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8/13/2019 Final Print(Sunfatamonium)
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n cng ngh GVHD:PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Thng
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MC LC
LI MU ............................................................................................................ 3
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN ..................................................................... ................. 41.1. Gii thiu vNH3.............................................. ................................................ 4
1.1.1. Lch spht hin v sdng amoniac ......................................................... 4
1.1.2. Ngun pht sinh ammoniac ......................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Mt stnh cht c bn ca amoniac ........................................................... 5
1.2. Gii thiu phn sunphat m (NH4)2SO4............................................................ 7
1.2.1. Tnh cht ca Sunfat amon ...................................... .......................... .......... 7
1.2.2. C sha l qu trnh sn xut Sunfat amon (NH4)2SO4bng phng php
bo ha H2SO4tkh cc ..................................................................... ................. 8
CHNG 2. DY CHUYN CNG NGHQU TRNH SN XUT ............... 9
2.1. S cng nghsn xut Sunfat amon .............................................................. 9
2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng nghsn xut Sunfat amon .................................. 10
CHNG 3.THNG BO HA .......................................................................... 12
3.1. M TS CNG NGH................................................................ ........ 12
3.2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC ...................................................... 12
CHNG 4.TNH TON THNG BO HA ................................................... 154.1. Cn bng vt cht thng bo ha ..................................................................... 15
4.2. Cn bng nhit lng thng bo ha ................................................................ 18
CHNG 5.CN BNG NHIT THNG BO HA ....................................... 22
5.1. Xc nh kch thc c bn ca thng bo ha .............................................. .. 22
5.2. Tnh bdy thit b.......................................................................................... 23
5.3. Tnh kch thc np v y thit bthng bo ha ........................................... 24
CHNG 6. MY GIA NHIT KH CC .................................................. ......... 28
6.1. ngha v cu to ........................................................................................... 28
CHNG 7. TNH TON MY GIA NHIT ...................................................... 29
7.1. Cn bng nhit ................................................................ ................................. 29
7.2. Tnh kch thc c bn ca my gia nhit ........................................................ 30
CHNG 8. MY LI TM LIN TC DNG CHO SUNFAT AMONI ........... 34
CHNG 9.MY SY SUNFAT AMONI .................................................. ......... 36
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9.1. Cu trc my sy bng ti rung ................................................................ ........ 36
9.2. CN BNG VT CHT ................................................................. ............... 37
9.3. Tnh ton nhit................................................................................................. 38
9.4. Cn bng nhit ca qu trnh sy ..................................................................... 40KT LUN .............................................................................................................. 41
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 43
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LI MUKh cc l kh thu c tcc l luyn than sau khi loi bnc ngng c
cha mt lng ln kh amoniac, hydrocarbon benzene, hydrosunfua, kh
methanec gi tr rt cao c bit l amoniac l mt nguyn liu qu sn xutphn bn. C rt nhiu bin php thu hi amoniac sn xut phan bn nh: Sunfat
amoni, Amoni clorua, Amoni nitrat, URE, Amoni phosphate.. nhng bng phng
php bo haH2SO4 tkh cc ta c ththu hi c hu ht lng amoniac c ln
trong kh cc dng Sunfat amon, l mt loi phn bn qu thch hp cho cc loi cy
trng lu nm nh: c ph, h tiu, ch.. Do mt c im quan trng ca loi phn
ny l c cha cm v mt hm lng ln lu hunh rt tt cho cy trng m t loi
phn bn no c c. Qua cho ta thy tnh thc tin ca ti ny i vi x hi
hin nay.
V vy nhm chng em nghin cu ti: Thu hi NH3bng phng php
bo ha H2SO4 tkh cc l phng php sn xut Sunfat amon bng kh cc v
acid sunfuric
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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN
1.1. Gii thiu vNH3
1.1.1. Lch spht hin v sdng amoniac
Ngi Roman xa tm thy mui amoni clorua ti n th thn Jupiter ti xLibi c v gi mui l mui Amun ( salt of Amun).Trong mt tc phm c,
Caius Plinius Secundus (hay cn gi l Pliny the Elder) c nhc n tn mt loi
mui c gi l Hammoniacus (hammoniacus sal, hay cn gi l sal ammoniac).
Vo Th k th 8, cc nh gi kim thut Arp bit n sal ammoniac. Sau vo
Th k 13, Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) v cc nh gi kim thut chu u cng nhc
n tn mui ny. Vo thi k Trung th k, nhng ngi th nhum bit dng
mui sal ammoniac (cn c gi l nc tiu ln men) lm i mu cc loithuc nhum c ngun gc tho mc. Vo Th k 15, Basilius Valentinus ch ra
rng c th thu c amoniac bng cc cho kim tc dng vi sal ammoniac. Sau
loi mui ny c iu ch bng cch chng (nhit phn) sng v mng gia sc,
sau trung ha dch ct cha cacbonat thu c vi axit clohyric (HCl).
Ln u tin amoniac dng kh do Joseph Priestley phn lp vo nm 1774 v
c ng t tn l khng kh kim (alkaline air). Tuy nhin ngi u tin thu
c cht kh ny l nh gi kim thut Basil Valentine. 11 nm sau, Claude Louis
Berthollet xc nh c thnh phn phn t ca amoniac l NH3.
Fritz Haber v Carl Bosch l nhng ngi pht hin quy trnh sn xut
amoniac vo nm 1909. Cng trnh ny c ng k pht minh vo nm 1910.
Ngi c l nhng ngi u tin trn th gii s dng amoniac quy m
cng nghip trong thi ki chin thgii ln thI sau khi bphong ta mt ngun
natri nitrat tChil. Khi amoniac c c ngi c dng sn xut thuc n
phc vchin tranh.
