Final Report ITP

8/10/2019 Final Report ITP

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Report on Industrial Training

ProgramDesigned & Developed by

Microlink Peripheral Controls (P)td!

"i#aya$ada% P% India!Ph' **+**,-.%**--../0*0**/1-10


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I2D345tudy and Practical nalysis

1) Computer basics page3

2) Data representationspage 4

3) Data conversions and display systemspage6

4) Soldering procedurepage7

5) AC distributionpage

6) !asic electronics page"7) #lectronic Components $resistors%types& applications)

page11) Capacitors%types& applications

page14") 'nductors%types& applications

page171() Semiconductors%types& applications

page2411) Digital electronics

page 3(12) o*er supplies

page3113) +p amps% applications

page3214) 555 ,imer% applications

page3315) +pto couplers% applications

page3516) Comparators% applications

page3617) D,-.

page31) -icro controller $A,"C52)

page3"

Design and Development o6 pplicationPages 00 to 7,

1) Design a circuit to /ic0er an #D ligt *it 5( duty cycle and *rite a

program or it2) Design a circuit to display te numbers ( to " in a 7%segment display using

micro controller in bot ascending and descending order


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3) Design a proect to drive te DC linear motor *it direction control and *rite

a program or it4) Develop an interacing circuit bet*een S-8CD-A mobile and micro

controller using D,-. net*or0 or remote s*itcing operation5) Design and develop a parallel communication protocol bet*een 1692 CD

and micro controller6) Construct a proect to count te no o visitors entered into te auditorium

and display it in CD using microcontroller7) Design and develop a micro controller based circuit or measurement o DC

voltage& AC voltage& AC current using ADC((") Design and develop a micro controller based circuit or measurement o

temp& ligt intensity using ADC(("") Develop an :S%232 protocol to establis a serial ;A:, communication

bet*een C and micro controller

COMPUTER:

Computer is nothing but a computing device. It is used for many applications.They are divided into two types based on applications.

1. Analog2. Digital

CO!"T#$

Analog Digital

%pecial purpose &eneral purpose

ANALOG COMPUTER' Analog computer is one which is having one scale and pointer .The pointer

is always moving on the scale (All #lectromechanical systems). Analog systems arealso called as continuous systems.#*amples' Thermometer+ Analog multi meter+ Ammeter+ #nergy meter etc.

DIGITAL COMPUTER' Digital computer is one in which the entire process is carried out throughbinary digits. There are 2 types of digital computers.


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1. %pecial purpose digital computer2. &eneral purpose digital computer

%pecial purpose digital computer' It is a one designed for a specific purpose+ wecan,t alter its functioning.#.g. Calculator+ weighing machines etc.

&eneral purpose digital computer' It is for generali-ed applications. Any type ofspecial purpose application can be designed by a general purpose computer.#.g. personal computer.

NUMBER SYSTEM:

The following number systems are widely used. They are+ inary (/ and 1) Octal (/ to 0)

Decimal (/ to ) e*a decimal (/ to 3)

Decimal:

The decimal system contains ten uni4ue symbols from / to . %ince counting indecimal involves 1/ symbols+ we say that its base or radi* is 1/. #ach symbol in thenumber is called digit.

Binary:

The binary number system is a positional weighted system. The base or radi* of this

number system is 2. The symbols used are / and 1. A binary number consists of ase4uence of bits+ each of which is either 5/, or 51,.Advantages'

%ystem data recognisation %imple data transmission #asy data storage

%o people are widely using binary number system.Disadvantages'

It re4uires more length.

Octal:

The octal number system was e*tensively used by early mini computers. It isalso a positional weighted system. Its base or radi* is 6. It has 6 independent symbolsfrom / to 0. %ince its base 6728+ every 8 bit group of binary can be represented by anoctal digit.


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Hexa ecimal:

e*a decimal is the advanced system of binary. The e*a decimal numbersystem is the professional weighted system. The base or radi* of this number system is19+ that means+ it has 19 symbols used from / to and A to 3. In this A to 3 representsthe decimal digits from 1/ to 1:.

