Final Thesis With Corrections Done

A PROJECT REPORT ON

MOISTURE MANAGEMENT PROPERTY OF WOOL, POLYESTER & LYCRA FABRIC FOR ACTIVE

SPORTSWEAR

Submitted by:

BHARGAV SHYAM JOSHI

091050027

(B. TECH. IN TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY)

Under the guidance of:

Prof. S.N.TETAMBE

TEXTILE MANUFACTURES DEPARTMENT

VEERMATA JIJABAI TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

[Autonomous institute affiliated under University of Mumbai]

Matunga, Mumbai – 400019.

2012-2013

Moisture Management Property of Wool, Polyester & Lycra Fabric for Active Sportswear Page 1

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled

MOISTURE MANAGEMENT PROPERTY OF WOOL, POLYESTER & LYCRA FABRIC FOR ACTIVE

SPORTSWEAR

Is carried out by:

BHARGAV SHYAM JOSHI

(091050027)

Under the guidance of:

Prof. S.N.TETAMBE

And is submitted to VeermataJijabai Technological Institute in fulfilment

for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Textile) in the year 2012-2013.

Prof. S.N.Tetambe External Examiner Dr.V.D.Gotmare

Project Guide Head of the Dept.

Textile Manufactures Dept. Textile ManufacturesDept

VJTI, Mumbai-19. VJTI, Mumbai-19.


STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE

I the undersigned wish to state that the work embodied in this report “Moisture

Management Property of Wool, Polyester & Lycra Fabric for Active Sportswear” forms

the original contribution to the work carried out under the guidance Prof. S.N.Tetambe at

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai. This work has not been submitted for any

other degree or diploma at any other University or Institute. References to previous works of

others have been clearly acknowledged.

BHARGAV JOSHI

(091050027)

B. Tech. Textile Technology


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very glad to present this project report & express my sincere thanks to all who

directly and indirectly helped to complete the project.

I express my gratitude to the following concerned:-

Prof. S.N.Tetambe (Project Guide)

Dr. V.D. Gotmare (HOD,Textile Manufactures Department)

Dr.A.K.Rakshit (Dean R&D, VJTI & Senior Faculty,Textile Manufactures Department)

Dr. O. G Kakde (DIRECTOR ,VJTI)

Prof. Mutazir Ahmed (Visiting Faculty at VJTI)

Wool Research Association(WRA)

Mr. Jagda (WRA)

Mr Amrut Patil (RENFRO INDIA PVT LTD)

Mr. Sanjay More (Faculty of Knit-wear Design,NIFT,Kharghar)

Mrs. Sheela Raj (MMT Testing Incharge at CIRCOT,MUMBAI)

Mr. Chagani (Chemistry Department,CIRCOT,MUMBAI)

Mrs. Prachi Mhatre & Mr. Deepak Kumar (CIRCOT LIBRARY)

These personalities have provided me with all possible technical help required to

complete the task successfully for which I would always be grateful to them. In the course of

project they have gone out of their way in helping to solving my queries, which justifies for

their keen interest in shaping the future generations of technologists and engineers.

I would once again like to thank my project guide for his invaluable guidance during

the project work.

Bhargav Joshi


ABSTRACT

Moisture management properties of wool/ polyester and wool/bamboo knitted fabrics for the sportswear base layer.

The technical developments in the sports clothing industry have resulted in the use of

engineered textiles for highly specialized performances in different sports. People are

increasingly looking for 'value added' textiles and functional design in sportswear. For

achieving high level of performance, sportsmen are looking for such type of clothing which

will provide both functional property as well as comfort property.

Moisture Management Property of Fabrics having different coarse wool counts is

tested.These Fabrics are having a unique structure.As these fabrics are plated knitted fabrics

with Core-Spun Lycra-Polyester yarn as the Plating yarn.

The Idea being lycra-polyester layer would be next to skin and wool would be the outer

surface.

As Moisture develops on the skin, it would be wicked by lycra-polyester layer

And absorbed by wool and quickly evaporated giving comfort to the wearer.

