller, there were more habitats for fish to breed (flooded forest) and water depth in both Stoung River and Tonle Sap Lake was deeper. Villagers said that during this time one family could catch up to 20 kg fish per day. After 1995 both the quantity of fish and the amount of fish species have decreased due the use of illegal fishing gears (like electro fishing and samras), shallower water depth, decreased amount of flooded forests and population growth. At the moment one family can catch only 1-2 kg fish per day. Villagers believe that in the future the overall fish catch may decrease even further.

- Number of cattle Before 1990 there were not many people involved in cattle raising and there was only small amount of cattle in the village. After 1995 up to now the quantity of cattle has increased because villagers want to earn subsidiary income. Villagers raise the cattle and then sell it to the other villages or to the market. In the future villagers think that the number of cattle in the village will increase because at the moment many families have started to raise cattle.

- Amount of rats Before 1990 there were only few rats in the area, because during that time there were a lot of predators (e.g. snakes that eats rats). After 1995 the quantity of rats has increased due to the loss of predators because of decreased forest cover and predator hunting by villagers. Villagers think that in the future the amount of rats will increase. Increase of rats is harmful for the villagers because they eat and destroy rice crop.

- Level of livelihood Earlier the level of livelihood in Kampong Pradam village was higher because there were more natural resources available around the village, there were lot of rains and regular floods, villagers had good rice seed to cultivate floating rice and recession rice and they had plenty of fish and forest. From 1995 up to the present level of livelihood has decreased due to the irregular rains and floods, which have harmed the cultivation of floating and wet season rice. Some families also lack land for cultivation due to the increased population and poverty. Villagers think that in the future the level of livelihood will be even worse especially due to the irregular floods and rains.

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11. Findings on migration/urbanisation Information presented in this chapter was collected from the focus group discussion of 18 villagers (17 villagers and village chief). The discussion took place in the house of village chief and Mr Sambo and Ms Pok acted as main facilitators of the exercise.

11.1. Previous migration During the dry season in 1999 one family (2 females, 2 males) moved to from Kampong Pradam village to live in Battambang Province. This family was poor and they lacked both residential and agricultural land since they had sold their land due to illness in the family and debt. They decided to move to Battambang Province because they have friends living there. This family have not came back to visit Kampong Pradam village. During the dry season in 2001 eleven people (ten females, one male) migrated from the Kampong Pradam village to Phnom Penh to work in the garment factories. Most of these migrants were young (around 21 years), single and poor farmers that had graduated from the 4th class. The reason for moving was lack of food due to too low rice yield and decrease of natural resources around the village. Migrants knew someone who was living in Phnom Penh. They come to visit their families during the festivals, normally during Khmer New year and Phum Ben. In 2001 five people (three males and two females) migrated from the village to Thailand. Most of the migrants were 25 years old and had studied until class 5. Four of them were single and one was widow. The reason for their migration was lack of food due to the lower rice yield and the families of the migrants sent them to find work from somewhere else. They moved to Thailand because their relatives or friends were living there. They have not returned back to visit their families.

11.2. Future prospects Villagers said that in the future they might move from the village to some city to find work (paid labour, business) if they face shortage of rice and fish, inadequate rain or irregular floods. Villagers want to migrate to the city where they know someone (friend or relative). They prefer business cities like Phnom Penh and Poipet because they think that in those cities they are able to find job like paid labour, business or selling vegetables and fruits.

11.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration/urbanisation Rankings on migration/urbanisation (i.e. rankings of different cities and provinces) were done with the same group (18 villagers) than the focus group discussion of migration. The main facilitators of the exercise were Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noi Pok. Rankings consist of three different parts: first choice ranking, last choice ranking and preference ranking. In first choice ranking each villager had one marker and marked with it individually the city or the province where he/she would most likely to move.

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Last choice ranking was done similarly but the villagers picked up the city or the province where they would not like to move. In preference ranking villagers decided together how attractive they think different cities and provinces are to migrate in. Method used is quite similar to occupational preference ranking: here markers using the scale from 1 to10 were placed in each box. The bigger the number in the box, the more attractive villagers find the city to be. Cities and provinces in the exercise were agreed together with the villagers and they include provincial and district towns closer to the village as well as cities and provinces further away (e.g. Phnom Penh, Bangkok). Following remarks and explanation related to different cities and provinces were written down during field study exercise.

