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Published by Northeastern University School of Architecture 360 Huntington Ave. Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Adjunct Professor Jonathan A. Scelsa Nordenson, Guy, Catherine Seavitt, and Adam Yarinsky. On the Water: Palisade Bay. Ostifidern: Hatje Cantz, 2010. Bibliography Watson, Donald, and Michele Adams. Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Flooding and Climate Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Edited by Jonathan A. Scelsa
Citation preview
Edited byJonathan A. Scelsa
Published byNortheastern University School of Architecture360 Huntington Ave. Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Copyright (C) 2011 by Northeastern University School of ArchitectureAll rights reservedFirst printing November 2011
Studio Research Team Alison Baggen Zach Briggs Bryan Brown Alex Brownell Chris Freda Dennis Greenwood Joe Helferty Ashley Hopwood Geri-Ann, Quinlivan Dan Ricardelli Matthew, Rider Jonathan Sampson Yukai Sun
Adjunct Professor Jonathan A. Scelsa
BibliographyWatson, Donald, and Michele Adams. Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Flooding and Climate Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Nordenson, Guy, Catherine Seavitt, and Adam Yarinsky. On the Water: Palisade Bay. Ostifidern:
Hatje Cantz, 2010.
This publication has been prepared as a part of a ten week graduate thesis studio assignment in the Northeastern University School of Architecture for the Fall 2011 Architecture G691 course. Other publications in this series include urban retail, office and parking garage typologies, all produced by graduate students in the Northeastern Univer-sity architecture program. The team would like to extend thanks to the fol-lowing people for their support in this research: Dan Adams, Tim Love, George Thrush + Kevin Hively.
FPU
Flood Plain UrbanismA Pattern Book
02
I. INTRODUCTION Upcoming Design Challenges................. 004 Statistics.................................................. 005 Timeline + Map of World Floods.............. 006 Insurance Procedure............................... 008 History of FEMA...................................... 009 Coastal Brownfields.................................012 Working Waterfronts............................... 014
II. THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR Northeast Urban Deltas.......................... 020 Corridor Biodiversity................................ 022 Public/Private Waterfront........................ 024 Mega-Regional Transit............................ 026
NEW HAVEN NH Flood Plain........................................ 028 NH Port Statistics.................................... 030 NH Coastal Brownfields...........................032 NH Development Potential...................... 034 NH Housing Morphology..........................035 NH Transit Configuration......................... 036
PROVIDENCE PR Flood Plain........................................ 038 PR Port Statistics.................................... 040 PR Coastal Brownfields...........................042 PR Development Potential...................... 044 PR Housing Morphology..........................045 PR Transit Configuration......................... 046
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
Table of Contents
03
III. PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL SYSTEMS Barrier Islands..........................................050 Urban Wetlands....................................... 056 Polders and Dykes...................................062 Jetties and Groins....................................068
SYNTHETIC SYSTEMS Seawalls.................................................. 074 Floodgates...............................................082 Levees..................................................... 088
WATER REMOVAL SYSTEMS Absorption materials................................094 Channel design........................................096 Water Treatment......................................098
IV. COASTAL URBAN FABRIC MASTERPLANS Minnesota Riverfront Competition........... 104 Longgang Riverfront Competition............106 Lower Don Lands Competition................ 108 Tokyo Bay Proposal.................................110 Too Perfect: Seven New Denmarks.........112
HOUSING TYPES New Orleans Ninth Ward......................... 116 Housing Morphology Guidelines............. 118 FP Housing Typologies............................120 FP Housing Case Studies....................... 128 FP Housing Infrastructure........................154 FP Housing Landform Manipulations.......160
INDUSTRIAL TYPES FP Industrial Glossary............................. 162 FP Industrial Zones................................. 164 FP Industrial Type Catalog...................... 170 FP Adaption Challenges.......................... 188 FP Landform Manipulations.................... 190 FP Adaptive Reuse................................. 196
V. COASTAL SYSTEMS COASTAL ENERGY Off Shore Wind........................................ 203 Tidal Barrages. ....................................... 206 Wave Power.... ....................................... 210
COASTAL INTERFACE Piers + Slips............................................ 214 Constructed Islands ................................ 220 Urban Coastal Parkland.......................... 226 Ferry Systems......................................... 236
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPUThe Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPUThe Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
Chapter icons
FPU
A Rising Challenge
04
Global climate change is environmental reaction to increase CO2 levels as a by-product of human action. Increased temperatures, rising sea levels, and intensified natural disasters are all side effects of global climate change. Coastal cities are especially vulnerable, as they contain the majority of the worlds population.
The need for archietctural interven-tion to accommodate environmental changes has become a global priority, as cities struggle to update aging infra-structure.
Interventions to protect our cities are of new architectural significance, and are a pivotal factor in imagining the future of the city.
For the scope of this research North-eastern Universitys School of Architec-ture has focused on Americas North-east corridor that lies within FEMAs designated 100 year flood plain. This lens of the research was further speci-fied by examining cities that are smaller than New York and Boston and will need to envision ways that these cities can effectively pay for better urban space along the waterfront that simultane-
ously activates and protects the city via new infrastructure.
Flooding is not merely a U.S. problem but a global one. This research envisions dif-ferent ways that architects and designers can intervene in this global crisis in order to empower our discipline to effectively engage the social issues of our time. The studio proj-ects that by looking at smaller cities such as providence and new haven along the coast effectively make for better case studies on intervention in smaller cities throughout the world.
05
of sea level rise expected by year 2100.
+3ft
expected increase in hurri-canes by the year 2100.
11%
of the worlds population lives within the 100 year flood plain.
in global spending on flood relief be-tween the years 1960-2005
american citizens live within the 100 year FEMA fp.
celsius projected increase in global temperature.
square miles of U.S. land would flood after 2100.
more 100 year floods ex-pected by the year 2100.
$115b70% 141m
3.6o13k20%
Global Flood Relief Funding
06
US Flood Relief Funding
07
0908
Do I need flood insurance?
Do you live in a flood plain?
Yes
No, but it is recommended. Contact one of these providers for a quote.
Yes. FEMA mandates all structures within the flood plain to be insured. The premiums are set by FEMA, however a private insurer will issue the policy. Contact FEMA to find out which insurers offer policies in your area.
Are you within a storm surge risk area?
YesYes
No
No No
State Farm, Allstate Farmers, Travelers. Many small, local agencies also offer policies.
