Final Slides, Feb. 10David Bell

Keng-Hao HsuKim, Sung-Geun

David Apter: Chapter 1David Apter: Chapter 1Toward a Theory of Toward a Theory of ModernizationModernization Modernization as a non-economic process

originates when a culture embodies an attitude of inquiry and questioning about how men make choices- moral (or normative), social (or structural), and personal (or behavioral).

Two criteria: degree of hierarchy / degree of values

Hierarchical Pyramidal

Consummatary(Sacred)

A(s-c model)

D

Instrumental(secular)

C B(s-l model)

The Secular-Libertarian Model

Behaviorally, the ability to reason, the ability to know self-interest

Structurally, allow the exercise of rationality and the pursuit of self-interest

Normatively, such a system takes certain fundamental proprieties.

The Sacred-Collectivity Model

• Behaviorally, it is made up of units whose singular characteristic is potentiality.

• Structurally, the political community is the means of translating potentiality into some sort of reality.

• Normatively, the sacred-collectivity is an ethical or moral unit.

Each of different political systems defines conditions of choices differently

Normative: consist of the values and priorities that combine in a moral consensus.

Structural: elaborates certain conditions of choice.

Behavioral: embodies the conditions under which individuals and groups make particular choices.

Figure 3Figure 3

ConclusionConclusion The general process of modernization

provides a useful setting for revealing these complex political matters.

In non-industrial society, politics becomes the mechanism of integration, and authority is the critical problem confronting the leaders

A consideration of the political forms most appropriate to producing and coping with modernization

David Apter, Chapter 2:David Apter, Chapter 2:Some characteristics of Some characteristics of modernizationmodernization Commercialization,industrialization Innovation Colonialism as a modernization force

◦ Colonialism demonstrated the role of commerce and bureaucracy in modernization

◦ Colonialism at its best has been one very useful mechanism for modernizing

Four main stages: the pioneering, bureaucratic, representative, and responsible governmental stages.

Characteristics (cont.)Characteristics (cont.) Political modernization is both

consequence and cause of modernization, and this is reflected in an appropriately changing governmental system.

Traditionalism and development It is difficult to separate the strands of

traditionalism from those modernity. Traditionality in its various form and

patterns is an essential part of the study of modernization.

RolesRoles Roles, new or old, modified and adapted,

given new meaning by changes, ought to be the beginning point for the analysis of modernization

The ways roles are put together reveals something of the moral basis of the community and the structure as well

Roles as indicators

Modernization, Industrialization,Modernization, Industrialization,DevelopmentDevelopment Industrialization is that aspect of

modernization so powerful in its consequences, based on the use of the machine

Modernization, as a means of identifying those social arrangements, as a means of observing how changes.

Development is a dramatic revolutionary change

The special problem of The special problem of equalityequality Development creates inequality;

modernization accentuates it. Inequality can be seen both as a cause of

modernization and as a result of it. The achievement of equality is an ever

spreading moral objective in the modern world

Intellectuals is a key indicator of the nature of the polity during modernization

David Apter, Chatper 3:David Apter, Chatper 3:The Analysis of TraditionThe Analysis of Tradition Culture never give way to the new change

◦ The varied responses of tradition to modernization account for many of the differences in political forms

◦ Also, this connection between tradition and modernity is very complex

Framework for the analysis of Framework for the analysis of traditionalismtraditionalism The analytical scheme applied to modernization can be used to

examine tradition Values - represents the normative and behavioral dimensions

◦ Instrumental: does not affect social institutions fundamentally. Rather innovation is made to serve tradition

◦ Consummatory: every aspect of society is a part of an elaborately sustained, high-solidarity structure in which religion is pervasive

Three types of authority◦ Hierarchical authority: structural expression of instrumental

traditionalism - highly resistant to political but not to other forms of modernization

◦ Pyramidal authority: expression of consummatory values - the chiefs at each level of the pyramid have similar powers and are relatively autonomous. resistant to all changes

