Fokkens 1998 - The Ussen Project (book)

7/22/2019 Fokkens 1998 - The Ussen Project (book)

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[HD @J^S[ KDCEKD L@ DXCEPE[JLOS E[ LSS

DKJ[DK NZ HE^^Z @LFFDOS

BDJKDO TOJPD^SJ[Z 5::8



[l thd blceb erchedlblajsts whl wdrd lur ders, dyds eok heoks7

Adrerk veo Ebphdo, Hdof kdo Nrlf, Adrrjt veo Kuurdo, Ijdo veo Ddrk, ]jdt Heeod,

]jdt veo Bjgssdb, Qjb Idados, Eos Lttdo, Bdx ]jofsd, ]jdt kd ]llt eok Adrerk Sijts.

Clpy dkjtlrs7 Clrrjd Nefdbs eok Herry @lffdos

Clpyrjaht J::X ny thd @ecubty l` Erchedlblay, Bdjkdo

JSSO =50:-1;;1

JSNO :=-13308-5;-0

Sunscrjptjlos tl thd sdrjds Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje

eok sjoabd vlbuids ceo nd lrkdrdk dxcbusjvdby et7

@ecubty l` Erchedlblay

].L. Nlx :454

>3== Ê Bdjkdo

[hd Odthdrbeoks.



clotdots

Herry @lffdos [hd Tssdo prlgdct7 thd `jrst kdcekd l` dxcevetjlos et Lss /

Fdds Schjofdb Tosdttbdk sdttbdidot, lccupetjlo rdiejos `rli thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead et

Lss-Tssdo. [hd 5:10-5:80 dxcevetjlos 4

Qjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo @uodrery eok rdbetdk structurds et Lss-Tssdo 3=1

Clrrjd Nefdbs @rujts eok sddks `rli thd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots et Lss-Tssdo 331

^ldb Beuwdrjdr Bjvdstlcf eok idet `rli thd Jrlo Ead eok ^lieo pdrjlk sdttbdidots et Lss-Tssdo

Adrerk Tzdrdd` (8== NC - EK >4=) 3;:





Herry @lffdos [hd Tssdo prlgdct7 thd `jrst kdcekd l` dxcevetjloset Lss

5. E shlrt hjstlry l` thd prlgdct

[hd erchedlblajceb rdsderch thet Bdjkdo Tojvdrsjty js clo-

kuctjoa et Lss hes e bloa hjstlry. [hd tjtbd l` thjs nllf sua-

adsts et bdest twl kdcekds l` dxcevetjlos. Jokddk, jo 5:::

Bdjkdo Tojvdrsjty wjbb nd cdbdnretjoa jts >4th eoojvdrsery l`

rdsderch et Lss. Qhy such e bdoathy prlgdct< @jrst l` ebb jt

shlubk nd iekd cbder thet ebb thd rdsderch cerrjdk lut et Lss

èbbs uokdr thd hdekjoa l` rdscud erchedlblay, nut l` e vdry

spdcjeb fjok. Lss js e repjkby dxpeokjoa tlwo sjtuetdk e shlrt

kjsjeocd tl thd sluth l` thd rjvdr Idusd. [hd iuojcjpeb

eubhlrjtjds erd nujbkjoa odw hlusjoa dstetds dspdcjebby lo thd

olrthdro eok wdstdro sjkds l` thd tlwo, whdrd thdrd js stjbb

rlli `lr dxpeosjlo (`ja. J). Jo thdsd nujbkjoa prlgdcts, e vdry

dxtdosjvd prdhjstlrjd beokscepd, kdosdby johenjtdk `rli thd

Nrlozd Ead uotjb thd ^lieo pdrjlk, js arekuebby ndjoa

kdstrlydk. Sl èr, eo erde l` epprlxjietdby >.4 fi> hes nddo

nujbt lvdr, l` whjch ;4 he (58%) hevd jo thd ideotjid nddo

dxcevetdk. [hjs js olt e sunsteotjeb erde jo rdbetjlo tl thet

whjch hes nddo kdstrlydk, eok eo dolrilus erde jo tdris l`

erchedlblajceb clvdread. [hd Tssdo erde jo pertjcuber, whjch

js thd `lcus l` thjs vlbuid, hes nddo jotdosjvdby jovdstjaetdk.

Hdrd eblod, 33 l` thd 5>0 he thet hevd nddo nujbt lvdr hevd

nddo dxcevetdk. Qd thdrd`lrd ndbjdvd wd erd gustj`jdk jocbejijoa thet et Lss wd erd jovdstjaetjoa e prdhjstlrjd beok

scepd eok jts kyoeijcs (@lffdos 5::0).

[hd Lss prlgdct wes stertdk jo 5:1; ny kr. Geo Pdrwdrs l`

thd Jostjtutd l` ]rdhjstlry l` Bdjkdo Tojvdrsjty, J]B `lr shlrt.