11.3.1. First choice ranking Siem Reap: One female would like to move to Siem Reap to do business in the market. She thinks that it is good place to do business and she also has a friend living in Siem Reap. Stoung : Seven people (three males and four females) would like to move to Stoung because it is close to the Kampong Pradam village. These villagers would like to do business in the Stoung Market or work as a paid labour. Poipet : Seven people (five males, two females) would like to move to Poipet because they think that it is a good place to find a work (paid labour, business). These villagers have friends living in Poipet. Krong Pailin: Two males would like to move from the village to Krong Pailin to cultivate rice. They think that Pailin is good place to do cultivation because the province has large free land areas and abundance of natural resources (land, mineral resources). They also have friends living there. Phnom Penh: One female would like to move to Phnom Penh to work in garment factory because she has a friend who is living and working there.

11.3.2. Last choice ranking Ubon Ratchadam (Thailand): One male do not want to move to Ubon Ratchadam in Thailand because he do not know anybody who lives there and he cannot speak Thai. Bangkok (Thailand): One male do not want to move to Bangkok because he do not know anybody who is living there and he cannot speak Thai. Ho Chi Min City (Vietnam): Nine people (five females, four males) do not want to move to Ho Chi Min City in Vietnam because they do not have any friends living in there and they cannot speak Vietnamese. They do not want to move to Vietnam because it is not their motherland.

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Hanoi (Vietnam): Three people (one female, two males) do not want to go to Vietnam because this country is very far from Cambodia. They do not have any friends living there and they cannot speak Vietnamese. Vientiane (Laos): Two males do not want to go to Vientiane in Laos because it is difficult to communicate there because they cannot speak the language. Moreover, they do not know anybody who is living there. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): One female do not want to move to Malaysia because she do not know anybody from there and it is far away from Cambodia. She cannot speak Malay. Phnom Penh: One older female do not want to move to Phnom Penh because she does not know anybody from there. Besides she thinks that Phnom Penh is too densely populated.

11.3.3. Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation used same kind of method than occupational preference ranking. Markers with scale from 1 to 10 were places to each box indicating city or province and villagers discussed and decided together which value each city and province gets. Number in parenthesis after the name of the city or province indicates the value which city or province in question got in the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more attractive villagers think that city or province is to move in. Following remarks of the most attractive cities/provinces were written down during the exercise. Poipet (10): Villagers think that Poipet is the best city for the villagers to move in and do business. Stoung (8): Stoung is the villager’s next choice because it is so close to the village. In Stoung villagers think that they are able to do business in the market or work as a sell labour. Krong Pailin (2): Third choice for the villagers to live and find work will be Krong Pailin. Villagers think that there is good and free land for them to cultivate. Phnom Penh (1): Phnom Penh is not so important city to migrate for the Kampong Pradam villagers but villagers think that there they could find easily work in the garment factories. Siem Reap (1): Siam Reap is not either so important city to migrate but some villagers think that it is a good place to do market business.

12. Remarks from the final discussion Final discussion took place at the end of the second part of the field study. In the final discussion all the information collected during the field study i.e. mapping, rankings and discussions were presented to the villagers to check together with them that

56

information collected is correct. Besides some corrections and clarification, villagers also told their opinion about the field study and its result. In the final discussion villagers told that they were happy to share their knowledge and also hear what kind of information the field study team was able to gather from the village. Original products of different exercises (mapping, ranking etc.) were naturally left to the village for possible further use.