◦ Segmental authority: community political relations are treated as if they were members of a single unilinear descent group by means of "legal fiction“, ruled by particular elders in age-grade system or by councils appointed from the lineage representatives

Consequences of the differences in Consequences of the differences in the cases of Ghana, Uganda, and the cases of Ghana, Uganda, and NigeriaNigeria Ghana (consummatory-pyramidal)

◦ Political conflicts between Westernized elites and traditional chiefs◦ New elites defines the traditionalism as subversive◦ "The past became dead weight on the government"

Uganda (instrumental-hierarchical)◦ The absoluteness of the hierarchical system as "instrument"- strong

resistance to the change in political institution, but very flexible to other changes

◦ "The prerequisite for accepting any innovation on the political level was to find some real or mythical traditional counterpart"

Nigeria (instrumental-segmental)◦ With individualized responses to innovation and without a central

traditional authority, the people adapted to commercial life and transposed the localism of the community into the individualism of the trading society

◦ The politics of the people are above all practical and economic, not ideological and dogmatic

ConclusionsConclusions Consummatory values make it more difficult

for systems to absorb exogenous change and modernization

Still some of the variations can be found among traditional systems in the face of modernization

Joseph R. GusfieldJoseph R. Gusfield

Joseph R. Gusfield, a longtime member of the sociology department at the University of California at San Diego, is currently a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in California. He is the author of The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking, Driving, and the Symbolic Order and Community: A Critical Response. http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/83sbd7dy9780252013126.html

Modernization and Modernization and Dependency TheoryDependency Theory “Traditional” and “modern” are neither

incompatible nor internally consistent terms

Argues that no single, uniform set of processes brings modernity

Not simple dichotomies but◦ Heterogeneity and interpretations to be analyzed

Modernization and Modernization and Dependency TheoryDependency Theory The idea of change in developing societies

as a linear movement from traditional past toward a modernized state

◦ Involves several significant assumptions that are questionable

◦ For example, the linear model assumes that existing institutions and values-tradition-impedes change and are obstacles to modernization

Modernization and Modernization and Dependency TheoryDependency Theory Explores the uses of tradition and modernity

as explicit ideologies in the politics of developing nations◦ Primarily draws on India

Explains concepts of development and modernization as being generalized◦ The view that tradition and innovation are

necessarily in conflict is overly abstract and unreal

Modernization and Modernization and Dependency TheoryDependency Theory Fallacies in the Assumptions of traditional-

modern polarity◦ Developing societies have been static

◦ Tradition is consistent

◦ Tradition is homogeneous

◦ Old is replaced with the new

◦ Tradition and modern forms are always in conflict

◦ Tradition and modern are mutually exclusive

◦ Modernization weakens traditions

Modernization and Modernization and Dependency TheoryDependency Theory Desire to be modern--desire to preserve tradition

◦ These function as ideologies

◦ Are not always in conflict

◦ Modernization is often linked to an upsurge in

traditionalism

◦ Tradition may be changed, stretched and modified

For new elites of developing nations its not

overcoming tradition but of finding ways to blend

modernity and tradition

Golden Oldies Readings for literary map

SynthesisSynthesis

Modernization as economic phenomenon◦ Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar: Classical growth

model (Martinussen, 1997) Played a major role in the development debate and

was incorporated into many planning model in the late 20th century

Total production is a result of investment in material production apparatus

Output is a function of capital input Other conditions, including non-economic factors,

could be disregarded as irrelevant or adapting with the economic growth

Modernization as economic phenomenon◦ Capital accumulation and balanced growth

(Martinussen)—capital accumulation increase supply of goods create increase demand Paul Rosenstein: “Big push” is needed for growth Ragnar Nurkse: “Two poverty circles” W. Arthur Lewis: the relationship between profit and

saving (capital accumulation) W.W. Rostow: Five stage theory

◦ Unbalanced growth and income distribution Albert Hirschman: Imbalances are inevitable Simon Kuznets: greater inequality as the poorest

experience growth slower than the average until a certain range

Modernization as economic phenomenon◦ John Isbister

The task is the transformation of traditional society. The poverty is disappearing over time. The underdeveloped countries will follow the developmental stages of western

Modernization Theory (cont.)Modernization Theory (cont.)