DATA

The information is nothing but a data+ that includes+ Te*t matter &raphics ;oice

DATA $#!$#%#


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$#!$#%#


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$%Se"ment i&'lay:

Se"mental #t matrix i&'lay:

()ll #t matrix:

There are 8 categories of display systems.1. MCD

2. M#D8. 3luorescent tube light type

SOLDERING PROCEDURETools re4uired' %oldering iron Mead 3lu* !C !etrol thinner or white petrol cleaning material.

%OMD#$I


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!C. ulti layer.

BASIC PCB MATERIALS' !aper epo*y material.

&lass epo*y material.T#$% $#MAT#DTO !C' Copper clad (raw !C). Megend (!rinting symbols on !C). %older mas (!aint applied on bottom side e*cept soldering point). Tinning (Applied lead on copper tracs).

asic electronics

*#lta"e:

The potential difference between the two pints is called voltage. It is denoted by K;L andtheir units are KvoltsL.

C)rrent:

The flow of electrons in one direction along any path or around any circuit is calledelectric current. It is denoted by KIL and its units are KAmpereL.

P#+er:

!ower is nothing but a product of voltage and current. It is the ratio of electric wor donein the electric circuit for unit time.

#lectric power 7 #lectric wor done Time taen!ower 7 ;I"nits for power are KwattsL.

DC *#lta"e:

The voltage which remains constant in direction w.r.t time and may or may not haveconstant magnitude is nows as direct =or> steady voltage.#.g.' attery+ generator+ solar panel system.


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AC ,#lta"e:

The voltage which changes in magnitude as well as direction wart time is nown asAlternative voltageL.

Material&:The electrical properties of different materials can be e*plained in terms of the electrons

having energies in the valence band and conduction band+ because the electrons lying in thelower energy bands which are normally filled+ play no role in the conduction process.

In&)lat#r&:

Insulators are the solid materials which are bad conductors of electricity. #.g.' wood+ plastic+rubber.

In terms of energy bands+ Insulators ave full valance band ave an empty conduction band ave a wide forbidden energy gaps

%o in case of insulators a very large amount of energy must be supplied to electrons to crossfrom the valance band to the conduction band.

C#n)ct#r&:

Conductors are the solid materials which are good conductors of electricity. In terms ofenergy bands conductors have+


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! o t e n t i a l C o i l

3 " % #C u r r e n t C o i l

a i n s % w i t c h

21

:@

3 " % #

3 " % #

1 1 5 W 9 2 0 W

4 6 0 W

0 . 5 A

2 A

4 A

4 A6 A6 . 5 A

E n e r g y

M e t e r

P h

N t

The above diagram shows the single phase A.C Distributionwhich consists of a potential coil and current coil to which the mains and fuses are

connected. The loads are connected at the output. If the mains are at O< state+ the discwill rotate due to the tor4ue produced by the two coils (!c F Cc). If the mains are atO33 state+ the disc will not rotate.

EARTHING:

#arthing refers to connecting an electrical conductor to earth which is assumed to have-ero electric potential. =O$>#arthing means connecting the neutral point of supply system or the noncurrent

carrying metal part s used in electrical distribution system to the general mass of theearth by a wire of negligible resistance in such a manner that at all times an electricaldischarge of electrical energy taes place without danger. This brings the body ofe4uipment to -ero potential and thus will avoid the shoc to the operatorIMPORTANCE O( EARTHING:

It protects us from electric shocs.

3

P2

23(

=

23(

=

(=


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It reduces #I (#lectro magnetic induction). It reduces $3I ($adio fre4uency interference.

C.ec/in" t.e Eart.in":

;oltage between


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% 162: code(ritish %tandard)+ %$ coding (%urface ounted $esistor)+ 8 band colour coding+ @ band colour coding.

$- BS$345 CODE' It is a ritain standard coding method using for nowing the value of resistors. In this+

$+ # ohms. ilo ohms ega ohms + + 3+ & represents tolerance value Q :? Q 1/? 3 Q 1? & Q 2? N represents wattage.

