Final Innovation

7/21/2019 Final Innovation

1/23


2/23

?

IDXM_CX]_M _M^DM\

Xfm rmictdkgsfdp omtwmmg dggkvctdkg cgh makgk`da lrkwtf fcs ommg wmii stuhdmh. ^crdkus

rmsmcrafmrs ct hdnnmrmgt td`m fcvm dgvmstdlctmh tfm dggkvctdkg lrkwtf gmxus. Nkiikwdgl crm tfm

stuhdms cokut rmictdkgsfdp omtwmmg dggkvctdkg cgh makgk`da lrkwtf

Xfm idtmrcturm kg dggkvctdkg ds vmry vkiu`dgkus cgh hdvmrsm. Xfm akrm kn dggkvctdkg ds tfm

usm kn prkhuatdkg rmskurams dg c gmw wcy cgh tfm sd`uitcgmkus wdtfhrcwci kn kihmr rmskurams

nrk` aurrmgt cppidactdkg cgh usm (Oksedg cgh Icwrmgam,344?). Jksmpf Qafu`pmtmr ds c`kgl tfm

ndrst makgk`dsts wfk usmh tfm dggkvctdkg akgampt dg fds stuhdms. Fm mxpicdgmh dggkvctdkg cs

Xfm nughc`mgtci d`puism tfct emmps tfm acpdtcidst mgldgm dg `ktdkg ak`ms nrk` tfm gmw

akgsu`mrs, lkkhs, tfm gmw `mtfkhs kn prkhuatdkg kr trcgspkrtctdkg, tfm gmw `cremts, tfm gmw

nkr`s kn dghustrdci krlcgdzctdkg tfct acpdtcidst mgtmrprdsm armctms ( Zcimwsed cgh Qecwdgsew

?224).

C ordmn rmvdmw kn tfm m`pdrdaci idtmrcturm kg tfm makgk`das kn dggkvctdkg kntmg stcrts wdtf

Lrdidafms (34


3/23

1

cgh _&H mxpmghdturms dg 3


4/23

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m`pmrdaci ndghdgl kn tfm stuhy dghdactmh c pksdtvm rmictdkg omtwmmg _&H mxpmghdturm cgh

gu`omr kn _&H m`pikymr dg dgniumgay makgk`da lrkwtf.

FTRKXFMQDQ

d. Xk dgvmstdlctm tfm d`pcat kn dggkvctdkg kg makgk`da lrkwtf

dd. Xk mxc`dgm tfm mnnmat kn _&H spmghdgl kg makgk`da lrkwtf

ddd. Xk mxpikrm tfm d`pcat kn fdlf tmaf mxpkrts kg makgk`da lrkwtf

dv. Xk sarutdgdzm tfm mnnmat NHD kg makgk`da lrkwtf

@MXFKHKIKLT

\m fcvm tcemg hctc kn Kgm hmvmikpmh cgh kgm hmvmikpdgl makgk`y tk cssmss tfm

rmictdkgsfdp omtwmmg dggkvctdkg cgh makgk`da lrkwtf. Xfm hctc smimatmh nrk` pmrdkh

3461 tk ?23?.

HCXC QK]_AMQ

Xfm hctc kg vcrdcoims LHR , fdlf tmaf mxpkrts, NHD, _&H mxpmghdturm cgh kotcdgmh nrk`

\krih Ocge Hmvmikp`mgt Dghdactkr (\HD), Xrchdgl makgk`das , \DRK nkr Dghdc cgh

Acgchc.Xfm stuhy akvmrs tfm pmrdkh kn 3461 tk ?23?.Hctc ds smakghcry ocsm hctc cgh dt

scvmh td`m cgh mxpmgsms .Hctc ds smakghcry dts caaurcay ds gkt surm cgh ct `cgy

dghdactkrs hctc ds `dssdgl.

HCXC CGCITQDQ

ACGCHC


5/23

=

AK]GX_T ACGCHC ACGCHC

DGHDACXK_Q LHR NHD

3461 ?.


