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10/20/2015
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UV For Swimming PoolsEnergy Savings, Crypto, and Chloramines
2015 Midwest Facility MastersKalahari Resort
November 3, 2015
10/20/2015
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Industries which rely on UV Technology
• Commercial Pools & Spas
• Municipal wastewater
• Municipal drinking water
• Pulp & Paper
• Printing
• Advanced Oxidation
– (w/H2O2 and/or ozone)
• Semiconductor
• Pharmaceutical
• Food & Beverage
Bottled Water
Brewing
• Petrochemical
• Aquaculture
• Maritime
UV Chamber UV Power
Control Cabinet
100% UV
Bypass
post-filter
UV Technology
Treats 100% of the filtered water
“point-of-use”, no residual, still need chlorine
we recommend running at lower chlorine levels after adding UV
Illumination, not irradiation
Photolysis, not chemical
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Pool ProblemsChloramines
The by-product of chlorine disinfection, known as combined chlorine.
Regulated by health codes and a problem at indoor pools Responsible for the odor, corrosion, athletic asthma Made up of three classes: mono, di, and trichloramines
Chlorine “tolerant” Cryptosporidium Responsible for 75% of Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI’s) Increasingly addressed with UV in aquatic health codes 2013 – ½ of all Iowa counties patients tested positive
UV Benefits in Aquatics
Naturally controls chloramines Indoor Pools, no longer need to chemically “shock” Less odor, corrosion, athletic asthma Targets di and trichloramines
High level disinfectant Chlorine resistant pathogens like “Crypto”
The best reason for UV on outdoor pools
USA Swimming website“Water Quality”
The Facilities Department of USA Swimming strongly
recommends that all pools, both new and existing, have UV
systems installed…When compared to chlorine feeder systems,
Ultra Violet systems involve a higher initial capital cost. However,
over the life of the pool Ultraviolet technologies reduce the
on-going operating and maintenance costs. This can be
significant.”
Mick Nelson, USA Swimming Facilities Department
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Testimonials“We all agree…these systems were the best investment we have ever made in
our pool facility.” Duane Proell, University of Minnesota
“It has comprehensively reduced pitting on all the metal surfaces.” Phil Annas,
Friends Central School
“Skin irritations …completely stopped after the installation of the ultra violet
system” Beverly Kannengieszer, Medford Leas Way
“Members of my swim team who have chronic breathing problems, asthma etc.
have had absolutely no problems.” Bob Rueppel, Franklin & Marshall College
UV for AquaticsConsultants standard specification for indoor pools & recirculated splash pads
Approximately 10,000 medium pressure UV’s installed in North America
Self-cleaning & self-monitoring (important options)
Limited annual maintenance (2-3 hours every six months)
Long service life (15-20 years)
“Best practice” method to reduce the risk of a RWI outbreak. Highly disinfects “chlorine tolerant” Cryptosporidium
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Turnovers
58%
16%
5%2% 1% 0.5% .08% .02% .01%
(Gage & Bidwell)
Vertical scale represents water not yet filtered
AFO
It takes four turnovers to effectively disinfect almost all of the pool water with UV.
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UV Science
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
g Rays X-Rays UltravioletV
isib
le Infrared
10-13 10-11 10-9 10-7 10-6 10-310-12 1010-10 105
Radio
Frequencies
Wavelength (m)
Sub-Ranges
UV-A (Long Wave UV): 315-400 nm
UV-B (Middle Wave UV): 280-315 nm
UV-C (Short Wave UV): 200-280 nm
Vacuum UV: 10-200 nm
Note:1 nm = 10-9 m = (one billionth of a meter)
UV LIGHT
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Microbial Response to UV
UV photons are absorbed by the DNA of a microorganism, damaging the DNA by causing thymine base units to bond with each other rather than across the “ladder” with adenine. The damaged DNA can not function properly (it is prevented from replicating, rendering the microbe harmless)
How is UV Light Generated?
