FINAL EXAM REVIEW

ABSOLUTISM•1. ABSOLUTISM IS A TYPE OF GOV. IN WHICH THE RULER HAS ABSOLUTE POWER•2. MONARCHS JUSTIFIED THEIR ABSOLUTE RULE BY CLAIMING THAT THEY HAD DIVINE RIGHT TO RULE BY GOD

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION• THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WAS A MAJOR CHANGE IN EUROPEAN THOUGHT IN THE

1500’S THAT LED TO PEOPLE BEGINNING TO QUESTION THE WORLD AROUND THEM• DISCOVERIES:• HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: SUN IS CENTER OF UNIVERSE• TELESCOPE• SCIENTIFIC METHOD• PRINTING PRESS• GRAVITY

• IMPACT ON THE PEOPLE: • BEGAN TO DISCOVER NEW MEDICINE TO HELP STOP DISEASE AND SICKNESS• CONFLICTED AND WEAKENED THE STRENGTH OF THE CHURCH

THE ENLIGHTENMENT• THE ENLIGHTENMENT WAS THE APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO ALL ASPECTS OF

SOCIETY• AGE OF REASON BECAUSE PEOPLE BEGAN TO STUDY THE REASONING BEHIND THE WAY SOCIETY

WORKED

• HOBBES: BELIEVED PEOPLE WERE SELFISH AND GREEDY IN A STATE OF NATURE AND NEEDED THE GOV. TO PROTECT THEM THROUGH A SOCIAL CONTRACT. FAVORED ABSOLUTE MONARCHY• VOLTAIRE: PROMOTED RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND FREE SPEECH, HIGHLY INFLUENCED THE

FIRST AMENDMENT IN THE U.S.• MONTESQUIEU: SEPARATION OF POWERS• ROUSSEAU: INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM, SOCIAL CONTRACT WHERE PEOPLE GIVE UP SOME FREEDOM

FOR COMMON GOOD• LOCKE: LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY…IF A GOV. FAILS TO PROTECT THAT, THE PEOPLE HAVE THE

RIGHT TO OVERTHROW IT

FRENCH REV. AND NAPOLEON• CAUSES OF FRENCH REV:• THE ESTATES SYSTEM AND ITS UNFAIR CLASS STRUCTURE • ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS IMPACTING THE PEOPLE OF THE THIRD ESTATE•NO FOOD OR MONEY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!•WEAK LEADERSHIP OF LOUIS XVI/MARIE ANTOINETTE

•DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN:• ALL MEN BORN FREE AND EQUAL•NATURAL RIGHTS TO LIBERTY, PROPERTY, SECURITY• FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND RELIGION• VERY SIMILAR T O DEC. OF IND. AND INFLUENCED BY IT

• ROBESPIERRE RULED FRANCE AS A DICTATOR• REIGN OF TERROR: EXECUTION OF ANY ENEMY OF ROBESPIERRE OR THE

REVOLUTION• SIMILAR TO STALIN IN THE FACT THAT THEY BOTH CARRIED OUT PURGES OF

ENEMIES OF THE STATE• NAPOLEON BONAPARTE: BECAME A WAR HERO DURING THE REVOLUTION.

NAPOLEON OVERTHREW THE DIRECTORY WITH THE BACKING OF THE MILITARY AND TOOK OVER AS A DICTATOR. HE LATER CROWNED HIMSELF EMPEROR• NAPOLEON BEGAN SPREADING THE FRENCH EMPIRE ACROSS EUROPE WITH HIS

MILITARY• HE SPREAD A SLIGHTLY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZED COMMON LAW SYSTEM

KNOWN AS THE NAPOLEONIC CODE ACROSS EUROPE• INVADED RUSSIA DURING THE WINTER AND DID NOT RETREAT UNTIL IT WAS

TOO LATE• LEGACY OF NAPOLEON: ONE OF THE WORLDS BEST MILITARY MINDS, SPREAD

DEMOCRATIC NAPOLEON CODE, LED TO RISE OF NATIONALISM ACROSS EUROPE

•CONGRESS OF VIENNA:•GOALS: ESTABLISH PEACE, BALANCE OF POWER, RESTORE CONSERVATIVE RULERS, SURROUND FRANCE WITH STRONG COUNTRIES