6/23

>

Dg ncat, sdgam 3461, . Acgchcs dgwcrh nhd fcs hmaidgmh kvmr tfm ymcrscs sfkwg oy tfmsfrdgedgl ouooim.Acgchcs dgwcrh NHD stkae cs c sfcrm kn LHR fcs dgarmcsmh dg ?222 tfcges tk

tfm ak``khdty okk` dg tfm `dh ?222s tfct spcremh c wcvm kn dgvmst`mgts dg Acgchcs rmskuram

dghustrdmspcrtdauicriy tfm `dgdgl cgh mgmrly smatkrs. ?224, Acgchc fch sidppmh tk 4tf c`kgl

tfm sc`m 3= pmmr akugtrdms. Acgchc fcs c s`cii hk`mstda `cremt ocsm, cg cldgl pkpuictdkg, cgh

sikwdgl pkpuictdkg lrkwtf. Acgchcs sfcrm akgtdgums tk ncii.

?23? 3.


7/23

% kn tktci vcium chhmh, hkwg nrk` c pmce kn 36.>% dg ?222. Dts

sfcrm kn m`piky`mgt fcs cisk nciimg suostcgtdciiy kvmr tfm pcst hmachm (nrk` 3=.?% tk 32.?%).

Qkuram:www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl

_msmcraf cgh hmvmikp`mgt mxpmghdturm (% kn LHR) dg Acgchc wcs icst `mcsurmh ct 3.


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33

Qkuram:

www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl

Nkrmdlg hdrmat dgvmst`mgt5 gmt dgnikws (% kn LHR) dg Dghdc wcs icst `mcsurmh ct 3.48 dg

?233.Nkrmdlg hdrmat dgvmst`mgt crm tfm gmt dgnikws kn dgvmst`mgt tk caqudrm c icstdgl

`cgclm`mgt dgtmrmst dg cg mgtmrprdsm kpmrctdgl dg cg makgk`y ktfmr tfcg tfct kn tfm dgvmstkr. Dt

ds tfm su` kn mqudty acpdtci, rmdgvmst`mgt kn mcrgdgls, ktfmr ikgl-tmr` acpdtci. Xfds smrdms sfkwsgmt dgnikws (gmw dgvmst`mgt dgnikws imss hdsdgvmst`mgt) dg tfm rmpkrtdgl makgk`y nrk` nkrmdlg

dgvmstkrs, cgh ds hdvdhmh oy LHR.Xfds dgaiuhms sk`m fdlf prkndim tmafgkikly-ocsmh caqudsdtdkgscorkch oy Dghdcg ak`pcgdms. Fkwmvmr, dgnkr`ctdkg kg tfm rctm kn survdvci kn tfmsm vmgturms ds

ugcvcdicoim. Xfm c`kugt kn NHD nikwdgl nrk` Dghdc fch ciwcys ommg dgsdlgdndacgtugtdi tfm trdaeim

omac`m c tkrrmgt nrk` cokut ?22= kgwcrh.

3461 8.1 2.213464 =.4= 2.26

3442 =.=1 2.2 2.21

344? =.86 2.24

3441 8..>> 2.?4

344= 3

344< 8.2= 2.6=

3446 >.36 2.>3

3444 6.6= 2.8>

?222 1.68 2.3?232 32.?> 3.>2

?233 >.>8 3.48

?23? 8.


12/23

3?

DGHDC


Citfkulf Dghdc's _&H dgtmgsdty dgarmcsmh kgiy sidlftiy omtwmmg ?221 cgh ?22>, nrk` 2.4

344? =.86 8.2=

3441 8..>> 8..=8

3446 >.36 =.>?

3444 6.6= =..?>

?223 8.6? >.4.?8

?221 =.4=

?228 .22

?22= 4.?6 =.62

?22> 4.?> >.2.82

?226 1.64 >. .>8 >.61

Dghdactkrs Lhp _ & H

3461 8.1 ..

3464 =.4= ..3442 =.=1 ..

3443 3.2> ..

344? =.86 ..

3441 8..>> ..

344= 1

3446 >.36 2.>4

?222 1.68 2. 2..>8 ..?23? 8.


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31

gu`omrkn nkrmdlg _&H amgtrms, wfdaf fcvm lrkwg nrk` nmwmr tfcg 322 dg ?221 tk cokut

?22< ?.?2 4.62

?226 2.>4 1.64

?224 -?.

?233 ?.=1 >.>8

?23? 3.


