PRESENTINGPRESENTING

““WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT PLANT,NIGDI”PLANT,NIGDI”

DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USE OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USE OF WATER AND DISPOSAL WATER AND DISPOSAL

( URBAN AND RURAL ) ( URBAN AND RURAL )

ObjectiveObjective : :Water is precious to man and therefore World Health Water is precious to man and therefore World Health Organization (WHO) refers to ‘control of water supplies to Organization (WHO) refers to ‘control of water supplies to ensure that they are pure and wholesome’ as one of the ensure that they are pure and wholesome’ as one of the primary objectives of environmental sanitation. Water may primary objectives of environmental sanitation. Water may be polluted by physical, chemical and bacterial agents. be polluted by physical, chemical and bacterial agents. Therefore, protected water supply is a sine quo non of Therefore, protected water supply is a sine quo non of public health of a community. The objective of a public public health of a community. The objective of a public protected water supply system is to supply safe and clean protected water supply system is to supply safe and clean water in adequate quantity, conveniently and as water in adequate quantity, conveniently and as economically as possible.economically as possible.

Basic Design ConsiderationsBasic Design Considerations : :Projects have to be identified and prepared in adequate Projects have to be identified and prepared in adequate detail to enable timely and properly implementation, detail to enable timely and properly implementation, considering the Water Quality and Quantity referring to the considering the Water Quality and Quantity referring to the present & projected populationpresent & projected population..

Per Capita SupplyPer Capita Supply : :

I ) I ) Basic NeedsBasic Needs : : Piped water supplies for communities should Piped water supplies for communities should

provide provide adequately he following as applicable :adequately he following as applicable :

Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing,

flushing of toilets, gardening and individual air conditioning .flushing of toilets, gardening and individual air conditioning .

Institutional Needs Institutional Needs

Public purposes such as street washing, watering, flushing of Public purposes such as street washing, watering, flushing of

sewers , watering of public parks.sewers , watering of public parks.

Industrial and commercial uses including central air conditioning.Industrial and commercial uses including central air conditioning.

Fire fightingFire fighting

Requirement for livestockRequirement for livestock

Likely waste amongst all usersLikely waste amongst all users

( II ) Factors Affecting Consumption( II ) Factors Affecting Consumption : :

a)a) Size of city – Larger the size, more Size of city – Larger the size, more the the consumption. consumption.

b)b) Characteristic of population and Characteristic of population and standard of standard of living .living .

c)c) Industries and Commerce.Industries and Commerce.

d)d) Climatic ConditionsClimatic Conditions

e)e) MeteringMetering

Quality StandardsQuality Standards : : The objective of water works management is to ensure that The objective of water works management is to ensure that the water supplied is free from pathogenic organisms clear, the water supplied is free from pathogenic organisms clear, palatable and free from undesirable taste and odour of palatable and free from undesirable taste and odour of reasonable temperature, neither corrosive nor scale reasonable temperature, neither corrosive nor scale forming and free from minerals which could produce forming and free from minerals which could produce undesirable physiological effects. The establishment of undesirable physiological effects. The establishment of minimum standards of quality for public water supply is of minimum standards of quality for public water supply is of fundamental importance in achieving this objective. fundamental importance in achieving this objective. Standards of quality from the yardstick within which the Standards of quality from the yardstick within which the quality control of any public water supply has to be quality control of any public water supply has to be assessed. assessed.

The evolution of standards for the quality control of public The evolution of standards for the quality control of public water supplies has to take into account the limitations water supplies has to take into account the limitations imposed by local factors in the several regions of the imposed by local factors in the several regions of the country.country.The following standards are prescribed.The following standards are prescribed.

a)a) Physical & Chemical quality of drinking water. Physical & Chemical quality of drinking water. b)b) Bacteriological quality of drinking water.Bacteriological quality of drinking water.c)c) Virological quality of drinking water .Virological quality of drinking water .

SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLYSOURCE OF WATER SUPPLYThe origin of all sources of water isThe origin of all sources of water is RAINFALLRAINFALL..

i ) i ) Surface WatersSurface Waters : :

Lakes, Ponds, Impounding Reservoirs, Rivers, Natural Water Lakes, Ponds, Impounding Reservoirs, Rivers, Natural Water Courses, Irrigation Canals, Sea Water & Waste Water Reclamation.Courses, Irrigation Canals, Sea Water & Waste Water Reclamation.

Sewage or other waste waters of the community may be utilized Sewage or other waste waters of the community may be utilized for non domestic purposes such as water for cooling , flushing for non domestic purposes such as water for cooling , flushing lawns , parks etc, fire fighting and for certain industrial purposes , lawns , parks etc, fire fighting and for certain industrial purposes , after giving the necessary treatment to suit the nature of useafter giving the necessary treatment to suit the nature of use . .

ii) ii) Ground WaterGround Water : :

a ) General :a ) General : the zone of Rain water percolating into the ground the zone of Rain water percolating into the ground and reaching permeable layers ( AQUIFERS ) inand reaching permeable layers ( AQUIFERS ) in saturation saturation constitute ground waterconstitute ground water source .source .

b ) Spring :b ) Spring : The discharge of a spring depends on the nature The discharge of a spring depends on the nature and size of catchments, recharge and leakage through the and size of catchments, recharge and leakage through the subsurface .subsurface .

PAWANA DAMPAWANA DAM

RAVET BUNDRAVET BUND

RAWET-PUNAVALE RAWET-PUNAVALE BUNDBUND

AERATIONAERATION : :a.a. To remove objectionable tastes and odours.To remove objectionable tastes and odours.b.b. For expulsion of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide.For expulsion of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide.c.c. To precipitate iron and manganese present in ferrous To precipitate iron and manganese present in ferrous and and manganeous statemanganeous stated.d. For increasing the dissolved oxygen content of waterFor increasing the dissolved oxygen content of water..

PRE – CHLORINATIONPRE – CHLORINATION : :a.a. To prevent algal growth in raw water.To prevent algal growth in raw water.b.b. For destruction of some taste odour producing For destruction of some taste odour producing compounds.compounds.c.c. For oxidation of iron , manganese and hydrogen For oxidation of iron , manganese and hydrogen sulphide.sulphide.d.d. For aid coagulationFor aid coagulation..

PLAIN SEDIMENTATIONPLAIN SEDIMENTATION : :a.a. To separate suspended impurities from water by To separate suspended impurities from water by gravitation.gravitation.b.b. Detension time of one to several days for sedimentation Detension time of one to several days for sedimentation without without subsequent filtration.subsequent filtration.c.c. 3 to 4 hours for sedimentation in conjunction with filters.3 to 4 hours for sedimentation in conjunction with filters.

CHEMICAL DOSINGCHEMICAL DOSING : :

a.a. For coagulation, flocculation.For coagulation, flocculation.

b.b. Disinfection and softening.Disinfection and softening.

c.c. Algal and corrosion control.Algal and corrosion control.

d.d. For fluoridisationFor fluoridisation..

FLASH MIXINGFLASH MIXING : :

a. To disperse the coagulant evenly in the watera. To disperse the coagulant evenly in the water..

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONCOAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION : :

The addition of a coagulant like alum promotes the formation of The addition of a coagulant like alum promotes the formation of

micro flocs which are the nuclei for the absorption of turbidity and micro flocs which are the nuclei for the absorption of turbidity and

colour causing particles . During flocculation the micro floc colour causing particles . During flocculation the micro floc

particles formed during rapid mixing are brought together to particles formed during rapid mixing are brought together to

aggregate into larger rapidly settleable flocs by controlled aggregate into larger rapidly settleable flocs by controlled

agitation of wateragitation of water..

PUMP HOUSE AT RAVETPUMP HOUSE AT RAVET

Fine ScreenFine Screen

AERIAL VIEW OF WTPAERIAL VIEW OF WTP

FILTRATIONFILTRATION : :a.a. To separate the suspended and colloidal impurities To separate the suspended and colloidal impurities in the water.in the water.

b.b. To produce sparkling and aesthetically attractive To produce sparkling and aesthetically attractive water free from water free from disease producing organisms.disease producing organisms.