Therefore the test is carried out on lycra-polyester layer.

Moisture Management Test is carried in accordance with AATCC test no. 2009-195 using

Moisture Management Tester developed by SDL ATLAS.

Wool being very good absorbent and has very good wicking property is used .

Wool counts used are 48/2 Nm, 70/2 Nm, 80/2 Nm.

Lycra being very extensible and stretch giving.Lycra has also good wicking .It is used to give

Sportswear proper stretch.

Polyester is used for strength and good wicking, chemical treatment which makes polyester

hydrophilic.

Plated fabric with wool as face side and polyester lycra core spun yarn as reverse side is

produced.

These fabrics are treated with Sodium Carbonate for increasing the absorbancy.

The results show that moisture management properties of fabric having wool count of

70Nm/2 is the best among the three used and can be best used as sportswear for cold climate.


CONTENTSPage No.

1.INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 OBJECTIVE 7

2.LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 POLYESTER 8

2.2 WOOL 8

2.3 LYCRA 9

2.4 LYCRA –POLYESTER CORE SPUN YARN 9

2.5 FABRIC TYPE 9

2.6 PLATED STRUCTURE 9

2.7 TESTING FACILITY 10

3.PROCEDURE 11

3.1 MATERIALS 11

3.1.1 YARN USED 11

3.1.2 CHEMICALS USED 11

3.2 FABRIC PREPARATION 11

3.3 FABRIC PROPERTIES

3.4 INITIAL PREPARATION 12

3.4.1 TREATING WITH SODIUM CARBONATE 12

3.4.2 STANDARD TESTING 12

3.5 SCOPE AND PURPOSE 13

3.6 MOISTURE MANAGEMENT TESTER 13

3.6.1 TERMINOLOGY 14

3.6.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 15

3.6.3 MOISTURE MANAGEMENT TESTER INDICES 15

3.6.4 GRADING 16

3.6.5 TESTING 16

3.6.6 TESTING WAY 16

4 RESULTS & ANALYSIS 17

5 ATTRIBUTES GIVEN 27

6 CONCLUSION 27

7 APPLICATION 28


8 REFERENCES 30


1.INTRODUCTION

Sports garments, particularly the layer worn next to skin, are key to the physiological comfort

of an athlete, and their attributes in this aspect are critical to the athlete’s performance.The

human body has an operating temperature of 37C, which it attempts to maintain under

different circumstances.

Due to the increased metabolism the body temperature rises during physical activity, such as

participation in active sports, and the body-created heat ranges between 100W at rest and

1000W during periods of intense physical activity. To maintain the body temperature at 37C

during this intense physical activity it is necessary to transport the heat away from the body to

the environment.

The heat transport to the environment is achieved through a dry flux (conduction, convection,

and radiation) and a latent flux produced by perspiration. The cooling heat flow created by

the perspiration is also transferred by conduction and convection. In cases when the skin is

not covered by close-fitting textiles and there is a micro-climate gap between the garment and

the skin, or the skin is not covered at all, the sweat also evaporates directly from the skin,

offering an important cooling mechanism. The dry flux depends on the thermal insulation

property of the garment worn, while the latent flux depends on the garment moisture

transport (management) properties; thus the body vapour and liquid sweat must have the

opportunity to pass effectively from the skin to the outer surface of the clothing and,

therefore, the liquid moisture transport ability of the garment worn is of the most importance

in cases where the physical exertion causes a high rate of sweating.

1.1 Objective:

To produce a knitted plated fabric with wool as face side and core-spun yarn of

lycra –polyester as reverse side.

Comparision of Moisture management of three different wool count fibres fabrics

with above based technique.

Treating of fabrics with sodium carbonate

Again testing with moisture management tester.


