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INSECT POLLINATORS, THEIR MANAGEMENT AND ROLE IN CROP
PRODUCTIONCREDIT
SEMINAR
Presented by: Kumbhar Chaitanya Ramesh M/Ento/53/2011-12
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGYRAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
PUSA (SAMASTIPUR) – 848 125, BIHAR
Pollinators are essential for orchard,agricultural crop, horticultural crop and forage production. For production of seed for many root and fiber crops. Pollinators such as bees, birds and bats affect 35 percent of the world’s crop production, increasing outputs of 87 of the leading food crops worldwide.Food security, food diversity, human nutrition and food prices all rely strongly on animal pollinators.
The consequences of pollinator declines are likely to impact the production and costs of vitamin-rich crops like fruits and vegetables, leading to increasingly unbalanced diets and health problems.
Cont... Maintaining and increasing yields in horticultural crops
under agricultural development is critically important to health, nutrition, food security and better farm incomes for poor farmers.
In the past, pollination has been provided by nature at no explicit cost to human communities.
As farm fields have become larger, and the use of agricultural chemicals has increased, mounting evidence points to a potentially serious decline in populations of pollinators under agricultural development.
Myth : Plants bear flowers which become fruits
We almost always take pollination for granted
What is pollination?
• Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma
Why is pollination important?• Sexual reproduction is important for evolution:• Sexual reproduction produces variable
offspring, creating diversity and variation among populations (shuffling of genes)
• You need variation for Natural Selection to occur
• Sexual reproduction is advantageous to an organism only if it happens with someone other than itself!
• Out breeding = good! (inbreeding = bad…)
Goyal, N. P. (1996)
“Annual monetary loss of Horticultural/Agricultural Production due to lack of proper/optimum Bee
Pollination in India is 3000 crores”
• About a century ago, it became clear in the US that production could increase considerably by careful management of pollination in many fruits, seed and nut crops.
• Size and quality of the crop improved with better pollination.
• Agriculture areas are coming under such intensive use that the natural habitats of pollinators are being destroyed → scarcity of potential pollinators → resorting of the use of bee colonies reared in boxes for managed pollination.
• In US, the value of crops resulting directly from bee pollination is estimated to be about 8 billion dollars annually
Need for Pollination
Indian Scenario
• Recourse to pollinator management aimed at crop production is practically unknown.
• Not much attention has been devoted to beekeeping as such.
• Even countries like Mexico, Argentina and China are far ahead of India in having larger number of bee colonies.
• Research activity on pollinators in India is in a state of neglect.
• The potential of beekeeping in augmenting the yield of crops in the country remains to be fully exploited.
Development of Apiculture Indian Scenario
• To revive various traditional village industries, KVIB was formed in 1954• Bee Keeping industries came on the map of village industries of India
within two decades.• In 1981, AICP on Honey Bees Research & Training was launched by
ICAR.• In 1994 – 95, MOA took initiative of launching CCS entitled
“Development of Beekeeping for improving Crop Productivity” during VIII Plan
• Beekeeping Development Board functioned to coordinate Beekeeping activities during VIIIth Plan and continued during IXth Plan. (2002)
• Formation of National Bee Board as a Registered Society in 2000.• Beekeeping activity was included under National Horticulture Mission
(NHM)May 2005. for promoting cross pollination of Horticultural crops.
NCA Recommendations In India, The National commission on Agriculture (1970 –
1976 ) was fully aware of the enormous potential of bee pollination.
NCA made very important recommendations aimed at increasing bee population and utilizing bee pollination as a powerful instrument for higher productivity.
The National commission on Agriculture has visualized the need for deploying about 150 million Bee Colonies for pollination of agricultural crops in India.
The commission recommended that every Agricultural University should develop a section on Apiculture under Entomology Division of Research, Education and Training.
Insects and Crop Pollination Entomophily is by far the most common mean of pollen transfer and it played a vital role
in the evolution of angiosperms. The mutual association of insect and flowers is believed to exist since 60 – 100 million
years ago. There are about 2,50,000 species of flowering plants globally which are pollinated by
2,00,000 species of animals. Out of 95 per cent of the flower which are cross pollinated, more than 85 per cent
depend on insects for pollination. 50 per cent of the plant species propagated by seeds are dependent on insect
pollination. 1/3rd of the food supply is either directly or indirectly dependent on insect pollinated
plants. Currently more than 65 per cent of all flowering plants are insect pollinated. Many wild plant in nature are being propagated through insect pollination which
maintains the sustainability of ecosystems, environmental quality and help in conservation of biodiversity (Free, 1993).