The symbol is

#*' @02N #4uivalent resistance' @.0P+ Q:?

4- SMR c#in"' It is a surface mounted resistor coding system which is useful to now the value of the$esistor. In this system the tolerance and wattage is printed on bul pac.#B'

1/ G1/8 Ohms 7 1/P

6- THREE BAND COLOUR CODE' It is a system is used to now the value of resistance. In this system the resistorContains 8 colour bands on its body.

1stcolour U 1stdigit 2ndcolour U 2nddigit

8rdcolour U multiplication factor @thcolour U tolerance

#*'1>. 20/P+ Q :?$ed violet yellow gold practical value' 296P+ V :?

,-

0879/

:


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2> @.0P+ Q :?Wellow violet red gold practical value'@.8P+ V :?8> 8P+ Q1?

Orange white blac brown practical value' 8:P+ V :?

%- (OUR BAND COLOUR CODE'

1%Tbandfirst digit2ndbandsecond digit8rdbandthird digit@thbandmultiplication factor:thbandtolerance

COMO"$ DI&IT "MTI!MI#$ TOM#$A


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$ed gray green red brown

8. 26.: P V 1? $ed grey green gold brown

Cla&&i2icati#n #2 re&i&t#r&' asically resistors are divided into two types namely fi*ed resistors and variableresistors. These two types are further classified into different types are shown below

CAPACITORS

CAPACITOR'

A Capacitor or condenser is a two terminal passive component whichas the ability to store electric charge and it opposes instantaneous change of voltage in thecircuit. Capacitor blocs the passage of direct current =D.C> and allows the alternating current=A.C> through it. A capacitor essentially consists of two conducting surfaces separated by aninsulating medium called dielectric.


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Capacitance is the property e*hibited by a capacitor and may be defined as+ KThe ability of acapacitor to store electric charge per unit potential differenceL. It is measured in 3arads. ut+ inreal world+ all the generali-ed usage conditions demands much smaller units measured in milli+

micro+ nano+ pico farads.

The circuit symbol is

The 4uantity of charge X is proportional to the applied voltage v in volts.i.e. X Y ;

X 7 C;C7 X;

The unit of capacitance farad is too large for practical purposes hence much smallerunits lie micro farad+ nanofarad+ picofarad+ are generally employed.

1farad 7 1Coulomb 1volt1Z371/93+ 1n371/3+ 1m371/83+ 1p371/123

Ty'e& #2 ca'acit#r&'Capacitors can be classified into various types based on the dielectric material used in them.They are'

ica capacitors ceramic capacitors paper capacitors #lectrolytic capacitors Air capacitors Aluminium capacitors Tantalum #lectrolytic capacitors ;ariable capacitors Tuning capacitors Trimming capacitors

S'eci2icati#n #2 Ca'acit#r:

Capacitance valueTolerance

Dielectric constantDielectric strength!ower factorTemperature coefficient;oltage rating =Nithstanding voltage>Meaage resistanceMeaage current

(act#r& a22ectin" t.e ca'acit#r:


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Capacitance is directly proportional to the area of the plates in s4uare meters.Capacitance depends on to the permittivity of the medium between the plates andCapacitance is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates in meters.

C7[Ad ([7[/[r)

C7[/[rAd Nhere [/ 7 absolute permittivity of air 76.6:@/B1/123 [r7 relative permittivity of medium*aria7le ca'acit#r&:

The capacitors whose capacitance value can be varied are nown as variablecapacitors. These are of two types. They are

1. Tuning capacitors 2. Trimming capacitors =or> untunned capacitors

L#&&e& in ca'acit#r&:

There are mainly 8 types of losses that will occur in a capacitor. They are Meaage resistance Absorption losses !ower factor Dielectric losses

C#m7inati#n #2 Ca'acit#r&'Capacitors may be connected in series or in parallel in order to decrease or increase the totalcapacitance value.Ca'acit#r& in Serie&:

C 1

C 2

C 8

. A T T # $ W

1

2

C71C1Q1C2Q1C8 C1+ C2+ C87 capacitance of three capacitors.