FiltersFilters

Grannular Media Water Filters Diatomaceous Earth Filter

Slow Sand Rapid Sand

Gravity Pressure

Declining Rate Constant Rate

BACK WASHBACK WASH : :To clean the filters periodically as and when required by To clean the filters periodically as and when required by clean water with gravity or pressureclean water with gravity or pressure..

POST CHLORINATIONPOST CHLORINATION : :For disinfection of potable water by the use of gaseous For disinfection of potable water by the use of gaseous chlorine or chlorine compounds to destroy bacteria chlorine or chlorine compounds to destroy bacteria through the germicidal effects of chlorine may be done through the germicidal effects of chlorine may be done at head works / treatment works and supplemented by at head works / treatment works and supplemented by additional chlorination in loose pockets of distribution additional chlorination in loose pockets of distribution system.system.

STORAGE :STORAGE :a.a. For buffering fluctuating demands.For buffering fluctuating demands.b.b. For emergency storage.For emergency storage.c.c. For fire fighting.For fire fighting.d.d. For increasing supply pressures at remote points.For increasing supply pressures at remote points.e.e. For equalizing pressure in distribution system.For equalizing pressure in distribution system.f.f. For equalizing head on pumps.For equalizing head on pumps.g.g. For acting as relief valve.For acting as relief valve.

The various water sources are to be analysed The various water sources are to be analysed chemically, bacteriologically and the water treatment chemically, bacteriologically and the water treatment methods are proposed. The cost varies with the number methods are proposed. The cost varies with the number of units proposed for effective treatment of raw water to of units proposed for effective treatment of raw water to conform to the standards of water for USEconform to the standards of water for USE..

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM : :Pipes system should be designed on a continuous Pipes system should be designed on a continuous 24 hours supply basis for supplying the ultimate 24 hours supply basis for supplying the ultimate requirements of water at the minimum residual requirements of water at the minimum residual pressures for the peak demand. Various pressures for the peak demand. Various controlling and safety devices are necessary in controlling and safety devices are necessary in the system such as Sluice valves, Air valves, the system such as Sluice valves, Air valves, Scour valves etc. The purpose of the distribution Scour valves etc. The purpose of the distribution system is to convey wholesome water to the system is to convey wholesome water to the community / consumer at adequate residual community / consumer at adequate residual pressure in sufficient quantity at convenient pressure in sufficient quantity at convenient points. Water distribution usually accounts for 40 points. Water distribution usually accounts for 40 to 70 % of the capital cost of water supply to 70 % of the capital cost of water supply system.system.

1)1) Continuous system of W.S.Continuous system of W.S.2)2) Intermittent system of W.S.Intermittent system of W.S.3)3) House service connectionsHouse service connections4)4) Public Stand Post BasisPublic Stand Post Basis

SANITATION PROJECTSSANITATION PROJECTS

The objective of a public waste water collection and disposal The objective of a public waste water collection and disposal system is to ensure sewage or excreta and salvage discharged system is to ensure sewage or excreta and salvage discharged from communities is property collected, transported , treated from communities is property collected, transported , treated to the required degree and finally disposed of without causing to the required degree and finally disposed of without causing any health or environmental problems. Waste water disposed any health or environmental problems. Waste water disposed systems can either be on site type or the kind where water - systems can either be on site type or the kind where water - borne waste are disposed off site into a water body or on borne waste are disposed off site into a water body or on land. To keep overall costs down, most urban systems today land. To keep overall costs down, most urban systems today are planned as an optimum mix of the two types depending on are planned as an optimum mix of the two types depending on various factors.various factors.In designing waste water collection, treatment and disposal In designing waste water collection, treatment and disposal systems , planning generally begins from the final disposal systems , planning generally begins from the final disposal point going backwards to give an integrated and optimum point going backwards to give an integrated and optimum design to suit the topography and the available hydraulic design to suit the topography and the available hydraulic head, supplemented by pumping it essential. Once the head, supplemented by pumping it essential. Once the disposal points are tentatively selected, further design is disposal points are tentatively selected, further design is guided by the following basic design considerations;guided by the following basic design considerations;