ELEKTRODE + ELEKTRODE -
Voltage is applied across the electrodes, exciting the gas mixture (mercury) resulting in a discharge of photons. The photon discharge emits specific wavelengths of light (dependent upon gas mixture and power level of the lamps). Mercury gas is used because it emits light in the germicidal range.
ELECTRODE +
ELECTRODE -
Types of UV Lamps
ClorKing (Sentry), Delta, Emperor (Pentair)
Low Pressure Lamps - Highest electrical efficiency, low UV-C
output per unit length, Monochromatic 254nm
Amalgam Low Pressure - Good electrical efficiency medium
UV-C output per unit length, Monochromatic 254nm
ETS, Prominent, Aquionics/Hanovia, Triogen, Delta
Medium Pressure - Low electrical efficiency, very high UV-C
output per unit length, Polychromatic 200nm - 300nm
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UV LAMP OUTPUT
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8
200 250 300 350 400Wavelength (nm)Sp
ectr
al O
utp
ut,
Ab
sorp
tio
n (
rela
tive
)
Low-pressure 254nm ONLYMedium-pressure 200-300nm
Germicidal UVCPeaks at 260-265nm
• Low Pressure (LP) monochromatic –emitting UV energy at only the 254nmwavelength.
• Medium-Pressure(MP) lamps are polychromatic andemit energy at everywavelength throughout the UV spectrum.
UV LAMPS
500 gpm
Fluid Temperature and UV Lamps
Temperature of Water
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Rela
tive U
V O
utp
ut
UV(%)
Medium Pressure LampLow Pressure Lamp
10 90807060504030200 10
0 20 32 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(°C)
(°F)
Low High Lamp
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Lamp Comparison
Low Pressure Low Pressure High Output/Amalgam
Medium Pressure
Number of lamps (mercury) 6 ,8, 10, 12, 18, 30 Approx. ½ of LP 1, 2, 4
Service space and chamber length 50” to 78” 50” to 78” 14” to 20”
Potential for fouling Low to high Low to high Medium to high
UVC monitor / accuracy low low Yes / high
Automatic internal wiper no no yes
Performance affected by water temperature
yes some no
Effects of UV-Based Treatment on Water and Air Chemistry in Chlorinated, Indoor Pools
Mehrnaz Zare Afifi and Ernest R. Blatchley IIILyles School of Civil Engineering
Division of Environmental & Ecological EngineeringPurdue University
Funded by:National Swimming Pool Foundation
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Three year study looking at chlorine alone, Low Pressure UV, then Medium Pressure
UV.
Analyzed ten different chlorine Disinfection By Products (DBP’s)
Analyzed corrosion to aluminum, carbon steel, 304 SS steel, galvanized steel
Combined Chlorine
Cyanogen chloride increased 32% with low pressure UVTrichloramine increased 21% with low pressure UVCorrosion rate of all metal alloys increased substantially with LP UVDichloroacetonitrile increased 27% with MP UV
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Combined chlorine concentration fell below the:
NSPF max (0.2 mg/L) MAHC guideline (0.4 mg/L)
Chlorination only 22 times (10%) 97 times (47%)
MP UV/chlorine 90 times (39%) 164 times (72%)
LP UV/chlorine 55 times (36%) 111 times (73%)
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Mehrnaz Zare Afifi and Ernest R. Blatchley IIILyles School of Civil Engineering
Division of Environmental & Ecological EngineeringPurdue University
Funded by:National Swimming Pool Foundation
Conclusions
Corrosion increased for all four metals tested with LP UV
Medium Pressure UV better in 7 out of 10 DBP’s
LP won 2 out of 10
MP 19% reduction, LP 30% reduction one DBP
MP UV increased one DBP, LP increased two
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US EPA Municipal Drinking Water
Milwaukee 1993 – 400,000 people became ill and 100 died from Crypto in the drinking water.