2.LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Polyester

There are a number of textile fibers that are currently used in sportswear, both natural and

synthetic, but polyester is the single most popular and common fiber used in active wear and

sportswear. In its unfinished state, polyester fiber is hydrophobic and has a much lower

water absorption capacity than, for example, cotton fiber, but its wicking rate, although slow

compared with some other synthetic fibers, is faster than that of cotton. Polyester fiber is also

cheap to manufacture and easy to care for and has excellent washing and wearing properties.

When polyester is intended to make contact with the skin in a garment, it is usually

chemically treated to improve its wicking ability.This is achieved by applying a hydrophilic

coating to each polyester filament. The resulting hydrophobic core and hydyophilic surface

allow moisture to migrate along the outer surface of filament without being absorbed into the

core

Moisture Regain : 0.4 %

2.2 Wool

Wool has good, natural wicking property and also it will provide insulation even in wet

condition, but it is slow to dry. It is a popular misconception that synthetic fabrics dry

more quickly than their natural counterparts. In fact the rate of evaporation from fabrics

depends on the surrounding climate conditions and structure of the fabric. A wool fabric

has been shown to absorb significantly more sweat than a polyester fabric (of comparable

structure) followed by rest during a period of exercise. The amount of moisture desorbed

from the wool fabric was significantly higher than the polyester fabric, and the skin

temperature decreased faster and recovered more slowly after contact with the wool

fabric compared with polyester fabric. The removal of the sweat in vapour form from the

micro-climate between the skin and fabric reduces the retention of liquid sweat, leaving

drier and more comfortable.Wool fibre has a unique natural thermal regulation and vaporous

management properties which helps in cooling down and controls body

temperature.

When wool absorbs moisture, it produces heat, so when a wool fabric is taken from a warm

room into a cold one,the wool picks up water vapour from the air, and makes the wearer


warm. The reverse occurs when go back into the warm room - the moisture in the fabric

passes into the atmosphere, and cools down. Tiny pores in the cuticle cells of wool structure

allow water vapour to pass through the wool fibre. This makes wool fabric, a suitable sports

clothing in both warm and cool conditions .

Wool fiber is a good thermal insulator even when wet and has the highest moisture regain of

all fibers at a given temperature and relative humidity.

Hence wool is able to absorb more moisture than,for example, cotton, before becoming

saturated and causing the sensation of wet cling on the skin.

Moisture Regain -18%

2.3 Lycra

Lycra is made of elastane fiber. Lycra knitting is very flexible; LYCRA can stretch up to

500% and then springing back to its original shape. It is light, durable and feels pleasant

against the skin. DuPont Lycra keeps its colour, shape and size. It adds support to working

muscles during activity.

Moisture Regain- 0.8-1.2%

2.4 Lycra –Polyester Core Spun Yarn

A core spun yarn is a structure composed of a separable core surrounded by fibre and suitable

for use as a yarn. The manufacturing process consists of feeding filament to spinning unit

where it covered by staple fibres

Here,Lycra-Core, Polyester-Sheath

Core contributes-

Good Extensibilty, Better stretch

Higher strength

Better ply security

Superior abrasion resistance and durability

Sheath contributes-

Superior frictional characteristics compared to a continuous filament threads

Higher strength

2.5 Fabric Type


Knitted fabric is the most common fabric structure for Active sportswear. Knitted fabric

generally possesses good stretch and recovery, providing good freedom of movement, shape

retention, and tailored fit. With the possibility of various combinations of fabric constructions

and yarns used, knitted fabric appears to be the ideal base for functionally adaptive

sportswear. Knitted fabrics also mostly have uneven surfaces. This makes them feel more

comfortable in the aspect of tactile sensations caused by the textile being in direct contact

with the skin, in comparison to smooth-surfaced woven fabrics of similar fiber compositions.

In addition, the smaller number of fabric contact points with the skin warranted by the uneven

surface could also result in reduced clinging sensation when the skin is sweat-wetted.