•LED TO LONGEST LASTING PEACE IN EUROPEAN HISTORY

NATIONALISM•NATIONALISM: STRONG SENSE OF PRIDE IN YOUR COUNTRY•GOALS: WANT TO CONTROL THEIR OWN GOV OF COMMON PEOPLE, INDEPENDENCE

•CAN EITHER UNIFY COMMON PEOPLE TOGETHER OR DISUNIFY BY CREATING AN US VS. THEM MENTALITY WHICH SPLIT APART EMPIRES•OTTO VON BISMARCK: GERMAN NATIONALIST WHO USED REAL POLITIK•REAL POLITIK: SELF INTEREST IS GREATER THAN MORALS, POWER POLITICS, THE

ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS• LED TO UNIFICATION OF GERMAN NATION AND THE END OF THE AUSTRIAN/PRUSSIAN

EMPIRE

INDUSTRIALIZATION•INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: SHIFT FROM AGRICULTURAL, MAN

MADE GOODS TO INDUSTRIALIZED MACHINE MADE GOODS•ADVANCEMENTS IN FARMING (ENCLOSURES, CROP ROTATION),

MACHINES, FACTORIES, STEAM ENGINE•FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL (MONEY)•BEGAN IN ENGLAND BECAUSE THEY HAD THE FACTORS OF

PRODUCTION NEEDED TO INDUSTRIALIZE

IMPERIALISM:•WHY IMPERIALIZE AFRICA:•NATIONALISM: MAKE NATION GREATER•ECONOMIC EXPANSION: TAKE RESOURCES•IDEOLOGY: EUROPEAN RACISM (SOCIAL DARWINISM/WHITE

MANS BURDEN)•THEY WERE STRONGER THAN THE AFRICAN NATIONS

•BERLIN CONFERENCE: EUROPEAN NATIONS DECIDED ON BORDER LINES WHERE THEY WOULD DIVIDE AFRICA AMONG EACH OTHER•SUEZ CANAL: IN EGYPT BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE RED SEA. IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF ITS STRATEGIC LOCATION AS A TRADE ROUTE BETWEEN ASIA, AFRICA, AND EUROPE•SUN NEVER SETS ON BRITISH EMPIREBRITAIN HAD LAND IN ALL CORNERS OF THE WORLD, THE SUN LITERALLY NEVER SET ON A THE BRITISH EMPIRE

•INDIA WAS MOST IMPORTANT COLONY BECAUSE OF ITS LARGE AMOUNT OF RAW MATERIALS AND LARGE POPULATION•BRITAIN FORCED INDIANS TO ONLY BUY BRITISH GOODS, SET UP LARGE RAIL SYSTEM, TREATED INDIANS WITH BRUTALITY•SEPOY REBELLION: REBELLION OVER RUMORS OF BEEF AND PORK FAT USED ON CARTRIDGES•INDIANS FOUGHT BACK AGAINST BRITISH CONTROL IN SEPOY REBELLION BUT WERE NOT ABLE TO UNITE

•CHINA: ALLOWED THE BRITISH TO EXPLOIT THEM BY HOOKING THEM ON OPIUM AND MAKING THEM RELIANT ON THE DRUG•ALLOWED EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE TO DOMINATE THEM•OPIUM WAR AND BOXER REBELLION TO TRY TO RID CHINA OF EUROPEAN CONTROL AND LED TO THEM TRYING TO STRENGTHEN THEMSELVES

•JAPAN: WHEN APPROACHED BY THE U.S. NAVY TO TRADE, JAPAN QUICKLY MODERNIZED AND STRENGTHENED THEMSELVES TO AVOID IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN

WWI• LONG TERM CAUSES: MAIN•MILITARISM: EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDING MILITARY AND

GLORIFYING MILITARY PRESTIGE• ALLIANCES: SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES BETWEEN MANY EUROPEAN

NATIONS PULLED EUROPE QUICKLY INTO WAR• IMPERIALISM: INTENSE COMPETITION OVER COLONIES AND RESOURCES

INCREASED TENSIONS• NATIONALISM: BELIEF THAT YOUR COUNTRY WAS BEST LED TO

COMPETITION AND TENSION• ALLIANCES: • TRIPLE ENTENTEALLIED POWERS: GB, FRANCE, RUSSIA• TRIPLE ALLIANCE CENTRAL POWERS: GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,