Engineering Engineering EnvironmentalEnvironmental

ProcessProcess CostCost

Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Urban and Rural Areasand Rural Areas

StepsSteps :- :-

1)1) Project Preparation .Project Preparation .2)2)Preparation of Detailed Project Report with cost Preparation of Detailed Project Report with cost

estimation of various works.estimation of various works.3)3)Administration and Technical Sanctions for the Administration and Technical Sanctions for the

projects from appropriate authorities with financial projects from appropriate authorities with financial patterns for Popular Contribution, Grant – in – aid from patterns for Popular Contribution, Grant – in – aid from state and Central Govt., and Loans from various state and Central Govt., and Loans from various Financial institutions such as LIC, HUDCO, NABARD, Financial institutions such as LIC, HUDCO, NABARD, World Bank etc . World Bank etc .

4)4)Implementation Programme Implementation Programme a)a) Preparation of Schedule of works Preparation of Schedule of works b)b) Draft Tender Papers .Draft Tender Papers .c)c) NIT – Advertising in newspapers etc .NIT – Advertising in newspapers etc .d)d) Receipt of offers from agencies .Receipt of offers from agencies .e)e) Actual Execution of Works .Actual Execution of Works .f)f) Completion & Handing Over . Completion & Handing Over .

5)5)Operation & Maintenance – Cost .Operation & Maintenance – Cost .6)6)Financial Implications : - Tax Recovery .Financial Implications : - Tax Recovery .

WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT PLANTPLANT

PROCESS CONCEPTPROCESS CONCEPT

The river water bears impurities that are The river water bears impurities that are not suitable for industrial process & not suitable for industrial process & human consumption. The conceptual human consumption. The conceptual approach of treatment includes removal approach of treatment includes removal of coarse solids, settle able , suspended of coarse solids, settle able , suspended particles, colloids, dissolved in organisms. particles, colloids, dissolved in organisms. The water emanating after treatment is The water emanating after treatment is safe for uses in process & human safe for uses in process & human consumption. The salient unit processes consumption. The salient unit processes involved within the scope of treatment involved within the scope of treatment are: are:

a) Aeration By means of cascade Aerators.

b) Coagulation with chemical addition in flash mixer.

c) Flocculation & clarification in clariflocculator.

d) Filtration in rapid gravity filters.

e) Chlorination for disinfections (Pre & post chlorination)

AREATION FOUNTAINAREATION FOUNTAIN

It is the process of It is the process of bringing water in bringing water in intimate contact intimate contact with air there by with air there by the water absorbs the water absorbs oxygen from air. oxygen from air. The various method The various method are.are.

By air diffusion By air diffusion By trickling bedBy trickling bed By using sprayBy using spray

NozzlesNozzles By using cascade.By using cascade.

CLARIFLOCULATORCLARIFLOCULATOR When a coagulant When a coagulant

is added to water, is added to water, the precipitating the precipitating solids remains solids remains finely divided finely divided unless they are unless they are agglomerated into agglomerated into well developed well developed flocks by way of flocks by way of gentle agitation.gentle agitation.

FILTER BEDFILTER BED The suspended & The suspended &

colloidal matter in the colloidal matter in the river water is reduced river water is reduced to consistently normal to consistently normal proportion by proportion by coagulation., coagulation., flocculation and flocculation and clarification clarification treatments.treatments.

The final purification is The final purification is effected by passing the effected by passing the treated water through treated water through rapid gravity sand rapid gravity sand filter.filter.

PIPE LINE GALLERY, PIPE LINE GALLERY, FILTER HOUSEFILTER HOUSE

CHEMICAL HOUSECHEMICAL HOUSE

WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER DISTRIBUTION TANKTANK

Water Distribution Network in PCMC

SEMINAR PRESENTED BYSEMINAR PRESENTED BY

APURVA PAWARAPURVA PAWAR ALPESH PATILALPESH PATIL AMRUTA AMRUTA OMKAR RATHIOMKAR RATHI SACHIN VARMASACHIN VARMA