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Measuring Wellbeing and Sustainable Development
SSI S t i bl S i t I dSSI – Sustainable Society Indexby
Geurt van de Kerk
Finnish National Commission on Sustainable Development
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 1
Policyy
Defining policy requires:Defining policy requires:
1. Goals: where do we want to go?
2 Current position: where do we stand now?2. Current position: where do we stand now?
3. Current direction: in which direction are we moving now?
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 2
1. Goals
1 More wealth? No1. More wealth? No Finite resources don’t allow infinite growth
not sustainablenot sustainable
More wealth doesn’t make Finnish people h i ?happier, or…?
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 3
1. Goals
1 More wealth? No1. More wealth? No Finite resources don’t allow infinite growth
not sustainablenot sustainable
More wealth doesn’t make Finnish people h i ?happier, or…?
2. More Human Wellbeing for all? Fine
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 4
1. Goals
1 More wealth? No1. More wealth? No Finite resources don’t allow infinite growth
not sustainablenot sustainable
More wealth doesn’t make Finnish people h i ?happier, or…?
2. More Human Wellbeing for all? Fine
3. More Environmental Wellbeing? Great
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 5
1. Goals (2) ( )
Thus the goal is:Thus the goal is:
Growth in Human and Environmental llb i i d i biliWellbeing, i.e. progress towards sustainability
comprising all three dimensions of wellbeing:p g g
H W llb i l• Human Wellbeing goal
• Environmental Wellbeing goal
• Economic Wellbeing means to achieve goals
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 6
2. Current position2. Current position
Sustainable Society IndexSustainable Society Index
Human Wellbeing EnvironmentalWellbeing Economic Wellbeingg
I. BasicNeeds
II. PeronalDevelopment
3. Well‐balancedSociety
Wellbeing
HealthyEnvironment
Climate & Energy
NaturalResources
g
Preparationfor the Future
Economy
A sustainable society is a society that
1. Suff
2. Suff
3. Safe
Health
Educat
Gende
Society
Good
G
Income
Popula
Air Q
u
Air Q
u
Surface
Renew
Emissio
Energy
Renew
Forest
Biodive
Future
Materi
Organi
Genuin
Gross
Employ
Public AA
meets the needs of the present generation, that doesn’t compromise the ability of future
icientFood
icientto Drink
e Sanitation
hyLife
tionOpportunit
erEquality
Governance
eDitribution
ationGrow
th
ality(hum
an)
ality(nature)
eWater Q
uality
wable
Energy
onGreenhouse
y Consumption
wable
Water Res
Area
ersity
ialConsumption
icFarm
ing
neSavings
Dom
esticProdu
yment
Debtgenerations to meet their own needs,
in which each individual has the opportunity todevelop himself in freedom within a well balancedties
y Gases
sources
n uctsdevelop himself in freedom, within a well‐balancedsociety and in harmony with its surroundings.
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 7
2. Current position (2)2. Current position (2)
Sustainable Society IndexSustainable Society Index
Human Wellbeing EnvironmentalWellbeing Economic Wellbeingg
I. BasicNeeds
II. PeronalDevelopment
3. Well‐balancedSociety
Wellbeing
HealthyEnvironment
Climate & Energy
NaturalResources
g
Preparationfor the Future
Economy
1. Suff
2. Suff
3. Safe
Health
Educat
Gende
Society
Good
G
Income
Popula
Air Q
u
Air Q
u
Surface
Renew
Emissio
Energy
Renew
Forest
Biodive
Future
Materi
Organi
Genuin
Gross
Employ
Public icientFood
icientto Drink
e Sanitation
hyLife
tionOpportunit
erEquality
Governance
eDitribution
ationGrow
th
ality(hum
an)
ality(nature)
eWater Q
uality
wable
Energy
onGreenhouse
y Consumption
wable
Water Res
Area
ersity
ialConsumption
icFarm
ing
neSavings
Dom
esticProdu
yment
Debt
ties
y Gases
sources
n ucts
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 8
2. Current position (3)2. Current position (3)
Sustainable Society IndexSustainable Society Index
Human Wellbeing EnvironmentalWellbeing Economic Wellbeingg
BasicNeeds
PeronalDevelopment
