Fig. 1-CO, p. 1

Fig. 1-1, p. 3

Fig. 1-1, p. 3

Total Water

Salt water 97.5%

Fresh water 2.5%

Fresh Water

Glaciers 68.7%

Permafrost 0.8%

Surface and atmospheric water 0.4%

Surface and Atmospheric WaterGroundwater

30.1%Freshwater lakes 67.4%

Biota 0.8%

Rivers1.6%

Wetlands 8.5%

Soil moisture 12.2%

Atmosphere 9.5%

Fig. 1-2a, p. 3

Fig. 1-2a, p. 3

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Ocean’s deepest spot

Earth’s highest mountain

Pacific Ocean Basin, Earth’s largest feature

Fig. 1-2a, p. 3

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Ocean’s deepest spot

Earth’s highest mountain

Pacific Ocean Basin, Earth’s largest feature

Stepped Art

Fig. 1-3, p. 4

Fig. 1-4a, p. 5

Fig. 1-4b, p. 5

Fig. 1-5, p. 6

Fig. 1-5, p. 6

Curiosity

A question arises about an event or situation: Why and how does this happen? Why are things this way?

Law Observations, measurements

Theories can evolve into larger constructs: laws. Laws explain events in nature that occur with unvarying uni-formity under identical conditions. Laws summarize experimental observations.

Our senses are brought to bear: What is happening? Under what circumstances? When? How does it operate? Does there appear to be a dependable cause-and-effect relationship at work?

Theory HypothesisPatterns emerge. If one or more of the relationships hold, the hypothesis becomes a theory, an explanation for the observations that is accepted by most researchers.

A tentative explanation is proposed. Controlled experiments are planned to prove or disprove potential cause-and-effect relationships. A good hypothesis can predict future occurrences under similar circumstances.

ExperimentsTests are undertaken in nature or in the laboratory. These tests permit manipulating and controlling the conditions under which observations are made.

Fig. 1-5, p. 6

Curiosity

A question arises about an event or situation: Why and how does this happen? Why are things this way?

Stepped Art

TheoryPatterns emerge. If one or more of the relationships hold, the hypothesis becomes a theory, an explanation for the observations that is accepted by most researchers.

ExperimentsTests are undertaken in nature or in the laboratory. These tests permit manipulating and controlling the conditions under which observations are made.

HypothesisA tentative explanation is proposed. Controlled experiments are planned to prove or disprove potential cause-and-effect relationships. A good hypothesis can predict future occurrences under similar circumstances.

Observations, measurements

Our senses are brought to bear: What is happening? Under what circumstances? When? How does it operate? Does there appear to be a dependable cause-and-effect relationship at work?

Law

Theories can evolve into larger constructs: laws. Laws explain events in nature that occur with unvarying uni-formity under identical conditions. Laws summarize experimental observations.

Fig. 1-6, p. 7

Fig. 1-7, p. 8

Fig. 1-7, p. 8

Parallel rays from sun

Shadow of pole

Vertical pole at Alexandria

1/50 circle

785

km

(491

mi)

Center of Earth

1/50 circle ~7°

Vertical well at Syene

~7°

Fig. 1-8a, p. 9

Fig. 1-8b, p. 9

Box 1-1a, p. 10

Box 1-1a, p. 10

Parallel Thule

NORTHERN OCEANEUROPE

Borysthenes

Byzantium

Rhodes

Alexandria ASIA Ganges

Tropic line Libya

MeroeIndia

ATLANTIC OCEANMer

idia

n o

f th

e P

illa

rs o

f H

ercu

les

Mer

idia

n

of

the

Ale

xan

dri

a

Mer

idia

n o

f th

e In

du

s

Mer

idia

n o

f th

e G

ang

es

Box 1-1b, p. 10

Box 1-1b, p. 10

North Pole

60°N

30°N

Latitude0°

Equator

30°S

South Pole

Box 1-1c, p. 10

Box 1-1c, p. 10

North Pole

Prime meridian

Longitude

60°W0°

South Pole

Box 1-1d, p. 10

Box 1-1d, p. 10

North Pole

60°N

30°N

0 \c2;

30°W 0° 30°S60°W

30°E

South Pole

Fig. 1-9, p. 11

Fig. 1-9, p. 11

PHILIPPINESM I C R O N E S I A

Marshall Is. Hawaiian Is.

Gilbert Is.M E L A N E S I A P O L Y N E S I A

INDONESIANEW

GUINEA

Solomon Is.

Ellice Is. Marquesas Is.Samoa

Is.Fiji Is. Cook Is.New Hebrides

Tonga Is.A U S T R A L I A

New Caledonia Tropic of

Capricorn

Easter Is.

NEW ZEALAND

Equator

Tropic of

Cancer

P A C I F I C

O C E A NM

aria

na

Is.

Society Is.

Caroline Is.

Fig. 1-10, p. 12

Fig. 1-11, p. 13

Fig. 1-12, p. 14

Fig. 1-13, p. 14

Fig. 1-14a, p. 15

Fig. 1-14b, p. 15

400 300 200 100 0 Feet

360 270 180 90 0 Meters

Fig. 1-14c, p. 15

Fig. 1-14d, p. 15

Fig. 1-15, p. 16

Fig. 1-16, p. 17

Fig. 1-17a, p. 18

Fig. 1-17b, p. 18

Fig. 1-17b, p. 18

Magellan killed 27 April 1521

Rio de Janeiro 15 December 1519Voyage began 20 September 1519

Voyage ended 6 September 1522 Straits of Magellan 15 October 1520

Fig. 1-18, p. 19

Fig. 1-19, p. 20

Fig. 1-20a, p. 21

Fig. 1-20b, p. 21

Fig. 1-21, p. 22

Fig. 1-22, p. 23

Fig. 1-23, p. 23

Fig. 1-24, p. 24

Fig. 1-25, p. 25

Fig. 1-26, p. 26

Fig. 1-27, p. 26

Fig. 1-28, p. 27

Fig. 1-29a, p. 29

Fig. 1-29b, p. 29

Fig. 1-29c, p. 29

Fig. 1-30, p. 30

Fig. 1-30, p. 30

Beam of sound waves travels to bottom and is reflected back to ship

Depth = V (T/2)

Fig. 1-31, p. 30

Fig. 1-32, p. 31

Fig. 1-33, p. 31

Fig. 1-34a, p. 32

Fig. 1-34b, p. 32

Fig. 1-35, p. 33

Table 1-1a, p. 34

Table 1-1b, p. 35