Flash cards

of some

famous

scientists

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

When the Nobel award was

announced I saw it as a personal

triumph,an achievement for me

& my collaborators,a recognition

for a very remarkable discovery,

for reaching the goal I had

pursued for 7 years. But when I

sat in that crowded hall and I

saw the sea of western faces

surrounding me, and I, the only

Indian, in my turban and closed

coat, it dawned on me that I was

really representing my people

and my country. I felt truly

humble when I received the Prize

from King Gustav; it was a

moment of great emotion but I

could restrain myself. Then I

turned round and saw the British

Union Jack under which I had

been sitting and it was then that

I realised that my poor country,

India, did not even have a flag of

her own - and it was this that

triggered off my complete

breakdown.

C.V. Raman

1888 -1970

(MORE POPULARLY KNOWN AS C.V. RAMAN)

One of the most prominent Indian scientists in history, C.V. Raman was the first

Indian person to win the Nobel Prize in science for his illustrious 1930 discovery,

now commonly known as the “Raman Effect”.

It is immensely surprising that Raman used equipment worth merely Rs.200 to

make this discovery. The Raman Effect is now examined with the help of

equipment worth almost millions of rupees.

I have never seen anyone who enjoyed science so much. The sheer joy of seeing things and doing science filled him with exuberance and excitement. He had an incredible zest for life. He enjoyed his food his jokes his fights and quarrels. Yet the enjoyment he had for his science was something apart. In this pursuit it was as if his ego disappeared completely in the presence of effulgent Nature. Yes he was truly lost in the wonder and beauty of what he was trying to comprehend.

(S. Ramaseshan on C.V. Raman (quoted from C.V. Raman : A Pictorial Biography Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore)

His father was Chandrasekhar Iyer and his mother was Parvathi Ammal.

His father was a lecturer of mathematics and physics.

He studied at St. Aloysius Anglo Indian high school. He did his B. A.

degree in physics from the presidency college of Madras. He completed

his M. A degree in 1907. He was a meritorious student.

At first he took a government job and later switched to the university of

Calcutta as a professor of physics. Beside professorship, he was also

doing research at Indian association for the cultivation of science,

Calcutta. During this time he discovered Raman scattering and Raman

Effect with the help of K. S. Krishnan. For these discovery he won Nobel

prize in 1930.

He became the Assistant Director of IISc, Bangalore in 1934. His main

area of research was optics. He carried out his research and found many

interesting things in optics.

After the independence of India, he was selected as The First National

Professor of India.

He founded the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore in 1943. He

worked there till his death.

He won many prestigious awards. Such as- NOBEL PRIDE (1930), BHARAT

RATNA (1954), LENIN PEACE PRIZE (1957).

He was selected as a member of royal society in 1924.

He was died on 21 November, 1970.

To remember the great discovery of RAMAN EFFECT, every year on

28 th February, NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY is celebrated in India.

Reference - Relevant Websites

Compiled by : Ameeta K. KVS- ZIET Chandigarh

Ernest Rutherford is the father of nuclear

chemistry and nuclear physics.

He was an exceptionally impressive

physicist – detector-constructer,

experimentalist, theorist – and a Nobel

laureate in chemistry. “He had a great, hearty laugh which echoed

through the whole laboratory.”

Harwinder Kaur (TGT Bio)

KV Mohali

Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)

Awards: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908) · Rumford Medal (1905,

1904) · Elliott Cresson Medal (1910) · Copley Medal (1922)

It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them, and the same thing has occasionally happened in the body. The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops. Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily under dose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.” Notable awards • FRS (1943) • Nobel Prize (1945) • FRSE • FRCS(Eng) • Knight Bachelor (1944)

Born on 6 August 1881 Lochfield, East Ayrshire,

Scotland.

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist,

pharmacologist and botanist.

His best-known discoveries are the enzyme

lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic

substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from

the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928.

Fleming was knighted for his scientific

achievements in 1944.

Named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most

Important People of the 20th century, in 2002

he was named among the BBC's list of the 100

Greatest Britons.

Alexander Fleming died aged 73 of a heart

attack in London on March 11, 1955.

