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Flood Prevention, Drought Relief and Disaster Reduction in China
ByH. E. Mr.CHEN Lei
Minister of Water Resources, P.R. China
March 19th, 2009
Pressing tasks shared by most countries in the worldPressing tasks shared by most countries in the world
Critical issues of Critical issues of universal global universal global
concernconcern
Critical issues of Critical issues of universal global universal global
concernconcern
Prevention of mega natural disasters
Safeguarding people’s lives and properties
Effective management of water infrastructure projects
Ensuring sustainable socioeconomic development
Warmest Welcome to
Ministers;
Officials, scholars and experts; and
Friends from international organizations
Floods and droughts as the severest natural disasters
China’s main achievements in flood
control and drought relief
Measures and suggestions for better
flood control and drought relief
I.
II.
III.
Worldwide
Floods and droughts occur frequently, causing heavy property
losses and casualties. Between 1991 and 2005, more than 3,300
floods, windstorms and droughts were reported worldwide.
Floods and droughts occur frequently, causing heavy property
losses and casualties. Between 1991 and 2005, more than 3,300
floods, windstorms and droughts were reported worldwide.
floodflood wind stormwind storm droughtdrought slideslide
earthquake&tsunami
earthquake&tsunami othersothers
64% of all natural disasters
64% of all natural disasters
more than 3,300 floods and droughts
more than 3,300 floods and droughts
affected population accounting for 98% of the total
affected population accounting for 98% of the total
3.4billion cumulative affected population
3.4billion cumulative affected population
Worldwide
floodflood wind stormwind storm droughtdrought slideslide
earthquake&tsunami
earthquake&tsunami othersothers
77% of total losses caused by
natural disasters
77% of total losses caused by
natural disasters
916.7 billion Yuan losses caused by floods and
droughts
916.7 billion Yuan losses caused by floods and
droughts
43% of total
deaths caused by
natural disasters
43% of total
deaths caused by
natural disasters
A cumulative death toll of 410,000
A cumulative death toll of 410,000
Year-by-year Increase of Flood and drought Disasters
1970-2005 Frequency of Natural Disasters
FloodFlood
droughtdrought
WindstormWindstorm
02468101214
Af ri ca Ameri cas Asi a Europe Oceani a
010000200003000040000500006000070000
Af ri ca Ameri cas Asi a Europe Oceani a
AfricaAfrica
AsiaAsia
EuropeEurope OceaniaOceania
AmericasAmericas
AsiaAsia
0100200300400500600700
Af ri ca Ameri cas Asi a Europe Oceani a
AsiaAsia
AsiaAsia
Eco
no
mic
Lo
sses
(US
$ b
illio
n)
Eco
no
mic
Lo
sses
(US
$ b
illio
n)
Aff
ecte
d p
op
ula
tio
n(m
illio
n)
Aff
ecte
d p
op
ula
tio
n(m
illio
n)
Dea
ths
(mill
ion
)D
eath
s(m
illio
n)
In Asia
Asia overtakes all other continents in terms of the frequency of
natural disasters, the size of affected population and the amount of
economic losses
Asia is the continent most severely affected by
floods and droughts.
Asia suffers from high frequency of floods and
droughts, and consequent large number of deaths and
heavy economic losses.
40%AsiaAsia
Beyond Asia
Beyond Asia
Global
number of
floods and
droughts
Global
number of
floods and
droughts
The China Situation
Special geographic and climatic conditions result in
frequent and severe floods and droughts in China.
Middle and lower reaches of
major rivers are prone to severe
threats of flooding
and logging
Middle and lower reaches of
major rivers are prone to severe
threats of flooding
and logging
1. Big variety of disasters
2. High Frequency
≥50 times
1949 2009year
≥17 times
Major FloodsSevere extensive
droughts
2/3
3. Wide Distribution (1)
2/3 of the PRC territory is prone to floods of various categories and severities.
■ Areas severely
threatened by floods
■ Areas threatened by
flashfloods
■ Areas with minor flood-
prevention tasksBeijing
Tianjin
Shanghai
Chongqing
3. Wide Distribution (2)
Economically developed East and South
China are most severely threatened by
floods.
In addition, most parts of China are faced
with droughts of different severities.
2/3 of the national industrial and agricultural
outputs
Over 50% of the national population
35% of the national cultivated land
East&
SouthChina
East&
SouthChina
ConcentrateConcentrate
Though greatly reduced, the ratio of average annual disaster-induced losses to GDP of the same period in China is still higher than that in developed countries.
4. Heavey Losses
1990Flooding and logging: around 1.5%
Droughts: 1%
2009
Ratio of average annual disaster-induced losses to GDP of the same period
2009
Floods and droughts as the severest natural disasters
China’s main achievements in flood
control and drought relief
Measures and suggestions for better
flood control and drought relief
I.