In India, of the 160 million hectares of the cropped area, more than 55 million is under bee dependent crops.
Bee husbandary in agricultural systems is a crucial link in food and fiber production and sustainability (Free, 1993; Delaplane and Mayer, 2000).
Feature Reason
Large, brightly coloured petals to attract insects
Often sweetly scented to attract insects
Usually contain nectar to attract insects
Moderate quantity of pollen less wastage than with wind pollination
Pollen often sticky or spiky to stick to insects
Anthers firm and inside flower to brush against insects
Stigma inside the flower so that the insect brushes against it
Stigma has sticky coating pollen sticks to it
Insect Pollinated Flowers
AGENTS OF POLLINATION
Important agents of pollen transfer:-
WIND POLLINATION
ANIMALS
BIRDS
WIND POLLINATION
Gymnosperms and some flowering plants (grasses, trees) use wind pollination.Flowers are small, grouped togetherNot a very efficient method(too chancy and wasteful)
ANIMALSMany flowering plants rely on animals
for cross-pollination:•Insects – bees, wasps, flies, butterflies,
moths•Birds – hummingbirds, honey creepers•Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys•Even some reptiles and amphibians!
Pollinators
World Crop Pollination73% Bees - 5% beetles19% flies - 4% birds6.5 % bats - 5% wasps4% butterflies and moths
Why do animals pollinate plants?• They get a REWARD: food! In
exchange for moving their pollen to another flower
• Nectar – a sugary solution produced in special flower glands called nectaries
• Nectar concentration matches energy requirements of the pollinator: bird- and bee-pollinated flowers have different sugar conc.
• Pollen – is high in protein, some bees and beetles eat it. • Flowers can produce two kinds of pollen: a normal and a
sterile, but tasty, kind, for the insect.
Mammals: bats and mice
• Bats pollinate at night,so flowers are white
• Mouse-pollinated flowersare usually inconspicuous,they open at night
Birds• Birds have a good sense
of color, they like yellow orred flowers…
• But birds do not have a goodsense of smell, so bird-pollinatedflowers usually have little odor.
• Flowers provide fluid nectar ingreater quantities than insects
• Hummingbird-pollinated flowersusually have long, tubular corolla
• Pollen is large and sticky
Butterflies and moths• Also guided by sight and smell• Butterflies can see red and orange
flowers• Usually shaped as a long tube
because of insect’sproboscis – to get nectar
• Moth-pollinated flowersare usually white or pale,with sweet, strong odor – for night pollination.
Flies and beetles• Flies like flowers that smell
like dung or rotten meat.• Lay their eggs there, but larvae
die due to lack of food
• Beetles pollinate flowersthat are dull in color, buthave very strong odor
Animal pollinators: Bees• Bees – are the most important group of flower
pollinators• They live on the nectar and feed
larvae, also eat the pollen.• Bees are guided by sight and
smell• See yellowyellow and blue colors,
also ultraviolet light (not red)• Flowers have
“honey guides” and bee landing platforms..
Insect pollinators • Apis species- mellifera, cerana, dorsata and florea• Stingless bees• Bumble bees• Alkali bees• Scolids• Andrenids• Xylocopids• Halictids• Megachilids• Anthophorids• Syrphids- Episyrphus, Eristalis, Ischiodon• Other dipterans like Musca, midges, calliphorids• Lepidopterans
Fig-wasp mutualism
Fig trees (Ficus) ~750 tropical species, all of which depend entirely on wasps for pollination
Figs are not fruits – they are specialized inflorescences with hundreds of unisexual flowers
INSECT POLLINATORS AS IMPORTANT INPUT IN CROPS
• About 85 per cent crop plants- cross-pollinated
• About 50 million ha of land in the country under pollinator dependent crops especially honey bees like fruit, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes and pulses.
• Not all fruits develop simply as a result of ovule fertilization
Non- social bees
Honey beesApisApis spp. spp. NonNon-Apis-Apis spp. spp.
Apis floreaApis dorsata
Apis mellifera Apis cerana
Melipona sp.
Bombus sp.
Honey Bees as Pollinators• According to estimates the value of additional yields obtained
by pollination service rendered by honey bees is 15-20 times more than the value of all hive products put together.
• The value of bee pollination in Western Europe is estimated to be 30-50 times the value of honey and wax production in the region.
• It is being increasingly realized that bees could be less expensive input for promoting sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture and enhancing crop productivity.
• Honey Bees play vital role in sustaining plant bio-diversity with environmental stability.
• Crops/flowers are essentially required for development of honey bees. In present Indian agricultural scenario honey bees should be treated as input for over all development for agriculture.