1.1.2. Ngun pht sinh ammoniac
Hin nay ngoi ngun NH3nhn to (cc nh my sn xut phn ure hoc cc
nh my chuyn sn xut amoniac lng), trong tnhin cng c mt lng nhNH3
tn ti trong kh quyn do thng xuyn hp cht ny c to ra t cc qu trnh
phn hy cc vt liu ha c c ngun gc ng, thc vt.
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Trong nc ma,nc bin ngi ta cng pht hin thy c NH3 v cc mui
amoni. Hot ng ca ni la cng l ngun sinh ra mui amoni(nh amoni clorua
NH4Cl v amoni sunfat (NH4)2SO4). Ti mt svng khong cha s a,ngi ta cng
thy c cc tinh thamoni bicacbonat NH4HCO3. Cc hot ng sinh ha hng ngyca ngi v ng vt cng l ngun sinh ra NH3.
1.1.3.Mt stnh cht c bn ca amoniac
1.1.3.1. Tnh cht vt l ca amoniac
Kh NH3l mt cht kh khng mu,c mi rt kh chu v nhhn khng kh.
Amoniac ha lng -34 oC v ha rn - 78 oC. L mt kh tan rt nhiu trong nc:
1 lit nc 200 oC ha tan c 800 lit ammoniac
moniac lng l mt dung mi tt ha tan ch nhiu cht v l mt trong
nhng dung mi ion ha quan trng nht. N c thha tan cc kim loi kim, kim
th, t him to ra cc dung dch kim loi, dn in v c cha cc ion solvat ha.
1.1.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca amoniac
Tnh baz yu Tc dng vi nc
Khi tan trong nc, mt phn nhcc phn tamoniac kt hp vi ion H+ca
nc, to thnh ion amoniac (NH4+) v ion hiroxit (OH):
NH3+H2ONH4++OH
on OHlm cho dung dch c tnh baz, tuy nhin so vi dung dch km mnh
(th dNaOH) cng nng , th nng ion OHdo NH3to thnh nhhn nhiu.
Trong dung dch, amoniac l mt baz yu: 25oC, hng sphn li baz Kb=1,8.105.
Dung dch amoniac lm cho phenolphtalein tkhng mu chuyn sang mu hng, qu
tm chuyn sang mu xanh. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta dng giy qutm m
nhn ra kh amoniac.
Tc dng vi axitAmoniac (dng kh cng nh dung dch) kt hp ddng vi axit to thnh mui
amoni.
Th d: 2NH3+H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
NH3+H+NH+4
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Khi t hai bnh mnt ng dung dch HCl c v NH3c gn nhau th thy
c "khi" mu trng to thnh. "Khi" l nhng ht nhli ti ca tinh thmui amoni
clorua (NH4Cl). Mui ny c to thnh do kh amoniac v kh hiro clorua ha hp
vi nhau:NH3(k)+HCl(k)NH4Cl(r)
Phn ng ny cng c sdng nhn ra kh amoniac.
Tc dng vi dung dch muiDung dch amoniac c khnng lm kt ta nhiu hiroxit kim loi khi tc dng
vi dung dch mui ca chng.
Th d:
Al3++3NH3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4+
Khnng to phcDung dch amoniac c khnng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s kim
loi, to thnh cc dung dch phc cht.
Th d:
Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH
(xanh thm)
S to thnh cc ion phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+,[Ag(NH3)2]+... xy ra do cc phn t
amoniac kt hp vi cc ion Cu2+... bng cc lin kt cho - nhn gia cp electron
cha sdng ca nguyn tnit vi obitan trng ca ion kim loi.
Tnh kh Tc dng vi oxi
Khi t trong kh oxi, amoniac chy vi ngn la mu vng, to ra kh nit v
hi nc.4NH3+3O2 2N2+ 6H2O
Khi t amoniac trong oxi khng kh c mt cht xc tc th to ra kh NO v nc:
4NH3+5O2 4NO + 6H2O
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Tc dng vi cloDn kh NH3vo bnh cha kh clo, NH3tbc chy to ra ngn la c "khi"
trng.
2NH3+3Cl2N2+ 6HCl"Khi" trng l nhng ht NH4Cl sinh ra do kh HCl va to thnh ha hp vi NH3.
Tc dng vi oxit kim loiKhi un nng, NH3c thkhmt soxit kim loi thnh kim loi , chng hn
NH3khCuO mu en to ra Cu mu , nc v kh N2.
2NH3+ 3CuO 3Cu + N2O + 3H2O
1.1.3.3. ng dng ca ammoniac
Amoniac c sdng sn xut axit nitric; cc loi phn m ur (NH2)2CO,
NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4,...; iu chhirazin (N2H4) lm nhin liu cho tn la. Amoniac
lng c dng lm cht gy lnh trong my lnh.
1.2. Gii thiu phn sunphat m (NH4)2SO4
1.2.1. Tnh cht ca Sunfat amon
(NH4)2SO4l mt mui c dng tinh thmn mu trng ng hoc xm xanh, d
tan trong nc, nhng khng tan trong etanol v aceton, c tnh ht m, c mi nc
tiu (NH3). Trong dung dch nc, (NH4)2SO4b thy phn v cho mi trng axit.
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut (NH4)2SO4l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip quan
trng di vi mt t nc nng nghip nh nc ta. ng dng quan trng nht ca
(NH4)2SO4l lm phn bn, ngoi ra n cn c nhiu ng dng khc nh lm thuc
dit c, ph gia thc phm, cht chng chy, cht bo qun g, cht lm kt ta
protein... (NH4)2SO4 c iu chtamoniac v axit sunfuric.
Cn gi l phn SA.sunphat m c cha 20-21% N nguyn cht.Trong phn ny
cn c 29% lu hunh(S).
Khi lng ring 1.77g/cm3,tnc=1400C. nhit 2180C bphn hy mt phnto thnh cc mui acid, khi t nng n 513 oC th b thy phn hon ton thnh
ammoniac v H2SO4.