0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
>3 2 1 BFE -1 -2
FLOOD INSURANCE PREMIUMS
HEIGHT OF FIRST FLOOR
Ad Hoc
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
DHUD
FEMA
Department of Homeland Security
1979
1973
1930
1803
Hurricane Katrina 2005
Hurricane Andrew 1992Hurricane Hugo 1990
FEMA Spending: 1962-2011
2003
Do I Need Flood Insurance? History of FEMA
In 1973 the Department of Housing and Urban Development took control of all disaster relief. In 1979 Jimmy Carter issued and executive order to form FEMA as we know it today, consolidating all disparate elements into one organization.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation established. Its primary goal was to distribute stimulus money to failing banks in the midst of the Great Depression, but they also dispersed money to areas affected by natural disasters.
Before FEMA, the primary method of dealing with disasters was Ad Hoc.
large number of businesses in New Hampshire, Congress passed a law granting a temporary easement of tariffs on imports in order to help the merchants recover. This system of individual legislation carried on until 1930.
08
0908
Do I need flood insurance?
Do you live in a flood plain?
Yes
No, but it is recommended. Contact one of these providers for a quote.
Yes. FEMA mandates all structures within the flood plain to be insured. The premiums are set by FEMA, however a private insurer will issue the policy. Contact FEMA to find out which insurers offer policies in your area.
Are you within a storm surge risk area?
YesYes
No
No No
State Farm, Allstate Farmers, Travelers. Many small, local agencies also offer policies.
0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
>3 2 1 BFE -1 -2
FLOOD INSURANCE PREMIUMS
HEIGHT OF FIRST FLOOR
Ad Hoc
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
DHUD
FEMA
Department of Homeland Security
1979
1973
1930
1803
Hurricane Katrina 2005
Hurricane Andrew 1992Hurricane Hugo 1990
FEMA Spending: 1962-2011
2003
Do I Need Flood Insurance? History of FEMA
In 1973 the Department of Housing and Urban Development took control of all disaster relief. In 1979 Jimmy Carter issued and executive order to form FEMA as we know it today, consolidating all disparate elements into one organization.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation established. Its primary goal was to distribute stimulus money to failing banks in the midst of the Great Depression, but they also dispersed money to areas affected by natural disasters.
Before FEMA, the primary method of dealing with disasters was Ad Hoc.
large number of businesses in New Hampshire, Congress passed a law granting a temporary easement of tariffs on imports in order to help the merchants recover. This system of individual legislation carried on until 1930.
09
1110
Storm Surge Height
100 Year Flood Elevation
Base Ocean Elevation
100
Year
Flo
od P
lain
What is a Flood Plain?
A flood plain refers to the flat land surrounding a river or waterway that experiences flooding at high water levels. Rather than completely flat the land slopes gently towards the water. The flood plain extends until a physical barrier natural or man-made stops its progression, such as a hill slope or a sea wall.
What is a 100 Year Flood?
A 100 year flood is not a flood that happens once every 100 years, but rather is the level of water expected to be equaled or exceeded every 100 years on average. Based on the expected level of water a predictive flood plain can be mapped out. This flood plain map is then used to inform decisions on building permits, insurance, and zoning.
What is Coastal Zone Management?
The Coastal Zone Management Act was passed in 1972 to encourage states to be responsible for their own coastal land. The Act allows states to voluntarily develop plans for the maintenance, restoration, and redevelopment of their waterfront. Each plan must include specific provisions relating to protecting natural resources, managing coastal development to minimize damage and loss of life in flood and storm surge zones, increase public access, redeveloping urban waterfronts, and the preservation of coastal features. The specific areas along the waterfront that these programs relate to are also determined by the state.
What is a Storm Surge?
Storm surge an abnormal rise of water due to a storm. It acts like a large, fast moving high tide that floods the surrounding area. The damage from storm surge occurs due to the speed and height of the water moving into an area. One major factor of the height of a storm surge is the angle of the continental shelf along the coast. A shallow shelf will help produce a high storm surge, where as a steep shelf will keep the surge low.
Defining the Flood Plain
Category 1 (74-95 MPH): 4-5
Category 2 (96-110 MPH): 6-8
Category 3 (111-130 MPH): 9-12
Category 4 (131-155 MPH): 13-18
Coa
stal
Zon
e
Category 5 (>155 MPH): >18
Sto
rm S
urge
Pla
in
10
1110
Storm Surge Height
100 Year Flood Elevation
Base Ocean Elevation
100
Year
Flo
od P
lain
What is a Flood Plain?
A flood plain refers to the flat land surrounding a river or waterway that experiences flooding at high water levels. Rather than completely flat the land slopes gently towards the water. The flood plain extends until a physical barrier natural or man-made stops its progression, such as a hill slope or a sea wall.
What is a 100 Year Flood?
A 100 year flood is not a flood that happens once every 100 years, but rather is the level of water expected to be equaled or exceeded every 100 years on average. Based on the expected level of water a predictive flood plain can be mapped out. This flood plain map is then used to inform decisions on building permits, insurance, and zoning.
What is Coastal Zone Management?
The Coastal Zone Management Act was passed in 1972 to encourage states to be responsible for their own coastal land. The Act allows states to voluntarily develop plans for the maintenance, restoration, and redevelopment of their waterfront. Each plan must include specific provisions relating to protecting natural resources, managing coastal development to minimize damage and loss of life in flood and storm surge zones, increase public access, redeveloping urban waterfronts, and the preservation of coastal features. The specific areas along the waterfront that these programs relate to are also determined by the state.
What is a Storm Surge?
Storm surge an abnormal rise of water due to a storm. It acts like a large, fast moving high tide that floods the surrounding area. The damage from storm surge occurs due to the speed and height of the water moving into an area. One major factor of the height of a storm surge is the angle of the continental shelf along the coast. A shallow shelf will help produce a high storm surge, where as a steep shelf will keep the surge low.
Defining the Flood Plain
Category 1 (74-95 MPH): 4-5
Category 2 (96-110 MPH): 6-8
Category 3 (111-130 MPH): 9-12
Category 4 (131-155 MPH): 13-18
Coa
stal
Zon
e
Category 5 (>155 MPH): >18
Sto
rm S
urge
Pla
in
11
A brownfield , as defined by the EPA, is a former commercial or industrial site, the future of which is affected by real or perceived contamination. The term is often used to describe under used or abandoned facilities, however it can refer to any real property currently in use. Investing in brownfield reclamation and remediation protects the environment, reduces blight, and saves green spaces and working lands from development.
Brownfields are often found in a citys industrial and commercial sectors. They include buildings such as abandoned factories, refineries, dry cleaning facilities, and gas stations. The contamination found on these sites can include hydrocarbons (oils and fuels), pesticides, heavy metals (lead, nickel, etc.), and asbestos.
