Final Review Slides

Chapter 18: Air Pollution

ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS

REALLY HOT

COLD, DESTROYS METEORS

CONTAINS O-ZONE LAYER

CONTAINS GREENHOUSE GASSES

Ozone and Greenhouse Gases

• Ozone (O3) – located in stratosphere– Protects from UV rays– CFCs destroy it (chlorine)

• Greenhouse Gasses – located in troposphere– Keeps heat in (thermal cap)– CO2, CH4 (too much)

Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

• Nasal Cavity = mucus (fight infection)

• Alveoli = tiny sacs (oxygen in, CO2 out)

• Diaphragm = muscle, regulates breathing

• Smoking = makes lungs less elastic (PM10)

Forms of Pollution• CFC – chlorofluorocarbons (destroys ozone)

• Carbon-based gases (CO, CO2)

• Nitrogen-based gases (NO2, NO) – photochemical smog, acid rain

• Sulfur-based gases (SO2, SO) – industrial smog, acid rain

• VOC – volatile organic compounds (hairspray)

Final Review Slides

Chapter 13: Water Pollution

Water Cycle

• 3% freshwater, but .003% drinkable (glaciers)

• Transpiration vs. Evaporation

• Surface Runoff OR Percolation (underground)

Aquifers and Water Uses

• Rain Percolation Porous Rocks Aquifer– Aquifer gets new water = natural recharge– Water mining (like oil)– Too much water mining = over-drafting

• Uses: Domestic (drinking), Agricultural (farms) and Industrial (factories)– Developed = industrial, Developing = agricultural

Dams and Water Treatment

• Dams = block water flow (heart attack)

• Chlorination, Sedimentation, Desalinization– Salt water Fresh water (expensive)

• Reclaimed water = recycled water (cheap, nutrient-rich)

For Your Math Problems…

• Include:

• To get m3: multiply rainfall by area of facility

• Include percentages on ARROWS

Pre-Treatment Facility

(include area in m2)

Treatment(include cost in $/m3)

Amount of Rainfall(in m)

Recharged in Aquifer Irrigated in Soil

Water Quality• Turbidity (clarity), temp, pH, dissolved oxygen

• Pollutants from one source (point) or mulitple (non-point)

• Pesticides and biomagnification (food chain)

• Lakes and eutrophication (too many nutrients)

Review Slides

Chapters 7 and 8

Land Biomes

Grasslands – grasslands, savanna, chaparral• Rainy and dry season

Forests – boreal, temperate, tropical• Rain even all year• Deciduous vs. Coniferous

Deserts – hot & dry, semi-arid, cold• Little rainfall all year

Aquatic Biomes

• Zones: Euphotic (light), Bathyal, Abyssal (dark)

• Nutrients on BOTTOM, Oxygen on TOP

• Upwelling – brings nutrients up– El Nino = less upwelling (less circulation = hot temps)

• Coral Reefs – coral & algae (bleaching)

Review: Relating Heat and Humidity• Humidity = moisture in air (oceans)

COOL, DRY AIR

WARM, DRY AIR

HOT, WET AIR

CONDENSATION&

PRECIPITATION

HIGH PRESSURE

HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE

LOW PRESSURE

HUMIDITY SIDEDRY SIDE

Moisture leaves (rain)

Moisture absorbed (ocean)

Cool air falls, warms

Warm air rises, cools

Review: Last Slide Explained• Air likes HIGH to LOW pressure

• Warm Air RISES• Cool Air FALLS

• Low to Hi Pressure = storms (stress)• Hi to Low Pressure = clear sky (calm)

• Moisture from BODY of WATER

Other Terms and Phenomena

• Temperature Inversion – hot & cold air mix– Result: storms, tornadoes, fog, Marine Layer

• Rain Shadow Effect– Mountain = moisture barrier

• Intertidal Zone = tide pools• Barrier Islands

Warm Up # 7 Age 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+

Female 9 10 9 11 13 10 9 8

Male 8 11 10 11 14 9 7 5

• Draw the age structure diagram of the country above.

• Is this an example of a developing, developed or declining country? How do you know?

• How are the elderly people of this country being kept alive? What economic effects does this have on the country?

• Predict the future of this country’s population. What do you think will happen to this country?