Well‐balancedSociety
Wellbeing
HealthyEnvironment
Climate & Energy
NaturalResources
g
Preparationfor the Future
Economy
1. Suff
2. Suff
3. Safe
p
Health
Educat
Gende
Society
Good
G
Income
Popula
Air Q
u
Air Q
u
Surface
gy
Renew
Emissio
Energy
Renew
Forest
Biodive
Future
Materi
Organi
Genuin
Gross
Employ
Public icientFood
icientto Drink
e Sanitation
hyLife
tionOpportunit
erEquality
Governance
eDitribution
ationGrow
th
ality(hum
an)
ality(nature)
eWater Q
uality
wable
Energy
onGreenhouse
y Consumption
wable
Water Res
Area
ersity
ialConsumption
icFarm
ing
neSavings
Dom
esticProdu
yment
Debt
ties
y Gases
sources
n ucts
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 9
2. Current position (4)2. Current position (4)
Sustainable Society IndexSustainable Society Index
Human Wellbeing EnvironmentalWellbeing Economic Wellbeingg
BasicNeeds
PeronalDevelopment
Well‐balancedSociety
Wellbeing
HealthyEnvironment
Climate & Energy
NaturalResources
g
Preparationfor the Future
Economy
tFoo
d
Drink
tatio
n
p
hyLife
unities
quality
Society
nance
butio
n
rowth
mans)
ature)
Quality
gy
Energy
Gases
mption
ources
tArea
versity
Future
mption
rming
avings
rodu
ct
ymen
t
c Deb
t
1. Sufficient
2. Sufficient
to
3. Safe Sanit
4. Health
ationOpp
ortu
6. Gen
der E
q
7. Goo
dGovern
IncomeDistrib
Pop
ulationGr
Air Quality(hum
Air Quality(na
rfaceWater Q
. Ren
ewableE
nGreen
house
nergy Co
nsum
bleWater Reso
17. Forest
18. B
iodiv
aterialCon
sum
20. O
rganicFa
21. G
enuine
Sa
ss Dom
estic
Pr
23. Employ
24. Pub
lic
2
5. Edu
c 7
8. 9.
10. A 11.
12. Su 13
14. Emission
15. E
16. Ren
ewab
19. M
a 2 2
22. G
ros
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 10
SSI – Finland dIndicator scores 2010
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 11
SSI ‐ Finland
10 0
SSI – Finland Scores Categories 2010
10,09,0
8,2 8,0 7,56,7
8
9
10
5,4
,
4
5
6
7
Scores
2,3
1
2
3
0
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 12
SSI ‐ Finland
Scores Wellbeing and SSI 2010
9.19
10
Scores Wellbeing and SSI 2010
5.9 6.1
7.1
6
7
8
4
5
6
Scores
1
2
3
0
1
Human Wellbeing
Environm. Wellbeing
Economic Wellbeing
SSI
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 13
Wellbeing Wellbeing Wellbeing
SSI – FinlandR kiRanking
SSI‐2006 SSI‐2008 SSI‐2010
rank score rank score rank scorerank score rank score rank score
Switzerland 1 7.49 1 7.60 1 7.55
Sweden 3 7.26 3 7.46 2 7.53
Austria 2 7.43 2 7.50 3 7.42
Norway 4 7.19 4 7.28 4 7.36
Fi l d 8 6 98 8 7 06 5 7 14Finland 8 6.98 8 7.06 5 7.14
Latvia 6 7.06 5 7.22 6 7.09
New Zealand 5 7.07 9 7.02 7 7.05
Slovenia 7 6.99 6 7.12 8 6.95
Luxembourg 16 6.73 16 6.85 9 6.95
D k 17 6 71 12 6 94 10 6 91
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 14
Denmark 17 6.71 12 6.94 10 6.91
3. Current direction
Requires data across the years:
Study Finland 1975 2008 Study Finland 1975 – 2008by
Elina Kekkonen
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 15
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Monitoring progress 1975 – 2008Monitoring progress 1975 2008
some adaptations data set:
Air Quality (humans)Air Quality (humans)
Air Quality (nature)
Biodiversity
not completely comparable with SSI‐2010
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 16
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
88SSI scores Finland
7
Scores
6
5
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 17
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 20088,0
SSI scores
7,5
SSI scores
7,0
es
6 0
6,5
Score
5,5
6,0
Finland
5,0Netherlands
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 18
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Human Wellbeing
9
10
Wellbeing
Environmental Wellbeing
7
8
9
Wellbeing
Economic Wellbeing4
5
6
Scores
2
3
0
1
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 19
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
10Categories
8
9
6
7
es
4
5
Score Basic Needs
Pers. Dev.
Well‐bal. Soc.
1
2
3 Healthy Env.
Clim.&Energy
Nat. Resourc.
0
1
Prep. Future
Economy
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 20
Priorities?