Phn ny dtan trong nc, khng vn cc.Thng trng thi ti,ri, dbo
qun, dsdng.
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CHNG 2. DY CHUYN CNG NGHQU TRNH SN XUT
2.1. S cng nghsn xut Sunfat amon
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2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng nghsn xut Sunfat amonKh cc (NH3, H2S, hi nc, hydrocacbon, Benzene) c lc bi my lc
in loi bcc ht bi c kch thc nhsau c nn v a vo thit bgia
nhit kh cc (1). Kh cc c gia nhit ln n 60 700C bng hi nc trch pha
sau tuc bin hi p sut t3 4 atm. Sau khi c gia nhit, kh cc i vo thng
trung ha (2).
Axit sunfuric 78% t thng cao v (8) v hi amoniac t thng tun hon ca
thp sa vi cng c np vo thng trung ha. Trong thng trung ha, amoniac s
phn ng vi axt sunfuric to ra sunfat amon theo phn ng (*) di y:
2NH3(k) + H2SO4dd (NH4)2SO4dd + Q (*)
Phn ng (*) l phn ng trung ha v ta nhit. Nhit ca thng trung ha
c duy tr mc 580C.
Bn cnh phn ng chnh hnh thnh sunfat amon (*) nh trn, trong thng trung
ha cn xy ra phn ng phgia axt sunfuric vi cc hp cht pyridin to nn
sunfat pyridin theo phn ng (**) bn di:
CnH2n-5N +H2SO4=CnH2n-5N.H2SO4 (**)
Nng axt trong thng trung ha c khng chmc 6 8%.
Kh khng ngng i ra khi thng trung ha cha khong 3g ammoniac/100 m3
kh ny c a vo thng thu hi s(3) thu hi axt sunfuric bcun theo. Saukhi i qua thng thu hi s(3), kh cc i qua my lm lnh cui cng lm ngui
kh n 25 300C trc khi i vo cm thu hi Benzene.
Dch sau phn ng trong thng trung ha cha tinh thsunfat amon, axt sunfuric
v nc c bm n thng cha tinh thsunfat amon (9). Trong thng cha tinh th
sunfat amon (9), sunfat amon c lng v tch ra y thng, dung dch cn li chy
trn qua ca thot gn ming thng v thot ra ngoi. Dng dch ny mt phn c
hi lu li thng trung ha v mt phn a i trung ha piridin.to ra nng ng u trong thng bo ha th ngi ta tun hon lin tc
dung dch nc ci. Dung dch nc ci bo ha s c chy vo thng tun hon
(4). Ty n c trli thng bo ha bng bm chu acid cng sut 20 40 m3/h.
Phn nhtrn sto thnh nha v c chy trn qua thng dung dch cha nc
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ci (6). Ti y, nha sc khv a ra ngoi, phn nc ci sc bm (7)
bm tun hon li thng bo ha.
Chu trnh c tun hon bm (8) sbm nhng tinh thsunfat cln v dung
dich nc ci ln thng cha tinh th(9), tinh thlng xung cn dung dch nc ci trn mt phn s a i qua thng trung ha kh pyridine, phn cn li chy
xung thng bo ha. Tinh th sunfat amon tch ra y thng cha (9) c a
xung my ly tm (10) n bng ti (11) sau i vo my sy (12) sy kh.
Khng kh nng c sdng sy kh sunfat amon.
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CHNG 3.THNG BO HA
3.1. M TS CNG NGH
Hnh 1: Thng bo ha
3.2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VICHnh 1: m t thng bo ho, trong cu to c m t thng thu hi pha trong.
Thng bo ho ny c hp thu hi bn trong. Do thng bo ho kiu ny c hp thu
hi tit din ln nn t mt mt dung dch nc ci. Thc cht qu trnh ny lm vic
thng bo ho nh sau: kh cc a vo thng bo ho theo ng ng dn kh thng
ng trung tm. V ng kt thc vng phn phi kh ngm trong vng nc ci.
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vng ny c nhng mi cho phn phi nm nghing, ton bdng kh phn phi
u vo vng nc ci nhmi cho y, to thnh dng chuyn ng tng so vi
vng trn trung tm.
Hnh 2. Bphn phn phi kh thng bo ha
Hnh 2: m tbphn phn phi kh c chto tthp chu axit. Kh cc cho
qua mi cho ca vng phn phi kh s tip xc ng u vi dung dch nc ci
axit, kt quammoniac tkh cc thu c gn nh hon ton.
Kh cc i ra tvng phn phi vo vng nc ci lm cho dung dch nc ci
quay trn. Do , c khnng khuy trn dung dch axit v lm ng du dung dich
axit theo chiu cao thng bo ho.
Khi i qua vng phn phi kh v sc qua cht lng, kh cc sc nng ln
pha trn theo phng thng ng pha trn thng bo ho vi tc khng ln
khong 0.7m/s v i qua khe hp ni khng gian pha trn thng bo ho vi hp thu
hi s3 ( Hnh 1 ). Tc kh trong lkhe khong 35m/s.
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Khi i vo khng gian hp thu hi, kh t ngt mt tc cn 0.7m/s do c
khnng lng ng nhng git axit.
Thng axit ti bng nc mt cch gin on qua vi phun s4 t trn np
hp thu hi thng bo ho theo hnh trn.Nc phun vo khng gian ca my thu hi s ra nhng git axit bn ln v
tinh thsunfat amoni ty hnh nn ca hp thu hi qua ng ng 12 trvthng
bo ho.
Kh cc gii phng khi nhng git axit i ra tthng bo ho qua ng thot s2
i din theo ng knh.