;1+ ;2+ ;87 voltage drops across C1+ C2+ and C8; 7 applied voltage

In series combination+ charge =X> on all capacitors is same+ but voltage drops are different.; 7 ;1 Q ;2 Q ;8XC 7 XC1 Q XC2Q XC8


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Ca'acit#r& in 'arallel:

C 1 C 2 C 8 A T T # $ W

1

2

C1+ C2+ C87 capacitances of three capacitorsX1+ X2+ X87 charge on three capacitors

; 7 applied voltageIn parallel combination p.d across each capacitor is same but charge on each isdifferent.

X 7 X1Q X2Q X8

C; 7 C1;Q C2; Q C8;

INDUCTORS

INDUCTORS:Inductor is an electro magnetic energy concentrator formed by wounding an

insulated Copper wire on the core material. The inductor has got a property called asinductance. Inductance is measured in enry,s. The symbol for an inductor is

I < D " C T O $

.The inductance value of an inductor depends on number of turn,s core material etc.There is no fre4uency for D.C. voltage.The inductor is having a parameter called as inductive reactance =BM>

BM72\fM

The over all resistance of inductor is called as impedance.

E7]$2Q=BM>2

Nhere+E7Impedance$7$esistance of coilBM7Inductive reactance

Pr#'ertie& #2 in)ct#r&:

The inductor opposes A.C. and allows D.C.

C 7 C1QC2Q C8


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At the time = t7/sec> the inductor acts as a open circuit At the time =t71sec> the inductor acts as a close circuit The current limiting factors of inductors are 3re4uency Inductance value D.C. resistance

The current flowing through inductor

In A.C.^ E7]$2QBM2

In D.C ^

T.e c)rrent limitin" 2act#r& #2 in)ct#r&are1. 3re4uency.

2. Inductance value.

8. D.C. resistance.

A''licati#n& #2 In)ct#r&:1

Inductors are used by so many electronic devices. They areChoesMine filters#lectro mechanical relaysotors&eneratorsTransformers

C.#/e&'Choe is an AC voltage dropper. It is used in tube lights etc.

Line 2ilter&:

Mine filters determine high fre4uency noise from AC 28/;. The symbol Of a line filter is

M I < # 3 I M T # $

12

8 @

Relay&:

I7;E

I7;$


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$elay is an electrically operated switch. $elay can be defined as Ka device opensor closes an au*iliary circuit under some predetermined condition in the main circuitL. The ob_ectof relay is to act as a sort of electric magnifier i.e.+ it enables a comparatively wea current tobring into operation a much stronger current.

$ # M A W % ! D T

8

@12

Cla&&i2icati#n #2 Relay&:

$elay can be classified according to the principle of operation+ polari-ation and application asased on the principle of operation#lectro thermal relays#lectromagnetic relays%olid state relaysybrid relays =combination of both =b> and =c>>

ased on the polari-ation!olari-ed relays #*' Telegraph relays


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Mong operating life and%hould not o*idi-e in atmosphere

Ty'e& #2 c#ntact&:

ae contact =or> normally open contact =abbreviated as ' It close when the relay

gets energi-ed.rea contact =or> normally closed contact =abbreviated as ' It gets broen when therelay is energi-ed.Changeover contact' In this+ the movable contact which while changing over its positionby the operation of the relay+ breas with one contact and maes with the other.aebeforebrea contact' In this type+ when the relay is operated+ one normally broencontact is first made when it is operated+ then only a second normally made contact isbroen.

Tran&2#rmer&:

A transformer is a static device =or stationary> piece of apparatus by means of which electrical

power in one circuit is transformed in to electrical power of the save fre4uency in another circuit.It can rise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase incurrent. The physical bias of a transformer is Kutual InductionL between two circuits lined by acommon magnetic flu*.