In the past brownfields were not reclaimed because the cost of cleaning the land was more than the land was worth. There is also the fear of liability for both past and future owners that cause a property to be moth-balled. However new liability laws, better remedial strategies, and lack of developable land in urban centers have tipped the scales toward brownfield reclamation despite the costs.
1
2
3
Dry Brownfield - A brownfield site that is not located adjacent to a water source or in a flood zone.
At-Risk Coastal Brownfield - A brownfield site that is located in the FEMA 100 Year Flood Zone.
Coastal Brownfield - A brownfield site that is located in the coastal zone within 200 feet of a mean, high-tide line.
Coastal Brownfields
Heavy MetalsPollutants caused by heavy industry and transportation
centers. Includes zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium, chromium, and
aluminum.
HydrocarbonsPollutants caused by oil and fuel spills. Includes propane,
butane, hexane, heptaine, octane, nonane, and dectane.
PesticidesPollutants caused by food
transportation and coolants. Weeping Willow(Salix)Heavy Metals
Vetch (Victa)Heavy Metals
MushroomsAll Contaminants
European White Birch (Bertula Pendula)
Hydrocarbons
Mulberry (Morus Rubra)Hydrocarbons
Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron Smithil)
Hydrocarbons
Red Maple(Acer Rubrum)
Pesticides
Poplars (Populus)Pesticides
Brake Fern (Pteris Vittata)
Pesticides
Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants
Soil RemovalAll Contaminants
Violet (Viola)Heavy Metals
MushroomsAll Contaminants
European White Birch (Bertula Pendula)
Hydrocarbons
Red Maple(Acer Rubrum)
Pesticides
Poplars (Populus)Pesticides
Brake Fern (Pteris Vittata)
Pesticides
Violet (Viola)Heavy Metals
Sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus)
Hydrocarbons
Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants
Soil RemovalAll Contaminants
Sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus)
Hydrocarbons
Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants
12
Remediation Matrix
Weeping Willow(Salix)
Heavy Metals
Vetch (Victa)Heavy Metals
MushroomsAll Contaminants
European White Birch (Bertula Pendula)
Hydrocarbons
Mulberry (Morus Rubra)Hydrocarbons
Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron Smithil)
Hydrocarbons
Red Maple(Acer Rubrum)
Pesticides
Poplars (Populus)Pesticides
Brake Fern (Pteris Vittata)
Pesticides
Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants
Soil RemovalAll Contaminants
Violet (Viola)Heavy Metals
MushroomsAll Contaminants
European White Birch (Bertula Pendula)
Hydrocarbons
Red Maple(Acer Rubrum)
Pesticides
Poplars (Populus)Pesticides
Brake Fern (Pteris Vittata)
Pesticides
Violet (Viola)Heavy Metals
Sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus)
Hydrocarbons
Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants
Soil RemovalAll Contaminants
Sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus)
Hydrocarbons
Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants
13
1514
1939
Wor
ld W
ar II
1861
Hur
rican
e
1815
Hur
rican
e
2010
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
1761
Hur
rican
e
1841
Bliz
zard
1693
Tro
pica
l Sto
rm
1804
Bliz
zard
1896
Hur
rican
e
1924
Hur
rican
e
1950
Hur
rican
e
1954
Hur
rican
e
1976
Hur
rican
e
100 Tons
500 Tons
1776
Rev
olut
iona
ry W
ar
1812
War
of 1
812
1861
Civ
il W
ar
1914
Wor
ld W
ar I
1950
Kor
ean
War
1960
Vie
tnam
War
2010
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Quantity of US Trade
What is a Working Waterfront?
A working waterfront refers to an industrial area located along the coast and dependant on maritime traffic. A working waterfront can handle national and international trade as well as area waste management and oil refinery. This area often includes ports, commercial buildings, interior and exterior storage, and links to transportation.
Due to the valuable nature of coastal real estate, waterfronts are often endangered by developers who want to replace the industrial zones with high priced condos and mixed-use development. Due to this demand, the United States government passed the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972. The act allows states to establish a Coastal Management Zone (CMZ) in order to preserve, establish, and develop working waterfronts within coastal cities.
Working Waterfronts
14
1514
1939
Wor
ld W
ar II
1861
Hur
rican
e
1815
Hur
rican
e
2010
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
1761
Hur
rican
e
1841
Bliz
zard
1693
Tro
pica
l Sto
rm
1804
Bliz
zard
1896
Hur
rican
e
1924
Hur
rican
e
1950
Hur
rican
e
1954
Hur
rican
e
1976
Hur
rican
e
100 Tons
500 Tons
1776
Rev
olut
iona
ry W
ar
1812
War
of 1
812
1861
Civ
il W
ar
1914
Wor
ld W
ar I
1950
Kor
ean
War
1960
Vie
tnam
War
2010
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Quantity of US Trade
What is a Working Waterfront?
A working waterfront refers to an industrial area located along the coast and dependant on maritime traffic. A working waterfront can handle national and international trade as well as area waste management and oil refinery. This area often includes ports, commercial buildings, interior and exterior storage, and links to transportation.
Due to the valuable nature of coastal real estate, waterfronts are often endangered by developers who want to replace the industrial zones with high priced condos and mixed-use development. Due to this demand, the United States government passed the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972. The act allows states to establish a Coastal Management Zone (CMZ) in order to preserve, establish, and develop working waterfronts within coastal cities.
Working Waterfronts
15
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
Chapter icons
FPU
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
Chapter icons
FPUThe Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
Chapter icons
FPU
Case 1: New HavenNorth East Corridor Research Case 2: Providence
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
18
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
Northeast Corridor
Northeast Urban Deltas 19Corridor Bio-Diversity 22Urban Waterfront Types 24Mega-Regional Transit 26
19
Northeast Corridor
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
Northeast Urban Deltas
The Northeast Corridor is a transportation route stretches from Washington DC to Boston, Massachusetts. New York City to Boston is a crucial portion that includes major industrial ports and transportation routes that are in extreme risk flood plains in New England. This section identifies this corridor, the pertinent cities at risk, and the type of waterfront conditions that exist in these areas.
