Prof. Angsumarn Chandrapatya Department of Entomology

Kasetsart University

pollinate blossoms aerate the soil control insect pests decompose dead materials reintroducing nutrients into the soil

Feed on plants

Many insects are herbivores, or plant-eaters, which makes them primary consumers. This abundance of primary consumers provides protein and energy for secondary consumers, known as carnivores.

There are 2 different type of mouthparts; chewing and piercing mouthparts to feed on plants and their products

chewing

piercing

grasshopper, ant, beetle, caterpillar use mandible, maxilla to chew plants and their products.

True bug, aphid, scale insect, cicada, thrips feed by using needle-like or stylets to suck fluid from plant tissue

Some insects such as thrips, moth, beetle, wasp and flies induce plant gall

beetle, caterpillar, wasp can make tunnel underneath upper leaf surface

some insects such as bollworm, stem borrer make a hole on twig, stem, fruit, ear and feed inside the hole

Insects stay inside the hole, protect them from natural enemies

Predatory insects eating pests like aphids and beetles.

Parasitoids parasitize pests, eventually killing them.

Insect pollinators help the gardener by pollinating crops, insuring a good harvest.

http://insects.about.com/od/roachesandmantids/p/mantodea.htm

A beneficial insect is an insect that helps you grow healthy plants. There are 3 groups of beneficial insects:

Ideally, WE should try to attract all three kinds of beneficial insects to our garden predators, parasitoids, and pollinators.

Pesticides can't distinguish the good guys from the bad guys. Allow pest population to build up on the plants to serve as prey. give the good bugs time to find the food, mate, lay eggs, and soon be clean up your plants. As long as they've got food to eat, the beneficial insects will stay in the garden.

Don't Use Pesticides in Your Garden:

http://insects.about.com/od/roachesandmantids/p/mantodea.htm

An insectary is a garden plot just for the insects. The right variety of plants will attract beneficial bugs to the neighborhood. It can be a separate landscape bed right near your garden, or several small plantings interspersed among the veggies.

http://insects.about.com/od/roachesandmantids/p/mantodea.htm

Plant an Insectary to Invite Insects to Your Garden:

Plant some early bloomers to attract beneficial insects early in the season, even before your crops are full of pests. Beneficial insects will feed on pollen and nectar as adults. Providing flowers early in the season will invite these insects into the garden in time to produce their predatory offspring on the prey community. The insectary should include plants of varied heights.

Plant an Insectary to Invite Insects to Your Garden:

http://insects.about.com/od/roachesandmantids/p/mantodea.htm

Insects need water to live. Sprinkler system in the garden will suffice to give bugs a drink. Make a simple watering hole with a saucer and some rocks, and keep it full on dry days.

Provide Water for Insects:

http://insects.about.com/od/roachesandmantids/p/mantodea.htm

Some beneficial insects stay down on the ground, searching for soil-dwelling pests, rarely climb the plants looking for pests to eat. Need some shelter from the bright sun during the day. Provide mulch, stepping stones to allow insects to burrow or hiding during the day.

Give the Ground Dwellers Some Cover:

http://insects.about.com/od/roachesandmantids/p/mantodea.htm

Pollen from anther and egg inside the style get together forming zygote and turn into flower. Plant can be pollinated by wind and human Insects play an important role in pollinating plants

Bees play a major role in pollinating fruit trees and flower blossoms. Other important pollinators are: carpenter bees, syrphid fly (hover fly), stingless bee

Adult lacewings feed on pollen, nectar, and honeydew. Green lacewing larvae are voracious predators. Larvae hunt for soft-bodied prey, using their curved, pointed mandibles to stab their victims.

http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Lacewings

http://www.grow-it-organically.com/images/predator-lacewing-larva-lg.jpg

Both the adults and the larvae feed on pests. Feed on aphids, scale insects, thrips, whitefly pupa, mealybugs and mites. One nymph eats about 400 aphids during 3 weeks before it pupates. One female lady beetle eat more than 5,000 aphids in its lifetime and lay up to 1,000 eggs over a 3 month period,

http://gardening.about.com/od/insectpestid/tp/Beneficial-Insects-In-The-Garden-The-Good-Guys.htm http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Lady beetle

Lady beetle hibernate

Lady beetle Feed

Many assassin bugs specialize in certain kinds of prey, but as a group, assassins feed on everything from beetles to caterpillars.

http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Assassin bug

Praying mantids are generalist predators. They like to eat a helpful lady beetle as they are to catch a caterpillar. Nymph starts to feed after hatching, they sometimes eat their siblings.

http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Mpraying mantid

http://abbotlab.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/mantis-eaticcccng1.jpg

Syrphid fly generally has bright markings of yellow-orange and black, and can be mistaken for bees Syrphid maggots crawl on garden foliage, searching for aphids to eat. Adults will pollinate flowers.

http://gardening.about.com/od/insectpestid/tp/Beneficial-Insects-In-The-Garden-The-Good-Guys.htm http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Syrphid, Hover fly

Stink bug as predator, feeds on caterpillars, sawfly larvae, and grubs. Most predatory stink bugs are generalist feeders, so they might also devour your lady beetles or even their own kin.

http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Stink bug

An organism that lives in or on the body of a single host individual during the larval stage of its life cycle and ultimately killing that individual.

Adult parasitoid being free-living, no longer dependent on the host.

Parasitoids may comprise up to 25% of all insects (Parasitoids, Nick Mills, U.C. Berkeley).

Most parasitoids belong to the Hymenopteran or Dipteran

http://insects.about.com/od/insects101/g/Parasitoid.htm

Parasitoid lays eggs within the bodies of host insects. Parasitoid larvae feeds on non-essential organs thus feeding without killing the host. Eventually, the larvae either feeds on the vital organs killing the host or pupates within the host and then emerges as an adult killing the host.

http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/parasitoid

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/galveston/beneficials_images/1c_archives/beneficial-00-A=Fig2_GCMGA14623_parasitoid_example_02.jpg

http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/2011/parasitoidla.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Trissolcus_parasitoid_wasps.JPG

An ectoparasitoid is a parasite that lives externally on another animal and eventually kills it. Eggs attached to the integument of caterpillar between thoracic or abdominal inter-segmental grooves.

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one organism (the parasite) gets benefit from the other organism (host plant). The parasite is detrimental to the host . Parasites do not kill their host directly but may weaken it to the point where it is susceptible to infection. http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/parasitism

Parasitism

http://semprul.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/plant-parasite.jpg

A form of symbiotic relationship. A relationship between different species where both species benefit from the relationship: aphids and ants. The aphids secrete a sugary solution called honeydew. Ants drink the honeydew and, in return, they protect the aphids from predators. leaf cutting ants and fungus within their fungus gardens.

http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/mutualism

Mutualism

http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/symbiosis

A relationship between different species where one organism gains benefit from the relationship and the other is unaffected. A group of smaller organisms 'hitching' a lift on larger organisms (called Phoresy)

http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/commensalism

Commensalism

Burrowing bugs such as ants and beetles dig tunnels that provide channels for water, benefiting plants. all insects fertilize the soil with the nutrients from their droppings.

More than 90% of the organic matter synthesized by the green plants remains unconsumed, and it passes to the level of decomposers as plant material decaying on soil. Arthropods are the major decomposers, playing a very important role in degradation of waste by feeding on dead matter or decaying remains derived from producers and consumers

http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/capinera/eny5236/pest1/content/03/2_decomposers.pdf

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