The first coil+ in which electric energy is fed from the A.C supply mains+ is called KprimarywindingL and the other from which energy is drawn out+ is called Ksecondary windingL.

In brief+ a transformer is a device that transformer electrical power from one circuit to anotherIt does so without a change of fre4uencyIt accomplish this by electro magnetic inductionNhere the two electronic circuits are in mutual inductance to each other.

T $ A < % 3 O $ # $

@ 6

Ty'e& #2 Tran&2#rmer&:

Transformer is a device converts AC to AC in following manner%tep down transformer

%tep up transformerIsolation transformerAuto transformer!ower transformer

Ste' #+n tran&2#rmer:

Transformer is a linear device. In this type of transformer the secondary voltage always lessthan the primary voltage.


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% t e p D o w n T $ A < % 3 O $ # $

1:

@

;%J ;!Nhere+;%7 %econdary voltage;!7 !rimary voltage


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T $ A < % 3 O $ # $

@ 6

28/v+ 12v+ 1Amp

A)t# tran&2#rmer:

It is a transformer with one winding part only.

; a r i a c

It is a transformer with one winding part only. common to both primary and secondary+ inthis transformer the primary and secondary are not electrically isolated from each other as isthe case with a two winding transformer. ecause of one winding it uses less copper and henceis cheaper. It is used where transformation ratio differs little from unity.

L#&&e& in a tran&2#rmer:

i> C#re 8#r9 Ir#n l#&&: It includes both hysterisis loss and eddy Current loss. The core loss ispractically the same at all loads.ii> C#''er l#&&:

This loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings.C)rrent Relati#n& #2 tran&2#rmer&:

;p;s 7 IsIp 7


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In this type of transformer it contains three output terminals. 3rom 1F2 terminals of secondarywindings we get positive voltage and from 2F8 terminals we get the output voltage as negative.3rom 1F8 terminals we get the sum of voltage at the 1F2 terminals and the voltage at the 2F8terminals.

C e n t r e T a p

1

@

9

6

M)lti ta''e tran&2#rmer:

It will contain 8 or more output terminals. It produces different outputs at thedifferent terminals from 1 to @ of the secondary windings.

u l t i p l e T a p

6

8

2

1

Ilate ta''e tran&2#rmer:

In this type of transformer the output is same as the applied voltage.It is used for provide

between the input and output.

I s o l a t e d T a p

1 1

1 /

0

:

9

@

8

2

C)rrent Tran&2#rmer:

It is setup transformer. It used measure the high currents. The primary windings of thecurrent transformer must have 2 or 8 windings. In this in terms of voltage we calculate thecurrent. In this we increase the current depending on the number of secondary windings.*#lta"e Tran&2#rmer:

It is a step down transformer+ used to measure high voltages. In this transformer wedecrease the voltage depending on the number of secondary windings.

SEMICONDUCTORS

%#ICO


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%emiconductors are solid materials whose electrical properties lie in between conductorsand insulators. All semiconductors are negative temperature coefficient materials i.e resistanceof semi conductors decreases with increase in temperature and vice versa. These are half filledvalency electrons.#*ample' %ilicon+ &ermanium

The process of adding impurities to the pure semi conductors is called KD#'in"L.Depending on the process of doping+ semi conductors are classified into two types.

1. Intrinsic semiconductors2. #*trinsic semiconductors

Intrin&ic &emic#n)ct#r&:A %emiconductor in its pure form is called intrinsic semiconductor. In

intrinsic semi conductor+ e4ual no. of electrons and holes will be available at room temperature.%o current conduction taes place by both electrons and holes e4ually. It has poor conductivitybecause of less no. of free charge carriers.

#g' pure silicon+ pure germanium.