Fabrics with high moisture management attributes are often specifically engineered or

structured for applications such as active sportswear, outdoor clothing, work wear, intimate

apparel, and footwear in which the concept of moisture management is utilized to prevent or

minimize the collection of liquid on the skin of the wearer due to perspiration. These fabrics

are normally two-sided and are produced from a minimum of two yarns of different fiber

content or characteristics, using warp or circular knitting technologies.

The high moisture management attributes are achieved by these fabrics being able to wick or

diffuse the liquid sweat through a hydrophobic fiber inner layer to an outer hydrophilic layer

where it evaporates to the atmosphere.

2.6 Plated structure


Plated single knit fabric is a fabric in which characteristics of one yarn are visible on the

surface composed of the face loop stitches whilst the characetristics of the outer yarn are

visible ont the reverse surface composed of reverse stitches.

Plating creates a firmer fabric

Plating can create a uniform fabric

In this experiment,face side is wool and lycra-polyester becomes the back side.

2.7 Testing Facility


Moisture Management Tester

Fabric liquid moisture transport properties in multidimensions, called moisture management

properties, significantly influence human perceptions of moisture sensations. A method

and instrument called the moisture management tester (MMT) is developed to evaluate textile

moisture management properties. This new method can be used to quantitatively measure

liquid moisture transfer in one step in a fabric in multidirections, where liquid moisture

spreads

on both surfaces of the fabric and transfers from one surface to the opposite. Ten indexes are

introduced to characterize the liquid moisture management properties of fabrics. Eight sets of

sportswear are tested with the MMT and the results show that liquid moisture management

properties are significantly different for these fabrics. The objective measurements are

compared with subjective perceptions of moisture sensations during exercise. A fabric’s one-

waytransport capacity and its overall moisture management capacity are significantly

correlated with perceptions of clammy and damp sensations with increased exercise time,

indicating that subjective perceptions of moisture sensations in sweating such as clammy and

damp can be predicted by the measurements of the MMT.

3. PROCEDURE


3.1 MATERIALS:

o 3.1.1 Yarn Used

Wool Yarn

48/2 Nm

70/2 Nm

80/2 Nm

Two for one yarn is used for better uniformity and giving better properties.

Wool Yarn is sourced from Wool Research Association,Thane

Lycra – Polyester Core Spun Yarn

20/75 den

Lycra – Polyester Core Spun Yarn is sourced from Renfro India Pvt. Limited.

o 3.1.2 Chemicals used

Non Ionic Reagent ( Ethyl Alcohol ethoxylate)

Sodium Carbonate


3.2 FABRIC PREPARATION

Plated Knitted fabrics are produced using each different wool count taken and lycra-

polyester.These fabrics are produced with wool as face side loops and lycra-Polyester as

reverse side loops.Therefore the property of the fabric at face side is of wool and that at back

side is lycra-polyester. Lycra giving better stretech ,extensibility and wicking while polyester

gives wicking and strength.

Fabric is Produced at Twill Gauge Knitting machine,with gauge of 12,No. of needles-200,

Stitich Length-55 .

Around 1 meter of each sample is knitted and used for the experiment.


3.3 FABRIC PROPERTIES

Mass per unit area. Five specimens of 100mm x 100mm from the fabric samples were

prepared and each of the specimens was weighed by measuring balance. The mass per unit

area was calculated as the mean mass per unit area.

Thickness. The thickness of fabric samples was measured as the distance between the

reference plate and parallel presser foot of the thickness tester.

Yarn 1 count(wool)(Nm)

Yarn 2 count(lycra - Polyester) den

GSM(g/sq.m) Thickness(mm)

Fabric 1 48/2 20/75 290 .63Fabric 2 70/2 20/75 254 .47Fabric 3 80/2 20/75 200 .43

Calculation of GSM

Sample Weight of 10 cm x 10 cm sampleFabric 1 2.9 gmFabric 2 2.54 gmFabric 3 2.0 gm

3.4 INITIAL PREPARATION:


The fabrics were scoured to remove dirt and to relax yarn tensions in the fabric specimens.

The samples were scoured at 40° C for 30 minutes using synthetic detergent/Non Ionic

Reagent,followed by rinsing for the same time period.