13. Discussion There is always a possibility that some biases or even mistakes occur during the field study or report writing. This chapter brings forward the discussion about the issues that may have caused biases for the study and its results. Most of them are similar to earlier field studies. Since this was already fourth field study of WUP-FIN team, members of the field study team have gained experience on the different methods and tools used in the study. This is naturally positive: experience brings confidence and improvements. On the other hand there is always a threat that applying same kind of methods repeatedly leads also to some routines and ruts. However, in this field study there were no signs of that. Improvements and changes can be seen in this field study report as well: for example floods get more emphasis than before and also one totally new exercise on migration/urbanisation has been included in the study. Due to tragic death of commune chief, the field study was halted and therefore the only way to carry out the field study was to conduct it in two separate parts. This was first time than field study was conducted in more than one part, but this did not seem to have any negative effect to the results of the study. Like in earlier field studies, group of villagers for discussions and exercises was selected and gathered by the village chief according to wishes and advices of field study team (people from different gender, wealth, age and occupational groups). As a result the composition of the group was heterogeneous. However, there is always a possibility that village chief prefers some people and that the group does not thus actually present representative sample of the whole village. Due to time constraints and focus in occupations and natural resource use, important groups of gender and age were not dealt separately. On the other hand they were taken into account in the group composition and thus integrated to the overall results of the study. Time reserved for the study (less than four full days in the village) was minimal and schedule of the exercises quite tight: especially second part of the study was conducted during one day only. Even though there did not appear to be hurrying, time reserved for relaxed and more informal discussions was limited. Moreover, when strangers -however friendly and open-minded- enter to the village, there always exist certain inconvenience and suspicion which makes relaxed and totally truthful communication more difficult. “Governmental” composition of the study team (four members out of six i.e. all local team members were government officials) might also have resulted in some difficulties to speak freely about all aspects of natural resource use. As a result, some

57

important and especially sensitive issues like illegal use of natural resources were most probably not discussed and highlighted enough. For the first time the composition of the field study team was not gender-biased: half of the team were females. Women were also rather active in the exercises, although their share was remarkably smaller than that of men (seven out of 19 were females). The presence of ‘barang’ (foreigners) in the field study might also have caused some disturbance to the field study. It must also be remembered that while doing different kind of rankings related to time, people tend to emphasize and even exaggerate recent happenings and changes. This is most probably the case in both seasonal calendar and time ranking. In seasonal calendar activities taking place during the time of the study (wet season) get more emphasis than activities in other seasons, and in time ranking recent changes seem to be more radical than similar changes happened long time ago. However, when these points are noticed and remembered, both of these methods offer valuable tool for better understanding seasonal variation of natural resources and occupations as well as recent environmental changes. Since the methods and indicators for the study were originally planned by WUP-FIN socio-economist in English and translated later into Khmer, there is always a possibility for misunderstandings and mistranslations. And vice versa: since the field study was conducted and original report written in Khmer and then translated into English, there is always a possibility for small differences in this report as well. However, since the whole team was present during every exercise and two of the team members know both Khmer and English, bigger differences are not likely. During the socio-economic analysis, the results of the field study will be applied to the wider area. This demands always simplifications and may result to potential biases and even errors. Even though Kampong Pradam village was selected to be as representative as possible, every village is unique and could thus never be selected as ‘representative’. Even though using participatory methods, the whole concept of this field study can be criticized for being too extractive and not participatory and empowering enough. Due to the nature of the whole survey, the results of the study are used to get better understanding of entire study area, not for development of any specific village. Therefore it might be asked what villagers benefit from the study and why they would even bother to take part in it. However, like in other field study villages, also in Kampong Pradam villagers were interested in to take part in the exercises to share their knowledge. They discussed intensively about different issues and study can thus be regarded as initiator for further exchange of opinions. Original products of different exercises (maps, rankings etc.) were naturally left to the village. Moreover, villager’s participation in both earlier (planning) and later (analysis, report writing and implementation) phases of the field study as well as of the whole socio-economic survey is practically non-existent. Therefore, the issue of participation should definitely be addressed and taken even better into account in the all phases of the socio-economic survey and analysis.

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14. Conclusions Findings of the field study in Kampong Pradam village show that the livelihood of the villagers depends mainly from cultivation of floating and wet season rice as well as from livestock raising. Because of this villagers are especially dependent on rain, availability of agricultural land as well as on regular floods. Other occupations like fishing, firewood collection, collection of aquatic plant and commerce are practised in remarkably smaller scale and add only as supplements to the villager’s income. Population in the village seem to increase and villager’s standard of living decrease. At the moment villagers in Kampong Pradam are concerned about the decrease of the natural resources around the village. Main environmental problems in the village are related to the rainfall and irregular floods, which are causing decrease of both floating and wet season rice yields. Due to the decreased living standards some villagers have been forced to send their children to work in other regions (e.g. Thailand or Phnom Penh).