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CHNG 4: TNH TON THNG BO HA
4.1 Cn bng vt cht thng bo haBng 1: Kh cc tmy gia nhit vo thng bo ha:
Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3
/h)Kh cc kh 19200 40000
Hi nc 1900 2369
Hydrocarbon Benzen 1220 321
H2S 592 389
NH3 292 385
Tng 23204 43464
Kh cc sau khi vo thng bo ha thc hin phn ng ha hc vi acid
sunfuric, mt phn cn li hi nc v NH3 i vo thp sa vi. Hi nc NH3khng
nhng i vo thpsa vi m cn i vo thit bkhpiridin.
lng NH3 t thit bkhpiridin v lng NH3 trong ct sa vi c
chia lm i trc khi i vo thit bgia nhit. Do , lng NH3bng lng NH3
ban u.
Bng 2: Thnh phn hi vo thng bo ha
Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3/h)
NH3 35 46
H2S 10 7
Hi nc 310 387
Tng 355 440
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Bng 3: Kh a vo thng bo ha:
Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3/h)
Kh cc kh 19200 40000
Hi nc 2210 2763Hydrocarbon Benzen 1220 321
H2S 592 390
NH3 327 432
Tng 23549 43906
Nng acid Sunfuric thng c ly trong khong t75-80 % nhng phn
ng t hiu sut cao nht ta ly nng acid H2SO4a vo thng bo ha la 78 %.2NH3+ H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
Tng lng acid Sunfuric tiu hao cho qu trnh l:
327.
.,=1208 (kg/h)
Monohidrat: 1208.0,78 = 942 (kg/h)
Nc: 266(kg/h)
Lng Sunfat amon to thnh sau phn ng:
328.
= 1269 (kg/h)
Tha nhn rng lng nc ra Sunfat amon bng 6 % lng (NH4)2SO4thu c.
Lng nc ra Sunfat amon:
0,06.1269 = 76 (kg/h)
Nc v dung dch nc ci tthit bkhpiridin sang:
Nc v dung dch nc ci bng lng nc i vo ct sa vi l 310 (kg/h)
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Bng 5: Tthng bo ha i ra:
Nc vo Kg/h
Hi nc 1900
NH3 310Acid 266
Nc ra Sunfat amon 76
Nc ci tthng bo ha 310
Tng 2862
Bng 6: Lng nc i ra tkh cc c xc nh tcn bng nc
Nc ra Kg/hSunfat amon (m 2 %) 25
Kh 2837
Tng 2862
Bng 7: Lng kh cc i ra tthng bo ha:
Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3/h)
Kh cc 19200 40000
Hi nc 2838 3538
Hidrocarbon Benzen 1220 321
H2S 592 389
Tng 23850 44248
Sunfat amon sau khi li tm c m l 2 %, Khi trng lng thc t ca
Sunfat amon l:
1,02.1269 = 1294 (kg/h) v ca nc l 25 (kg/h)
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Bng 8: Da trn c stnh ton ta thit lp cn bng vt cht chung cho thng bo
ha:
Lng vo thng bo ha Kg/h Nm3/h
Kh cc 23204 42611NH3 355 441
H2SO4 1220 321
Nc ra Sunfat amon 76 95
Nc trong nc ci 310 388
Tng 25165 43856
Bng 9: Lng sn phm i ra thng bo haLng i ra thng bo ha Kg/h
Kh cc 23549
Sunfat amon 1294
Tng 24843
4.2 Cn bng nhit lng thng bo ha
Nhit vo
1. Lng nhit do kh cc mang vo tmy gia nhit.
Ta kh hiu nhit kh i vo tmy gia nhit l t,khi :
a, Nhit lng kh cc kh mang vo:
q1=19200.0,7.t = 13440t
vi tnhit kh cc kh:0,7(kcal/h)
b, Nhit lng hi nc mang vo:
q2=1900.(595+0,438.t) = 1130500+832t(kcal/h)
c, Nhit do hirocacbon benzene mang vo:
q3=1220.0,246.t = 300t(kcal/h)
d, Nhit do H2S mang vo:
q4=592.0,238.t = 41t(kcal/h)
e, Nhit do (NH4)2SO4mang vo:
q5=292.0,503.t=147t(kcal/h)
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Tng s: Q1=1130500+14860.t(kcal/h)
2. Nhit do hi NH3 v hi nc tct vi nhit hi bng 1000C:
a, Nhit do NH3mang vo:
q1=35.0,508.100=1778(kcal/h)b, Nhit do H2S mang vo:
q2=10.0,233.100=233(kcal/h)
c, Nhit do hi nc mang vo:
q3=310.(595+0,44.10)=185814(kcal/h)
Tng snhit do NH3v hi nc mang vo:
Q2=187825(kcal/h)
3. Nhit bi acid:
Q3=1220.0.45.20=10980(kcal/h)
Vi tnhit ca H2S0478%:0,45(kcal/kg.).
Nhit ca acid:200C
4. Nhit do dung dch nc ci mang vo trli thng bo ha.
Tha nhn dung dch nc ci bng 10 ln trng lng(NH4)2S04,ta thu c
dung dch c khi lng l 12690(kg/h)
Q4=12690.0,64.40=324864(kcal/h)
Vi 0,64 l tnhit dung dch nc ci, (kcal/kg.).
400l nhit dung dch nc ci.
5. Nhit do dung dch tun hon mang vo:
Q5=30000.0,64.56=1075200(kcal/h)
Vi 560l nhit dung dch tun hon.
6. Nhit ca phn ng ha hc gm nhit pha long,nhit trung ha, nhit kt
tinh.
a, Nhit trung ha c xc nh tnhit ca phn ng sau:2NH3+H2S04=(NH4)2S04
Nng lng ca: (NH4)2S04: 283700 (kcal/mol)
NH3 : 13000 (kcal/mol)
H2S04 : 210800(kcal/mol)
Hiu ng nhit trung ha:
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q1 = 283700-13000.2-210800 = 6900(kcal/mol H2S04).
b, Nhit kt tinh (nhit vo):
q2=2600(kcal/mol(NH4)2S04)
Vi q2l nhit kt tinh 1mol sunfat amonc, Nhit pha long t78 n 6%:
q3=17860.( )7983,17983,1 2
2
1
1
n
n
n
n
(kcal/mol H2S04).