After the scouring process was completed, the samples were tumble dried.

2g/l

3.4.1Treating with Sodium carbonate

After scouring the three samples are again treated with sodium carbonate for increasing their

absorbancy.Sodium Carbonate with Non-ionic reagent is used to treat the samples.

The three samples are treated at 70º C for 40 min.

Concentration- 2g/l

And kept for natural drying

3.4.2Test methods

Prior to testing all fabrics sample were conditioned and tested in a standard atmosphere


3.5 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This test method is for the measurement, evaluation and classification of liquid moisture

management properties of textile fabrics. The test method produces objective measurements

of liquid moisture management properties of knitted, woven and nonwoven textile fabrics.

The results obtained with this test method are based on water resistance, water repellency

and water absorption characteristics of the fabric structure, including the fabric's geometric

and internal structure and the wicking characteristics of its fibers and yarns

3.6 MOISTURE MANAGEMENT TESTER

Moisture Maganement Tester (outside view)

Moisture Management Tester (inside view) showing concentric circles

The MMT utilizes the electrical resistance technique, which is based on the substantial

difference in electrical conductivity of air (non-wetted fabrics) and water (wetted fabrics): as

the liquid wicks through and/or absorbs into the fabric sample, the electrical resistance of the


sample reduces. The MMT method assumes that the value of the electrical resistance change

depends on two factors: the components of the water and the water content in the fabric, thus

when the influence of the water components is fixed, the electrical resistance measured is

only related to the water content in the fabric. It is important to note that the electrical

resistance of wet textile fabrics also depends on the fabric fiber composition and content,

fiber polymer (where fibers themselves exhibit different electrical conductivity or virtually no

conductivity), and also different fiber sorbtion properties, thus the MMT testing method has

to be considered in context of the fiber conductive properties.The MMT measures the liquid

transfer in one step in a fabric sample in multi-directions: outward on the top (next to skin)

surface of the fabric, through the fabric sample from the top to the bottom (opposite) surface,

and outward on the bottom surface. Gravity unquestionably has an influence on the transfer

of moisture through the fabric from the top surface to the bottom surface, but as the tests are

conducted under the same conditions, the influence of gravity could be considered constant

for all fabrics.

In the present study the technical back of the fabric samples is always a top surface (facing

the top sensor) when the sample is tested, imitating the case where the technical back is in

direct contact with the skin (Table 1).

The possible presence of air gaps between the skin and the fabric, and also the possible

‘boundary’ wetting resistance between the skin and the fabric during real wear are not taken

into consideration in the study. The method used will not give alone an overall rating of the

comfort of fabrics, as additional factors, such as sorption, wicking, vapor movement, and

thermal properties, have to be taken into

consideration at such rating.


3.6.1Terminology

absorption rate – (ART) (top surface) and (ARB) (bottom surface), n.— the average speed of

liquid moisture absorption for the top and bottom surfaces of the specimen during the initial

change of water content during a test.

accumulative one-way transport capability – (R), n.—the difference between the area of

the liquid moisture content curves of the top and bottom surfaces of a specimen with respect

to time.

3.3 bottom surface – (B), n.—for testing purposes, the side of the specimen placed down

against the lower electrical sensor which is the side of the fabric that would be the outer

exposed surface of a garment when it is worn or product when it is used.

3.4 maximum wetted radius –(MWRT) and (MWRB) (mm), n.—the greatest ring radius

measured on the top and bottom surfaces.

3.5 moisture management, n.—for liquid moisture management testing, the engineered or

inherent transport of aqueous liquids such as perspiration or water (relates to comfort) and

includes both liquid and vapor forms of water.

3.6 overall (liquid) moisture management capability (OMMC), n.—an index of the

overall capability of a fabric to transport liquid moisture as calculated by combining three

measured attributes of performance: the liquid moisture absorption rate on the bottom surface

(ARB), the one way liquid transport capability (R), and the maximum liquid moisture

spreading speed on the bottom surface (SSB).

