Filling the Gender Data Gap Filling the Gender Data Gap inin Agriculture and Rural Agriculture and Rural

DevelopmentDevelopment

11

Importance of GDDImportance of GDD

Human input/energy crucial to Human input/energy crucial to agricultural production & rural agricultural production & rural developmentdevelopment

Data on rural Data on rural producersproducers (esp. women) (esp. women) still marginally relevant in policy-makingstill marginally relevant in policy-making

More effective planning through better More effective planning through better statistical representationstatistical representation

22

Collecting GDDCollecting GDD

Different situations of men & women Different situations of men & women along socioeconomic linesalong socioeconomic lines

Specific contributions to economySpecific contributions to economy

Consequence of rolesConsequence of roles

33

Need for:Need for:

More accurate statisticsMore accurate statistics

Data more relevant to needs & Data more relevant to needs & concerns of data concerns of data usersusers and and producersproducers

44

Censuses & SurveysCensuses & Surveys

Must adequately address gender differentiation in:Must adequately address gender differentiation in: Land ownership and useLand ownership and use Access to creditAccess to credit Labour & time use Labour & time use Training & extension servicesTraining & extension services Technology accessTechnology access IncomeIncome

55

Statistics Users:Statistics Users:

Planners & decision-makers Planners & decision-makers Development expertsDevelopment experts NGOsNGOs General publicGeneral public Gender equity advocatesGender equity advocates OthersOthers

66

Producing GDD:Producing GDD:

Identify gender issues for special Identify gender issues for special treatmenttreatment

Identify gender-relevant dataIdentify gender-relevant data Review existing data sourcesReview existing data sources Improve existing sources/develop Improve existing sources/develop

new programmesnew programmes Compile, analyse, present, Compile, analyse, present,

disseminate datadisseminate data

77

Main Information SourcesMain Information Sources

CensusesCensuses (agricultural, population, (agricultural, population, housing)housing)

SurveysSurveys (farm, rural, employment, (farm, rural, employment, food consumption, household food consumption, household income/expenditure)income/expenditure)

Time-use studiesTime-use studies

88

GDD ConstraintsGDD Constraints Lack of reliable sourcesLack of reliable sources Lack of precisionLack of precision Inadequate concepts/definitionsInadequate concepts/definitions Weak analysisWeak analysis Weak dissemination systemWeak dissemination system Lack of audience analysisLack of audience analysis Competition with other prioritiesCompetition with other priorities

99

1010

Use of sex-disaggregated Use of sex-disaggregated datadata

Used to better reflect the contribution of men and women, to agricultural Used to better reflect the contribution of men and women, to agricultural activities and the gender dimension of agricultural resource allocation activities and the gender dimension of agricultural resource allocation and access to services such as:and access to services such as: area of holding,area of holding, cropping patterns, cropping patterns, access to credit and other services, access to credit and other services, use of different agricultural practices. use of different agricultural practices. etc..etc..

1111

Weaknesses in holder concept for reflecting gender Weaknesses in holder concept for reflecting gender dimension to agricultural activitiesdimension to agricultural activities

The concept of an agricultural holder as the major The concept of an agricultural holder as the major decision-maker for the holding may not be enough to decision-maker for the holding may not be enough to provide a realistic picture of the often provide a realistic picture of the often complex complex decision-making processes of the holding. decision-making processes of the holding.

Often, different members of the household take Often, different members of the household take responsibility for managing particular aspects of the responsibility for managing particular aspects of the operations of the holding. Sometimes, operations of the holding. Sometimes, women carry women carry out specific activities such as cultivating particular land out specific activities such as cultivating particular land plots or managing particular livestock activitiesplots or managing particular livestock activities..

There may also beThere may also be different levels of management; different levels of management; for for example, one person may make the strategic decisions example, one person may make the strategic decisions (“this year we plant potatoes”), while other people are (“this year we plant potatoes”), while other people are responsible for operational decisions such as when to responsible for operational decisions such as when to plant, who to employ, and how to market. plant, who to employ, and how to market.

1212

Concepts of Sub-holding and Sub-holderConcepts of Sub-holding and Sub-holder

The concepts of The concepts of sub-holding and sub-holdersub-holding and sub-holder are are introduced to address this issue.introduced to address this issue.