20
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
State RegulationsNortheast Corridor
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
BOSTON MASSACHUSETTSNEW BEDFORD MASSACHUSETTSPROVIDENCE RHODE ISLANDBRIDGEPORT CONNECTICUT NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT NEW LONDON CONNECTICUT
21
Northeast Corridor
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
Northeast Urban DeltasState RegulationsNortheast Corridor
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
BOSTON MASSACHUSETTSNEW BEDFORD MASSACHUSETTSPROVIDENCE RHODE ISLANDBRIDGEPORT CONNECTICUT NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT NEW LONDON CONNECTICUT
22
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
23
Northeast Corridor
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
Corridor Biodiversity
24
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
Urban Waterfront TypesNortheast Corridor
post
-indu
stria
l coa
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post
-indu
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l coa
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PRO
VID
ENC
ER
HO
DE
ISLA
ND
BOST
ON
MAS
SAC
HU
SETT
SN
EW H
AVEN
CO
NN
ECTI
CU
TN
EW H
AVEN
CO
NN
ECTI
CU
T
4149 N 7124 W
4117 N 7254 W
4117 N 7254 W
4221 N 7104 W
PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER
PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE
PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER
PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE
TyPE
1A
TyPE
1B
TYP
E 2
ATY
PE
2B
8N
EW B
EDFO
RD
MAS
SAC
HU
SETT
SBO
STO
NM
ASSA
CH
USE
TTS
BOST
ON
MAS
SAC
HU
SETT
SN
EW L
ON
DO
NC
ON
NEC
TIC
UT
4121 N 7205 W
4221 N 7101 W
4222 N 7103 W
4138 N 7055 WPRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER
PRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE
PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER
PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE
TyPE
1A
TyPE
1B
TYP
E 2
ATY
PE
2B
25
Northeast Corridor
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
Public Private WaterfrontsUrban Waterfront Types
Northeast Corridor
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
PRO
VID
ENC
ER
HO
DE
ISLA
ND
BOST
ON
MAS
SAC
HU
SETT
SN
EW H
AVEN
CO
NN
ECTI
CU
TN
EW H
AVEN
CO
NN
ECTI
CU
T
4149 N 7124 W
4117 N 7254 W
4117 N 7254 W
4221 N 7104 W
PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER
PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE
PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER
PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE
TyPE
1A
TyPE
1B
TYP
E 2
ATY
PE
2B
8
NEW
BED
FOR
DM
ASSA
CH
USE
TTS
BOST
ON
MAS
SAC
HU
SETT
SBO
STO
NM
ASSA
CH
USE
TTS
NEW
LO
ND
ON
CO
NN
ECTI
CU
T
4121 N 7205 W
4221 N 7101 W
4222 N 7103 W
4138 N 7055 WPRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER
PRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE
PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER
PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE
TyPE
1A
TyPE
1B
TYP
E 2
ATY
PE
2B
0 mi 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 100 mi 120 mi 140 mi 160 mi 180 mi 200 mi 220 mi 240 mi
Amtrak (8 million)
Metro North - New Haven (83 Million)
Metro North-New Haven
Regional/Regional Express
Acela Express
Providence/Stoughton Communter Rail
Wat
erbu
ry
Dan
bury
New
Can
aan
T.F.
Gre
en
Prov
iden
ce S
tatio
n
Rou
te 1
28
Back
Bay
Sta
tion
Sout
h St
atio
n
Uni
on S
tatio
n N
ew H
aven
Gra
nd C
entra
l Sta
tion
Stam
ford
New
Roc
helle
Brid
gepo
rt
The Northeast rail corridor between New York and Boston includes Amtraks Acela Express and Regional service, MTAs Metro North commuter service via Grand Central Station, and the MBTAs Providence-Stoughton commuter service via South Station. The main rail line mostly exists along Interstate 95 along the coastline. Currently there are 14 stops from New York to Boston on Amtraks Regional ser-vice, and these stations exist in many of the post-industrial coastal cities.
The basic infrastructure is in place along the Northeast Corridor for future development. Criteria for cities under consideration would include access to a port or working waterfront, access to passenger and freight rail, as well as interstate highway access for intermodal transportation. Ar-
are Bridgeport, New Haven, Old Saybrook, and New London.
NE
CO
RR
IDO
R
26
post
-indu
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l coa
st
0 mi 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 100 mi 120 mi 140 mi 160 mi 180 mi 200 mi 220 mi 240 mi
Amtrak (8 million)
Metro North - New Haven (83 Million)
Metro North-New Haven
Regional/Regional Express
Acela Express
Providence/Stoughton Communter Rail
Wat
erbu
ry
Dan
bury
New
Can
aan
T.F.
Gre
en
Prov
iden
ce S
tatio
n
Rou
te 1
28
Back
Bay
Sta
tion
Sout
h St
atio
n
Uni
on S
tatio
n N
ew H
aven
Gra
nd C
entra
l Sta
tion
Stam
ford
New
Roc
helle
Brid
gepo
rt
The Northeast rail corridor between New York and Boston includes Amtraks Acela Express and Regional service, MTAs Metro North commuter service via Grand Central Station, and the MBTAs Providence-Stoughton commuter service via South Station. The main rail line mostly exists along Interstate 95 along the coastline. Currently there are 14 stops from New York to Boston on Amtraks Regional ser-vice, and these stations exist in many of the post-industrial coastal cities.
The basic infrastructure is in place along the Northeast Corridor for future development. Criteria for cities under consideration would include access to a port or working waterfront, access to passenger and freight rail, as well as interstate highway access for intermodal transportation. Ar-
are Bridgeport, New Haven, Old Saybrook, and New London.
The Northeast rail corridor between New York and Boston includes Amtraks Ace-la Express and Regional service, MTAs
Metro North commuter service via Grand Central Station, and the MBTAs Provi-dence-Stoughton commuter service via South Station. The main rail line mostly ex-ists along Interstate 95 along the coastline. Currently there are 14 stops from New York to Boston on Amtraks Regional service,
and these stations exist in many of the post-industrial coastal cities.
The basic infrastructure is in place along the Northeast Corridor for future development. Criteria for cities under consideration would include access to a port or working water-front, access to passenger and freight rail, as well as interstate highway access for intermodal transportation. Areas identified
in this corridor are Bridgeport, New Haven, Old Saybrook, and New London.
27
Mega-Regional Rail InfrastructureThe Northeast Corridor
post
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NEW
HAV
EN
28
New Haven
Flood Plain 28Port of New Haven 30Coastal Brownfields 32Development Potentials 34Housing Morphology 35Station Configuration 36
29
New Haven, Connecticut NH
NEW
HAV
EN
1625
1650
2025
2000
1975
1950
1925
1900
1875
1850
1825
1800
1775
1750
1725
1700
1675
1,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
10,000
5,000
+1
0
-1
Tropical Storm
Large Tropical Storm
Category 1 Hurricane
Category 2+ Hurricane
15
1
100
Year
Flo
od L
ine
Base Flood Elevation
First Occupiable Floor
The Port of New Haven sits entirely within the 100 Year Flood Plain. Because of flood-ing hazards New Havens building codes
mandate that the first occupiable floor must
be one foot above the base flood elevation.
This renders the coastal area difficult to
build in - both from a code standpoint and because of the industrial nature of the area.