US EPA requires cities to test for “chlorine tolerant”
pathogens. UV is often used to disinfect when
present
New York City treats 2.2 billion gallons a day with UV
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UV VALIDATION TESTING
UV Disinfection Performance Certification for Crypto
Independent, third-party, bio-assay testing to prove the effectiveness of a specific UV systems ability to disinfect Crypto.
Defined in U.S. EPA’s Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual
Validation
Gives Owners & Regulators proof the system performs as promised. “Apples to apples” comparison.
Included in MAHC and state codes for: NY, CA, TX, FL, OH, IN, & ON
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“Chlorine Tolerant”
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium
• Common, naturally occurring parasite• Extremely common in the livestock industry, especially with
young calves.• Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis most
common in humans• At least 150 types of animals infected with over 39 genus
classes.• Prevalent in mammals, but also afflicts fish, birds, reptiles and
amphibians
• Some outbreaks coincided with heavy rainfall.
• Municipalities often have trouble handling Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) during these events.
• Farmers often spread liquefied and solid manure onto fields
Points to consider
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Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI’s)
75% of all RWI’s reported to the CDC are from
Cryptosporidium or “Crypto”
Every aspect of chemical treatment and pool
operation can be correct and a outbreak can occur
Lawyers have websites tracking outbreaks
Key Facts on Crypto
• Potentially fatal to young, old, or immune compromised.
• CT = 15,300 (1ppm of chlorine for 10.7 days = 99.9% kill)
• Symptoms generally appear in 2 - 10 days
• Infected people shed 10,000,000 to 10,000,000,000
oocytes, multiple times a day, for weeks
• The infectivity dose is low (> 30 oocytes, ID50 132)
• 2005 New York – 3,100 confirmed at a splashpad
• 2007 Utah - 20,0000 estimated cases
• 2008 Dallas and Phoenix metro area shut down all their pools
• 2011 Cincinnati/N. Kentucky – 250 Crypto, 180 Shigella cases
• 2011 Kansas City metro pools area closed
• 2013 – ½ of all Iowa counties patients test positive
Crypto Outbreaks
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Crypto UV DoseCrypto disinfected 99.9% (3-log or 103) with 12mJ/cm2 (per U.S. EPA)
60mJ / 12mJ = 5
105 x 103 (99.9%) = 1015
Applying 60mJ would provide a theoretical 15-log reduction or
99.9999999999999%
Comparison: 1,000,000,000 Crypto – 10 log
UV: single pass, high level disinfection, less than one second
Chlorine: 1ppm after ten days = 1,000,000 Crypto still viable
Splashpads / Spray Features
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Swimming Pools
UV
• 100% filtered, UV’d, chemically treated.
• Cannot prevent cross infection in the main pool volume.
600 gpm600 gpm
volume 216,000 gallons6 hr.
turnover
Splash Pads
UV
UV treatment, in the feature
return loop, will treat all the
water200 gpm
800 gpm
volume 4,000 gallons
20 min / 5 min
turnover
Chloramines
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Types of Chloramines
Mono-chloramine – fairly common, 20% of U.S. cities manufacture monochloramines in drinking water, not considered unhealthy
Di-chloramine – high concentrations linked to bladder cancer,
stays in the water, absorbed into the body
Tri-chloramine: Off-gas as a vapor. Responsible for the odor and irritation associated with indoor pools.
Corrosive – higher incidences of asthma on swim teams, corrosion to the facility
Chloramine levels are regulated in state health codes
COMBINED APPLICATION OF
UV RADIATION AND CHLORINE:
IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO DBP FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION IN RECREATIONAL WATER APPLICATIONS
Jing Li and Ernest R. Blatchley III
School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
Chloramines and UVstudy abstract :
“The results indicate that NCl3 [trichloramine] and CH3NCl2 [dichloramine] can be degraded up to 85% under the UV irradiation
…and free chlorine changes relatively slowly as a result of UV exposure.”