Trong : n1: tsmol H2O/smol H2SO46%.
n2:smol H2SO478%.
n1= 3,856.18
98.94 ,n2= 54,1
78.18
98.22
Khi :
q3=17860( (9740)54,17983,1
54,1
3,857983,1
3,85
kcal/mol H2S04).
Lng nhit tng cng tha nhn:
q=46900+2600+9740=59240 (kcal/mol H2S04). hay
(kcal/mol(NH4)2S04)
Nhit cc phn ng ha hc sn xut 1269 H2SO4l:
Q6=59240. 5695121321269 (kcal/h).
Nhit vo tng cng thng bo ha l:
Qvo =3325701+14860t (kcal/h).
Nhit ra
1. Nhit mang ra khi kh cc t=600c.
a. Nhit lng do kh cc kh mang ra:
q1=19200.0,7.60=806400(kcal/h)
b. Nhit lng do hi nc mang ra:
q2=2837.(595+0,438.60)=1762571(kcal/h).
c. Nhit lng do hidrocacbon benzene mang ra:
q3=1220.0.246.60=18007(kcal/h).
d. Nhit lng do H2S mang ra:
q4=592.0,238.60=8453(kcal/h).
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Nhit lng tng cng:
Q5=2595431(kcal/h).
2. Nhit mang ra bi nc ci v sunfat amoni:
Lng dung dch nc ci:12690+1294-76=13908(kcal/h).
Vi lng sunfat amoni 12690kg v dung dch 12559kg:
Q6=(12599.0,64+12690.0,34).60=507990(kcal/h).
3. Nhit lng mang ra do dung dch tun hon.
Q7=30000.0,64.60=1152000(kcal/h).
4. Nhit mt ra mi trng xung quanh.
Q8=F(tthanh-tkk)
Trong :
tthanh: Nhit ca thnh vng bo ha 500c
tkk: Nhit ca khng kh -200c
F: Din tch bmt ngoi,m2
: Hscp nhit,5(kcal/m2.h.)
Tha nhn F=260m2.khi :
Q9=5.260(50+20)=91000(kcal/h).
Tiu hao nhit lng tng cng:
Q=4346421(kcal/h).
Ta t Tvo=Tra:
Nhit ca kh i tmy gia nhit qua thng bo ha:
3325701+14860t=4365901(kcal), ng vi t=700c.
p sut hi ca hi nc i ra t thng bo ha vi p sut chung khi i ra my l
860mmHg:
860.tong
hoinuoc
V
V=860. 69
44248
3538 mmHg,ng vi im sng 450c
Nh vy ,kh i ra l qu nhit.
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CHNG 5: CN BNG NHIT THNG BO HABng 10: Cn bng nhit thng bo ha
Thnh phn vo kcal/h
Nhit kh cc 2169214
Nhit do hi nc v NH3 187825
Nhit do axit 10980
Nhit do nc ci 324864
Nhit do dung dch tun hon 1075200
Nhit do phn ng ha hc 569512
Tng 4337595
Thnh phn ra kcal/h
Nhit do kh cc 2595431
Nhit do nc ci 507990
Nhit do dung dch tun hon 1152000
Nhit do mt mt ra mi trng 91000
Tng 4346421
5.1 Xc nh kch thc c bn ca thng bo ha
Thtch ca kh i ra tmy gia nhit v tct l:
V = [43464+(43906-43464)].273
343.
907
760= 46223(m3/h)
ng knh ng ng dn kh vo c xc nh da vo tc kh
12-15(m/s)
Ta chn 13,5(m/s).khi :
D =.3600
.4V = )(1007.13600.5,13.14,3
46223.4 m
ng knh ca ng dn kh trung tm trong thng bo ha,xc nh trn c stc
kh bng 2 ln nhhn,ngha l 6.75m/s.
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Ta c:
1,5 094,05600
)112.(2.5,1
5600
).(2
aCS
95,15)112.(2
5600).(2 aCS
D
Suy ra:
1,5 95,15).(2
3,2094,0).(2
a
a
CS
D
D
L
D
CS
Ta c:
0,3. 075,0)5600
)112.(2(
3,201
10.05,2.3,0
).(2. 3
53
t
a
t
t
D
CSE
3,03,2 D
L075,0)
).(2( 3
t
a
t D
CSE
Nn tha iu kin bn thn.
5.3 Tnh kch thc np v y thit bthng bo ha
y v np thit bcng l nhng bphn quan trng ca thit bv thng
c chto cng loi vt liu vi thit bthp X18H10T.
y ta chn y v np thit bl hnh elip c gv c ni vi thn thp
bng cc bch.
1. Tnh cho np thit b:+chn np theo elip tiu chun
+chn np c g
+ng knh trong 5,2(m) c ng dn a dung dch 600mm
2. Tnh ton bdy np:+i vi elip tiu chun: ht/Dt=0,3 th ht=1,56(m),Rt=Dt=5,2(m)
+chn s bbdy thp bng 12mm
+xt ts: 46712
5600
t
t
D
R
Suy ra: 4,5144,85.7,0
10.05,2.15,0
.
.15,0 5
c
t
x
E
Trong : [ ].[]c
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Tra bng ta c:
:hshiu chnh,ta chn =0,7
[ ] :ng sut cho php tiu chun,N/mm2,Ta chn [ 2/122] mmN .
Suy ra: [ 2/11009.122] mmNc .
Suy ra: 4,5144,85.7,0
10.05,2.15,0
.
.15,0467
5
c
t
t
x
E
S
R
Hay 0,2 3,025,0 t
t
D
h
Ta c:)1(..7,6)(
..5).(
xRxCSE
RxCSE
t
c
tat
t
t
cat
= 30,1)7,01.(5600.4,85.7,0.7,6)112(10.05,2
5600.4,85.7,0.5)112.(10.05,25
5
[t
at
cnD
CSEK
..]