Annex 3. Seasonal calendar and occupational preferece ranking

RbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbrPUmikMBg;RbdM ]bsm

Annex 4. Time ranking karvivtþinigkarERbRbYleBlevlaPUmikMBugR)adM ]bsm

Annex 5. Rankings on migration/urbanisation kartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA

cMNat;fak; TIRkugEdlcUlcitrs;enA

TIRkug City / province Preference rankingMale Female Total Male Female Total

esÞag Stoung 3 4 7 0 0 0 8kMBg;FM Kampong Thom 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

kMBg;cam Kampong Cham 0 0 0 0 0 0 1bnÞaymanC_y Banteay Meanchey 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

eBaFisat; Pursat 0 0 0 0 0 0 1esomrab Siem Reap 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

)at;dMdg Battambang 0 0 0 0 0 0 1e)a:yEb:t Poipet 5 2 7 0 1 1 10ekaHkug Koh Kong 0 0 0 0 0 0 1sIuhnu Sihanoukville 0 0 0 0 0 0 1éb:lin Pailin 2 0 2 0 0 0 2PñMeBj Phnom Penh 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

G’Ub’unrak;¬RbeTséf¦ Ubon Ratch (Thailand) 0 0 0 1 0 1 1)agkk ¬RbeTséf¦ Bangkok (Thailand) 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

hUCImij¬RbeTsevotNam¦ Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) 0 0 0 4 5 9 1haNUy Hanoi (Vietnam) 0 0 0 2 3 5 1

evogcn_Þ ¬lav¦ Vientiane (Laos) 0 0 0 2 0 2 1kUT,alaMBYr Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 0 0 0 2 0 2 1

TIRk ugEdleKcUlcitþeTArs;enA eRcIn TIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA

First choice ranking Last choice ranking

Annex 6. List of participants. eQµaHGñkcUlrYm

Following list presents the name, sex, age, occupation, education (school class completed) and an average income level of each field study participant.

Income level of each participant was decided at the end of migrational ranking in a discussion together by all participants.

lr eQµaH ePT Gay u muxrbr kMritvb,Fm‘

No. Name Sex Age Occupation Education / classRkNas;

very poor

Rk

poor

mFüm

middle

man

rich

1 G‘n mit Oun Mit Rbus Male 49 eFVIERs Farmer 4 cas; X2 lwg miul Lin Mil Rbus Male 56 eFVIERs Farmer 6 cas; X3 vn h‘t Von Hout Rbus Male 55 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X4 h’l ehOg Houl Hoern Rbus Male 28 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 fµI X5 pan; raMu Phan Pom Rbus Male 53 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X6 mit sarI Mit Sary RsI Female 26 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 fµI X7 miul hn Mil Horn RsI Female 26 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 5 fµI X8 Cag eRsog Chhan Sreang RsI Female 33 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 4 fµI X9 h‘n sarun Houn Sarun RsI Female 39 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 4 fµI X

10 h‘n pat Houn That RsI Female 62 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 7 cas; X11 gwm sMbUr Ngim Sambo RsI Female 36 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 9 fµI X12 say hwm Shay Him RsI Female 47 eFVIERs Farmer 3 cas; X13 hYn rwm Houn Rim Rbus Male 69 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 cas; X14 san pan San Phan Rbus Male 56 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 4 cas; X15 nwm eCOn Nim Chim Rbus Male 47 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X16 exov Lg Kiev Len RsI Female 56 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 6 cas; X17 hiun gan Hin Ngan RsI Female 58 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 1 cas; X18 xaVv xat; Kao Keat Rbus Male 57 eFVIERs ensaT Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X

cMNUl Income level

Annex 7. Itinerary of the field study

Morning

Afternoon Evening

Monday 14th October

Preparing material for the field study Arrival to Kampong Thom: visits to different line agencies and NGOs