Crops known to require or benefit from insect pollination.Fruits crops Seed crops
For food, oils For propagationand fibers
Almond AppleApricot AvocadoBlackberryCherryCranberry CucumbersCurrantDewberryEgg plantGooseberryGrapeGuavaLoquat
MangoMuskmelonNectarineOkraPapayaPeachPearPepperPersimonPlum & prunePumpkinsQuinceSquashStrawberrywatermelon
Beans (horse)Beans (Limas)BuckwheatCeleryCottonFlaxMustardRapeRayaSunflowerToria
Alfalfa AsparagusBroccoliBrussels sproutBuckwheatCabbageCauliflowerCeleryClovers CollardCottonCorianderCucumberEgg plant
OnionOkraPepperPumpkinRadishRapeRutabagaSquashSunflowerSweet cloverTrefoilTurnipVetchesWater-melon
PER CENT INCREASE IN YIELDS BY BEE POLLINATION OVER SELF POLLINATION OF DIFFERENT FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Crop Per cent increase(a) Orchard crops Apple 180 to 6950 Cherry 56 to 1000 Citrus Varieties 21 to 411 Guava 70 to 140 Litchi 4538 to 10246 Orange 471 to 900 Pears 240 to 6014 Persimmon 20 Plums 6.7 to 2739 Strawberry 38 to 68
Crop Per cent increase(c)Oilseeds
Brown mustard 13 to 222 Linseed 2 to 40 Rai 18 Rape 12 to 139 Sunflower 72 to 82 Toria 66 to 120 White mustard 128 to 152
(b) Vegetables Asparagus 12405 Cabbage 100 to 300 Carrot 9 to 135 Onion 354 to 9878 Radish 22 to 100 Turnip 100 to 125
(d) Others American cotton 5 to 20 Alfalfa 23 to 19733 Berseem 23 to 150 Broad beans 7 to 90 Buckwheat 63 Coffee 17 to 83 Fennel 100 Niger 24 to 173
Mishra & Garg (2002)
Honey Bee Potential to enhance Crop yields
In 1982US Department of Agriculture
22,000 Bartlett Pear Trees (Virginia State) Introduction of Bee Hives brought about a total transformation
in fruit production from zero yield to optimum yield situation.Pollinator management have now become (commApplied Pollination on expression) associated Managed Pollination with enhancing productivity
by Pollinators.
Per cent increase in yield by bee pollination over self pollination in
BiharSl.
Crop % increase in yield
No. of Apis mellifera colony/ha required for
pollination1. Rapeseed 26 - 31 12. Toria 20 - 48 13. Sunflower 68 - 78 44. Niger 24 - 42 45. Onion 152 - 234 86. Litchi 25 - 30 47. Citrus spp. 35 - 67 48. Coriander 9 - 14 29. Fennel 6 - 11 210 Pigeonpea 21-30 4Kumar, N. & Agarwal, M. L. (2012). Status report on pollination studies at RAU Pusa centre
Pollination level of different crops grown in India
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Fruit crops Almond Coconut Date Guava Jamun Jujube Papaya Peach Watermelon
Amygdalus communis
Cocus nuciferaPhoenix dactyliferaPsidium guajavaSyzygium vulgare Ziziphus jujuba Carjea papayaPrunus persica Chtrullus lanatus
No bees. No fruit formationCPECPECPECPECPECPEBP increases yieldCPE
BP Bee Pollination CPE Cross Pollination Essential
Comman Name Scientific Name RemarksVegetable Crops Balsam pear CabbageCucumber Egg plantLettuce PumpkinRadishTomato
LoofahBottle gourd
Momodica chrantisBrassica oleaceaCucumis sativumSolanum melogenaLectuea sativaCucurbitaRaphanus sativusLycopersicon esculentumLuffa cylindricaLagenaria siceraria
CPECPECPECP increases productionCP increases seed productionCPE CPECPE
CPECPE
Contd.
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Oilseed CropsNigerOlivePeanutSesameSunflower
Pulse CropsBroad beanPigeonpea
Guizotia abbyssinica Olea europeaeArachis hypogeaSesamum indiucmHelianthus annus
Vicia fabaCajnus cajan
BP increases yieldCP increases fruit setBP increases seed yieldBP increases seed yieldBP increases yield
BP increase seed yield BP increases seed yield
Contd.
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Species, condiments and beverages Black pepperCloveFennelTea
Piper nigrumSyzygium aromaticumFoeniculum vulgare Camellia sinensis
BP essential CPEBP increases seed yield CPE
Contd.