New Haven began to grow significantly af-ter the War of 1812. Between 1800 and and 1925 the population grew form under 5,000 to over 160,000. After 1950 the port begin a steep population decline, which has only subsided since the late 1990s.
NH Flood Plain Rise
Population
Sea Level Rise
Flood Plain
CZM 1
100
30
NEW
HAV
EN 50k
05
26
56
08200
Turkey
Gibralta
r
Gua
tem
ala Brazil
Belg
ium
Spain
South Korea
Vietnam
Uni
ted
King
dom
Neth
erla
nds
Fran
ce
Mexic
o
India
Vene
zuel
a
Bahamas
Canada
Norw
ay
Exports
Imports
employees
cranes
forklifts
acres of storage
berths
trucks Port Import/Export Statistics
31
New Haven, Connecticut NH
NEW
HAV
EN
Amount in 100 Tons20 100 200
Port of New Haven
Nuclear Machinery
Iron and Steel
Scrap Metal
The Port of New Haven is one the larger ports in the Northeast Corridor. The port has existed as it does today since 1930, growing consistently since 1740. Its abil-ity to adapt and grow based on economic need has allowed the port to maintain its size.
As well as existing international trade in various machinery and metals, the port also has 8 berths with extensive resources, including cranes, forklifts, and transporta-tion such as trucks and rail.
Due to its recent decline in population, the port has large areas of exterior storage that are under utalized as well as several aban-odoned facilieies. These open spots in the port are available for future development.
193018801740
Geomorphology over Time
32
NEW
HAV
EN
Current Use: Commercial Building
Current Use: Exterior Storage
318
250215
290
375
530
370
890
670
33
New Haven, Connecticut NH
NEW
HAV
EN
Coastal Brownfields
Current Use: Small Commercial Buildings and Parking
Current Use: Abandoned Electric Plant
260120
335
630230
630
475
175230
600
340
Current Use: Interior Storage and Parking
The Port of New Haven has five brownfield identified by the city according the the EPA standards. These sites exist primarily along the Mill River
waterfront and are located either on the coast or in the 100 Yeear Flood Plain. Most of the contaminants in the soil are heavy metals from industries or hydrocarbons from local oil refineries.
2322
New Haven, Connecticut
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
NH
New
High
way
Old
High
way
New Connections
New Connections
New ConnectionsOld Connection
New Connections
New Connections
Desirable Areas
Industrial
Ferry
Commercial
Downtown
Seaport
Residential
Parks
Rail
Refinery
After judging different aspects of the site as good or bad, it is possible to overlay the individual maps of desirable areas. A sort of heat map emerges, with the darker areas representing places which are ideal for development. Conversely, areas with a light shade or no color at all are areas with a multitude of problems to be addressed. It is possible to choose whether to attempt perhaps a synthesis of typologies where, for example, rail and
area which has very little in the way of opportunity such as cleaning up a brown
-
New Haven has a strip of land along the waterfront which is ripe for repurposing. The highway is right on the shoreline which is cutting the public off from the water front. There is no reason the high-
underground or perhaps being moved in-land and positioned on top of a dike. This would give the waterfront back to the citizens of New Haven and protect inland
New Haven, Connecticut
post
-indu
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l coa
st
post
-indu
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l coa
st
34
.90
.50
.35
FARFloor AreaRatio
Four-sided blocks contain mult i & s ingle-fami ly houses. Each house has a smal l f ront yard space and shares a communal backyard.
Unique, s ingle house-deep block type. Single or ientat ion along street edge. Long backyard per house. House is pushed back from street edge.
Least densely populated block type. Yard space created on al l four s ides. Most ly s ingle-fami ly house types. Size var ies f rom smal l to large.
21
Block Typologies: New Haven, CTFlood Plain Housing
coas
tal b
uild
ing
type
s
35
New Haven, Connecticut NH
NEW
HAV
EN
NH Existing Housing Morphology
36
NEW
HAV
EN
37
New Haven, Connecticut NH
NEW
HAV
EN
38
PRO
VID
ENC
E Providence
Providence Flood Plain 38Port of Providence 40Coastal Brownfields 42Development Potentials 44Housing Morphology 45Station Configuration 46
39
Providence, Rhode Island PR
PRO
VID
ENC
E
10
2
100
Year
Flo
od L
ine
Base Flood Elevation
First Occupiable Floor
Flood Plain
Flood Plain
CMZ 2
100
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
10,000
220,000
200,000
240,000
260,000
1625
1650
2025
2000
1975
1950
1925
1900
1875
1850
1825
1800
1775
1750
1725
1700
1675
+1
0
-1
Tropical Storm
Large Tropical Storm
Category 1 Hurricane
Category 2+ Hurricane
Similar to the Port of New Haven, the Port of Providence sits within the 100 Year Flood Plain. Also like New Haven, Providences
building codes mandate that the first oc-cupiable floor must be two feet above the
base flood elevation.
Providence grew slowly but steadily un-til the mid 1800s. By 1960 the population had grown to 270,000. However 1960 the population began to decrease dramatically until it dropped to almosy 160,000 by the id 2000s.
40
PRO
VID
ENC
E
12k
28
10
20
06300
Turkey
Egypt
Ben
in
Malaysia
Nethe
rland
s
Saudi Arabia
Nigeria
Italy
China
Germ
any
Mexico
Fran
ce
Japan
Alge
ria
Equa
torial
Guin
eaExports
Imports
Canada
United Kingdom
Greece
employees
cranes
forklifts
acres of storage
berths
trucks Port Import/Export Statistics
41
Providence, Rhode Island PR
PRO
VID
ENC
E
Amount in 100 Tons20 100 200
Port of Providence
Coal
Nuclear Machinery CementPropaneChemicals
AutomobilesScrap Metal Salt
Iron and SteelShips
166418951937
The Port of Providence is one the larger ports in the Northeast Corridor. The port has existed as it does today since 1937, growing consistently since 1664. Its abil-ity to adapt and grow based on economic need has allowed the port to maintain its size.
Unlike New Haven, the Port of Providence handles a large number of trade material, from coal and chemicals to cars and ships. The port also has 6 berths with extensive resources, including cranes, forklifts, and transportation such as trucks and rail.
Due to its recent decline in population, the port has large areas of exterior storage that are under utalized as well as several aban-odoned facilieies. These open spots in the port are available for future development.
Geomorphology over Time
42
PRO
VID
ENC
E
Current Use: Small Industrial Buildings.
Current Use: Abandoned Site.
650
700
315
300
470
570
615 500
43
Providence, Rhode Island PR
PRO
VID
ENC
E
Current Use: Small Commercial Buildings and Parking.
Current Use: Oil Refinery and Parking.