II.
III.
The Chinese Government attaches great
importance to flood prevention and drought relief.
Perform commitments
Fulfill duties
Vigorously prevent floods, relieve droughts and reduce disasters
Agenda 21
UN Millennium Declaration
According to According to OpinionsOpinions
Big Issues
Critical Issues Urgent
Issues
improve
people’s
livelihood
Flood Management
Flood Control
Flood Prevention
comprehensive drought relief
single-purpose drought fighting
Drought relief
Flood
Prevention,
Drought
relief and
disaster
reduction
in China
Flood
Prevention,
Drought
relief and
disaster
reduction
in China
Recent 6 key measures for flood prevention, drought relief and disaster reduction in China
Flood prevention, drought relief and disaster reduction
Focus on no deaths and minimum losses
Enhance institutional framework
Improve structural facilities
Develop emergency planning
Reinforce early warning and forecasting
Improve legal framework
4
2
1
5
Strengthen emergency response management
6
32
1. Enhance institutional framework (1)
Flood control and drought relief commanding systems set up
at national, river basin, province, city and county levels
State Headquarters for Flood Control and Drought Relief and its offices
Basin headquarters for flood control and drought relief and their offices
Local flood control and drought relief headquarters and their offices
Flood prevention bodies set up by sectors with flood prevention tasks such as urban construction, petroleum, power and railway
1. Enhance institutional framework (2)
Institutional development for flood control and drought relief in river basins
Yangtze River
Yellow River
Huai River
Hai River Songhua River
Pearl River
Governments at all local levels have set up and improved their respective responsibility systems for flood prevention and drought relief under which the administrative heads assume core responsibilities.
2. Improve structural facilities (1)
Hitherto, China has completed
56.67 million ha
Effectively irrigated
area
actual Water
supply capacity of water supply
utilities
659.1 billion m3
280,000 km
Embank-ment
reservoirs
860,000
key flood
retention areas
97
Dahuofang Reservoir after risk
removal and reinforcement
2. Improve structural facilities (2)
Main sections of major rivers are capable of withstanding 100-year- return floods.
Small and medium-sized rivers are capable of preventing normal floods; flood
prevention capacity of major sea dykes is raised to the 50-year-return level.
Medium level droughts will not exert major impacts on industrial, agricultural
production.
Jing River Embankment
Farmland spray irrigation
Farmland spray irrigation
3. Develop emergency planning (1)
All governments at and above
the country level with flood-
prevention and drought-relief
tasks
National flood control and drought relief emergency planning system
Improved flood prevention plans for major rivers
Developed emergency response plans
for flood control and drought relief
Revised special emergency response
plans
Consultation for flood prevention and
drought relief
3. Develop emergency planning (2)
Develop typhoon prevention
plans
Cities and counties exposed to flash floods
Large and medium reservoirs and hydro stations
Cities and counties exposed to typhoons
Flood storage and detention areas
100%
100%
100%
3/4
Develop emergency response plans
and regulation plans
Develop flood diversion,
evacuation and
resettlement plans
Develop plans for
flashflood prevention
4. Reinforce early warning and forecasting (1)
Chenglingji Hydrological Station
• Over 34,000 hydrological stations and more than 8,600 flood reporting
stations already established;
• Automatic forecasting and warning systems developed for most large
and medium reservoirs;
• Flood warning and forecasting systems built for major rivers and lakes
Meteorological satellite
4. Reinforce early warning and forecasting (2)
Terrestrial meteorological observation station
• Drought monitoring networks set up in 50% of the provinces;
• Monitoring of drought development;
• Early warning and forecasting of droughts in a timely manner
Central Flood Prevention and Regulation SystemCentral Flood Prevention and Regulation System
5. Improve legal framework (1)
China has enacted and implemented its Water Law, Flood
Control Law, Flood Control Regulations, Regulations on Dam
Safety, Regulations on drought Relief, and Provisional Practice
Directions for Compensating the Use of Flood Storage and
Retention Areas.
5. Improve legal framework (2)
The legal framework lays a solid foundation for law-based flood control and drought relief.
Local government
Supplementary regulations
Implementation rules
6. Strengthen emergency response management (1)
• Enhance forecasting, early warning, regulation, emergency response,
disaster relief and post-disaster rehabilitation;
• 24-hour on duty and daily consultation;
• In case of flood and drought, emergency response is initiated according
to the emergency plan.