Trong :
x: Hsthp khng g
Kc: Phthuc vo ts:
250255)112.(2
5600
).(2 a
t
CS
D
Suy ra ta chn Kc=0,136
Ta c:
Kc=875. 064,0136,0.10.05,2
110.875.
5 c
t
t
c qE
[ .136,0.10.05,2.136,0.10.05,2.136,0] 55
t
a
t
a
t
a
tCnD
CS
D
CS
D
CSEK
2,05.105. 2/76,545600
112mmnN
[Pn]= 2/1523,0165,05600.30,1
)112.(76,54.2
.
]][.[2mmN
R
CS
t
an
Vy bdy np l:12mm.
Tnh bn cho l:
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ng knh cho php khng cn tng knh:
dmax= 2.[ ]).().8,0)(
( aata CCSD
S
CS
= 2.[ ]1)112.(5600).8,012112
(
= 57,68mm
Trong :
Dt: ng knh trong np,Dt=5600mm
S: Bdy np,S=10mm.
Nh vy ta phi tng knh cho lthot hi.
3. Tnh cho y thit b:S lc cu to:+Chn y nn tiu chun Dt=5600mm
+Tnh ton:chn nn l hnh nn c g,gc y 2=600
+Chiu cao tng ca nn bng 4950mm.
4. Kim tra iu kin bn ca y:Chn bdy tnh ton y S=12mm
Lc tnh ton P nn y:
P = ( NPD nn 37833841523,0.)245600).(4().4(22
Trong :ta chn p sut tc dng ln y thit b:
Pn=0,1523N/mm2
Dn: ng knh ngoi thit b,mm
Lc nn chu trc cho php:
[P]= 2cos).(. atC CSEK
Vi:
Et:modul n hi ca vt liu lm y E=2,5.105N/mm2
KC:hsphthuc ts.
250254)112.(2
5600
).(2
a
t
CS
D
Tra bng,ta c KC=qc=0,136
Vy lc nn trc cho thp l:
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[P]= N969338430cos)112(10.5,2.136,0. 225
Kim tra bdy y:
Theo cng thc 5.15 v 5.16,trang 99,[4].
88,056004950'
tDl
0,3
08,0)5600
112.2(.
3,201
10.05,2.3,0]
].[2[. 3
53
t
a
c
t
D
CSE
1,5.
5,254).(2
88,0'
09,0.2
a
t
tt
a
CS
D
D
l
D
CS
Theo cng thc 5.19,trang 99,[4],p sut tnh ton trong thit b:
[P]n=0,6949.E.t
a
t
at
D
CS
D
CS
L
D
..
'
2
= 0,649.2,05.105.0,08( )5600
112. 93,0
5600
112
Tha iu kin n nh.
Vy bdy y l 12mm
Trong :
c :gii hn chy ca vt liu nhit tnh ton,N/mm2
[ c ]=[ ] .nc=122.1,65=201,3
[ :] ng sut nn cho php tiu chun.suy ra[ c ]=122N/mm2
Nc.hsan ton,tra nc=1,65
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CHNG 6:MY GIA NHIT KH CC
6.1 ngha v cu to
gia nhit cho kh cc trc khi a vo thng bo ha vi mc ch iu
khin qu trnh bc hi nc trong bthng bo ha,ngi ta lp t my.
Hnh 3. My gia nhit kh cc
Hnh 3. M tmy gia nhit kh cc gia nhit ng chm. N l mt loi chm
ng, kh cc chuyn ng trong ng. Hi nc 3-4 atm chuyn ng trong khong
khng gian gia cc ng(hi nc c sdng sau my tuabin hi).
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CHNG 7.TNH TON MY GIA NHITBng 11: Kh cc tmy lc in sau c a qua my gia nhit:
Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3/h)
Kh cc kh 19200 40000
Hi nc 1900 2369
Hydrocarbon Benzen 1220 321
H2S 592 389
NH3 292 385
Tng 23204 43464
Tha nhn nhit ca kh i vo my gia nhit kh cc l 500c v p sut kh vo
907mmHg.Theo cn bng nhit,kh phi gia nhit 700c tnh ton bmt un nng
ca my gia nhit.Ta tha nhn dng i ra l 800c m bo lm vic trong trng
hp c ssai lch vi chcng nghip.
7.1. Cn bng nhit
Nhit vo
1. Nhit kh cc:a.Kh cc kh:
q1=19200.0,7.50=67200(kcal/h).
b. Hi nc:
q2=1900.(595+0,438.50)=1172110(kcal/h).
c. Cc hidrocacbon benzene:
q3=1220.0,246.50=15006(kcal/h).
d. H2S:
q4=592.0,238.50=7045(kcal/h).
e. Sunfat amoni:q5=292.0,503.50=7344(kcal/h).
Tng nhit:
Q1=q1+ q2 + q3 + q4+ q5=1873505(kcal/h).
2. Nhit do hi t cung cp,Q2.Tng nhit mang vo:
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Qvo=Q2+1873505(kcal/h).
Nhit ra
1. Nhit mang ra khi my gia nhit 800C:a, Nhit mang ra do kh cc kh:
q1=19200.0,7.80=1075200(kcal/h).
b, Nhit mang ra do hi nc:
q2=1900(595+0,438.80)=1197076(kcal/h).
c, Nhit mang ra do hidrocacbon benzene:
q3=1220.0,246.80=24009(kcal/h).
d, Nhit mang ra do H2S:
q4=592.0,238.80=11272(kcal/h).
e, Nhit mang ra do NH3:
q5=292.0,503.80=11750(kcal/h).
Nhit tng cng kh cc mang ra:
Q3=2319307(kcal/h).