Meeting and training with local members of field study team

Tuesday 15st October

Visits to different line agencies and NGOs

Meeting and training with local

members of field study team

Meeting with chief of rural development office, Stoung District

Leaving to the village: meeting with

commune chief, village chief and village development committee

Team meeting: evaluation of the day and final preparation of

the field study

Staying overnight in Stoung

Wednesday 16th October

Key informant interview - information on basic socio-economic

factors (population, infrastructure, occupations etc.) and natural resources

Group discussion - introduction to the field study for villagers - gathering of background information on

village, occupations, natural resources, floods and environmental change

Team meeting - evaluation of the day

- report writing and preparations for next day’s exercises

- staying overnight in the village

Thursday 17th October

Participatory mapping and transect walk -village and its surroundings

- use of different natural resources - micro-ecological zones

Seasonal calendar - seasonal variation of occupations and

environmental factors


- report writing and preparations for next day’s exercises

- staying overnight in the village Friday

18th October

Leaving to Kampong Thom Visits to different line agencies and NGOs

Team meeting: evaluation of the field study and report writing

Leaving to Phnom Penh

Tuesday 5th November

(second part of the study)

Time ranking - changes of environmental factors, natural

resources, population and level of livelihood

Group discussion and ranking on migration and urbanisation

Final discussion

- presentation of the findings with possible changes and comments

Leaving to Kampong Thom


- report writing

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Annex 9. Pictures from the field study ]bsm

Piles of firewood and the river. Gus enA Ek,rTenø House, livestock and fruit trees. pÞH karciBa©wmstV nig edImeQIhUbEpø

Village road. pøÚvenAkñúgPUmi Rice fields behind the houses. valERsenAxageRkaypÞH

Village shop. tUblk;cab;hYyenAkñúgPUmi New and old school building. karksagsalaeroncas;nigsalaeronfµI

Fishing girl. narIkMBugensaT Fishing boy. ekµgRbuskMBugensaT

Drawing participatory map. karcUlrYmKUsEpnTI Discussing about the map. karBiPakSaGMBITItaMgpÞHrbs;GñkPUmi

Time ranking going on. kareFVIcMNat;fañk;FanFanFmµCatikMBugbnþ Migrational ranking. kardak;enAkñúgRbGb;cMNat;fañk;TIRkug

lkñúgGMLgeBlsikSa eyIgdwgfaelakRbFanXMu)anTTYlmrN³PaB kWelak h‘n h‘l )aneRKahfañk;cracrN_ RkumsikSaTaMgmUl)ansMEdgTukçya:geRkomRkm cMeBaHmrN³PaB rbs;elak h‘n h‘l . r)aykarN_enH KWCakarcgcaM Canic© énRkumsikSa During the first part of the field study commune chief Mr Houn Houl died tragically in a traffic accident.

The whole field study team was deeply saddened by the death of Mr Houn Houl – this field study

report is dedicated to his memory.

Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from

G‘n mit – Oun Mit, lwg miul – Lin Mil, vn h‘t – Von Hout, h’l ehOg – Houl Hoern, pan; raMu – Phan Pom, mit sari – Mit Sary, miul hn – Mil Horn, Cag eRsog – Chhan Sreang, h‘n sarun – Houn Sarun, h‘n pat – Houn That, gwm sMbUr – Ngim Sambo, say hwm – Shay Him, hYn rwm – Houn Rim, san pan – San Phan, nwm eCOn – Nim Chim, exov Lg – Kiev Len, hiun gan – Hin Ngan, xaVv xat; – Kao Keat

RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team

elak ywm sMbUr - Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN kBaaØ Ny b:uk - Ms Noy Pok, Officer of Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN elak sr vuFnI- - Mr Sor Vathny, Officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom GñkRsI eTB sux bUra:n; - Mrs Tep Sok Boran, Officer of Seila-programme, Kampong Thom elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn – Mr Marko Keskinen, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La – Ms Ulla Haapala, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN

elakkarsresrr)aykarN_ - Report writing

elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, elak ywm sMbUr, kBaaØ Ny b:uk kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La - Marko Keskinen, Ulla Haapala, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok

For comments and questions please contact [email protected] or [email protected].

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Documents

Field Study in Kampong Pradam Village, Kampong Thom ... · • Oct 18, 2002 Leaving from the village to Kampong Thom. Meeting with government’s provincial line agencies and NGOs