3.7 spreading speed, (SSi), n.—the accumulated rate of surface wetting from

the center of the specimen where the test solution is dropped to the maximum wetted

radius.

3.8 top surface – (T), n.—for testing purposes, the side of a specimen that, when the

specimen is placed on the lower electrical sensor, is facing the upper sensor. This is the side

of the fabric that would come in contact with the skin when a garment is worn or when a

product is used.

3.9 total water content – (U) (%), n.—the sum of the percent water content of the top and

bottom surfaces. NOTE: Total water content measurements may be more accurately termed,

“total surface water content” particularly in the case of fabric with cellulosic content. Total

water content implies that all water in the specimen is being measured which may be the case


with some manufactured fabrics. However, when testing cellulosic fibers, moisture trapped in

the interior of the fiber (for example, in the lumen of cotton fibers) will not be included with

aspecimen’s detected surface liquid moisture.

3.10 wetting time – (WTT) (top surface) and (WTB) (bottom surface), n.— the time in

seconds when the top and bottom surfaces of the specimen begin to be wetted after the test is

started.

3.6.2 Sample preparation and experimental conditions

To reduce the influence of environmental factors on the obtained experimental results, five

specimens were cut into samples of size 80mm x 80mm for each type of fabric. The

specimens were then conditioned in the controlled environment at 21+/-1C and RH 65+/-2%,

with at least 24 hours at ‘equilibrium regain’.

3.6.3Moisture Management Tester indices

The indices of the MMT are: top surface wetting time (WTt); bottom surface wetting time

(WTb);

Top absorption rate (ARt); bottom absorption rate (ARb); top max wetted radius (MWRt);

bottom max wetted radius (MWRb); top spreading speed (SSt); bottom spreading speed

(SSb); accumulative one-way transport index (AOTI); and overall moisture management

capacity (OMMC).

The AOTI is the difference of the accumulative moisture content between the two surfaces of

the fabric. The AOTI reflects the one-way liquid transport capacity from the top (inner)

surface to the bottom (outer) surface of the fabric. The OMMC is an index indicating the

overall capacity of the fabric to manage the transport of liquid moisture, which includes three

aspects:

1. average moisture absorption rate at the bottom

surface;

2. one-way liquid transport capacity;

3. maximum moisture spreading speed on the bottom

surface.


According to AATCC Test Method 195–2009, the indices are graded and converted from

value to

Grade based on a five grade scale (1–5). The five grades of indices represent:

1 – Poor,

2 – Fair,

3 – Good,

4 – Very good,

5 – Excellent.


3.6.4 Grading

3.6.5 Testing Testing is carried out for 6 samlples1.Fabric 1(F1)2.Fabric 1 Treated (F1T)3 Fabric 2(F2)4.Fabric 2 Treated(F2T)5.Fabric 3(F3)6.Fabric 3 Treated(F3T)

3.6.6 Testing way :Testing is carried out in a way that the lycra-polyester layer is the inner layer (layer next to skin ). The test solution is put on this surface.


4 RESULTS & ANALYSIS

Wetting TimeTop(sec)

Wetting TimeBottom(sec)

TopAbsorp.Rate(%/sec)

BottomAbsorp.Rate(%/sec)

Top MaxWetted Radius(mm)

Bottom MaxWetted Radius(mm)

TopSpreading Speed(mm/sec)

BottomSpreading Speed(mm/sec)

Accumulativeone-way transporindex(%)

OMMC

F1 26.9636 33.5624 139.4848 61.4558 8.5714 14.2857 1.1954 1.3467 122.3525 0.2933

F1T 10.9975 10.92 217.7239 31.9142 10.0 15.0 1.0231 3.0521 195.1258 0.5042

F2 19.667 23.9307 277.0033 18.6961 21.6667 23.3333 1.1824 3.5506 -280.4846 0.2042

F2T 8.276 2.036 6.3345 24.7735 12.5 17.5 1.589 3.8385 333.7135 0.6749

F3 4.597 7.9613 38.9017 26.6958 16.6667 18.3333 2.9144 2.4724 -90.3499 0.1691

F3T 8.635 6.1155 16.3519 27.6029 15.0 15.0 1.9466 2.3342 236.7798 0.4787


F1(48/2Nm) F1T F2(70/2Nm) F2T F3(80/2Nm) F3T0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Top Wetting time (sec)