Current Use: Abandoned Land
Coastal Brownfields
980
800
1,200
670
450
575
500
425
180
550
580
1,100
The Port of Providence has five brownfield identified by the city according the the EPA standards. These sites exist along working waterfront and are located either on the coast or in the 100 Yeear Flood Plain. Most of the contaminants in the soil are heavy metals from industries, hydrocarbons from local oil refineries, or pesticides and asbestos from food transportation and old buildings.
3130
Providence, Rhode Island PR
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
post
-indu
stria
l coa
st
Desirable Areas
-
-
Industrial
Ferry
Commercial
Downtown
Seaport
Residential
Parks
Rail
Refinery
Protected Area
Wetland Area
After judging different aspects of the site as good or bad, it is possible to overlay the individual maps of desirable areas. A sort of heat map emerges, with the darker areas representing places which are ideal for development. Conversely, areas with a light shade or no color at all are areas with a multitude of problems to be addressed. It is possible to choose whether to attempt perhaps a synthesis of typologies where, for example, rail and
area which has very little in the way of opportunity such as cleaning up a brown
PRO
VID
ENC
E
44
.60
.75
.50
1.0
FARFloor AreaRatio
Largely s ingle-fami ly houses on larger lots wi th yard space in al l d i rect ions. Houses si tuated closer to the edge of the block.
Four-s ided block wi th mult i & s ingle fami ly houses si tuated on narrow lots. Backyard spaces are pr ivate and communal. Many lots have addi t ional outbui ld ings on si te.
Larger mult i & s ingle-fami ly houses, low-r is ing wi th yard space in al l d i rec-t ions. Least dense block type.
Mult i & s ingle fami ly houses si tuated on narrow lots wi th smal l f ront yard space and pr ivate/communal backyard space
19
Block Typologies: Providence, RIFlood Plain Housing
coas
tal b
uild
ing
type
s
45
Providence, Rhode Island PR
PRO
VID
ENC
E
PR Existing Housing Morphology
46
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The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
Chapter icons
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Providence, RI
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Synthetic Prevention Systems
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Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
Chapter icons
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Barrier Islands
VisualImpact
WaveIntensity
HydraulicPerformance
AccessibilityDurability
Permeability Ease ofMaintenence
Barrier IslandsBarrier islands are sand based islands that form parallel to the coast. They are primarily located along the East Coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, where gently sloping coastlines are preva-lent. They are useful as a strategy to extend the coastline as well as provide effective storm surge protection. Barrier islands are naturally occurring, but are deteriorating due to more frequent storms of greater intensity. The construction of new barrier islands is considered one strategy to prepare for rising sea levels and more severe storms which compromise our coasts.
Natural Prevention
51
Natural Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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Barrier Islands
Barrier islands may be constructed based on the detail above. The construction of barrier islands involves moving large amounts of existing sand to create a new land mass. Once this berm form is created, erosion control and planting are required to withstand natural forces. Maintenance of these constructed barrier islands is nec-essary to ensure that erosion is controlled. Proposed barrier islands have become more common in recent years as a reac-tion to global climate change. The diagram provided shows one proposed plan for the addition of barrier islands around New Or-leans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. It
Dunes Beach Inshore surf zone Offshore
Creek/Lagoon
Tidal Lagoon
Back Dunes Fore Dunes
Berm Crest Bar Trough
Bog High Tide
Low Tide
Lagoon mud deposits, tidal delta sand, peat
Landward
Dune and beach sand deposits
Barrier Island
Mud, sand, and gravel deposits
Continental Shelf
Barier Islands would prevent storm surges, promote marsh and tidal growth, and prevent further erosion
Mississippi River Delta
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79 48 / 87 38 29 18 / 97 28
34 29 / 77 78 32 10 / 80 44
29 13 / 90 00 40 37 / 73 16
53
Natural Prevention Systems
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Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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1855 1922 1996 2004 2005
Deteriorating Barrier Islands, North Carolina
Barrier islands are useful as a strategy to extend the coastline as well as provide effective storm surge protection. Barrier islands are naturally occuring, but are de-teriorating due to more frequent storms of greater intensity. Barrier islands may be constructed as detailed above. As bar-rier islands are suseptable to erosion, they must be maintained. Proposed barrier is-lands have become more common in re-cent years as a reaction to global climate change. The diagram provided shows one proposed plan for the addition of barrier is-lands around New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.
Barrier Islands
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ship
ping
lane
Barrier Island Implementation
55
Natural Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
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PR
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Barrier islands may be implemented around the New Haven harbor as a strategy to prevent storm surge and create a barrier for waves inside the port. The creation of barrier islands should occur parraell to the shore, and occur in no less than 6 of water,
to verify they will prevent storm surge as necessary. The minimum width of barrier islands is considered to be 25, to ensure
they will not was away with the tide. Barrier islands are typically no higher than 15 in
height, and can be vegetated. Special cau-tion should be taken in this case to prevent the shipping lane for the port.
Existing Land Constructed BarrierIsland
25 +
6 +
10
0
10
100 0
Relative Cost
EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Barrier Islands
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Wetlands
VisualImpact
WaveIntensity
HydraulicPerformance
AccessibilityDurability
Permeability Ease ofMaintenence
WetlandsWetlands are naturally occuring vegetated zones which are most com-mon along shallow sloping shores of lakes and oceans. Wetlands offer a buffer zone to existing shore lines, preventing erosion and accomo-dating tidal changes. Wetlands have their own ecosystem, and foster diverse species of plants and animals. Wetlands may be useful as rec-reational zones or as storm surge and flooding protection. Wetlands
may also be useful as a mediator of grade change between upland infrastructure and bodies of water.
57
Natural Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
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PR
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TopsoilModeratelydecompressedorganic soil
Silicate clays
Bedrock
Fine/coarse sand,Gravel
Existing Industrial Zone Terrestrial Buffer Core Habitat Zone Aquatic Buffer Open Water30m100m50m
Upland Transitional Emergent Aquatic
Upland
Transitional
Emergent
Wetlands
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Natural Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
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Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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Existing New York Waterfront
Proposed New York Waterfront
Existing Urban Section
Proposed Urban Section
Existing Waterfront Salt Ponds Introduced Sediment gathered is seeded Wetland expands
Exisiting Urban Waterfront:
-Not flexible with changing environmental
conditions-Not easily accessible-Vulnerable to storm surge and flooding
-Ecologically unfriendly-Expensive to maintain and repair
Proposed Urban Waterfront:
-Flexible based on tidal conditions and en-vironmental factors-Easily accessed, recreational-Storm surge and flooding deterent
-Provides an urban habitat for a wetland
Wetlands
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Wetlands Implementation
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Natural Prevention Systems
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Providence, RI
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Highway New Path Infill
New wetland plantings
Highway New Path Infill
New wetland plantings
10
0
10
100 0
Relative Cost
EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Wetlands are an effective storm surge strategy when used in an urban context. They promote a more accesible water-front by mitigating grade change, and may be used in combination with recreational space which may be readily flooded in case of a disaster. Wetlands offer environmental benefits through the creation of a new eco-system while filtering water and preventing erosion. Most importantly, wetlands provide a dynamic buffer zone for flooding diasters, one which may be used in combination with existing infrastructure and proposed pro-gram.