Ebthluah J]B hes rdiejodk thd 'cebb sjao' l` thd Bdjkdo

erchedlblajsts, thd jostjtutd es such ol bloadr dxjsts. Jt wes

jreosb'lridk `jrst jotl thd @ecubty l` ]rdhjstlry, eok ilrd

rdcdotby thd @ecubty l` Erchedlblay. Olt loby thd oeid l` thd

jostjtutd cheoadk, nut sl kjk thd bdekdrs l` thd dxcevetjlos eok

l` thd Lss prlgdct jtsdb`. Qjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo hdekdk thd

prlgdct `rli 5:85 uotjb 5:84 eok wes rdsplosjnbd `lr thd

Tssdo dxcevetjlos. Herry @lffdos hes nddo supdrvjsjoa thd

Lss prlgdct sjocd 5:80, eok js olw `lcusjoa lo thd olrthdro

pert l` Lss (`ja. J).

Epert `rli ouidrlus chrlojcbds eok prdbjijoery rdplrts, e

`dw ilrd cliprdhdosjvd punbjcetjlos hevd jo thd ideotjid

eppderdk, nut thdy wdrd ebb wrjttdo jo Kutch. Lod l` thd rde

slos `lr thjs js thet thd punbjc hes thd `jrst rjaht tl nd jo`lridk

enlut thd rdsubts l` thd dxcevetjlos ndceusd thd iuojcjpeb

euthlrjtjds l` Lss eok thd prlvjocjeb euthlrjtjds l` Ollrk-

Nreneot erd prlvjkjoa ilst l` thd ùoks `lr thd dxcevetjlos.

Peo kdr Seokdo eok Peo kdo Nrldfd thdrd`lrd wrltd Adtd

fdok Weok (5:81), eok @lffdos Lss, vdrbdkdo eeo hdb bjcht

(5::3). Sl èr, loby e `dw ertjcbds hevd nddo punbjshdk jo

Doabjsh (Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81j, @lffdos 5::0), sl Doabjsh-

spdefjoa clbbdeauds hevd hek bjijtdk eccdss tl thd jo`lrie-

tjlo. [hd prdsdot vlbuid l` Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje

shlubk tl slid dxtdot etlod `lr thjs kd`jcjdocy. Jt clotejos e

`joeb rdplrt lo thd prdhjstlrjd (Odlbjthjc, Nrlozd Ead eok Jrlo

Ead) kete lntejodk jo thd Tssdo prlgdct. [hd jo`lrietjlo lo

thd ^lieo pdrjlk wjbb nd prdsdotdk jo twl sdperetd punbjce

tjlos kjscussjoa thd sdttbdidots (Qdssdbjoah jo prdp.) eok thd

cdidtdry (Hdssjojoa jo prdp.)

[hd tect thet olt Qjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo, nut Fdds

Schjofdb hes wrjttdo thd `joeb rdplrt lo thd Tssdo dxcevetjlos

rdqujrds slid dxpbeoetjlo. Es js usuebby thd cesd jo erchedlb

lay, thd jokllr wlrf. thd prlcdssjoa l` ebb thd aethdrdk dvj-

kdocd, hes prlcddkdk e blt bdss sillthby theo thd `jdbkwlrf.

Geo Pdrwdrs stertdk thd jokllr wlrf, nut jt wes loby jo 5:85,

whdo ]dtdr veo kdo Nrldfd stertdk wlrfjoa lo thd oetjvd

plttdry eok Qjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo lo thd `deturds eok lthdr

`jok cetdalrjds, thet thd eoebysjs l` thd `deturds eok `joksrdebby alt uokdr wey. [hjs eoebysjs wes eo jiprdssjvd tesf,

whjch hek tl nd stertdk vjrtuebby `rli screp eok thdrd`lrd tllf

sdvdreb yders. Ny 5:81 thd eoebysjs l` thd prdhjstlrjd eok

^lieo-pdrjlk kete aethdrdk jo thd Tssdo dxcevetjlos hek

rdechdk eo ekveocdk stead, nut thd jo`lrietjlo stjbb hek tl nd

prdsdotdk jo wrjtjoa. Ny thet tjid. Peo Kdr Seokdo wes

l``drdk e gln es hdek l` thd Erchedlblajceb Kdpertidot l` thd

Krdots Iusdui et Essdo, eok hjs wlrf hek nddo tefdo lvdr

ny Fdds Schjofdb, whl, jo turo, hek hek tl ecquejot hjisdb`

wjth thd vest eiluot l` jo`lrietjlo. Jo 5::; Schjofdb cli-

pbdtdk hjs thdsjs lo thd prdhjstlrjd pdrjlk, joclrplretjoa dvdo

thd rdsubts l` thd 5:80 Nrlozd Ead ceipejao supdrvjsdk ny

@lffdos. [hd trdochds kua jo 5:80 clostjtutdk thd olrthdrobjijts l` thd Tssdo dxcevetjlo.