Wetting time top(sec)

Fig.1 Top Wetting time for the Fabric 1 is the highest and Fabric 3 is lowestGrading shows that longer time for wetting is not favourable .Fabric 3 ,Fabric 3 treated are having good grades.This shows that finer the yarn used ,the good is wetting time.Wool with 80/2 Nm is plated with 20/75 den in fabric 3 and plating causes to effect the top wettin radius inspite the top surface being lycra and polyesterThe graph shows the top weting time reduces considerably after treatment with sodium carbonate(F1,F1T,F2,F2T)

F1 F1T F2 F2T F3 F3T0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

top wetting time grade

top wet time grade

Fig.2



5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Bottom wetting time (sec)

wetting time bottom (sec)

Fig .3

Bottom wetting time for Fabric 1 is the highest and that of Fabric 2 treated is the lowestMaximum grade and hence the best for bottom wetting time is Fabric 2 treated.This graph also shows that treating the fabrics with sodium carbonate reduces the wetting time of the fabrics.In this case significant difference of wetting time between the F1,F2 AND F3.F3 shows considerably lower wetting time.Count of wool affected here.


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

2

3

2

3 3

Bottom wetting time Grade

Bottom wetting time Grade

Fig .4


Absorption Rates(top & bottom surface)


50

100

150

200

250

300

top abs. rate(%/sec)bott.abs rate(%/sec)

Fig.5Top absorption rate of F1,F1T and F2 is high and it being of good grade also.It is seen from the graph that the for coarser fibre the moisture absorption rate is good.While it reduces for less course counts.And the finer count fabric F3 also absorbs less moisture on its top surface. Bottom Absorption Rate over all rate is lower.For the fabric with finest wool count the treated and untreated fabrics have same bottom absorption rates.


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Top Absorption Rate Gradebottom Absorption Rate Grade

Fig.6


Wetting radius (top & bottom surface)


5

10

15

20

25

top wetted radius(mm)bottom wetted radius(mm)

Fig.7Top wetting Radius:max wetting decreases after treatment with sodium carbonateMaximum wetted radius is of fabric 2 untreated and lowest of F1 untreated.Grade is highest of F2 and lowest of F1

Bottom wetting Radius is more as compared to the top wetted radiusAnd the bottom radius reduces after treating.


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Top Max wetted Radius gradeBottom Max wetted Radius grade

Fig.8


Spreading Speed ( top & bottom surface)


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

top spreading speed(mm/sec)bottom spreading speed(mm/sec)

Fig.9Top spreading speed is lower as compared to Bottom spreading speed.Top spreading speed decreases for F1,F1T,F3 ,F3T but increases for F2 after treating.Bottom spreading speed increases for after treatment.But the Fabric 2 is having the most high grade.Fabric3 has no effect of treating with sodium carbonate.


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

top ss gradebottom ss grade

Fig.10


Accumulative One way Transport Index

Fig.11

Accumulative One way transport Index: The one way transport is best for Fabric 2 treated and Fabric 3 treated and is the worst for F2 and F3.AOTI shows one way transport from plated lycr-polyester surface to wool surface.


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

AOTI grade

AOTI grade

Fig.12


F1 F1T F2 F2T F3 F3T

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

AOTI

AOTI

Over-all Moisture Management Capability

Fig.13


0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

OMMC grade

OMMC grade

Fig.14OMMC(Overall moisture management capability): OMMC of F2T is maximumWith F3T at second position and F1T leastF2 is best for moisture management.OMMC increases after sodium carbonate treatment.