Extrin&ic &emic#n)ct#r&:

Impure or doped semi conductors are called as e*trinsic semiconductors. Thesehave more conductivity because of more no. of free charge carriers. The current conduction ofthese semiconductors depends upon level of impurity or amount of doping. The impurities maybe pentavalent or trivalent atoms. The atoms whose valence electrons are five are called asK!entavalent atomsL. These are also called as donor impurities because they donate electronsto the conduction band. The atoms whose valence electrons are three are called as trivalentatoms. These are also called as acceptor impurities because they accept electrons fromconduction band.

TYPES O( ETRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS:

Depending upon the type of impurities added these are further dividedinto two types. . These are the donor materials.

5

i


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P1TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS:

These are formed by adding trivalent impurities such as boron =:>to pure semiconductor lie silicon =1@>. These are acceptor materials.

(ORMATION O( PN ;UNCTION:Nhen Pand Ntype materials are placed together then the free

electron in ntype material is combine with the hole i.e free electrons are diffuse from < region to! region to


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increase in e*ternal voltage the barrier voltage decreases smaller and smaller and at oneparticular e*ternal voltage the barrier potential totally disappears. Then the _unction offers verylow resistance.

! < " < C T I O < D I O D # 3 O $ N A $ D I A %1 2

A T T # $ W

1 2

1. Nith the increase in e*ternal voltage the barrier potential decreases.2. The _unction offers low resistance =almost -ero resistance>8. 3orward current

P1N ;UNCTION anode then the !< _unction is said to be$everse biased. In reverse bias the ma_ority charge carriers will be attracted towards thee*ternal voltage without crossing the !< _unction. These ma_ority carriers will leave theimmobile ions at the _unction. Thus the width of depletion region increases. As a result there isno current due to ma_ority charge carriers Nhen the !< _unction is reverse biased.

A T T # $ W

1 2

! < " < C T I O < D I O D # $ # ; # $ % # I A %

Nith increase in e*ternal voltage the arrier potential increases. The _unction offers very highresistance =Almost infinite> Fcurrent flow is low.;ery little amount of current =In the order of due to minority carriers.

DIODE SPECI(ICATIONS:

Maxim)m 2#r+ar c)rrent 8I( max9: It is the ma*imum forward current through the diodewhen it is conducting.Pea/ in,er&e ,#lta"e 8PI*9: This is the ma*imum reverse voltage that a diode canwithstand without being destroyed.Maxim)m 2#r+ar ,#lta"e r#' 8*(9:It gives the ma*imum forward voltage drop for agiven forward current.

Rec#,ery time:It is the time taen by a diode to change its state from forward bias toreverse and vice versa.A''licati#n&:

"sed in rectifier circuits for converting A.C current into D.C current."sed as signal diodes in odulation F Demodulation circuits."sed as regulators."sed in $adio FT.; receivers in tuning circuits."sed in Digital logic gates.Might emitting diodes used as visual displays


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OTHER DIODES

=ener i#e: Eener diode is the heavily doped silicon or germanium !< _unction diode . It isalways operated in the breadown region. y varying the doping level it is possible to produceEener diodes with breadown voltages from about 2v to 2//v. Eener diode is heavily doped ! #mitter region. The !< _unction bw collector F base is called Collector region=or> Collector ase region. #mitter is one of the transistors which emit ma_ority charge carriersinto base region. !hysical area of emitter is J collector F base. Doping concentration is morethan collector F base. ase is the middle region of the transistor which is very thin F lightly

doped as compared to either emitter or collector. Collector is third region which collects thecharge carriers emitted by the electrons trough the base. Doping concentration of C#llect#r >Ba&e ? Emitter>C#llect#r.

Collector region is made physically larger than emitter F base to dissipate much heatgenerated.

Transistor is a variable resistor whose resistance between emitter and collector liesbetween -ero and infinity. The value of this resistance is continuously changes with changes inbase current.If there is no base current+ then the transistor offers infinity resistance bw collector F emitter.This state is nown as KCut off stateL acts as open switch. If the base current goes on increasingthe resistance bw collector F emitter is decreases from infinity to -ero. Then this state is nown

as L Active state L. In this state transistor acts as an KamplifierL. If there is a ma*imum basecurrent the $ value is -ero. It is nown as K%aturation stateL and the transistor acts as KClosed%witchL. Depending on the type of material added the transistors are classified into two types.