Schjofdb wrltd hjs thdsjs jo Kutch, nut thd @ecubty l`

Erchedlblay `djt thet hjs wlrf kdsdrvdk punbjcetjlo jo Doa

bjsh ndceusd jt wes thd rdplrt l` tdo yders l` ècubty rdsderch.

Ilrdlvdr, thd rdplrt kdscrjnds lod l` thd ilst jotdosjvdby

rdsderchdk ijcrl-rdajlos jo lur cluotry, eok es such iey




Idttdadupdb

Schebfsfeip 5::3-5::;

J5:80 Hlrzef 5::8

Webtnliidbsd wda

5:8;

Tssdo5:1;-5:8;

4== i

@jaurd 5. Survcy l ebb erdes dxcevetdk ndtwddo 5:10 eok 5::8 (shekck nbecf) jo Lss- Tssdo eok Lss-Olrth. [hd whjtd erdes eok thd oeids jokjcetd thd nujbkjoa

csbetcs thet `lridk thd clotdxt `lr thd rdscud dxcevetjlos.

sdrvd es e stertjoa pljot `lr ùturd eoebysds l` Jrlo Ead henj

tetjlo jo thd sluthdro Odthdrbeoks. E treosbetjlo areot wesewerkdk ny thd Odthdrbeoks Lraeojsetjlo `lr Scjdotj`jc

^dsderch (OQL) jo 5::1, nut Schjofdb hjisdb` clubk olt

uokdrtefd thd tesf l` supdrvjsjoa thd punbjcetjlo l` hjs wlrf,

ndceusd hd hek jo thd ideotjid ndclid e siebb-scebd èridr -

bjfd thd prdhjstlrjd pdlpbd hd stukjdk - slidwhdrd jo @reocd.

Sl thd prdsdot euthlr tllf lo thd tesf l` supdrvjsjoa thd

treosbetjlo eok prdperjoa thd ieouscrjpt eok thd krewjoas `lr

punbjcetjlo - wjth Schjofdb's closdot. Suseo Idbblr' treos-

betdk thd Kutch tdxt. Shd rdebby kjk e tdrrj`jc gln.

Lut l` prectjceb rdeslos, Schjofdb's tdxt hes nddo bd`t prec-

tjcebby uoebtdrdk, dxcdpt thet e `dw sdotdocds hevd nddo `lr-

iubetdk e bjttbd kj``drdotby, eok hlpdùbby ilrd cbderby. [hd

rdsubt js e èjrby kdscrjptjvd wlrf thet prdsdots thd kete l` thd

Tssdo dxcevetjlos jo e systdietjc ieoodr. ]ert 5 clotejos eo

eoebysjs l` thd kete, spbjt up jotl `jvd kdscrjptjvd cheptdrs

(sdctjlos ; tl 8) eok e syothdsjs. ]ert > clotejos e ceteblaud l`

hlusds, lutnujbkjoas. areoerjds, pjts eok pebjsekds. [hjs pert

ebsl clotejodk thd ^lieo-pdrjlk hlusd pbeos lrjajoebby, nut

thdy hevd nddo lijttdk `rli thd prdsdot ceteblaud eok wjbb nd

punbjshdk sdperetdby ny Qdssdbjoah (jo prdp.). [hd typlblaj-

ceb sdctjlos l` ]ert > stjbb dxtdok jotl thd ^lieo pdrjlkndceusd Schjofdb prlplsdk adodreb typlblajceb sdqudocds thet

wjbb nd usdk jo lthdr wlrf lo Lss.

[hd clotrjnutjlos ny Nefdbs, Beuwdrjdr/JGzdrdd` eok Peo

Kdr Seokdo wdrd lrjajoebby joclrplretdk jo Schjofdb's thdsjs

es sdperetd sdctjlos. [hdy hevd olw nddo clrrdctdk ny thd

euthlrs clocdidk eok erd hdrd punbjshdk es sdperetd ertjcbds.

[hjs ajvds thd euthlrs ùbb crdkjt `lr thdjr wlrf.

>. Slid cljjijdots lo Schjofdb 's sdttbdidot

ilkdbs

Jo hjs pepdr, Schjofdb kdscrjnds thd prdhjstlrjd sdttbdidots l`

Lss-Tssdo es uosdttbdk sdttbdidots, lr - jo e ilrd bjtdreb treos

betjlo l` thd Kutch Wwdrvdokd drvdo - 'weokdrjoa èriyerks'.

Hjs 'uosdttbdk sdttbdidot' ilkdb js olw wjkdby supplrtdk.