A A sub-holdingsub-holding is a is a group of agricultural activitiesgroup of agricultural activities on the on the holding managed by holding managed by a particular persona particular person in the holder’s in the holder’s household. household.

A A sub-holdersub-holder is is a person responsible for managing a a person responsible for managing a sub-holdingsub-holding. This concept is similar to the concept of . This concept is similar to the concept of “plot manager” and “farm operator” used in some “plot manager” and “farm operator” used in some countries.countries.

Data on sub-holding and sub-holders are Data on sub-holding and sub-holders are recommended for inclusion in the recommended for inclusion in the supplementary supplementary component component of the agricultural censusof the agricultural census

1313

Data items recommendedData items recommended

For each holdingFor each holding Identification of sub-holdings.Identification of sub-holdings. Identification of sub-holders .Identification of sub-holders .

For each sub-holdingFor each sub-holding Sex of sub-holder .Sex of sub-holder . Age of sub-holder.Age of sub-holder. Area of crops managed for each crop group.Area of crops managed for each crop group. Number of livestock managed for each livestock Number of livestock managed for each livestock

group.group.

1414

1515

Number of agricultural households and % Number of agricultural households and % Female headed by regionFemale headed by region

1616

Holder (Collective fields)

Sub-Holder (Individual fields) Both

(All fields)

Crops

M F M F M F Millet 97 3 45 55 87 13 Maize 99 1 90 10 89 11 Rice 98 2 65 35 85 15 Groundnuts 97 3 32 68 54 46 Vouandzou 96 4 20 80 50 50 White sorghum 98 2 58 42 90 10 Red sorghum 97 3 55 45 91 9 (sub) Total 98 2 48 52 86 14

Area cultivated / crop by sex of agricultural holder and sub-holder

EXAMPLE: BURKINA FASO

under-representation of women farmers’ work

1717

Average number of male active members per sex of Head of Household

Average nbr. active male adults by sex of HoHH Selected regions Male HoHH Female HoHH

Dodoma 1.1 0.3 Mtwara 1.0 0.5 Iringa 1.1 0.2 Mbeya 1.1 0.3 Mara 1.0 0.5 Tanzania 1.1 0.4

EXAMPLE: TANZANIA Female HoHH face greater labour

constraints

1818

Chart 7.5 Percent of Households that have access to Credit by sex of Household Head

0

10

20

30

Labour Seeds Fertili -zers

Agro-chemicals

Tools /Equip ment

IrrigationStructures

Livestock Other

Use of Credit

Per

cen

t

Male Headed Female Headed

TANZANIA

Gender differences in credit use & source: Male-headed HHs: credit > fertiliser & agro-chemicals Female–headed HHs: credit > hired labour & seed purchase

Male-headed HHs credit mainly from cooperative unions Female-headed HHs credit mainly from family / friends and relatives

- TANZANIA

1919

Land under individual Land under individual managementmanagement

(by (by individualindividual farmerfarmer / / active HH active HH member)member)

Male sub-holder: Area under individual management per type of acquisition at national level - NIGER

10%2% 1%

2%

9%

76%

Inherited

Purchased

Share-cropping

Loan

Gift

Other

Female sub-holder: Area under individual management per type of acquisition at national level, NIGER

12%1%

35%

48%3%

1%

Inherited

Purchased

Share-cropping

Loan

Gift

Other

NIGER – access to land by sex of farmer – LAND ACQUISITION

2020

Source: RGAC 2004-2007, Niger

Distribution of sedentary animals by type of animal, by sex of the owner - NIGER

cattle sheep goats

Men Women Men Women Men Women

77.7 % 22.3 % 60.3 % 39.7 % 45.5 % 54.5 %

NIGER:Access to animals

2121

Chart 9.4 Percent of Male and Female Headed Households by Frequency of Facing Food Shortages

0

10

20

30

40

50

Never Seldom Sometimes Often Always

Frequency of Food Shortage

Per

cen

t of

Hou

seh

old

s

Male Female

A higher percent male-headed HHs never has food shortage.

A higher percent of female-headed HHs has often or always food shortages.

FOOD INSECURITY/POVERTY INDICATOR - TANZANIA

2222

2323

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