1> !

3or

! < !

12

8

< ! when the negative going trigger pulse is applied at trigger terminal and if it is greaterthan 18 ;CCthen the flipflop will set and the transistor will cutoff. Causing discharge capacitorstarts charging e*ponentially it is given by+

;7;CC =1et$C>

Nhen the voltage at the threshold terminal is greater than 28 ;CC the flip

flop will reset which maes transistor T1 to O)

T71.1 $C


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A''licati#n&:

1. It produces stretched rectangular wave hence is used in timing circuits and controlcircuits.

2. It is used in auto cut voltage stabili-er.

O't#1c#)'ler:

; C C ; C C

1 /

! O T O D I O D #

1

2

8 8 / H

M # D

V o u t

O p t o C o u p e r

Princi'le:

An optocoupler is a solid state component which light emitter =led> the light path andthe light detector are contained in a light tight encapsulation. The photo detector may be photodiode+ photo transistor or a photo thermistor.


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1. The above fig=a> shows the pin diagram of the M88 comparator2. This diagram comparator internally consists of two comparators8. The main application of the M88 comparator is+ it compares the input voltage and

gives the output as active high or active low

Tem'erat)re &ta7ility )&in" LM66 c#m'arat#r'

; C C

; C C

; C C

M 8 8

1

8

2

@

1

1

O " T

Q

;

Q

;

1 /

1 /

8 . 8

t

@ . 0

1

2

M # D


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9. The thermistor is a


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Industrial temperature range

"ses 4uart- crystal or ceramic resonators

Ad_ustable ac4uisition and release times

A''licati#n&

!AB

Central office

obile radio

$emote control

$emote data entry

Call limiting

Telephone answering systems

!aging systemsPin Dia"ram

MICRO CONTROLLER

icrocontrollers are generally dedicated for specific applications. A microcontroller maytae an Input from the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending signalsto different components in the device. icrocontroller normally contains a processor+ memory+serial ports+ and necessary logic circuits to perform the specific function.


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A microcontroller is a computer =or> processor =C!"> with most of the necessarychips on board. The actual processor used to implement a microcontroller can vary widely. Inmany products+ such as microwave ovens+ the demand on the C!" is fairly low and price is animportant consideration. In these cases+ manufactures turn to dedicated microcontroller chipsdevices that were originally designed to be lowcost+ small low power+ embedded C!"s. The

Intel 6/:2 is good e*ample for it. icrocontroller normally contains $A+ $O+ Timercounter+serial IO !orts+ Oscillator etc.

THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A GENERAL MICRO CONTROLLER IS AS FOLLOWS:

Features of AT8C!" M#$ro$o%tro&&er Total pins 7 @/ #*ternal emory Interface

Data lines 7 /6Address lines 7 19 IO lines 7 82 Interrupt lines 7 /8 $egisters 7 8@=6bit> F /2=19bit> Internal $O 7 6 ytes Internal $A 7 2:9 =2:9 * 6it Internal $A > 3lags 7 /@


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4(

Timer Counter 7 /8 =19bit> %erial port="A$T> 7 /1 =!rogrammable %erial Channel > !arallel ports 7 /@ #ndurance 7 1+/// Nrite#rase Cycles Operating $ange 7 / - to 2@ -

Threelevel !rogram emory Moc #ight Interrupt %ources Mow !ower Idle and !ower Down odes

Fu%$t#o%a& '&o$( )#a*ra+ of 8,!" +#$ro$o%tro&&er: The 6/:2 is a @/ pin chip with


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The i$A is of 2:9 bytes. It is divided into three parts+ such as'i. 82 resisters in four bans of 56, each.ii. 19 resisters U bit addressable.iii. 6/ resisters U byte addressable.