Modernization as non-economic process◦ David E. Apter: “In non-industrial society, politics

becomes the mechanism of integration” Importance of traditionality: The varied responses of

tradition to modernization account for many of the differences in political forms

◦ Joseph R. Gusfield: “Traditional” and “modern” are neither incompatible nor internally consistent terms Not simple dichotomies but heterogeneity and

interpretations to be analyzed◦ Ferrel Heady

Modernization for political development is to grow the political capability and interlinkage of political development with other aspects of social change with multidimensional process.

Modernization as non-economic process◦ Gunnar Myrdal: A theory of social stagnation and

transformation (Martinussen) Non-economic factors as central factors

◦ Outputs and incomes◦ Conditions of production◦ Levels of living◦ Attitudes toward life and work◦ Institutions◦ Policies

Wrong assumptions of modernization◦ Valenzuela et al.

Center-periphery dichotomy What varies between the developed and developing

is not the degree of rationality, but the structural foundations of the incentive systems

◦ Andre Gunder Frank The difference in historical experience: the

developed were never underdeveloped! Five counter-arguments for modernization theory Global extension and unity of the capitalist system,

monopoly structure, uneven development should deserve much more attention

Break-down of dichotomy◦ Dieter Senghass and Ulrich Menzel—Countries

(peripheral societies and centre) have very different structures and patterns of transformation-generalizations are difficult Internal socio-economic conditions and political institutions

are centrally important in determining whether an economy can be transformed

Important socio-economic variables include:◦ A relatively egalitarian distribution of land and

incomes◦ High literacy level◦ Economic policies and institutions that support

industrialization

Functions of modernization◦ Arturo Escobar

Development proceeded by creating 'abnormalities‘ Development fostered a way of conceiving of social

life as a "technical problem” Discursive homogenization (people in the Third

World are almost same: they are poor and underdeveloped

◦ Isbister Economic Growth in advanced capitalist countries

created the third world poverty in its wake. The cause of continuing poverty is therefore the failure of the third world to break its ties with the rich capitalist countries.

Functions of modernization◦ Samir Amin (mid-1970): Two ideal types of

societal models The autocentric economy—Internal production

relations primarily determine the society’s development possibilities

Close link between agriculture and manufacturing Does engage in international trade The peripheral economy—non-capitalist modes of

production of good for luxury consumption dominated by an ‘over-developed’ export sector

Replace asymmetrical relationships with “center countries” with regional cooperation and an internal socialist development strategy

Modernizationtheory

Dependency

theory

Isbister

Andre Gunder Frank

Heady

Development

World Capitalist system

Metropoles(Center)

Satellites(Periphery

)

Escobar

MartinussenUnderdev & Dependency

MartinussenGrowth and

Modern

MartinussenStructuralist & Ind Dev

Gusfield

Traditional(under-

developed)

Modern(developed) Valenzuela

et al.

Martinussen, J. (1997). Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development. London: Zed Press. Chapter 4-7

Isbister, J. (1993). Promises Not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change in the Third World. West Hartford: Kumarian. Chapters 3 and 4

Heady, F. (1991). Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective. New York: Marcel Dekker. Chapter 3

Gunder Frank, A. (1996). The Development of Underdevelopment. In Jameson, K. P. and Wilber, C. (eds.). The Political Economy of Development and underdevelopment. New York: McGraw Hill.

Valenzuela, J. S. and Valenzuela, A. (1982). Modernization and Dependency. In Munoz, H. (ed.) From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality. Boulder: Westview Press.

Escobar, A. (1994). The Making and Unmaking of Third World Development. In Rahnema, M. with Bawtree, V. (eds.) The Post-Development Reader. London: Zed Books.

Apter, D. E. (1965). The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chapters 1-3

Gusfield, J. R. (1971). Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change. In Welch, C. (ed.) Political Modernization: A Reader . Belmont: Duxbury Publishers.

ReferenceReference