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Diversity of Fishes

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Fishes are a

grade , not aclade

Helfman et al. 1997

tetrapods

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

Not amonophyleticgroup.

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

Not amonophyleticgroup.

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

Minus hagfishesand lampreys =

Ostracoderms

X

X

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

Formerly classified with lampreys in Agnatha, orCyclostomata-not a monophyletic group

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

Formerly classified with lampreys in Agnatha, orCyclostomata-not a monophyletic group X

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

Formerly classified with lampreys in Agnatha, orCyclostomata-not a monophyletic group

Marine, cosmopolitan temperate distribution, ~40 species

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

Formerly classified with lampreys in Agnatha, orCyclostomata-not a monophyletic grouping

Marine, cosmopolitan temperate distribution, 43 species

Predators of small benthic invertebrates;scavenge on dead or dying fish, enter the body cavityand eat the dead organism from the inside out

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

Knotting Behavior

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

Oldest fossil is from the Carboniferous of Illinois (300 Ma)

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

No vertebrae VertebraeMyxini All other vertebrates?

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Hagfishes, Class Myxini, Order Myxiniformes

No vertebrae One semicircular canal No mineralized tissues Isomolar with seawater No lateral line Three accessory hearts No stomach Fibrous cranium support

Vertebrae 2-3 semicircular canals Mineralized tissues Hypotonic to seawater Lateral line No accessory hearts Stomach Cranium of cartilage or bone

Myxini Other fishes/vertebrates

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

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Pteraspidomorphi

Among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record

Extend from the Ordovician to the Devonian (470-370 Ma)

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Pteraspidomorphi

Extensive dermal armor covering the head,scales posteriorly

Only median fins, no paired fins

Single gill opening

Mainly marine, near bottom, filter feeders

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Pteraspidomorphi

Sacabambaspis janvieri Ordovician of Bolivia

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Cephalaspidomorphi

Extend from the Silurian to the Devonian (420-360 Ma)

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Cephalaspidomorphi

Ostracoderms

Large head shield with acusticolateralis, and possiblyelectroreceptive function

Carroll 1988

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Cephalaspidomorphi: Lampreys

Extend from the Silurian to the Present (420-360 Ma)

Plus Lampreys

Ostracoderms

X

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

?

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Lampreys, Class Cephalaspidomorphi,Order Petromyzontiformes

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Lampreys

Parasitic

(18 species)

Non-parasitic(23 species)

Dieafterspawning

(Ammocoete)

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Lampreys, Class Cephalaspidomorphi,Order Petromyzontiformes

Ichthyomyzon castaneus parasitic TL 34.5 cm

Ichthyomyzon gagei non-parasitic TL 16.6 cm

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Lampreys, Class Cephalaspidomorphi,Order Petromyzontiformes

Either parasitic or non-parasitic Closely related species satellite species hypothesis

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Lampreys, Class Cephalaspidomorphi,Order Petromyzontiformes

Either parasitic or non-parasitic, both in same species orclosely related species--satellite species hypothesis

Anadromous or freshwater, N. Amer., Eur., Aust., N.Z.,41 species, 32 entirely freshwater, 18 parasitic

Adults die after spawning

Ammocoete = larva: free living, blind, filter feeding

Non-parasitic adults do not feed, live for six months andspawn

Parasitic species will feed and live for 1 to 3 years

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Helfman et al. 1997

JawlessFishes

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GNATHOSTOMATA

THE JAWED VERTEBRATES!

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Helfman et al. 1997

Gnathostomata

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Helfman et al. 1997

SYNAPOMORPHY

A shared derivedcharacter

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Helfman et al. 1997

SYNAPOMORPHY

A shared derivedcharacter

A monophyleticgroup if ??

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Helfman et al. 1997

SYNAPOMORPHY

A shared derivedcharacter

A monophyleticgroup - if it

includes thetetrapods.

Evolution of Jaws

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Evolution of Jaws First two or three anterior gill arches lost

Evolution of Jaws

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Evolution of Jaws First two or three anterior gill arches lost

Another arch moved forward and becamethe upper and lower jaws

Evolution of Jaws

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Evolution of Jaws Gill arches expand with loss of first

two or three anterior arches

An arch moved forward and becamethe upper and lower jaws

Next arch became hyomandibularproviding support for jaws

Wh J ?

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Why Jaws?

Allow increased feeding efficiency

Wh J ?

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Why Jaws?

Allow increased feeding efficiency Improved respiratory efficiency, closing jaws

prevents backflow when water is passed over

the gills

Wh J ?

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Why Jaws?

Facilitate prey handling and allow suctionfeeding

Rapid opening of the mouth to create watercurrents that sweep in prey or other food items

Wh J ?

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Why Jaws?

Facilitate prey handling and allow suctionfeeding

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GNATHOSTOMATA

Paired fins

GNATHOSTOMATA

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GNATHOSTOMATA

Paired fins Three semicircular canals

GNATHOSTOMATA

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GNATHOSTOMATA

Paired fins Three semicircular canals Limb girdles, internal skeletal support for pectoral and pelvic fins

GNATHOSTOMATA

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GNATHOSTOMATA

Paired fins Three semicircular canals Limb girdles, internal skeletal support for pectoral and pelvic fins Sperm ducts are linked to the urinary system

GNATHOSTOMATA

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GNATHOSTOMATA

Paired fins Three semicircular canals Limb girdles, internal skeletal support for pectoral and pelvic fins Sperm ducts are linked to the urinary system Myelinated nerves

GNATHOSTOMATA

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GNATHOSTOMATA

Paired fins Three semicircular canals Limb girdles, internal skeletal support for pectoral and pelvic fins Sperm ducts are linked to the urinary system Myelinated nerves Brain with a large distinct cerebellum

Cl Pl d i

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Class Placodermi

Most basalgroup

Cl Pl d i

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Class Placodermi

Most basal lineage of gnathostomes

Cl Pl d i

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Class Placodermi

Most basal lineage of gnathostomes Devonian (410-360 Ma)

Class Placodermi

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Class Placodermi

Most basal lineage of gnathostomes Devonian (410-360 Ma), Age of Fishes

Despite short period in fossil recordhigh diversity of species and lineages(Nine orders, 30 families, 50 genera)

Class Placodermi

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Class Placodermi

Plate-skinned bony plates covered much

of the body

Class Placodermi

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Class Placodermi

Ecologically diverse

Pelagic piscivores