The discovery of antibiotics is a great milestone in the history of medicine. Many doctors believe that penicillin is one of the greatest medical advances. It can treat most forms of killer diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia and diphtheria. Blood poisoning and septic wounds can also be treated effectively. By 1943 penicillin was being used to help treat British, American and allied troops. Following the war, it was developed further and became a powerful weapon in fighting infections and disease.

References: http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-fleming-9296894

Compiled by: Suman Bala, KV Hamirpur

AALLEEXXEENNDDEERR FFLLEEMMIINNGG

1881-1955

Compiled by : Gaurav Kumar K.V.D.L. Meerut Cantt

ANDRE MARIE AMPERE

Introduction

André-Marie Ampere was a French

physicist and mathematician He is generally regarded as one of the

main discoverers of electromagnetism.

The SI unit of measurement of electric

current, the ampere, is named after

him.

Ampère was born in Lyon, France on

20 January 1775.

Timeline.

• 1775- Andre Marie Ampere was born

in Lyon, France.

• 1820’s- Andre Marie Ampere began to

formulate a combined theory of

electricity and magnetism, doing

several demonstrations involving

magnetic and electrical forces.

• 1826- Ampere’s most significant

scholarly paper on the subject of

electricity and magnetism, titled

Memoir on the Mathematical Theory

of Electrodynamics Phenomena, was

published.

• 1836- Ampere died June 10, 1836 in

Marseilles, France and was buried in

the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris.

1775-1836 From His Diary :

“My father… never required me to

study anything, but he knew how to

inspire in me a great desire for

knowledge. Before learning to read,

my greatest pleasure was to listen to

passages from Buffon’s natural

history. I constantly requested him to

read me the history of animals and

birds…”

ANDRÉ-MARIE AMPÈRE, 1775 – 1836

Legacy

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an

international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of

electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named,

respectively, after Ampere’s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France,

Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland. His name is

one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

References : http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komut%C3%A1tor_(elektrotechnika)

http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismus

Compiled by :Anupama Chandola, KV ONGC Dehradun

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

(1743 – 1798)

FIELDS BIOLOGIST, CHEMIST

Alma mater Collège des Quatre-

Nations, University of

Paris

Known for Combustion

Identified Oxygen

Identified Hydrogen

Stoichiometry

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.

AWARDS

Lavoisier did not receive a medal, but a medal was named after him. A Lavoisier Medal is

an award made by any of a number of bodies, for achievements.

CONTRIBUTIONS :

gave hydrogen and oxygen their names.

made very valuable contributions to the metric system.

also known as the father of modern chemistry.

discovered oxygen’s role in corroding metal, along with its role in plant and animal respiration.

demonstrated respiration was fundamentally a very slow type of combustion of inhaled oxygen.

References:

http://www.livescience.com/

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Compiled by : Prem Lata Gupta, KV 3 Jalandhar Cantt

Archimedes-

invented the sciences of mechanics and

hydrostatics.

discovered the laws of levers and pulleys, which

allow us to move heavy objects using small forces.

invented one of the most fundamental concepts of

physics – the center of gravity.

calculated pi to the most precise value known. His

upper limit for pi was the fraction 22⁄7. • discovered

and mathematically proved the formulas for the

volume and surface area of a sphere.

showed how exponents could be used to write

bigger numbers than had ever been thought of

before.

proved that to multiply numbers written as

exponents, the exponents should be added

together.

invented the Archimedean Screw to pull water out

of the ground – the device is still used around the

world.

directly inspired Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton to

investigate the mathematics of motion.

was one of the world’s first mathematical

physicists, applying his advanced mathematics to

the physical world.

was the first person to apply lessons from physics –

such as the law of the lever – to solve problems in

pure mathematics.

Archimedes An Ancient Greek Genius

He was a Mathematician, Physicist, Astronomer, Engineer, Inventor, and Weapons-Designer.

287 BC – 212 BC

Archimedes thought of a

solution about finding

Archimedes thought of a

solution about finding gold

purity while in bath tub. He

supposedly jumped out of

the tub and ran through the

streets naked, shouting

“Eureka! Eureka!,

Have Found it !

Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world. Archimedes

Compiled by: Pranita Pant, KV Haldwani Shift 2

Born Niels Henrik David Bohr 7 October 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark

Died 18 November 1962 (aged 77) Copenhagen, Denmark

Nationality Danish

Fields Physics

Awards

Hughes Medal 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics (1922) Atoms for Peace Award (1957)

“An expert is a person who has made

all the mistakes that can be made in a

very narrow field.”

Contributions

The discoveries of the electron and radioactivity at the end of the 19th century led to different models for the structure of the atom.

In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a theory for the hydrogen atom based on quantum theory that energy is transferred only in certain well defined quantities.

Bohr's theory could explain why atoms emitted light in fixed wavelengths.

Facts:

Bohr began the research on what would become known

as the Bohr model of the atom in 1911, beginning his

studies in England at the Cavendish Laboratory.

Bohr was one of the first to finalize a model that

demonstrated electrons orbiting the nucleus of an

atom, expanding on Charles Darwin's earlier work.

He explained that each element on the periodic table

had chemical properties that were determined by the

number and behaviour of their electrons.

Bohr was the first to theorize that an electron could

move from a higher orbit to a lower one, and that in the

process energy was emitted.

Bohr came up with the idea to dissolve a number of

scientists' Nobel Prize medals in aqua regia to prevent

the Germans from confiscating them during the

occupation; the gold was precipitated after the war and

the Nobel Foundation recast them.

References: http://www.livescience.com/ http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/

Compiled by Vineeta Choudhary, K.V Harsinghpura

CAMILLO GOLGI

Camillo Golgi was an Italian physician, biologist and pathologist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1906 along with the Spanish histologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Several anatomical and physiological phenomena are named after this man who is considered to be the greatest neuroscientist of the nineteenth century.

Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) was a doctor and researcher who discovered a new technique for staining tissue samples

1843-1926 Camillo Golgi was born in July 1843 in

Corteno, a village in the mountains near Brescia in northern Italy, where his father was working as a district medical officer.

He studied medicine at the University of Pavia, where he attended as an 'intern student' the Institute of Psychiatry directed by Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909).

Golgi started his scientific career in 1869, with an article in which, influenced by Lombroso's theories, he stated that mental diseases could be due to organic lesions of the neural centers.

In 1872, due to financial problems, Golgi had to interrupt his academic commitment, and accepted the post of Chief Medical Officer at the Hospital of Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli lncurabili) in Abbiategrasso (close to Pavia and Milan). In the seclusion of this hospital, he transformed a little kitchen into a rudimentary laboratory, and continued his search for a new staining technique for the nervous tissue

In 1873 he published a short note ('On the structure of the brain grey matter') in the Gazzetta Medica Italiana, in which he described that he could observe the elements of the nervous tissue "studying metallic impregnations... after a long series of attempts".

He died in 21st January 1926

Professor Golgi. The Staff of Professors of the Caroline Institute, deeming you to be the pioneer of modern research into the nervous system, wishes therefore, in the annual award of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, to pay tribute to your outstanding ability and in such fashion to assist in perpetuating a name which by your discoveries you have written indelibly into the history of anatomy.

The Italian 'Ufficio Principale Filatelico' issued this stamp in 1994 to celebrate the Nobel Laureate Camillo Golgi

Reference:-https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/golgi-article.html

Compiled by : Harmanpreet Kaur KV Nangalbhur

Swedish zoologist , botanist and physician Carl Linnaeus’s

greatest contribution in the field of biology is the usage of

binomial nomenclature. It is called as the modern

biological naming.

Species Plantarum – Transforming Biology

In 1753, Linnaeus published his natural science

masterpiece in two volumes and 1200 pages: Species

Plantarum (Plant Species). In this work, he listed all of the

plant species that had been discovered at that time –

almost 6000 – and classified them into about 1000

appropriate genera. This enabled him to use two-part

names for all plants throughout Species Plantarum – the

first time all plants had been named in this way.

Linnaeus invented the index card system to

record and store data

Carolus Linnaeus

1707 – 1778

Carolus Linnaeus was knighted by the King of Sweden in 1761 and took the nobleman’s name of Carl von Linné

OTHER NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION

Linnaeus modified the Celisius

temperature scale into the

form we use today.

Linnaeus was the first person

to place humans in the

primate family and to

describe bats as mammals

rather than birds.