Wetland Implimentation
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BreakwatersBreakwaters are structures designed to force waves to break offshore and reduce the impact of wave energy on protected portions of coast-line. Breakwater systems are often used to create harbors sheltered from wave energy. Certain break water systems can also be used to expand beach area by reducing wave energy and causing suspended sediment to settle. Breakwater system design varies in both plan and section, depending on the intended outcome of their implementation. They Range from simple rubble mound structures to caissons and combinations of the two.
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
Breakwaters
63
Synthetic Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
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Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
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PR
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Breakwaters
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BreakwatersSynthetic Prevention Systems
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Breakwaters Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
Breakwaters
Breakwaters are structures designed to force waves to break offshore and reduce the impact of wave energy on protected portions of coastline. Breakwater systems are often used to create harbors sheltered from wave energy. Certain breakwater systems can also be used to expand beach area by reducing wave energy and causing suspended sediment to settle.
Breakwater system design varies in both plan and section, depending on the in-tended outcome of their implementation. They range from simple rubble mound structures to caissons and combinations of the two.
Rubble Mound
Berm
Submerged
Caisson on Foundation
Hrizontal Composite
Vertical Composite
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BreakwatersSynthetic Prevention Systems
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Existing ShoreRiver ChannelProtected HarborFill
ExistingShore Fill
BreakwaterBreakwater
Implementing a rubble mound breakwater system at the entry to Providence Harbor could benefit the city in several ways. The creation of a protected harbor at the edge of an industrial/commercial site would facilitate the transfer of goods in and out of the port. Infill areas behind the breakwaters would allow for future development to expand onto the newly created land masses, opening a variety of options for use. The breakwater system would also serve the residential zones to the west of the structure by creating space for new infill inside of the breakwater. This infill zone could be used to develop park space that would serve as a buffer between the industrial and residential zones. A third benefit of a breakwater system in this location is the protection against damage from storm-driven waves, preventing large-scale erosion at the site.
10
0
10
100 0
Relative Cost
EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Rubble Mound Breakwater
Proposed Breakwater Location
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Providence, RI
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Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Existing ShoreRiver ChannelProtected HarborFill
ExistingShore Fill
BreakwaterBreakwater
Implementing a rubble mound breakwater system at the entry to Providence Harbor could benefit the city in several ways. The creation of a protected harbor at the edge of an industrial/commercial site would facilitate the transfer of goods in and out of the port. Infill areas behind the breakwaters would allow for future development to expand onto the newly created land masses, opening a variety of options for use. The breakwater system would also serve the residential zones to the west of the structure by creating space for new infill inside of the breakwater. This infill zone could be used to develop park space that would serve as a buffer between the industrial and residential zones. A third benefit of a breakwater system in this location is the protection against damage from storm-driven waves, preventing large-scale erosion at the site.
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EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Rubble Mound Breakwater
Proposed Breakwater Location
Breakwaters
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BreakwatersSynthetic Prevention Systems
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The New Haven city planning assesment has denoted several sites within the city that are suffering from erosion and other problems related to coastal processes. One such site on the eastern bank of the harbor could benefit from the construction of a submerged breakwater. The breakwa-ter would serve to define a sheltered port for commercial use while also dissipating destructive hydraulic forces acting on the shore. A submerged structure would prevent erosion by forcing waves to break offshore without acting as an impermeable barrier to the movement of water and sediment through the harbor channel.
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EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Proposed Breakwater Location
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Synthetic Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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Breakwaters
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BreakwatersSynthetic Prevention Systems
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The New Haven city planning assesment has denoted several sites within the city that are suffering from erosion and other problems related to coastal processes. One such site on the eastern bank of the harbor could benefit from the construction of a submerged breakwater. The breakwa-ter would serve to define a sheltered port for commercial use while also dissipating destructive hydraulic forces acting on the shore. A submerged structure would prevent erosion by forcing waves to break offshore without acting as an impermeable barrier to the movement of water and sediment through the harbor channel.
10
0
10
100 0
Relative Cost
EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Proposed Breakwater Location
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GroinsSynthetic Prevention Systems
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Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
Breakwaters
Straight Inclined L-Shape T-Shape Fishtail Dogleg Tuned T-Shape
Offshore Dredging Diagram
Groin Accretion Pattern
Groins are structures built to nourish eroding beaches by gradually captur-
parallel to the shore. They are situated roughly perpendicular to the shore and are most commonly constructed as rubble mound structures, with an outer armored layer and a compacted inner core. While groins are effective in nourishing small potions of a beach, they also disturb the longshore deposi-tion of sand, causing erosion further down shore. In order to maximize the land-building potential of groins, they are frequently built as a series of multiple
of beach. Series of groins, called groin
length until they merge naturally with the existing beach face or end at a terminal groin that extends further seaward than
-tive when nourished with dredged sand after construction, discouraging erosion further down the shore.
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Groins + JettiesGroins are structures built to nourish eroding beaches by gradually capturing sand suspended in currents flowing parallel to shore. They
are situated roughly perpendicular to the shore and are most com-monly constructed as rubble mound structures, with an outer armored layer and a compacted inner core. While groins are effective in nour-ishing small potions of a beach, they also disturb the longshore depo-sition of sand, causing erosion further land-building potential of groins, they are frequently built as a series of multiple groins distributed over a specific length of beach. Series of groins, called groin fields, are either
gradually tapered in length until they merge naturally with the existing
Sloping Seawalls
Vertical Seawalls
Porous Seawalls
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
69
Synthetic Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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GroinsSynthetic Prevention Systems
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
Breakwaters
Straight Inclined L-Shape T-Shape Fishtail Dogleg Tuned T-Shape
Offshore Dredging Diagram
Groin Accretion Pattern
Groins are structures built to nourish eroding beaches by gradually captur-ing sand suspended in currents flowing parallel to the shore. They are situated roughly perpendicular to the shore and are most commonly constructed as rubble mound structures, with an outer armored layer and a compacted inner core. While groins are effective in nourishing small potions of a beach, they also disturb the longshore deposi-tion of sand, causing erosion further down shore. In order to maximize the land-building potential of groins, they are frequently built as a series of multiple groins distributed over a specific length of beach. Series of groins, called groin fields, are either gradually tapered in length until they merge naturally with the existing beach face or end at a terminal groin that extends further seaward than the others. Groin fields are most effec-tive when nourished with dredged sand after construction, discouraging erosion further down the shore.