2.Nhit mt ra mi trng l 5% so vi lng truyn nhit l,lng nhit truyn l:
Q=2319307-1873505=445802(kcal/h).
Do vy
Q4=0,05. 44580=22290(kcal/h).
Tng tiu hao nhit l:
Q=2341597(kcal/h).
Cn bng nhit lng ra v vo l:
Q2=2341597-1873505=468092(kcal/h).
Tha nhn hi t c p sut 3atm v nhit 132,90C.Nhit ngng tl
518,1(kcal/kg).Tiu hao lng hi t:
1,518
468092 903(kg/h)
7.2. Tnh kch thc c bn ca my gia nhit
Thtch trung bnh kh i vo my gia nhit:
V=43464. 45091907
760.
273
)27365(
(m3/h)
Chn tc kh l 13,5(m/s);khi tit din cn thit ca ng:
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S = )(928,05,13.3600
45091 2m
ng knh ng 51/57 mm th sng cn thit l:
n= 454)051,0.(785,0928,0
2 ng.
Nu ta tha nhn 11 hnh lc gic th c 439 ng.Tc thc tca kh:
97,13)051,0.(785,0.439.3600
450912 (m/s)
V Re=1000.z
d
nht kh kh(zck) nhit trung bnh 650C=0,0138 v znc=0,012
nht ca kh cc t 650
C:
OH
OHOH
ck
ckck
ka
ka
Z
M
z
M
z
M
2
22 ...100
Mck=10,75;ck= %76,8843464
100.38580 , 24,11
2OH %
86003012,0
18.24,11
0138,0
75,10.76,88.100
ka
ka
z
M
Khi lng phn tca kh m:
Mka= 56,11100
18.24,1175,10.76,88
nht kh m:
Zka= 0134,086003
56,11.100
Khi lng kh cc m:
497,0760
907.
)27365(
273.
4,22
56,11
(Kg/m3)
Trong :
Re=1000. 264250134,0
497,0.051,0.97,131000
kaz
d
dn nhit kh cc kh 650C = 0,12(kcal/m.h.);
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Hi nc = 0,018(kcal/m.h.)
Kh cc m: = 0,8876.0,12+0,1124.0,018=0,1085(kcal/m.h.)
Tnhit kh cc kh = 0,7(kcal/kg.)
Hi nc = 0,438(kcal/kg.)Tnhit kh m:
C= 676,0190019200
438,0.19007,0.19200
(kcal/kg.)
V :
Pr=3,6. 3,01085,0
0134,0.676,0.6,3
zC
Ta c:
Nu=0,023Re0,8Pr0,4=0,023.(26425)0,8.(0,3)0,4=48,9Hscp nhit ring phn ttng n kh:
03,104051,0
1085,0.9,48
dNu
T
(kcal/m2.h.);
Tha nhn hscp nhit thi nc ngng tn thnh 10000 (kcal/m2.h.);
Hstruyn nhit tng cng:
K= 67,85
001,003,104
1
50
003,0
10000
11
111
1
1
Tn
(kcal/m2.h.);
V 001,01
1
:nhit trca cn bn.
Hiu snhit trung bnh logarit khi nhit hi l 132,90C:
132,90hoi
khi 132,90
500 800
08,66
9,52
9,82lg3,2
9,529,82
cpt
Bmt nhit i hi:
F= )(828,66.67,85
468092
.2m
tK
Q
cp
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Chiu di my gia nhit:
L= )(2,1439.051,0.14,3
82
.. m
nd
F
ng knh my gia nhit:
D=2.(x.t+ )
Vi x l shnh lc gic ( Hnh 3 )
t l bc ng di 74 mm
l khong cch ca ng.
Khi :
D = 2.(11.0.074+0,057)=1,74m.
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CHNG 8. MY LI TM LIN TC DNG CHO SUNFAT AMONI
Cu trc thit bgn gng, hot ng lin tc, n gin, dkim tra, tiu hao
nng lng khng nhiu, nng sut ln, cht lng sunfat amoni cao hn. V l do nhvy nn my li tm lin tc c p dng nhiu trong sn xut. nhng cng vic lao
ng chn tay nng nhc ca nhng ngi cng nhn c thay thbng cc dng c
o lng v kim tra. Vi nh my cc c 4 hl, chcn 3 my li tm lin tc thay v
phi dng 6 ci, do gim c din tch lp t my li tm, ng thi cc thit b
dng cho sa cha cng gim i. Khi chuyn sang my li tm lin tc, chlm vic
ca thng bo ho cng tt hn v lin tc ly sn phm ra tthit b, sc hi cho
cng nhn thp v my li tm kn hn. My li tm c cu to t mt thng nm
ngang s1 v gn cht ln mt ci u phi ca trc. Trc ny c quay bi ng c
in.
Hnh 4: My li tm lin tc
Thng s1 ca my li tm c c l. trn p st ci thng l hai ci li dng
khe s2. Tinh th sunfat amoni snm li trn . Hn hp sunfat amoni cng vi
dung dch nc ci c a vo nn phn phi s3 ca my li tm. Ci nn ny
quay vng trn cng vi thng quay, trc chuyn ng do ng c. Hn hp chuyn
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CHNG 9.MY SY SUNFAT AMONI
9.1. Cu trc sy bng ti rung
Sunfat amoni c hm m khong 2%, do mui ca n c xu hng l dnhvi nhau. Khi n dnh vi nhau hay to hn th rt kh 36ang bn vo t. m
ca sunfat amoni cng ln th dnh cng cao. Thc t hm lng m ca sunfat
amoni nhhn 2% th hin tng ny khng xy ra. gim hm lng m t2%
xung 0.2% th phi sy trong my sy bng ti rung hoc sy trong my sy thng
quay. Trong hnh 5, my sybng ti rung l mt ci mng di v hp, mt trn ca n
chuyn ng rung tng tnh sn lc. Vt liu chuyn ng trn bmt n ging
nh ci sn phng. V vybngti schuyn ng ti lui.