Linnaeus was one of the

founders of the science of

ecology-describing the

relationship between living

organisms and their

environment.

Linneasu invented index cards

in response to his ever-

growing lists of species.

“No one has been a greater botanist or a zoologist. No one has

written more books, more correctly, more methodically, from

personal experience. No one has more completely changed a

whole science and started a new epoch”

Compiled by: Narayan Singh KV IMA Dehradun

Born 20 October 1891 Bollington, Cheshire, England

Died 24 July 1974 (aged 82) Cambridge, England

Citizenship British

Nationality English

Fields Physics

Known for Discovery of the neutron

MAUD Committee Report

Manhattan Project

Notable

awards

Hughes Medal (1932)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1935)

Guthrie Medal and Prize (1967)

Companion of Honour (1970)

James Chadwick

Chadwick was born in Bollington, England.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and was

awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935.

He led the British team in the Manhattan Project, in which

the UK and Canada supported the USA’s World War 2

effort to build the world’s first nuclear bomb.

Chadwick continued his nuclear research in the Cavendish

Laboratory. In 1923, aged 32, he became Rutherford’s

Assistant Director of Research, and continued to study the

atomic nucleus.

NOTABLE AWARDS

Fellow of the Royal Society (1927)

Hughes Medal (1932) Mackenzie-Davidson Medal

(1932) Nobel Prize in Physics (1935) Knight Bachelor (1945) Melchett Medal (1946) Copley Medal (1950) Faraday Medal (1950) Franklin Medal (1951) Guthrie Medal and Prize (1967) Companion of Honour (1970)

An image from an expansion chamber in Chadwick’s

laboratory. A neutron collides with an atom of nitrogen-14. The

nitrogen atom splits into boron-11 and helium-4.

References:

http://www.livescience.com/

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_c

ompound

Compiled by-Chanchal Gumber K.V.Uttarkashi

Cathode ray tube experiment

Eugen Goldstein

Born 5 September 1850 Gliwice, Poland

Died 25 December 1930

Nationality German

Fields Physics

Known for discovery of anode rays

Notable awards

Hughes Medal (1908)

EUGEN GOLDSTEIN

Goldstein studied at the University of Breslau

(now in Wrocław, Pol.), where he received his

doctorate in 1880.

German physicist known for his work on

electrical phenomena in gases and on cathode

rays;

He is also credited with discovering canal rays.

In 1886 he discovered what he termed canal rays,

also called positive rays;

These are positively charged ions that are

accelerated toward and through a perforated

cathode in an evacuated tube.

He also contributed greatly to the study of

cathode rays; in 1876 he showed that these rays

could cast sharp shadows, and that they were

emitted perpendicular to the cathode surface.

References: http://www.livescience.com/ http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/

“Assuming that his talent can survive the increasing strain, there is one

scarcely avoidable danger that lies ahead of the pupil on his road to

mastery.”

-E. Goldstein complimented by Eugen Herrigel

Compiled by- R.K. Sehgal T.G.T. Science K.V. No-2 Chandimandir Cantt

EDWARD JENNER

Edward Jenner, was an English physician and scientist

who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine. Jenner is often

called "THE FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY”.

1749 -1823

QUOTE BY EDWARD JENNER

Smallpox vaccine was the first successful

vaccine ever to be developed and remains the

only effective preventive treatment for the fatal

smallpox disease.

His discovery was an enormous medical

breakthrough and has saved countless lives. In

1980, the World Health Organization declared

smallpox an eliminated disease.

In the field of zoology he was the first person to

describe the brood parasitism of the cuckoo.

His original report is in the Royal College of

Surgeons (London)

He earned his MD from the University of St

Andrews in 1792. He is credited with advancing

the understanding of angina pectoris.

Milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox,

Jenner postulated that the pus in the blisters

that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease

similar to smallpox, but much less virulent)

protected them from smallpox.

JENNER'S HYPOTHESIS:

The initial source of infection

was a disease of horses,

called "the grease", which

was transferred to cattle by

farm workers, transformed,

and then manifested as

cowpox.