14/23

38

LHR cgguci lrkwtf rctm Lrcpf 3


Xfm cokvm tcoim cgh afcrt sfkws tfm LHR cgguci lrkwtf pmramgtclm kn acgchc cgh dghdc nrk`

3461 tk ?23?. .Dghdc fdlfmst LHR lrkwtf (cgguci %) 32.?> dg tfm ymcr ?232. Dghdc ds cg

m`mrldgl makgk`y cgh fcvm pktmgtdci lrkwtf acpcadty Caamimrctdkg dg ^cium Chhmh: Dgarmcsm dg

lrkwtf rctm Fdlfmst nkr @cguncaturdgl cgh akgstruatdkg. dghdc fcs ikw LHR 3.2> dg 3443 hum tk

smrdkus makgk`da ardsds. Acgchc fdlfmst lhp =.63 dg 3468 ikw -?.24 dg 3443 hum tk smrdkus

makgk`da ardsds -?.

6

32

3?

3461 346= 346< 3464 3443 3441 344= 344< 3444 ?223 ?221 ?22= ?22< ?224 ?233

Acgchc

Dghdc
http://www.databank.worldbank.org/http://www.databank.worldbank.org/http://www.databank.worldbank.org/http://www.databank.worldbank.org/


15/23

3=

Nkrmdlg Hdrmat Dgvmst`mgt

Akugtry Acgchc Dghdc

3461 2.>2 2.22

3468 3.1< 2.23

346= 2.16 2.28

346> 2. 2.?4

344= 3.=6 2.=6

344> 3.=< 2.>3344< 3.63 2.6=

3446 1.>4 2.>3

3444 1.

?222 4.3? 2.


16/23

3>


Xfm cokvm tcoim cgh afcrt sfkws nhd. \m smm tfct acgchc fcs tfm fdlfmst nhd 4.3? dg ?222

wfmrmcs dghdc fcs 1.= dg ?226. NHD dgnikws hurdgl 3443-4? tk @craf ?232 dg Dghdc dgarmcsmh

`cgdnkih . Xfm `mcsurms dgtrkhuamh oy tfm lkvmrg`mgt tk idomrcidzm prkvdsdkgs rmictdgl tk NHD dg

3443 iurm dgvmstkrs nrk` mvmry akrgmr kn tfm wkrih dgarmcsmh tk ndntmmg akugtrdms dg 3443. Dghdc

m`mrlmh cs c strkgl makgk`da picymr kg tfm likoci nrkgt cntmr dts ndrst lmgmrctdkg kn makgk`da

rmnkr`s. . Cs ak`pcrmh wdtf acgchc Nkrmdlg hdrmat dgvmst`mgt, gmt dgnikws (% kn LHR) dg

Acgchc wcs ?.13 cs kn ?233. Dts fdlfmst vcium kvmr tfm pcst 12 ymcrs wcs 4.3? dg ?222, spcremh c

wcvm kn dgvmst`mgts dg Acgchcs rmskuram dghustrdmspcrtdauicriy tfm `dgdgl cgh mgmrly

smatkrs.Acgchc fcs c s`cii hk`mstda `cremt ocsm, cg cldgl pkpuictdkg, cgh sikwdgl pkpuictdkg

lrkwtf. Acgchcs sfcrm akgtdgums tk ncii ikwmst vcium wcs -2.2< dg ?228

-?

2

?

8

>

6

32

3461

3468

346=

346>

346

344

?22

3

46

3

44

?

22 .. ..

346< .. ..

3466 .. ..

3464 .. ..

3442 .. ..

3443 .. ..

344? .. ..

3441 .. ..3448 .. ..

344= .. ..

344> 3.>= 2.>1

344< 3.>> 2.>4

3444 3.62 2.


19/23

34

?223 ?.24 2.


20/23

?2

3.1% cgh wmrm `krm vkictdim, dgarmcsdgl crm ?.24 % nkr ?223 oktf ousdgmss cgh lkvmrg`mgt

_&H mxpmghdturms hmaidgmh cntmr ?22>. Dghdc _&H dgtmgsdty dgarmcsmh kgiy sidlftiy

omtwmmg ?221 cgh ?22>, nrk` 2.