Review Slides

Chapters 9 and 11

Developing Developed DecliningRapid growth Slow growth Decline

Mostly young Most middle-age Most oldMedical care Industrialized Soc. Security

Future Present Past

Human Population Growth• Current = exponential growth (r-growth)– Eventually, logistic growth (K-growth)

• Malthus – human pop. will level off (disease, famine, war, etc)

• Why increasing? – industrial revolution (urbanization, better medical care, sanitation)

• Influences: Education, child labor demands, socioeconomic status, gender roles, etc.

Niches

• Niche – location/function of a species

• Fundamental – entire niche available• Realized – part of the fundamental niche used– Avoid competition for resources

• Why study?: Reproduction, extinctions, species interaction, conditions (temp, rainfall, pH)

• Non-native species – species introduced to area by humans (more generalist – eat variety of things, can adapt to change better than specialists)

Survival• Range of Tolerance – Amount

of physical and chemical change to an environment an organism can handle

• Stress Zone – too much/too little (death)

• Limiting Factor Principle – abiotic factor that can limit/prevent growth of species

Precipitation is the limiting factor in this example. What are other limiting factors you can think of?

a) Directional Selection – Competition on ONE extremeEx. “Below ____” OR “Above ____”

b) Stabilizing Selection – Competition on BOTH extremesEx. “Below ____ AND above _____”

c) Disruptive Selection – Competition in MIDDLEEx. “Moderate levels of _____”

Quick Quiz #

• Describe how a generalist species differs from a specialist species.

• Pink coral can survive in temperatures between 30oC and 35oC. Represent this in a bell curve.

• If Blue coral thrives in temperatures between 25oC and 33oC, represent how pink coral would adapt. What type of selection is this?

Review Slides

Chapters 4 and 5

Food WebRole of Decomposers?

Half-Life and Decay

• Alpha (helium), Beta (electron), Gamma (energy)

• Half-Life – how long it takes for HALF sample to decay

• Ln(1/2) = kt (if given half-life)• N = Noekt (if not given half-life)– N = end, No = start, k = RATE, t = time– Ln and e are opposites

Warm Up #9

• How are phytoplankton getting energy? Show the chemical formula for this process.

• Trace a food pathway from phytoplankton to snake, in which the snake is the tertiary consumer. Label the percentage of energy each organism is getting.

• What is the role of a decomposer in the food chain?

Half-Life Problems

• Radon-222, found in septic tanks, has a half-life of 3.4 years. How long does it take for 60% of the original sample to decay?

• Approximately 220 kg of Mercury-220 was dumped into Minimata Bay. 55 years later, there is still 45 kg of Mercury contaminating the bay. What is the half-life of Mercury-220?

Review Slides

Chapter 23 and 1

Uses of Land:1. Bureau of Land Management – 1/8 of US land2. Forest Service – Multiple-use lands (land used for many things)

• Principle of Sustainable Yield – don’t use what can’t be replenished3. Fish and Wildlife Service – Moderately Restricted-Use lands

• Hunting/fishing seasons4. National Park Service – Restricted Use Lands

• No hunting/fishing

National Parks

• Land Preservation and tourism

• Natural Regulation – nature takes its course

• Invasive Species – the honey badger

• Riparian Zones, Barrier Islands and Estuaries (transition zones)– Biodiversity, prevents flooding, lush vegetation, threatened,

etc.

The Sun

• Yellow Giant (H to He) Red Giant (He to C) White Dwarf (C) Black Dwarf (cools)

• Core – hottest, site of nuclear fusion (H He)• Photosphere – brightest, grainy, we see it• Chromosphere – solar eclipse• Corona – solar winds

Topographic Maps

• Describe landscape of a place

• Contour lines = measure elevation

• Lines close = steep, Lines far apart = shallow

• Water flows in direction of gravity

Miscellaneous

• Nebular Hypothesis: spin, flatten, squish, sun, planets

• Accuracy – how close thing is to goal/target• Precision – how close each thing is to each other

• Geosphere – inner core, outer core, mantle, crust• Biosphere – studies life• Hydrosphere – discusses water

Scientific Method

• Control – doesn’t change• Variable – does change

• Multiple Trials – ensure accuracy– Accuracy vs. precision

• Theory – tested, but can be disproven• Law – can never be disproven

Kilo, Hecto, Deca, Meter, Deci, Centi, Milli

0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000