First Aid Day VII Objectives

• The Student will be able to assess and respond to Bites and Stings• The Student will be able to assess and respond to a Heart Attack• The Student will be able to assess and respond to Stroke• The Student will be able to assess and respond to Asthma Attacks• The Student will be able to assess and respond to Hyperventilation• The Student will be able to assess and respond to Fainting and Seizures• The Student will be able to assess and respond to Diabetic Emergencies• The Student will be able to assess and respond to emergencies during

Pregnancy

SOLs: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.3c, 9.3d, 9.3e, 9.4a, 9.4b, 9.5a, 9.5c,9.5d, 9.5e

BITES AND STINGS

• Overview– Not usually life-threatening but can be a source of

disease transmission and infection

• Examples of Bites and Stings– Human and Animal Bites– Snake Bites– Insect Stings– Spider Bites and Scorpion Stings– Embedded Ticks

Human and Animal Bites (COPY)

RESPOND:

• Control Bleeding

• Clean injury with soap and water

• Seek medical attention for cleaning and vaccination

Snake Bites (COPY)

• Poisonous Snakes in the US

– Pit Vipers in VA• Copperheads• Rattlesnakes• Water Moccasin (cottonmouth)

– Coral Snakes

Assess: Snake Bites (COPY)

• Assess within 6 hours

– Localized pain/burning

– Swelling

– Nausea

– Sweating

– Weakness

Respond: Snake Bites (COPY)

• Monitor and Care– Get victim away from snake and keep them quiet and

calm

• Clean injury– Clean bitten area and bandage as you would a minor

wound

• Stabilize Injury– Stabilize the bitten area as you would a fracture

»MINIMIZE MOVEMENT!!!!

Insect Stings (COPY)

• Signs of stings– Localized pain– Itching– Swelling

• Examples of stinging insects– Honeybee– Hornet– Yellow-jacket– Fire ant– Wasps

Respond: Insect Stings (COPY)

• Clean injury:– Remove stinger and venom sac by scraping with a

firm object and wash area with soap and water• Cool area:

– Apply ice to slow absorption rate, relieve pain, and reduce swelling

• Assist with Medication:– Hydrocortisone, pain medication or antihistamine,

epinephrine if prescribed• Monitor for at least 30 minutes and activate

EMS if a severe allergic reaction develops

Spiders and Scorpions (COPY)

• Types of Poisonous spiders in the US

– Brown Recluse

– Black Widow

– Tarantula

• Signs and Symptoms

– Itching and swelling

– Localized pain

– Possible nausea, vomiting, headache, or fever

Respond: Spiders and Scorpions (COPY)

• Clean Injury– Soap and water– Rubbing alcohol

• Cool Area– Apply ice

• Monitor and Care– Seek medical attention if necessary

Embedded Ticks (COPY)

• No initial pain

• Varies from small bump to extensive swelling

• Fever, chills, or rashes may develop (Lyme Disease)

Respond: Embedded Ticks (COPY)

• Remove Tick and Clean Injury– Use tweezers to lift the tick straight off (close to skin)– Wash area with soap and water

• Cool Area– Apply ice

• Monitor and Care– Calamine lotion to relieve itching– Monitor victim for rashes, fever, muscle aches, and

leg weakness for a month

SUDDEN ILLNESS (COPY)

• Overview

– Apparent (illness) weakness that occurs without warning. Can be immediately life-threatening

• Examples of Sudden Illness

– Heart Attack

– Stroke

– Asthma Attack

– Hyperventilation

– Fainting and Seizures

– Diabetic Emergency

Heart Attack (COPY)

• Blood flow is interrupted and heart tissue begins to die

Assess: Heart Attack (COPY)

• Persistent chest pain lasting more than 3 to 5 minutes

• Chest pain that travels to the neck, jaw, or down the (left) arm

• Nausea, dizziness, or extreme fatigue or weakness

• Shortness of breath or trouble breathing• Sweating or cold sweat without fever• Angina happens when the heart muscle does

not get as much blood (oxygen) as it needs

Respond: Heart Attack (COPY)

• Call EMS

• Help victim rest in a comfortable position and continue to monitor carefully

• Provide 1 adult aspirin or 2-4 children’s chewable aspirin if possible

• Assist with heart medication if applicable

Stroke (COPY)

• Disruption of blood supply to the brain

• Types of stroke

– Blocked Vessel

– Ruptured Vessel

• Stroke is the leading cause of death and serious disability among Americans

Assess: Stroke (COPY)

• Facial Droop

• Altered responsiveness and/or severe headache

• Visual problems or dizziness

• Speaking difficulties or slurred speech

• Weakness or paralysis of one or more limbs

Respond: Stroke (COPY)

• Call EMS Immediately– Can be the difference between recovery and

disability

• Monitor and Care– Check responsiveness– If unresponsive but breathing, place in

recovery position

For treatment to be effective it must be administered in the first 3 hours!

Asthma (COPY)

• Airway inflamed and breathing restricted

Asthma

Assess: Asthma (COPY)

• Shortness of breath

• Difficulty breathing

• Wheezing

• Rapid breathing

• Bluish skin color

Respond: Asthma (COPY)

• Assist with Medication

• Monitor and Care

– Keep victim in an upright position, leaning slightly forward for comfortable breathing

Hyperventilation (COPY)

• Fast, deep breathing often associated with emotional stress

Assess: Hyperventilation (COPY)

• Rapid, deep breathing

• Dizziness

• Numbness and tingling

Respond: Hyperventilation (COPY)

• Monitor and Care

– Calm victim

– Encourage slow, regular breathing into cupped hands

• Do NOT use a paper bag

Fainting and Seizures (COPY)

• Decreased blood flow to the brain as a result of fright, anxiety, drugs, fatigue, heart rhythm disturbances, dehydration, or heat exhaustion.

Assess: Fainting and Seizures (COPY)

• Fainting– Dizziness– Visual impairment– Nausea– Pale skin– Sweating

• Seizure– Abnormal stimulation of brain

Respond: Fainting and Seizures (COPY)

• Monitor and Care– Fainting

• Place victim on back and elevate legs 6-12 inches

• Seek medical care if condition doesn’t improve quickly

– Seizures• Protect victim from injury

• Place victim on side

• Call EMS

Diabetic Emergencies (COPY)

• Body fails to produce enough insulin that converts carbohydrates to energy for body cells. Cells are deprived of energy and sugar builds up in the blood.

• Hypoglycemia is the most common

– Low blood sugar

• Hyperglycemia

– High blood sugar

Assess: Diabetic Emergencies (COPY)

• Poor coordination

• Pale skin

• Confusion/disorientation

• Sudden hunger

• Excessive sweating

• Unresponsiveness

Respond: Diabetic Emergencies (COPY)

• Provide fluids– If victim is conscious enough to swallow– Sugar if victim is a know diabetic

• Monitor and Care– Call EMS is symptoms don’t improve

Emergencies During Pregnancy (COPY)

• Transport immediately if:– Vaginal bleeding– Cramps in lower abdomen– Swelling of face or fingers– Severe, continuous headache– Dizziness or fainting– Blurring of vision or seeing spots– Uncontrollable vomiting

Bell Ringer #7ConfusionScenario #7

• You are conducting patron surveillance. An older adult has been exercising in about shoulder deep water. As you continue to scan you see him suddenly stop what he is doing; he looks confused and seems to be having trouble with one side of his body.

• Describe what steps you would take to help this older adult and why you would take these actions.