Emergency evacuation
6. Strengthen emergency response management (2)
Urgent consultation at the State Headquarters for Flood Control and Drought Relief
China’s main achievements in flood control and drought relief
Thanks to effective management by the
Chinese Government
China has won great victories against catastrophic
floods, severe droughts, snowstorms and earthquakes
Minimized losses resulting from disasters
Safeguarded people’ lives and properties
China’s main achievements in flood control and drought relief
Ensured safety of flood prevention1
Ensured safety of water supply2
Ensured safety of typhoon prevention3
Ensured safety of ice-flood prevention4
Reduced secondary disasters 5
1. Ensured safety of flood prevention (1)
Flood diversion at Mengwa Flood Storage
Area along the Huai River in 2007
Flood prevention and emergency
rescue in 1998
Boyang Lake Polder Dike
1. Ensured safety of flood prevention (2)
1949 2009year
Average yearly reduction of inundated farmland: 2.71 million ha
160million ha
Reduction of inundated farmland due to flood prevention
RMB3.69 trillion
Direct economic benefit from flood control
Death toll caused by flood and logging
greatly reduced
2. Ensured safety of water supply (1)
Drought relief and agricultural irrigation
471million mu
Grain Saving
39.41 million tons
Since 1991, China has achieved the following on annual basis
24.36 million people
Access to drinking water
2. Ensured safety of water supply (2)
This spring, severe drought once again hit the main winter wheat
production areas in China. The Chinese Government initiated Grade I
emergency response and adopted many drought relief measures in a
timely manner.
The Ministry of Water Resources scientifically regulated backbones
water works such as reservoirs to relieve the drought with full efforts.
Xiaolangdi Reservoir on
the Yellow River
released 2.9billion m3 of
water
3. Ensured safety of typhoon prevention (1)
7 typhoons land in Mainland China on average each year,
and the number may reach 12 in an extreme year.
Typhoon prevention and
disaster reduction
People’s lives and properties
ReliefRelief
PreventionPrevention
EvacuationEvacuation
No deaths,Minimuminjuries
No deaths,Minimuminjuries
3. Ensured safety of typhoon prevention (2)
In 2008, 10 typhoons or tropical storms hit China, with
unprecedented severity, frequency and early landing.
3. Ensured safety of typhoon prevention (3)
Due to well-planned arrangements and effective measures
The losses were minimized with the number of deaths reduced by 70%,
affected population reduced by 20%, and collapsed buildings down by
60% compared to those of regular years.
650,000 ships were saved
4.15 million people were safely evacuated and resettled in emergency in 2008
4. Ensured safety of ice-flood prevention (1)
Ice floods mainly take place in the Yellow River, Heilongjiang River and
Songhua River in North China, among which the Yellow River is most
seriously affected.
Yellow River Ice Flood
Yellow River Ice Flood
4. Ensured safety of ice-flood prevention (2)
In 2007-2008, the Yellow River Basin was hit by the most
severe ice floods in the last 40 years.
Scientific regulation of upper-reach reservoirs for water release; Reasonable use of trunk canals along the banks for water diversion; Timely use of low-lying wetland for water separation; Timely explosion of river-blocking ice dams for water discharge; Reinforced defense of dikes.
Scientific regulation of upper-reach reservoirs for water release; Reasonable use of trunk canals along the banks for water diversion; Timely use of low-lying wetland for water separation; Timely explosion of river-blocking ice dams for water discharge; Reinforced defense of dikes.
Affected area controlled
No death of people
Affected area controlled
No death of people
Ice slushes impacting the embankmentFrozen river section in Inner MongoliaFrozen river section in Inner Mongolia
5. Reduced secondary disasters (1)
• Snow storms,frost and earthquakes usually bring along severe
secondary disasters. • Wenchuan Devastating Earthquake on “May
12” 2008
2,473 Reservoirs damaged
822 Hydro
stations damaged
1,229km Embankment
damaged
105 Dammed
lakes
9.556 million people Difficult to
access drinking water
5. Reduced secondary disasters (2)
Reservoir
Hydro station
Embankment
Dammed lakes
People
Secondary disasters caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake Secondary disasters caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake
A helicopter handling large equipment
Technicians in survey work
5. Reduced secondary disasters (3)
• The ministry urgently mobilized 1,780 water experts, exploration and design professionals and repair/maintenance workers as well as equipment and materials for emergency rescue of the affected areas.
Premier WEN and Minister CHEN Lei at the forefront
5. Reduced secondary disasters (4)
• No dam failure at quake-damaged reservoirs or hydro stations;
• No breach of quake-damaged embankments;
• Risk removal of dammed lakes creating a historical miracle;
• No human death during emergency rescue of Tangjiashan.
Barrier discharge
6500m3 /
s
7 days 6 nights
20.37million m3
82.65m82.65m 124m124m
Excavate50000 douExcavate50000 dou
EqualsEquals
TransportTransport
5000-70005000-7000
Floods and droughts as the severest natural disasters
China’s main achievements in flood
control and drought relief
Measures and suggestions for better
flood control and drought relief
I.
II.
III.