The i$O is of 6in si-e ranging from //// to /333.6- S'ecial ()ncti#n Re"i&ter&:

The 6/:2 has several %pecial 3unction $egisters =%3$s> nown as A+ + D!T$+!%N+ I!+ I#+ TCO


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purpose. The 6/:2 designs are available with wide range of fre4uencies+ typically from1- to 19 -

Re*#ster stru$ture of 8,!":

$egisters are used to store the data temporarily. The data may be of opcodes oroperands or address of a memory location or address of a peripheral.The 6/:2 has wide range of registers. These are classified as

it addressable =or> byte addressable &eneral purpose =or> special function 6bit length =or> 19 bit length Independent =or> dependent =part of $A>

-#% )#a*ra+ of 8,!":

The !in diagram of 6/:2micro controller is shown in above fig. it is available in a @/ pinplastic and ceramic pacages. All @/ pins are easily distinguishable a carrying the specificfunctions. It is worth noted that the 82 pins will have two different functions. A brief discussion ofthese pins is e*plained here under.

Pin $13:!1./ !1.0' A total of 6 lines named as port1 and used for input or output.

Pin : $#%#T' Active I& input used to reset the microcontroller and terminate all activities.

Pin $1$!: ! 8./ U ! 8.0' A total of lines named as port8 and used for input or output. In

addition+ these lines provide special functions+ as listed below.

GP 6- 8RD9 :Data received in serial form.

GP 6-$8TD9 :Data transmitted in serial form.

GP 6-4 8INTO9: ardware interrupts of vectored location ///8.

GP6-6 8INTI9: ardware interrupts of vectored location //18-


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P6-% 8T O9: !ulse input given to the Counter U /.

GP 6-58T I9: !ulse input given to the Counter1.

GP 6-@ 8 for read operation.

Pin $31$ 8TL$ F TL49 :A 4uart- crystal oscillator and capacitors formed age s pulsegenerator and is connected to inputs B T A M 1 F B T A M 2 to run the on chip oscillator.

Pin 4 8GND9: This is a return =ground> pin for the supply.

Pin 4$143: ! 2./ p2.0=AgA1:> ' A total of 6 lines named as port and used for input and output. Inaddition+ these lines provide high order address byte =An 6UA1:> through which the 6/:2 canaccess 9@ bytes memory.

Pin 4: 8PSEN9 : !rogram %tore #nableL is an output pin used to access the e*ternal programmemory =$O> while connecting it to 5O#, terminal of $O chip.

Pin 6 : 8ALE9 : KAddress Match #nableL is an output pin used to latch the low order addressbyte =A/A0>. This is for demultiple*ing the address and data.

Pin 6$: 8EA9: K#*ternal AccessL is an input pin used to access the e*ternal program codememory =$O> only. If this is at ;cclevel then the 6/:2 can access @ bytes of internal $O=////333> and e*ternal $O of 9/ bytes =1///3333>.

Pin 6416: ! /./ U ! /.0=A D/ a D0>' A total of 6 lines named as port/ and used for input andoutput. In addition these lines also provide a dual function carrying of address =low order byte>and data =D/D0>. AM# pin indicates that these lines are having either address or data. Nhen

AM# 71+ these lines represents the low order address byte otherwise data byte.

Pin %: ;cc' This is a Q:; supply voltage pin.

De&i"n a circ)it t# 2lic/er an LED li".t +it. 5 )ty cycle an +rite a 'r#"ram

2#r it-

The main concept of this pro_ect is to generate a :/? duty cycle s4uare wave indicatedby the blining of a M#D connected to the micro controller. It is constructed using 12/12 centretapped transformer+ 06/: voltage regulator+ 1th

pin using a $C networ with values $76.2P+ C71/319;. A crystal oscillator with11./:2E fre4uency is connected to pins 16 and 1. Two 88p3


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; C C

; C C

; C CQ 1 2 v

; C C

; C C

; C C; C C

1

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T $ A < % 3 O $ # $1 :

9

@ 6 +1 / / 1 9

@ / / 0

8 8 p128@:906

M 0 6 / :

1

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Documents

Final Report ITP