Groins + Jetties
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The groin field on Long Beach, NY is an example of the most common form of groin type and use. The groins are evenly dispersed and perpendicular to the shore, capturing sediment from the longshore current to enlarge the useable area of the beach face. Large beaches, whether natural or artificial, are beneficial to the local seaside economy. Amenity beaches attract tourists and businesses to the waterfront and can build the local economy. Groins are a relatively inexpensive method of maintaining coastal properties over time. Supplementing construction of a groin field by filling the groins with dredged sand will help prevent excessive erosion downshore.
Rubble Mound Groin Section
Compacted Core
Rubble Armor Revetment
Concrete Toe
71
Synthetic Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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GroinsSynthetic Prevention Systems
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The groin field on Long Beach, NY is an example of the most common form of groin type and use. The groins are evenly dispersed and perpendicular to the shore, capturing sediment from the longshore current to enlarge the useable area of the beach face. Large beaches, whether natural or artificial, are beneficial to the local seaside economy. Amenity beaches attract tourists and businesses to the waterfront and can build the local economy. Groins are a relatively inexpensive method of maintaining coastal properties over time. Supplementing construction of a groin field by filling the groins with dredged sand will help prevent excessive erosion downshore.
Rubble Mound Groin Section
Compacted Core
Rubble Armor Revetment
Concrete Toe
Groins + Jetties
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GroinsSynthetic Prevention Systems
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
10
0
10
100 0
Relative Cost
EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Section through Proposed Groin Field The satellite image of the New Haven clearly illustrates portions of the shore that have undergone heavy erosion from tidal and deltaic currents. These lobes of eroded land could benefit from the implementation of a groin field to capture sediment suspended in the cur-rents. The terminal groin has a fishtail shape to capture sediment that is often eroded in eddy currents at the terminus of the field.
73
Synthetic Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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2322
GroinsSynthetic Prevention Systems
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
10
0
10
100 0
Relative Cost
EnvironmentalSynthesis
Flood PreventionEffectiveness
Section through Proposed Groin Field The satellite image of the New Haven clearly illustrates portions of the shore that have undergone heavy erosion from tidal and deltaic currents. These lobes of eroded land could benefit from the implementation of a groin field to capture sediment suspended in the cur-rents. The terminal groin has a fishtail shape to capture sediment that is often eroded in eddy currents at the terminus of the field.
Groins + Jetties
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SeawallsSeawalls are designed to prevent coastal erosion by absorbing and reflecting the constant wave energy acting on the shore. They are gen-erally designed to withstand abuse from strong storm-driven waves and built tall enough to withstand the combination of storm surges and high tides. Many different types of seawalls can be found on coastlines around the world, but it is generally localized wave and tidal conditions
that determine which type of seawall will perform best at any specific
site.
Sloping Seawalls
Vertical Seawalls
Porous Seawalls
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
Synthetic Prevention
75
Synthetic Prevention Systems
The Northeast Cooridor
New Haven, CT
Providence, RI
Natural Prevention Systems
Synthetic Prevention Systems
Floodplain Master Plans
Floodplain Housing
Floodplain Industry
Energy Infrastructure
Water Removal Systems
Coastal Interface
NH
PR
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Sloping Seawalls
Vertical Seawalls
Porous Seawalls
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
SeawallsSeawalls are designed to prevent coastal erosion by absorbing and reflecting the constant wave energy acting on the shore. They are generally designed to withstand abuse from strong storm-driven waves and built tall enough to withstand the combination of storm surges and high tides. Many different types of seawalls can be found on coastlines around the world, but it is generally localized wave and tidal conditions that determine which type of seawall will perform best at any specific site.
Body
Toe
Crest
Revetment
There is a large variety of seawall forms that are generally built to suit the local conditions at a given site. Two primary seawall categories relate to the slope of the seawall body. Vertical seawalls are considered to have a slope of greater than 45. These walls are considered non-energy absorbing, directly reflect-ing wave energy. The second type is a sloping seawall, with a slope of less than 45. Sloping seawalls absorb wave energy by allowing the wave to run up the face of the wall.
Vertical Seawalls
Sloping Seawalls
Seawall Components
There is a large variety in seawall forms. Each is built to suit the local conditions at a given site. Two Primarily sea wall catego-ries relate to the slope of the seawall body.
Vertical seawalls are considered to have a slope of greater than 100% grade. These walls are considered non-energy absorb-ing, directly reflecting wave energy.
The second type is a sloping seawall, with a slope of less than 100% grade. Sloping seawalls absorb wave energy by allowing the wave to run up the face of the wall. These by their definition take up more hori-zontal space of the coast then the vertical
wall.
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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY
Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Sloping Seawalls
Vertical Seawalls
Porous Seawalls
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
SeawallsSeawalls are designed to prevent coastal erosion by absorbing and reflecting the constant wave energy acting on the shore. They are generally designed to withstand abuse from strong storm-driven waves and built tall enough to withstand the combination of storm surges and high tides. Many different types of seawalls can be found on coastlines around the world, but it is generally localized wave and tidal conditions that determine which type of seawall will perform best at any specific site.
Body
Toe
Crest
Revetment
There is a large variety of seawall forms that are generally built to suit the local conditions at a given site. Two primary seawall categories relate to the slope of the seawall body. Vertical seawalls are considered to have a slope of greater than 45. These walls are considered non-energy absorbing, directly reflect-ing wave energy. The second type is a sloping seawall, with a slope of less than 45. Sloping seawalls absorb wave energy by allowing the wave to run up the face of the wall.
Vertical Seawalls
Sloping Seawalls
Seawall Components
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SeawallsSynthetic Prevention Systems
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Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore
que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.
FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE
Building / Parking Footprint
Transportation Infrastructure
A
B
Sloping Seawalls
Vertical Seawalls
Porous Seawalls
Wave Intensity
HydraulicPerformance
Accessibility
Ease of Maintenence
Permeability
Durability
VisualImpact
SeawallsSeawalls are designed to prevent coastal erosion by absorbing and reflecting the constant wave energy acting on the shore. They are generally designed to withstand abuse from strong storm-driven waves and built tall enough to withstand the combination of storm surges and high tides. Many different types of seawalls can be found on coastlines around the world, but it is generally localized wave and tidal conditions that determine which type of seawall will perform best at any specific site.
Body
Toe
Crest
Revetment
There is a large variety of seawall forms that