Compiled by M. C. Pandey, KV BHEL Haridwar

(1879-1955)

Born 14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire

Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, US

Fields Physics, philosophy Notable awards

Barnard Medal (1920) Nobel Prize in

Physics (1921) Matteucci

Medal (1921) Gold Medal of the

Royal Astronomical Society (1926)

Max Planck Medal (1929)

Time Person of the Century(1999)

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical

physicist.

The parietal lobe in Einstein’s brain was 15% larger

than that of an average brain.

In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his

explanation of the photoelectric effect.

Just after Einstein died in 1955, the recently

discovered element with atomic number 99 was given

the name ‘einsteinium’ in his honor.

After Einstein’s death, his brain was stolen by a

pathologist who kept it for more than 40 years.

Albert Einstein rewrote the law of nature. He

completely changed the way we understand the

behavior of things as basic as light, gravity and time.

Achievements:

provided powerful confirmation that atoms and molecules actually exist, through his analysis of Brownian motion. demonstrated the photoelectric effect, establishing

that light can behave as both a wave and a particle.

discovered the hugely important and iconic

equation, E = mc2, which showed that energy and matter

can be converted into one another.

rewrote the law of gravitation and proposed his

General Theory of Relativity.

REFERENCES http://www.livescience.com/, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/

“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.”

―Albert Einstein

“There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other

is as though everything is a miracle.” ― Albert Einstein

Compiled By: Rajender Kaur, TGT Science, K V OCF Sec-29 B Chandigarh

Michael Faraday

He was the first to produce an electric current from a magnet field, invented the first electric motor and

dynamo.

1791- 1867

“There’s nothing quite as frightening as someone who knows they are right” ― Michael Faraday

References: http://www.famousscientists.org/michael-faraday/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday

Began work at the Royal Institution of

Great Britain at the age of 21 on March

1, 1813.

His job as a chemical assistant was to

prepare apparatus for the experiments

and the lectures at the Royal

Institution.

He published his first ever paper on

analysis of calcium hydroxide in the

Quarterly Journal of Science.

He was destined to be associated with

the Royal Institution for 54 years,

ending up as a Professor of Chemistry.

Worked at book binding shop where he

spent his free time reading the books he

had bound.

The unit of electrical capacitance named

the farad in his honor, with the symbol F.

He provided the experimental, and a good

deal of the theoretical, foundation upon

which James Clerk Maxwell erected

classical electromagnetic field theory.

He spent his free time reading the books he had bound.

Gradually, he found he was reading more and more about science. Two books in particular

captivated him:

The Encyclopedia Britannica – his source for electrical knowledge and much more

Conversations on Chemistry – 600 pages of chemistry for ordinary people written by Jane

Marcet

He became so fascinated that he started spending part of his meager pay on chemicals and

apparatus to confirm the truth of what he was reading.

Compiled by: Mrs. Neera Goel , KV Sainik vihar

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL

QUICK FACTS

KNOWN AS FATHER OF MODERN GENETICS

NATIONALITY AUSTRIAN

FATHER ANTONE MENDEL

MOTHER ROSINE MENDEL

EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, UNIVERSITY OF OLMUTZ

References: www.famousscientists.org

www.biography.com

1822 -1884

MAJOR WORKS

Mendel through his extensive

experimentation and analysis founded

the three laws or principles of

inheritance: The law of segregation,

the law of dominance, and the law of

independent assortment.

He developed the concepts of

dominant and recessive genes that

explain how genetic traits are passed

along from generation to generation.

His 1865 paper ‘Experiments on Plant

Hybridization’ which was largely

ignored during his lifetime is today

regarded as the base of genetic

experimentation

Over a period of eight years he

painstakingly examined the plants,

pods and seeds and made observations

that would form the basis for a deeper

study of genetics.

TRIVIA

He founded the 'Austrian

Meteorological Society' in 1865.

He had also tried conducting

experiments on honeybees but was

not much successful.

All the papers in his possession were

burned after his death.

“I thought that I had found something

new. But then I convinced myself that

the Abbot Gregor Mendel in Brünn, had,

during the sixties, not only obtained the

same result through extensive

experiments with peas, which lasted for

many years, as did de Vries and I, but

had also given exactly the same

explanation, as far as that was possible

in 1866.”