ITALY

•SHORT TERM CAUSES: •BALKAN STATES: HIGHLY NATIONALISTIC AREA WITH TENSION BETWEEN NATIONS•AUSTRIA HAD TAKEN BOSNIA INTO ITS EMPIREBOSNIA WANTED TO GET RID OF AUSTRIAN CONTROL•GAVRILLO PRINCIP (BOSNIAN BACKED TERRORIST) ASSASSINATED ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND FROM AUSTRIABOOM WWI IGNITED

•SCHLIEFFEN PLAN: SWEEP INTO FRANCE, TAKE PARISRUSSIA•FAILED•TRENCH WARFARE: STALEMATE WHERE BOTH SIDES ARE FIGHTING DEFENSIVE BATTLES WITH NO MANS LAND IN MIDDLE•MACHINE GUN FIRE, ARTILLERY, TANKS, PLANES, GASSES MADE NO MAN’S LAND A DEATH SENTENCE

•FACING MASSIVE LOSSES, RUSSIA WITHDREW FROM THE WAR AFTER THEIR RUSSIAN REVOLUTION•NOW A ONE FRONT WAR, THE U.S. ENTERED ON THE ALLIED SIDE•WITH AMERICAN HELP, THE ALLIES ONE THE WAR AFTER THE SECOND

BATTLE OF THE MARNE

•TREATY OF VERSAILLES: •AMERICA: PROMOTE PEACE WITH WILSON’S 14 POINTS•BRITAIN/FRANCE: PUNISH GERMANY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

•VERSAILLES VS. VIENNA:•VERSAILLES LED TO ANGER, PUNISHMENT, AND UNSTABLE TRUCE•CONGRESS OF VIENNA DID NOT PUNISH FRANCE, MADE EVERYONE

HAPPY AND LED TO PEACE

REVOLUTION AND INTERWAR YEARS•CAUSES OF RUSSIAN REV:•HARSH ABSOLUTE RULE OF CZARS•INDUSTRIALIZATIONCLASS STRUGGLE AND POVERTY•LOST RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR•BLOODY SUNDAY•WWI

•COMPARE RUSSIA/FRANCE•BOTH HAD CLASS STRUGGLE, POOR, ILL-FED LOWER CLASS•BOTH HAD HARSH RULERS BEFORE REV.•BOTH WERE FUELED BY THE PEASANT CLASS•BOTH WENT THROUGH DEVASTATING PURGES

•LENIN: •WANTED TO SPREAD COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA•PROMISED PEACE, LAND AND PROPERTY•BOLSHEVIK REV: OVERTHREW THE PROVISIONAL GOV. LED BY KERENSKY AND PUT IN PLACE LENIN AND COMMUNISM RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR

•TOTALITARIANISM: TOTAL CONTROL BY THE GOVERNMENT OVER EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE•DICTATORSHIP/ONE PARTY RULE•GLORIFY STATE•STATE CONTROL OVER EVERYTHING•PROPAGANDA•FORCE TO CRUSH OPPOSITION

•STALIN CAME TO POWER AFTER A POWER STRUGGLE WITH LEON TROTSKY•STALIN WAS FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING A STRONG MILITARY AND INDUSTRY•STALIN SET UP A COMMAND ECONOMY WHERE GOV. MADE ALL DECISIONS•SET UP 5 YEAR PLANS: QUOTA SYSTEM PUT IN PLACE ON GOODS AND

FOOD TO INCREASE PRODUCTION•COLLECTIVIZATIONGOVERNMENT OWNED FARMS WHERE FARMERS WERE

FORCED TO GIVE UP FOOD TO MEET QUOTA’S. LED TO MASSIVE MANMADE FAMINE IN UKRAINE•GREAT PURGE: GOT RID OF ANY OPPOSITION TO STALIN, INCLUDING HIS