21/23

?3

Rkiday

Lkvmrg`mgt sfkuih icugaf prkjmat nkr prkvdhdgl mgvdrkg`mgt nkr `cgclm`mgt cgh

ak``mradcidzctdkg kn dgtmauciprkpmrty tfds wdii prktmat cgh mgakurclm pctmgtdgl kn gmw

dggkvctdkg cgh wdii cttrcat puoida prdvctm pcrtgmrsfdp crrcglm`mgt.

Kpmggmss tk nkrmdlg _&H, wfdaf ds csskadctmh wdtf fdlfmr prkhuatdvdty lrkwtf mspmadciiy

wfmg hk`mstda _&H dgvmst`mgt cgh acpcodidty crm cisk fdlf

Hmvmikpdgl akugtrdms tcem dgtk caakugt tfm imvmi kn hmvmikp`mgt kn tfmdr dgstdtutdkg cgh

ch`dgdstrctdkg systm` nkr tfmdr suaamss pkidadms `ust om rmsdidmgt tk wmce dgstdtutdkg.

Hmvmikp `mafcgds`s tk `kodidzm ndgcgadci rmskurams nrk` oktf puoida cgh prdvctm smatkr

nkr sadmgams, tmafgkikly cgh dggkvctdkg.

Hmvmikp cgh prk`ktm c rkoust dgstdtutdkg nrc`m wkre nkr `kodidzctdkg cgh `cgclm`mgt

kn sadmgam tmafgkikly cgh dggkvctdkg rmskurams tcrlmtmh ct strctmlda gctdkgci prdkrdtdms.

]gdvmrsdty lrchuctms wdtf tfm rdlft tmafgdaci cgh ousdgmss sediis crm mssmgtdci nkr

ak`pcgdms tk dggkvctm cgh `cdgtcdg ak`pmtdtdvmgmss.

NHD cisk smrvms tk ordgl gmw tmafgkikly, egkwimhlm, kr dggkvctdvm prkamssms tk c

akugtry, cgh tk caamimrctm c akugtrys dgtmlrctdkg dgtk tfm likoci makgk`y.

Xcx fkidhcys crm pkpuicr wdtf m`mrldgl akugtrdms smmedgl tk cttrcat gmw nkrmdlg cgh

ktfmr dgvmst`mgt dg dggkvctdkg.

Mgnkram`mgt cgh prktmatdkg kn dgtmiimatuci prkpmrty rdlfts nkr`s c aruadci ak`pkgmgt dg

dggkvctdkg, mspmadciiy nkr tmafgkikldaci dggkvctdkg.

Rctmgtdgl trmghs prkvdhm c ugdqum cgh hmtcdimh skuram kn dgnkr`ctdkg cokut tfm stctm kn

dggkvctdkgcgh tmafgkikly wdtfdg c akugtry.

Xfm dgvmst`mgts c lkvmrg`mgt `cems tk strmgltfmg dts dggkvctdkg dgnrcstruaturm acg fcvm

c hrc`ctda d`pcat kg tfm codidty tk cttrcat hk`mstda cgh nkrmdlg dgvmst`mgt.Dg sk`m acsms,

nkausdgl kg lrcgts nkr fdlfmr mhuactdkg cgh _&H acg spur hk`mstda dggkvctdkg tfct fcs c

ikglmr icstdgl mnnmat kg tfm ikaci makgk`y. Ndsaci dgvmst`mgt dg dggkvctdkg tfus acg dgaiuhm tfm dghdrmat dgvmst`mgts tk mhuactm cgh

trcdg sadmgtdsts cgh rmsmcrafmrs, oudih wkrih-aicss dgstdtutdkgs cgh ncadidtdms, ncadidtctm

dgtmrcatdkgs wdtf likoci ak``ugdtdms tk lmgmrctm nrmsf dhmcs cgh gmw pmrspmatdvms, cgh

oudih struaturms tk ak``mradcidzm dggkvctdkg


22/23

??


23/23

?1

_MNM_MGAMQ

Oksedg, C. J., cgh Icwrmgam, J.I. (344?), Acpdtci, Xmafgkikly cgh Makgk`da Lrkwtf dg G.

_ksmgomrl, _. Icghcu cgh H. A. @kwmry (Mh.), Xmafgkikly cgh tfm \mcitf kn Gctdkg (pp. 3

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Final Innovation