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UV Technology
VUV UVC UVB UVA
100 nm 200 nm 280 315 400 nm
Increasing Energy
Increasing Water Penetration
Species =222 nm =254 nm =282 nm
CH3NCl2 (dichlor)
NCl3 (trichlor)NaOCl(HOCl) pH=7
1662
493871
211
36764
562
5471
dichlor
250 300 350 4000
1000
2000
3000
4000
trichlor
Mo
lar
Ab
so
rpti
vit
y
Most powerful UV
area for chloramines
222
Medium Pressure UV and Chloramines
Provides the ideal energy in the range from 200nm to 240nm to breakdown di and tri chloramines
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UV Chamber UV Power
Control Cabinet
100% UV
Bypass
Quartz Sleeves
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• Fouling occurs within days; a significant reduction of UVC energy emitted into the water occurs.
• Fouling increases in the presence of chlorine
1 Wait, I. W.; Johnston C. T.; Blatchley, E. R. (2007) The influence of oxidation reduction potential and water treatment processes on quartz lamp sleeve fouling in ultraviolet disinfection reactors. Water Research 41 2427-2436
UV Chamber
Wiper drive shaft
Quartz
sleeve
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Treatment Chamber Components
Treatment chamber - 316L stainless steelTemperature monitor – protection for non-flowUV monitor – Real time measurementAutowipe systemMedium pressure lamp(s) &Quartz Sleeve – Isolates lamp
Non-Compliance issues
low pressure UV
NSF-50 requirement cleaning on systems without a wiper
[5] NSF Certified models contain an in-place chemical
cleaning system.
“All piping for in-place cleaning purposes shall be entirely independent of the water piping system both in and out of the unit, and a drain shall be provided.”
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NSF-50 logo
Inspectors must confirm if
the UV has an internal wiper.
If not, a dedicated piping
system for chemical cleaning
is required or NSF-50 does
not apply.
Power/Control Cabinets
Display – Power/Control Cabinet
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Installing UV Systems
Installing UV Systems
Installed after filtration, 100% of return water is treated
Plumbed in a bypass, flooded chamber New construction, flush lines and balance water prior to
opening UV bypass
Commissioning and start-up provided by factory trained technician
15’ of cable standard, 75’ max at an additional cost
Lamps always mounted parallel to the ground
Ultraviolet Installation Detail
FROM FILTERS TO CHEMICAL DOSING
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Strainer Basket“EZ” Strainer
UV Transmittance
High Transmittance Low Transmittance
UV Water Quality
Transmittance (T-10%) affected by:
• Suspended Solids
• Dissolved Iron and Manganese
• Lotions / body oils / cosmetics
• Colors, Sugars, air bubbles, tannins
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UV Transmittance
• Measurement % of light that penetrates through 10mm (T-10) of sample water
• Spectrophotometer test in a quartz cuvette
UV absorbed in fluid
10 mm wide sample cell
UV
UV sensorDeuterium light source
%
Typical UV Transmittance ValuesWater Source Transmittance (T10%)
Ultrapure Water 100%
Distilled Water 98%
Drinking Water 85-95%
Pool Water 90%-95%
Secondary Filtered 65-70%
Secondary Unfiltered 50-65%
Meat Brine, Soft Drinks 0%
“ The performance difference between any equipment’s validated performance at 98% UVT and actual field performance at 94% UVT can be 40% LOWER. When presented with validated performance data at 98% UVT operators should be aware that the equipment may only deliver half the performance when installed”
“A design UV assumption of better than 94% T10 should not be used.” MAHC Annex
MAHC UV Transmittance
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UV Transmittance
Do NOT use the T-10
98% value
UV-Sizing
3-D CAD THEN CFD (Computer Fluid Dynamic Modeling)
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UV “Dose” Intensity (lamp power) and Residence Time (contact time)
Intensity= Residence TimeXUV DOSE
