Figure 10-1

Lightenergy

Sunlight H2O O2

Light-dependentreactions

ATP, NADPH

Chemicalenergy

CO2

Calvin cycle

(CH2O)n

Chemicalenergy

Figure 10-2

Leaves contain millions of chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are highly structured, membrane-rich organelles.

Outer membrane

Chloroplasts

Cell

Inner membrane

Thylakoids

Granum

Stroma

Figure 10-21Leaf surfaces contain stomata.

Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves through stomata.

Guard cells Pore Stoma

StomaCO2Extracellularspace

Photosyntheticcells

O2

H2O

Leaf surface

Interior of leaf

Leaf surface

Figure 10-4

Higherenergy

Wavelengths (nm)

Gamma rays X-rays

Ultra-violet Infrared

Micro-waves

Radiowaves

Shorterwavelength

Visible light

Longerwavelength

Lowerenergy

nm

Figure 10-6a

Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light.

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a

Carotenoids

Chlorophylls absorb blue and red light and transmit green light

Carotenoids absorb blue and green light and transmit yellow, orange,or red light

Figure 10-11

Reactioncenter

Fluorescence

Heat

Photon

Photon

e–

e–

Electronacceptor

Chlorophyll molecules in antenna complex Reaction centerChlorophyll moleculeLower

Higher

En

erg

y o

f el

ectr

on

RESONANCEFLUORESCENCE REDUCTION/OXIDATIONor or

e–

Electron drops back down tolower energy level; heat andfluorescence are emitted.

Electron is transferred toa new compound.

Energy in electron is transferred to nearby pigment.

Figure 10-1

Lightenergy

Sunlight H2O O2

Light-dependentreactions

ATP, NADPH

Chemicalenergy

CO2

Calvin cycle

(CH2O)n

Chemicalenergy

Figure 10-19

6 NADPH

The Calvin cycle has three phases.

3 ATP+

3 CO2

Regeneration: 5 G3P + 3 RuBP3 ATP

Fixation:

Reduction:

3 RuBP 6 3-phosphoglycerate

6 3-phosphoglycerate + 6 ATP 6 G3P 6 NADPH

6 ADP

The reaction occurs in a cycle.

All three phases of theCalvin cycle take place inthe stroma of chloroplasts

3 CO2

RuBP

3 ADP + 3 Pi

Carbons are symbolized asred balls to help you followthem through the cycle

3 P P

6 P

1 G3P

G3P5 G3P

6 P

6 ATP

3-phosphoglycerate

6 H++

6 Pi

6 NADP+

Fixation of carbon dioxide

Regeneration of RuBP from G3P

Reduction of 3-phospho-glycerate

to G3P

+

+

Figure 10-25

Starch

Glucose subunit

Up to1000or moremonomers

Glucose subunit Fructose subunit

Sucrose

Glucose subunit Glucose subunit

Starch is astorage product

Sucrose is readilytransported

Figure 10-21Leaf surfaces contain stomata.

Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves through stomata.

Guard cells Pore Stoma

StomaCO2Extracellularspace

Photosyntheticcells

O2

H2O

Leaf surface

Interior of leaf

Leaf surface

Figure 10-20

Reaction with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis :

RuBP + CO2two 3-phosphoglycerate

used in Calvin cycle

Reaction with oxygen during “photorespiration” :

RuBP + O2one 3-phosphoglycerate + one 2-phosphoglycolate

used in Calvin cycle when processed,CO2 is releasedand ATP is used

Giussani et al 2001

Stowe and Teeri 1978

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998

Knapp et al. 1998