CARL ERICH CORRENS,

1864 TO 1933, Botanist

Compiled by: Nidhi Rawat, KV Bhimtal

(1856-1940)

Nationality English

Fields Physics

Known for Plum pudding

model

Discovery of

electron

Discovery of

isotopes

Mass spectrometer

invention

Notable

awards

Smith's Prize (1880)

Nobel Prize in

Physics (1906)

Franklin

Medal (1922)

Faraday

Medal (1925)

SIR J. J. THOMSON

J. J. Thomson took science to new heights with his 1897

discovery of electron- the first subatomic particle.

He also found the first evidence that stable elements can

exist as isotopes and invented one of the most powerful

tools in analytical chemistry-spectroscope.

Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize for his work

on the conduction of electricity in gases.

In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were

composed of previously unknown negatively charged

particles, which he calculated must have bodies much

smaller than atoms and a very large value for their charge-

to-mass ratio.

Thus he is credited with the discovery and identification

of the electron; and with the discovery of the first

subatomic particle.

Thomson is also credited with finding the first evidence for

isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, as

part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays

(positive ions).

“I venture to give an alternative method of regarding the processes occurring in the electric

field, which I have often found useful and which is, from a mathematical point of view,

equivalent to Maxwell’s Theory.” -Sir J J Thomson

THE PLUM PUDDING MODEL

References: http://www.livescience.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scientists

Compiled by : Ashok Ojha KV Pithoragarh

JOHN DALTON

(1766 - 1844)

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Born 6 September 1766

Eaglesfield,

Cumberland,

England

Died 27 July

1844 (aged 77)

Manchester, England

Stroke

Nationality British

Notable

students

James Prescott Joule

Known for Atomic theory, Law

of Multiple

Proportions, Dalton's

Law of Partial

Pressures, Daltonism

Influences John Gough

Notable

awards

Royal Medal (1826)

John Dalton was a renowned English chemist, physicist and

meteorologist. His most famous contributions were his

atomic theory and colour blindness research.

He was first to calculate relative atomic weight.

He proposed truly scientific atomic theory.

He gave the Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

He did primary work in meteorology.

He published first ever paper on colour blindness.

He made remarkable meteorological observations.

Honors Dalton did not marry and had no children. He remained

a faithful Quaker all of his life, living modestly. In 1810, he declined an invitation to become a member

of the Royal Society. In 1822, he was elected without

his knowledge. In 1826, he was awarded the Society’s

Royal Medal for his Atomic Theory.

In 1833, the French Academy of Sciences elected him as

one of its eight foreign members. In 1834, the

American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected him as

a foreign member.

“Mr Daltons permanent reputation will rest upon his having discovered a simple principle ,

universally applicable to the facts of chemistry – in fixing the proportion in which bodies

combine , & thus laying the foundation for future labours... his merit in this respect resemble

those of Kepler in astronomy.” -Humphry Davy (1778-1829)

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Compiled by Bharat Bhushan Meena, K.V AFS Gurgaon

Robert Brown

1773-1858

These motions were such as to satisfy me,

after frequently repeated observation,

that they arose neither from currents in

the fluid, nor from its gradual

evaporation, but belonged to the particle

itself.

Summary of Brownian motion.

Born 21 December 1773 Montrose, Scotland

Died

10 June 1858 (aged 84) 17 Dean St, Soho Square, London, England

Nationality Scottish

Fields Botany

Known for Brownian motion

He seemed to me to be chiefly remarkable for the minuteness of his observations and their perfect accuracy. He never propounded to me any large scientific views in biology. His knowledge was extraordinarily great, and much died with him, owing to his excessive fear of never making a mistake. He poured out his knowledge to me in the most unreserved manner, yet was strangely jealous on some points [Autobiography of Charles Darwin, N. Barlow, ed., (London, 1958)

Robert Brown (21 December 1773 – 10 June 1858)

was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who

made important contributions to botany largely

through his pioneering use of the microscope.

His contributions include one of the earliest

detailed descriptions of the cell nucleus and

cytoplasmic streaming the observation of Brownian

motion. Early work on plant pollination and

fertilization.

The first to recognize the fundamental difference

between gymnosperms and angiosperms and some

of the earliest studies in palynology.

He also made numerous contributions to plant

taxonomy including the erection of a number of

plant families that are still accepted today and

numerous Australian plant genera and species, the

fruit of his exploration of that continent with

Matthew Flinders.