Disinfection (Indoor & Outdoor) 40mJChloramine Destruction (Indoor) 60mJ
The specified “dose” level is what is provided at the end-of lamplife
UV Systems Required Design Parameters
Flow Rate (gpm)
Water Quality, T-10 or Transmittance (T-10 94%)
Required disinfection, Dose/Log Reduction, for target pathogen(s)
(60mJ/cm2 indoor chloramines or 40mJ/cm2 outdoor)
SizingChloramine Control & Disinfection vs. Validation
Pipe60mj/cm2
(chloramines)gpm
Validated US EPA 3 Log Reduction and calculated
40mj/cm2 – gpmUSEPA UVDGM
Model
3" 176 260 (V) ECP-113-5SPV4" 350 540 (V) ECP-113-5SPV
6"580 665 (V) ECF-215-6V-220580 665 (V) ECF-215-6V-480
8" 930 1100 (V) ECF-220-8V10" 1230 1310 (V) ECF-225-10V
12"1680 2046 (V) ECF-230-12V3350 3705 (V) ECF-430-12V
Make sure unit sizing complies with both CFD and validation
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Dose Pacing
Dose Pacing = Lamp Energy Control
Reduces Power Usage
Extends the Life of the Lamps
Extends Quartz Life
Lamps sized for end of life
Hour #1 1 year
(8760 hours)
84mJ
72mJ
60mJ
Power stepping
Standard
ETS energy control
Dose pacing extends lamp life and reduces energy costs
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Budgets
Purchase & Installation Costs
Installed $15,000 - $60,000 (200 – 7000 GPM)
Operation & Maintenance - 200,000 gallon pool $3,400 annual operating expense Approximately 50% electricity, spares 20%, 30% labor
Labor Costs 4-6 hours annually Assures performance Extended five year warranty option Discount on spares common with service contract
Maintenance ConsiderationsTask Six Months Twelve Months
Clean Chamber Interior X X
Check Voltages (Incoming & Lamps) X X
Inspect Wiper Gear Assembly X X
Replace Wiper Blade X X
Replace Wiper Shaft Seal X
Replace Lamp X
Service by certified factory trained technician advised at 6 and 12 months. This will allow onsite technical staff to learn the process by an expert.
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O&M ComponentsPower consumption
Labor costs – manual disassembly and cleaning
4-6 hours annually for Medium pressure
Significantly more for low pressure based on number and length of
sleeves
Replacement parts
Lamps 12-18 months
Quartz sleeves 36 months
Seals 6 months
Ballast (low pressure) Five years ($200 - $500 per 2 lamps)
CDC Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC)
A code, not a law.
1) The standard of care within the aquatics industry
2) Many states are preparing to adopt all or part of the code
3) May become the next VGB or ADA federal code
• Contamination Burden
• Disinfection & Water Quality
• Facility Design & Construction
• Facility Maintenance & Operation
• Hygiene Facilities
• Lifeguarding/Bather Supervision
MAHC12 Modules
• Monitoring & Testing
• Operator Training
• Recirculation & Filtration
• Regulatory Program Administration
• Risk Management/Safety
• Ventilation & Air Quality.
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MAHC Annex – High Risk Pools
FacilitiesThese facilities include THERAPY POOLS, and WADING POOLS, water ACTIVITY POOLS, INTERATIVE WATER PLAY AQUATIC VENUES (E.G. SPRAY PADS, and other AQUATIC VENUES with no standing water designed primarily for young children including DIAPER-AGED CHILDREN (defined in the Code as children < 5 years old).
Secondary Disinfection REQUIRED at “Increased Risk” aquatic venues
• Pools with Interactive Spray Features – full flow filtration
• Spray Pads
• Wading Pools
• Zero Entry (designed for diaper aged children)
• Therapy Pools• Includes Hot & Cold Training/Rehab Spas
• Open wounds, immune compromised
NOT hot tubs – ETS encourages SUPPLEMENTAL DISINFECTION
• Designed to achieve a 3-log (99.9%) Inactivation of Crypto
• 3rd Party Validated to USEPA UVGM(U.S. EPA Ultraviolet Guidance Manual)
• NSF/ANSI 50 Listed
• Maximum Transmittance for design should not exceed 94% UVT
MAHC - UV as Secondary Disinfection
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Accurate Monitoring• A direct line of site from the lamp to the monitor is required, maximum two
MP lamps per monitor.