TOP ADVISORS/MILITARY MEMBERS

CHINA•CIVIL WAR: NATIONALISTS VS. COMMUNISTS LED BY MAO ZEDONG•NATIONALISTS WERE NOT FOCUSED ON IMPROVING THE LIVES OF THE PEASANTS, COMMUNISTS PROMISED TO GIVE PEASANTS LAND•PEASANTS SUPPORTED COMMUNISTS AND MAO ZEDONG DUE TO HIS PROMISE TO GIVE THEM LAND AND FOOD•COMMUNISTS WON CIVIL WAR AND PUT ZEDONG IN PLACE AS LEADER

INDIA•INDIAN NATIONALISTS: GET RID OF BRITAIN!•BRITISH POLICIES:•PROMISED FREEDOM DURING WWILIED AND NEVER GAVE INDIA INDEPENDENCE•MASSACRED PEACEFUL PROTESTORS•HIGH TAXES ON INDIANS•ALL OF THESE LED TO INDIANS UNITING TO GET RID OF BRITAIN

•GANDHI: LEADER OF INDIAN NATIONALIST INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT•PRACTICED SATYAGRAHA OR PEACEFUL CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE•USED PEACEFUL PROTEST TO ACCOMPLISH HIS GOALS•PEACEFUL MARCH TO SEA FOR SALT DURING SALT MARCH AND OTHER PEACEFUL PROTESTS

•BRITAIN USED BRUTALITY AGAINST PEACEFUL PROTESTORSWORLD BEGAN TO SYMPATHIZE WITH INDIA

FASCISM:•FASCISM: EXTREME NATIONALISTIC GOVERNMENT FOCUSED ON PROMOTING STATE •PEOPLE TURNED TO FASCISM TO FIX THE PROBLEMS FACING NATIONS AFTER WWI•INFLATION, POVERTY,, WEAK GOVERNMENTS, ANGER OVER VERSAILLES

•SIMILAR TO COMMUNISM IN THAT THEY HAVE TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS

•THE POOR CONDITIONS IN ITALY AND GERMANY FORCED THEM TO TURN TO STRONG LEADERS LIKE HITLER AND MUSSOLINI•MUSSOLINI PROMISED TO BRING STABILITY AND A BETTER ECONOMY TO ITALYFORCED OVERTHROW OF GOV. AND BECAME PRIME MINISTER•HITLERATTEMPTED TO OVERTHROW GOV. AND FAILED. HE LATER BECAME CHANCELLOR AFTER NAZI PARTY WON MAJORITY IN PARLIAMENT•NAZISM: FASCIST PARTY IN GERMANY FOCUSED ON SUPERIORITY OF ARYAN RACE AND PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS

WWII•AXIS POWERS=GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN•AGGRESSION:•JAPANMANCHURIA•JAPANCHINA•ITALYETHIOPIA•GERMANYRHINELAND, AUSTRA, SUDETENLAND, CZECH,

POLAND

•LEAGUE/BRITAIN/FRANCE=APPEASEMENT, THEY DO NOTHING•GIVE IN TO HITLER TO AVOID WAR

•BLITZKRIEG=LIGHTENING WAR, ADOPTED MODERN WEAPONS TO MODERN STRATEGY. USED PLANES FIRST, THEN TANKS AND GROUND FORCES TO INVADE•NOT USING WEAPONS FOR DEFENSE, USING THEM FOR OFFENSE UNLIKE IN WWI

•WESTERN CONQUESTINVADE NW EUROPE THEN TURN TO FRANCE GOING AROUND THE MAGINOT LINETAKE FRANCETRY TO TAKE BRITAIN (BATTLE OF BRITAIN)•EASTERN CONQUEST=INVADE USSRSIEGE LENINGRADMARCH TO

STALINGRADINVADE DURING WINTER (BAD IDEA)LOSE MOST OF ARMYRETREAT

•TURNING POINT BATTLES•N. AFRICA=EL ALAMEINTURN THE AXIS POWERS BACK IN EGYPT AND PREVENTED THEM FROM TAKING SUEZ CANAL•EUROPE=D-DAY OPENS TWO FRONT WAR•STALINGRAD=HITLER MADE DEVASTATING MISTAKE INVADING IN WINTER•BATTLE OF BULGE=HITLERS LAST OFFENSIVE