F1T F1T F2T F2T F3 F3T0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

OMMC(0-1)

OMMC(0-1)

5 ATTRIBUTES GIVENFabric 1-This is fast absorbing and Slow drying fabric

Fabric 1 treated-This is moisture management fabric

Fabric 2-This is fast absorbing and quick drying fabric


Fabric 3-This is fast absorbing and quick drying fabric


6 CONCLUSION:

Knitted fabrics in a single jersey plated construction with different ratios of wool and

polyester/lycra have different moisture management properties and performance attributes,

thus potentially it is possible to engineer fabrics of such construction to the required moisture

management performance by varying their fiber content

Moisture Absorbency values have increased with treatment with Sodium Carbonate.

Surface spreading speed increased after treatment.

Decrease in top spreading radius due to increased absorption after treatment is seen

Constructing Fabric of wool fiber and polyester lycra core spun yarn has improved fabric

bottom surface properties compared to fabrics in wool fiber without blending.

Fabric knitted from finer counts have good Moisture Managemnt Properties than Fabrics

knitted with coarse counts.

Finer count made fabric has improved the top (next to skin) fabric surface and bottom

(outside skin) fabric surface properties than coarser count made fabrics.

Fabrics F1T,F2T,F3T classified into moisture management fabrics according to the

ossiblecommercial classification and these fabrics are suitable for active sportswear.

The MMT test method focuses on liquid moisture transport in the flat state, which may be

applicable to the evaluation of fabrics in garments or textile products as they would be

exposed to liquid moisture (e.g. perspiration) present on the surface of human skin. It does

not measure gaseous moisture transport properties (e.g.water vapor transmission) or tactile

properties that also influence human perceptions of comfort.


This test method alone will not give an overall rating of the comfort of a garment or textile

product, because human perceptions of comfort are influenced by multiple liquid movement

properties, as well as ergonomic and other mechanical factors. The comfort properties of the

tested fabrics could be considered as preliminary to more in-depth investigations and the

MMT offers somewhat approximate results only.


7 APPLICATIONS

Protective Wear in Cold regions

Cold wear require to be protective enough as well as comfortable .

This Fabric structure which is coarse enough to be protective and also is moisture

management fabric will give the wearer all the requirements of Cold Climate Clothing.

It can be hand gloves , hand coverings

Sportswear in Cold climate

Wherever a man goes Sports is followed there.For playing sports ,sports wear should be good

enough for proper playing.The Fabric produced would be good for sports wear in cold

climate.


Sports like Running,Cycling,Fencing

Sports require good moisture management fabrics for ease and comfort.Running,cycling,

fencing are heavy sweating activites , which require moisture management fabric like the

above fabric.


8 REFERENCES

Achintya Kr. Samanta & Aniket Bhute,Wool in sports textiles

Olga Troynikov and Wiah Wardiningsih,Moisture management properties of

wool/polyester and wool/bamboo knitted fabricsfor the sportswear base layer

Raul fangueiro,Pedro goncalves,Filipe Soutinho & Carla Freitas ,Moisture

Management performance of functional yarns based on wool fibres

AATCC Test Method 195-2009,Liquid Moisture Management Properties of Textile

Fabrics

Moisture Management Tester: A Method to Characterize Fabric

Liquid Moisture Management Properties.

M. SENTHILKUMAR,Dynamics of Elastic Knitted Fabrics for Sports Wear

Gamze Supuren, Nida Oglakcioglu, Nilgun Ozdil and Arzu Marmarali Moisture

management and thermal absorptivity properties of double-face knitted fabrics.

S.X. Wang, Y. Li, Hiromi Tokura, J.Y. Hu, Y.X. Han, Y.L. Kwok and R.W. Au ,Effect

of Moisture Management on Functional Performance of Cold Protective Clothing.

MB Sampath, Senthilkumar Mani and G Nalankilli,Effect of filament fineness on

comfort characteristics of moisture management finished polyester knitted fabrics.


Documents

Final Thesis With Corrections Done