• Low pressure systems with multiple lamps (<10) will typically have direct line of site with only the closest lamps.
• Accurate monitoring has a direct line of sight to every lamp.
Calibrated UV Sensors
The UV equipment shall be complete with calibrated UV
sensors, which record the output of all the UV lamps installed in a system.
Commercial low pressure UV systems do not comply.
MAHC UV Requirement
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UV Monitor
Medium Pressure
Direct Line of Sight
Multi Lamp unitsUV Shadowing
Low Pressure
lamp
monitor
Multi Lamp unitsUV Shadowing
UV Monitor
Low Pressure
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UV Compliance - Inspection“Performance in the field can be verified on inspection by regulators who will compare actual sensor readings with those indicated on the performance charts, so these charts must be retained at the aquatic facility.”
MAHC Annex
Inspection
UV’s Second Benefit
“UV equipment is utilized for its ability…to reduce combined chlorines in the pool water.”
MAHC Annex
UV is already commonly designed on indoor commercial pools to improve air and water quality.
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Cost Savings
Energy – natural gas, water, & electrical (when adding VFD’s)Corrosion – HVAC, railing, deck equipment, light fixtures, swimsuitsChemicals – no shocking required, pool open longer, lower TDS levelsReduced risk – RWI outbreak, athletic asthma, respiratory issuesMaintenance – labor, service
Energy ManagementIntegrating UV, VFD’s, and controllers with the HVAC
• By controlling chloramines in the water, we can reduce fresh make-up air
• Most indoor pools bring in many times more fresh air than what is
required by ASHRAE 62.2
• Presented at the 2013 World Aquatic Health conference
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Three Year Case Study
Due to chloramines, 50% fresh outside make-up air used.Purged multiple times during swim meets
UV improved water and air quality, volume of fresh make up reduced by over 50%.
Energy savings and incentive grant money based on fresh air used in excess of ASHRAE minimum standards
$0.00
$20,000.00
$40,000.00
$60,000.00
$80,000.00
$100,000.00
$120,000.00
2010 2012
Billing
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Savings and Incentive Money
Case Study Energy Savings - Aquatic Center
598,000 kW reduction, saving $38,900 annual bill
51,000 reduction in therm usage, saving $53,000 annual bill
Savings and Incentive Money
Whitewater Aquatic Center
598,000 kW reduction, saving $38,900 annual bill
51,000 reduction in therm usage, saving $53,000 annual bill
Custom Incentive money possible
• $47,840 for electric savings
• $20,000 to $40,000 for natural gas savings
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Savings and Incentive MoneyAlliant Energy “Custom Incentive” Program
• Must be pre-approved thru application process
• Grant money 1.5X energy savings*
• 50% funding, up to $7,500, available for feasibility study
• Post analysis possible for incentives >20,000 kW savings
• (at the discretion of the project manager)
• Minimum 2-year payback
• 2-3 week application review, check issued 2-3 weeks after completion of installation
Savings and Incentive MoneyUsing Incentive Money
Allows your facility to upgrade equipment including UV, chemical controllers, VFD’s
Provide ongoing reduced energy costs = added annual funding
Protects patrons and facility from enhanced corrosion
Must be accomplished before UV is required by law
UV RECOMMENDATIONS
Validated to USEPA UVDGM at the design flowrate
WiFi – Ethernet for off-site monitoring
Dose Pacing on lamps - energy savings and extended lamp life
Specify:
1) gpm
2) “dose”
3) Sized assuming T-10 94% water quality
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Thank You
Questions?
Note: A copy of this presentation is available,
please provide business card with email address
Tom Schaefer
Region Manager
Neptune Benson [email protected]
Cell 920-210-0852
Office 877-885-4628