He was able to hold this position until his death on

the 10th of June in 1858. As one of his legacies in

botany, his name is credited in the Australian her

genus called Brunonia and other Australian species

he had discovered during his stay there.

Ref:- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)

Compiled by : Tripti Sharma, KV SPG Dwarka

Robert Hooke was a Renaissance Man – a jack of all trades,

and a master of many.

As a young boy, he impressed his clergyman father with his

fine skills in drawing and his work on instruments such as

clocks. His father believed his son was destined to become

a clockmaker or an artist.

In 1648, Robert Hooke’s father died, leaving him a legacy

of 40 pounds – a significant amount of money. In 1653,

aged 18, he enrolled at the University of Oxford’s Christ

Church College, where he studied experimental science

and became a chorister.

Aged 20, in 1655, Hooke’s career took a further turn

towards science.

His abilities in working with mechanical instruments had

become very refined, and he secured work in Oxford as an

assistant to one of the founders of modern chemistry –

Robert Boyle. Hooke worked with Boyle for seven years;

during this time Boyle discovered Boyle’s Law with

equipment designed and built largely by Hooke.

In 1662, now aged 27, Hooke was appointed as Curator of

Experiments for the newly founded Royal Society, whose

purpose was to advance scientific understanding of the

world.

As Curator he was responsible for the experiments

conducted by the Society. The Royal Society, with its

motto Nullus In Verba – Take Nobody’s Word For It – was

based around its experiments.

Hooke moved from Oxford to London, where he held the

Curator’s position for forty years. CELLS ARE FIRST DISCOVERED BY ROBERT HOOKE IN 1665. HE OBSERVED CELLS

IN A CORK SLICE WITH THE HELP OF A PRIMITIVE MICROSCOPE.

tp://www.softschools.co

Robert Hooke

“BY THE HELP OF MICROSCOPES THERE IS NOTHING SO SMALL AS TO

ESCAPE OUR INQUIRYHENCE TERE IS A NEW VISIBLE WORLD DISCOVERED

TO THE UNDERSTANDINGS.”

1635 - 1703

DISCOVERIES Hooke’s Law, or the

General Law of Elasticity,

states that the extension

of a spring is proportional

to the weight placed on

the spring.

Discovered that Jupiter

revolves on its axis.

Made drawings of Mars

that allowed other

scientists to determine its

rotation period.

Observed and asked

important questions

about comets.

Came up with a theory

explaining planetary

motion, but he lacked the

mathematical ability to

prove his ideas.

Modern Air Pump

Conical Pendulum

Helioscope

Reflecting Telescope

Compound Microscope

References:

http://www.livescience.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scientists

Compiled by : M C Kashyap, KV 3 Delhi Cantt

He was awarded the title of Padma Vibhushan by

the Indian government.

Name

Satyendra Nath Bose

Occupation

Physicist, Scientist

Birth Date

January 1, 1894

Death Date

February 4, 1974

Place of Birth

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Place of Death

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Other honors include adviser to

the Council of Scientific and

Industrial Research

SATYENDRA NATH BOSE

Satyendra Nath Bose was a Bengali-Indian Bose was born

in Calcutta.

His schooling began at the age of five, near his home.

When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted to

the New Indian School. In the final year of school, he was

admitted to the Hindu School.

He passed his entrance examination (matriculation) in

1909 and stood fifth in the order of merit. He next joined

the intermediate science course at the Presidency College,

Calcutta,

where he was taught by illustrious teachers such as

Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada Prasanna Das, and Prafulla

Chandra Ray.

Bose chose mixed (applied) mathematics for his BSc and

passed the examinations standing first in 1913 and again

stood first in the MSc mixed mathematics exam in 1915.

After completing his MSc, Bose joined the He was

awarded the title of Padma Vibhushan by the Indian

government, University of Calcutta as a research scholar

in 1916 .

It was an exciting era in the history of scientific progress.

Quantum theory.

His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering

Department of the East Indian Railway Company.

As a polyglot, Bose was well versed in several languages

as well as the poetry of Lord Tennyson, Rabindranath

Tagore and Kalidas. Other honors include adviser to the

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.