Hnh 5. My sy bng ti rung
Khng kh nng c a vo mt trn ca bng ti sy cc tinh th sunfatamoni. Khng kh c a vo my sy bng qut gia nhit s b trong caloriphe.
Khng kh i qua khe ca tm v n trm ln tinh th sunfat amoni bo ho nc.
Khng kh nng lm gim hm m ca tinh th. Khng kh m i qua ca sphn b
trong sut chiu di ca my sy v c ht ra ngoi.
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Bng 12: c tnh k thut ca my sy bng ti rung
Chiu di ca my 9000 mm
Chiu rng ca my 1000 mmCng sut ng c nhit 7Kw
Svng trn pht 970
Slc kp 340
Trng lng bang ti khng kng c
in
3500kg
9.2. Cn bng vt cht
Tnh ton vt cht- Sunfat m: 12694(kg/h)
- Sunfat kh: 1269(kg/h)
- Nc: 25(kg/h)
Tha nhn m ca sunfat sau khi sy l 0,2% lng hi nc thot ra l:
W=25- 5,22100
2,0.1269 (kg/h)
Tiu hao khng kh kh:
L=02
1000
dd (kg/h)
Vi: d0l hm m ca khng kh a vo caloriphe
d2l hm m ca khng kh ra khi my sy
khi :
i vi khng kh a vo
0 l p sut hi: d0 = 62200
00
.745
.
vi:
0 l m tng bo ha hi nc nhit vo ca khng kh,mmHg
Tha nhn: 0 =0,7 v t0=50
nhit 50th 0 =6,5mmHg
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2. Nhit do sunfat mang ra:Q5=(0,25.1269+2,5).70=22382(kcal/h).
3. Nhit mt mt do mi trng 4% so vi nhit truyn trong khng kh:Q6=0,04.Q3
Tng tiu hao nhit:
Qtiu hao=73225+0,04.Q3(kcal/h).
Cn bng nhit vo v nhit ra:
14462+Q3=73225+0,04.Q3
Nhit cung cp cho caloriphe:
Q3=61211(kcal/h)
Ta thit lp cn bng nhit cho caloriphe:
L.i0+Q3=L.i1
Trong : Q3=L.(i1-i0)
V rng:
i1=0,24.t1+0,001.d0(595+0,47.t1)
Tha nhn nhit ca khng kh trong caloriphe t1=1200:
i1=0,24.120+0,001.3,78(595+0,47.120)=31,26(kcal/kg kh kh).
Khi :
Q3=2201.(31,26-3,46)=61187(kcal/h).
Trong trng hp khng khp,cn thit phi cho li gi tr 2 .
Tiu hao hi trong caloriphe l 61187(kcal/h).
Ta chn p sut ca hi t 4atm v nhit 142,90C:
72,1191,511
61187 (kg/h)
Vi nhit ngng thi l 511,1(kcal/kg).
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n cng ngh GVHD:PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Thng
Trang 41
KT LUN
Da vo cc kt qutnh ton trong bi ta c th la chn nhng thit bchnh
ph hp vi h thng a vo hot ng. Trong qu trnh hot ng m botnh an ton v n nh trong vn hnh, ta cn phi tnh n phn kim tra an ton h
thng v tnh tng ha cho hthng.hthng mi hot ng an ton v hiu qu
v ng yu cu t ra ca ngi thit k, tuy nhin trong qu trnh tnh ton,nhm em
khng th trnh by ton b ni dung ca phn ny m ch ch trng vo phn tnh
ton v thit khhng theo yu cu c giao.
Kt qutnh ton:
-Thng bo ha:
+Tiu hao nhit tng cng: 4365901(kcal/h).
+Nhit ca kh i t my gia nhit qua thng bo ha: 4365901(kcal/h).ng vi
t=700C
+p sut hi ca hi nc i ra tthng bo ha: 68,76mmHg, ng vi im sng
450C.
+Tit din chung: 18,6 (m2).
+ng knh: 5,2(m).
+Chiu cao thit b(khng knp v y thit b): 12m
+Chiu cao y thit b: 4950 mm
+Chiu cao np thit b: 1560 mm
-My gia nhit kh cc:
+Tng tiu hao nhit l: 2341597 (kcal/h).
+Hstruyn nhit tng cng: 85,67 (kcal/m2.h.).
+ng knh my gia nhit: 1,74 (m).
-My sy sunfat amoni+Tiu hoa khng kh kh: 2201 (kg/h).
+Nhit cung cp cho caloriphe: 61187 (kcal/h).
+Nhit ngng thi l:511,1 (kcal/kg).
Trong qu trnh tnh ton v thit k, tuy tnh n cc tn tht c bn ca h
thng nhng vn cha cp n nhng tn tht c thc, v c bqua qu
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n cng ngh GVHD:PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Thng
Trang 42
trnh tnh ton c nhanh chng v n gin. Cho nn kt qutuy khng chnh xc
tuyt i nhng cng p ng c bn yu cu ca h thng. Mc d cgng rt
nhiu nhng do khnng c hn chnn chc chn khng thtrnh khi sai st. Rt
mong Qy Thy c ng gp v cho kin qu bu bi hon thin hn.
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n cng ngh GVHD:PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Thng
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. KOROPTRANXKY.I.E-Tnh ton thit bthu hi thu hi cc sn phm cc
ha,NXB Luyn kim-1952[2]. Nhng vn lin quan n sdng amiac trong cng nghip-NXB H NI-
2008
[3]. Tp thtc gi. Stay qu trnh v thit btrong cng nghho cht v thc
phm. Tp 1,2. Nh xut bn khoa hc kthut-2005
[4]. Tnh ton, thit kcc chi tit thit bha cht v du kh, NXB Khoa hc v K
thut H Ni-2006