•DDAYLIBERATION OF FRANCE AND GERMAN RETREAT

•JAPAN:•ISLAND HOPPING CAMPAIGN WORKING WELL AFTER BATTLE OF MIDWAY•U.S. TAKES OKINAWA AND IWO JIMA, 2 ISLANDS CLOSE TO JAPAN•U.S. DECIDES DROPPING NUKE WOULD SAVE MORE LIVES THAN AN INVASION•HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI BOMBED WITH ATOMIC BOMBJAPAN SURRENDERS

•HOLOCAUST: PERSECUTION AND GENOCIDE AGAINST THE JEWS•6+MILLION DEAD•FINAL SOLUTION: EXTERMINATION OF JEWS AT DEATH CAMPS•UNITED NATIONS: •PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL PEACE•DIFFERENT IN THAT MOST COUNTRIES JOINED AND IT ACTUALLY HAD POWERS TO PUNISH COUNTRIES OR USE FORCES IN CONFLICT

COLD WAR•WAR BETWEEN U.S. AND USSR FOUGHT OVER POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL SYSTEM DOMINANCE•IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT: DEMOCRACY VS. COMMUNISM•SOVIET BLAME:•BERLIN CRISIS, CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, BACKING COMMUNIST TAKE

OVERS IN ASIA, WARSAW PACT, INVOLVEMENT IN ARMS RACE/SPACE RACE

•U.S. BLAME: •MARSHALL PLAN/TRUMAN DOCTRINE SPREAD DEMOCRACY, NATO,

FIGHTING WARS IN KOREA/VIETNAM, BACKING DEMOCRATIC GOV. AROUND THE WORLD

• CONTAINMENT:• TRUMAN DOCTRINE: U.S. WOULD AID AND HELP SPREAD FREE DEMOCRACIES• MARSHALL PLAN: PROVIDE AID TO COUNTRIES TO REBUILD IN EUROPE AFTER WWII • NATO: ALLIANCE BETWEEN DEMOCRATIC NATIONS TO PROTECT ALL DEMOCRACY FROM

THREAT OF COMMUNISM

• IRON CURTAIN DIVIDED EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE• BERLIN WALL SEPARATED EAST BERLIN FROM WEST BERLIN• USSR CRUSHED REBELLION IN HUNGARY KILLING 20,000 PEOPLE• WARSAW PACT: ALLIANCE BETWEEN COMMUNIST NATIONS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES

FROM DEMOCRATIC NATIONS• GLASTNOST OPENNESS, OPENED USSR TO FREEDOM OF PRESS AND SPEECH• PERESTROIKA ALLOWED SMALL SCALE CAPITALISM• PEOPLE HAD A TASTE OF DEMOCRACY AND WANTED MORELED TO COLLAPSE OF USSR

•INDIA/PAKISTAN: DURING INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT MUSLIM LEAGUE AND CONGRESS PARTY DIVIDED•MUSLIMS PERSECUTED BY HINDUS AND VICE VERSA•PARTITIONED INDIA INTO PAKISTAN MUSLIM NATION AND HINDU INDIA•STILL DIVIDED TODAY AND STILL HIGH TENSIONS

•MAO’S GREAT LEAP FORWARD: •IMPLEMENTED COLLECTIVE FARMING IN COMMUNES IN CHINA•TOTALLY FAILED, MASSIVE FAMINE LED TO 20 MILLION DEAD

•DECOLONIZATION: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN COLONIES•NEW GOV. TYPICALLY INSTABLE AND WEAK•CONFLICT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND VIOLENCE

ISRAEL•ZIONISM: JEWISH NATIONALIST MOVEMENT•BALFOUR DECLARATION: NEW JEWISH NATION STATE IN

JERUSALEM PROPOSED FOR A JEWISH SAFE HAVEN•ISRAEL FORMED AFTER UN DIVIDED PALESTINIAN LANDS

AFTER 1948 IN ORDER TO GIVE JEWS A SAFE PLACE TO LIVE AFTER WWII•IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE: JEWS FLOCK TO ISRAEL,

INSTANTLY FACE CONFLICT BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE •LONG TERM CONSEQUENCE: CONTINUED VIOLENCE AND

BORDER DISPUTES BETWEEN ISRAELI’S AND PALESTINIANS