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 21
SSI ‐ headlines
SSI covers 151 countries:SSI covers 151 countries:
99.1% world population
Two‐yearly updates: 2006, 2008, 2010
Organisation: Sustainable Society FoundationOrganisation: Sustainable Society Foundation
Validation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (Ispra)
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 22
Development towards sustainabilitybe the guide as well as the touchstonegfor all our policy.
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 23
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention.
www.ssfindex.com
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 24
SSI ‐ headlines
SSI covers 151 countries:SSI covers 151 countries:
99.1% world population
Two‐yearly updates: 2006, 2008, 2010
Organisation: Sustainable Society FoundationOrganisation: Sustainable Society Foundation
Validation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (Ispra)
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 25
SSFSSF
Partners / data suppliers
Advisory Board Board
Geurt van de Kerk, presidentCharlotte Saltner secretary
SSFCharlotte Saltner, secretaryArthur Manuel, treasurer
Experts
EC‐JRC (Ispra)OECDEcologic Institute p
4 researchers, supported by many experts from all over the world
CIESIN‐Columbia Univ.FiBLWorld BankFAO the worldFAOWHOGFNWorld Economic ForumUNIUCNIEA
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 26
SSI ‐ Finland
Possibilities for measuring toolPossibilities for measuring tool
l d d1. National SSI – standard, comparison 151 countries
2. National SSI – tailor made, additional indicators
3. Regional SSI – tailor made, additional indicators
4 Local SSI – tailor made4. Local SSI tailor made
5. Business SSI – tailor made
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 27
Income and Happinesspp
ess (In
dex)
Happine
Income per Person ($)
Source: Inglehart, Klingemann, 2000
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 28
Income and Happiness USApp
ppy
Real incomeper person
ge v
ery
ha
Percentage very happyPe
rcen
tag
Source: Easterlin and Angelescu, 2007
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 29
Income and Human Wellbeingg
Human Wellbeing ‐ Income
8
9
10
I‐2010
6
7
8
being, SSI
3
4
5
man
Well
0
1
2
scores Hum
10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000 80 000 90 000 100 000
s
GDP per capita per year (PPP, 2009)
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 30
The Evidence about the Long‐Run Income‐HappinessNexus is Mixed and Still ControversialNexus is Mixed and Still Controversial
• Income growth does not increase happiness over timeEasterlin and co‐authors (2005, 2007, 2009), Layard et al. (2009)
• Income growth does increase happiness over timeHelliwell (2002), Stevenson and Wolfers (2008), Deaton (2008), Blanchflower (2008)
• Income growth does increase happiness over time
but not always and weaklyHagerty and Veenhoven (2000); Inglehart et al. (2008); Kenny (2005);
Layard et al. (2010); Oswald (1997); Di Tella and MacCulloch (2008).
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 31
SSI – Finland
10
Scores Wellbeing and SSI
8
9
10
6
7
es 2006
3
4
5
Score 2006
2008
2010
1
2
3
0
Human Wellbeing
Environm. Wellbeing
Economic Wellbeing
SSI
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 32
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Indicators 1‐3
9
10
Indicators 1‐3
6
7
8
4
5
6
Scores
Sufficient Food
Sufficient to Drink
2
3
Sufficient to Drink
Safe Sanitation
0
1
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 33
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Indicators 4‐610
Indicators 4‐6
9
10
9
9
Scores Healthy Life
Education Opportunities
8
Gender Equality
8
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 34
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Indicators 7 ‐ 9
SSI Finland 1975 2008
9
10
Indicators 7 ‐ 9
6
7
8
4
5
6
Scores
G d G
1
2
3Good Governance
Income Distribution
Population Growth
0
1 Population Growth
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 35
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Indicators 10 ‐ 12
9
10
Indicators 10 ‐ 12
6
7
8
4
5
6
Scores Air Quality (humans)
Air Quality (nature)
2
3 Surface Water Quality
0
1
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 36
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Indicators 13‐15
9
10
Indicators 13‐15
Renewable Energy
6
7
8 Emission of GHGs
Energy Consumption
4
5
6
Scores
2
3
0
1
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 37
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008Indicators 16 ‐ 18
9
10
6
7
8
4
5
Scores
2
3Renewable Water res.
Forest Area
0
1Biodiversity
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 38
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
Indicators 19 ‐ 21
9
10
Indicators 19 ‐ 21
6
7
8
Consumption
4
5
6
Scores
p
Organic Farming
Genuine Savings
2
3
0
1
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 39
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008Indicators 22 ‐ 24
SSI Finland 1975 ‐ 2008
8
9
10
6
7
8
es
3
4
5
Score
1
2
3GDP per capita
Employment
P bli D b0
Public Debt
FNCSD ‐ February 16th, 2011 ‐ Helsinki 40