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Forage cropsAlfalfaBarseem
Fibre CropsCottonsunnhemp
Medicage sativaTrifolium alexandrinum
Gossypium spCrotolairia juncea
BP increases yieldBP increases yield
BP increases yieldBP increases yield
Contd.
Honey Bees for Hybrid Seed Production
Cotton Sunflower Rapeseed – Mustard Pigeon pea Soybean Broad or field bean
Carrot Onion CucumberCauliflower
Honey bees are needed for optimum seed set in many crop hybrids, and the hybrids to be developed should have characteristics which can make them more attractive to bees and other pollinators.
Contd.
Preparing colonies for crop pollination
• Need not necessarily have much honey• No lack of adequate space• Swarming• 6-7 brood frames• Up to top bars• Unsealed brood• Brood cells should be compact
Pollinating colony
Colonies strength for pollination
• Strong• Blanket of bees covering the tops of frames• Every square cm. with bees• Ready to have an extra super• Deterioration in foraging conditions (small v/s
strong)• Queen pheromone dilution (encourages foraging)
Moving colonies to crops
• At night• Day time necessity: hot and dry conditions• Spraying with water• Moving time (more than 48 hours often kills
brood)• Moving to new site within flight range• Reduce drifting (different directions, spacing
them apart, near land marks, different coloured boards).
Concentration of colonies for pollination
• Number of colonies depend on:• Pollination requirement of the crop• Size of the crop• Concentration of flowers and their attractiveness.• Amount of nectar and pollen available• Behaviour of bee on the crop and ability to pollinate • Competing insect pollinators including honey bees and
crops• Cost of obtaining the bees• Best to over estimate rather than underestimate• Quite variable. Normally 2-5 colonies.
Distance from crop
• Place in the crop• Spend less time flying to and fro• At short distances away from field leads
to reduction in proportion of bees visiting the bees (particularly during poor weather)
• Honey bees concentrate their activity to near distances.
Pyrus mallus Orchard exampleFavourable conditions
0.6 km. away weight gain 4.8to6kg.1.2km away weight gain 0.9kg.
Unfavourable conditionsColonies at orchards gained 1.4kg
0.6km away lost 2kg1.2km away lost 5.5kg
Conditioning colonies to a particular crop
• Honey bees are not taken to crop until it has begun to flower.
• Bees tend to visit the same species they did before the shifting.
• Colonies are not taken to crop until it is flowering sufficiently to be the predominant species in the locality.
• Great proportions of flowers of crop are open before the colonies are taken to it . Then fail to pollinate.
• Production of nectar and pollen time and colony placement (hive entrances of colonies should remain close).
Directing bees to crops
• Feeding sugar syrup (Training)• Feeding sugar syrup with scent• Reflecting ultra-violet light in crops
Proportion of pollen gatherers• Colonies should contain plenty of brood• Stimulative sugar feeding• Adding extra combs of brood• Removing pollen stores. Pollen gatherers
more important
Increasing crop attractiveness• Selective breeding• By altering plant nutrient supply• Cultural practices e.g. irrigation.
SEVERAL REASONS FOR BEE LOSSES
Risk of Extinction
Species of Described Evaluated-ability to survive
Threatened
Birds 9932 100% 12.0%
Mammals 4842 97% 23.6%
Insects 1,004,898 0.08% 73.0%
May Berenbaum, 2009
Need to conserve pollinator biodiversity To realize yield potentials
- of several cross pollinated crops- hybrid seed production- crops grown under polyhouses To conserve the rare and endemic species of honey bees & pollinatorsSurvival of plant species through mixing of gene poolIn intensified and diversified sustenance agriculture
One of the main reasons for not able to break the yield plateau of some cross pollinated crops despite having the best variety and adoption of all technologies, is the depletion in population of pollinators, which results into inadequate pollination and thereby reduced productivity.
Depletion in population of native insect pollinators in natural habitats due to habitat destruction, mechanization and other agricultural practices, changing cropping pattern, pesticidal application and pollution are of serious concern.
CONCLUSIONS
How much loss the nation has accrued over the decades because of decline in population of pollinators leading to inadequate pollination and thereby reduced productivity is difficult to assess.
In the present situation, it is of pivotal significance to generate techniques for conservation, augmentation and utilization of pollinators including honey bees for maximizing pollination and to increase the production of various crops.
CONCLUSIONS
WORLD WITHOUT BEES…………..“If the bee disappeared off the surface of
the globe, then man would only have four years of life left. No more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man”
ALBERT EINSTEIN 59
THANK YOU