• Foundation for disaster prevention and
reduction in China remains weak;
• Capacities for prevention of flood and
drought disasters remain inadequate
Floods and droughts remain paramount risks for the Chinese nation.
With rapid socioeconomic development
新情况
新问题
新挑战
Flood prevention, drought relief and disaster relief
With intensifying global climate change
China and the international community
shoulder responsibilities
fulfill obligations
perform relevant tasks
Take effective measures for flood prevention, drought relief and disaster reduction
Future orientation of flood control and drought relief in China
New situationsNew situations
New problemsNew problems
New challengesNew challenges
Enhance system development
Improve the
management system Improve the
management system Reinforce the
security system Reinforce the
security system
Build up a scientific/high-tech supporting
system
Build up a scientific/high-tech supporting
system
Enhance the
legal framework Enhance the
legal framework
Improve the
structural system Improve the
structural system
1. Improve the structural system
Enhance
Embankment construction
Reservoir
constructionConstruction of flood
detention areas
river course training
Optimize
To realize
comprehensive benefits
Develop an interactive mechanisms with standard
management and orderly coordination
Develop an interactive mechanisms with standard
management and orderly coordination
Improve emergency response mechanismsImprove emergency response mechanisms
2. Improve the management system
Promote development of the flood and drought
emergency response management system
Improve the flood management systemImprove the flood management system
Make emergency plans for flood prevention and drought reliefMake emergency plans for flood prevention and drought relief
Imp
rov
e t
he
M
an
ag
em
ent
sys
tem
Imp
rov
e t
he
M
an
ag
em
ent
sys
tem
3. Reinforce the security system
Responsibilities and tasks of flood
prevention and drought relief of governments
at all levels
Define and perform
For joint response to disasters Promote public
participation
United to fight
against flood
4. Enhance the legal framework
Regulate relevent socioeconomic
development activitiesCoordinate rights and interests
of all stakeholders
Enhance the legal
framework
Standard practice for emergency
rescue of water works, flood
prevention and regulation, disaster
relief and economic compensation
5. Build up a science & technology system
Study and promote applicable and advanced
flood control and drought relief technologies
Build up a scientific and efficient flood control
and drought relief technical supporting system
Promote modernization of flood control
and drought relief undertakings
Build up a science &technology
system
Build up a science &technology
system
0
Responding to challenges requires enhanced international cooperation
United actions and joint efforts from the international community are
therefore requisite for coordinated response to problems and difficulties.
New
Huge
Severe Challengesdisaster reduction
Three Suggestions (1)
Boost international exchanges
1
share
disasters
information
share
disasters
information
Cooperate
Closely in
flood control
and drought
relief
Cooperate
Closely in
flood control
and drought
relief
Promote the development of a sound mechanism for international exchanges
Promote the development of a sound mechanism for international exchanges
Extend advanced and applicable technologies
Extend advanced and applicable technologies
Three Suggestions (2)
Promote technical exchanges
2
Enhance
exchange and
cooperation in
flooding and
logging
disaster
assessment
Enhance
exchange and
cooperation in
flooding and
logging
disaster
assessment
Improve
the use of
remote-sensing
technologies
for real-time
monitoring and
better
forecasting
of droughts
Improve
the use of
remote-sensing
technologies
for real-time
monitoring and
better
forecasting
of droughts
Boost
exchanges and
cooperation in
decision-making
skills regarding
drought-relief
water regulation
Boost
exchanges and
cooperation in
decision-making
skills regarding
drought-relief
water regulation
Upgrade
capacity in
real-time
understanding
of
droughts and
drought-relief
water
regulation
Upgrade
capacity in
real-time
understanding
of
droughts and
drought-relief
water
regulation
Build capacity for real-time monitoring of floods and rapid accurate post-disaster assessment
Build capacity for real-time monitoring of floods and rapid accurate post-disaster assessment
Three Suggestions (3)
Support developing countries as they:
3
Suffer from
higher frequency
of
natural disasters,
more deaths and
heavier economic
losses as a result
of such disasters
Suffer from
higher frequency
of
natural disasters,
more deaths and
heavier economic
losses as a result
of such disasters
Have more
difficulties in
post-disaster
rehabilitation
Have more
difficulties in
post-disaster
rehabilitation
Lag behind
developed
countries in terms of
technologies and
financial capacity
for
flood control
& drought relief
Lag behind
developed
countries in terms of
technologies and
financial capacity
for
flood control
& drought relief
Need more
support from
developed
countries
and other able
countries
Need more
support from
developed
countries
and other able
countries
Joint efforts for common progress
Glorious and arduous tasks
Enhance risk management of water projects
Prevent mega natural disasters
China will join hands with the international community for common progress
OpportunitiesOpportunities 21st
CenturyChallengesChallenges
Jointly respond to the challenge of mega natural disasters
Share technologies and experiences in disaster prevention and reduction
Thank You !