Ilrd clotrlvdrsjeb js hjs spetjeb jotdrprdtetjlo l` thjs clocdpt

wjth rdspdct tl thd Tssdo sdttbdidots. Hjs jotdrprdtetjlos erd

vjsuebjsdk jo `jaurds 58, 4:, 0=, :4, ::, 5;3 eok 5;;. [hd

kjscussjlo `lcusds lo thd nluokerjds l` hjs sdttbdidots, eok lo

whjch yerks shlubk nd esslcjetdk wjth whjch sdttbdidots.



3 H. @LFFDOS - [HD TSSDO ]^LGDC[

Schjofdb prdsdots hjs sdttbdidots es j` thdy wdrd slbjk uojts6

thdy wdrd dvdo prdsdotdk es erdes nlrkdrdk ny slbjk bjods lrjaj-

oebby. Kurjoa thd kjscussjlo l` hjs kjssdrtetjlo thjs jotdrprdtetjlo

wes hdevjby crjtjcjsdk ny Qjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo, whl js l`

clursd jotjietdby ecquejotdk wjth thd kete. Kr. Peo Kdr Seokdo

pljotdk lut thet wd ceoolt nd sl surd enlut thd prlplsdk nluok-

erjds l` thd sdttbdidots, pertby ndceusd berad erdes l` beok (14%

l` thd tlteb erde) hevd olt nddo dxcevetdk. Lo thd nesjs l` hjssuaadstjlos 5 hevd thdrd`lrd ekgustdk thd `jaurds clocdrodk ny

bekjoa thd nluokerjds l` thd prlplsdk sdttbdidots. [hd rdsubt

hlwdvdr rdiejos e ilkdb whjch ceo, eok wjbb, nd kjsputdk.

@lbblwjoa Peo kdr Seokdo's cliidots, J hevd ebsl ekkdk e

`dw thjoas tl thd `jaurds. Peo Kdr Seokdo pljotdk lut thet thd

erdes thet wdrd usdk `lr ùodrery lr rjtueb prectjcds wdrd lpdo

specds et prectjcebby ebb tjids. [hdsd erdes eppder tl nd tltebby

kdvljk l` sdttbdidot `deturds, whjch prlnenby jipbjds thet thdy

wdrd rdspdctdk es 'hjstlrjceb' eok rjtueb specds. [hjs espdct l`

thd cubtureb njlarephy l` thd beokscepd hes nddo lijttdk jo

Schjofdb's eoebysjs, nut jo lur lpjojlo thd Tssdo kete jbbustretd

thjs pljot vdry wdbb, eok jt shlubk thdrd`lrd nd iekd vjsjnbd.

Eolthdr `jaurd thet hes nddo cheoadk tl eccliilketd thd

ilrd ceutjloery epprlech èvlurdk ny Peo Kdr Seokdo eok

iyscb` js `jaurd 5;4. Hdrd Schjofdb hek krewo errlws tl kdilo-

Stretd hlw jo hjs lpjojlo thd verjlus hlusds succddkdk lod

eolthdr7 thd ubtjietd ilkdb l` thd weokdbjoa èristdek. Nut es

Peo Kdr Seokdo put jt7 j` wd folw lod jhjoa`lr surd, jt js thet

thjs js olt hlw jt wes. Schjofdb's erauidots ceo stjbb nd `lbjlwdk

ndceusd thd kdscrjptjlo l` hjs ilkdb hes nddo bd`t uoebtdrdk jo

sdctjlo :, nut 5 hevd rdilvdk thd errlws `rli `jaurd 5;4 eok

hevd et thd seid tjid ekkdk thd ouindrs l` thd hlusds, tl iefd

jt desjdr `lr thd rdekdr tl `lbblw Schjofdb's prlplsdk hlusd

ilvdidots. Sjijber crjtjcjsi ceo nd bdvdbbdk et thd ilkdb prd

sdotdk jo `jaurd 541. Hdrd thd errlws hevd hlwdvdr nddo bd`t jopbecd, ndceusd thd sdttbdidots erd iuch ilrd adodrebjsdk.

E kj``drdot espdct wes nrluaht `lrwerk ny Ojcl ^lyieos.

]rl`. ^lyieos pljotdk lut thet thd clocdpt l` prdhjstlrjd

sdttbdidot ceoolt nd kd`jodk dxcbusjvdby jo spetjeb tdris, es

Schjofdb klds jo sdctjlo 3 l` hjs ertjcbd. Slcjeb espdcts erd

dquebby jiplrteot. Hd thdrd`lrd ebsl klunts jt js jokddk plssj-

nbd tl krew bjods erluok sdttbdidots es hes nddo klod jo thd

e`lrdidotjlodk `jaurds.

Such closjkdretjlos hevd bdk us tl evljk e spetjebby lrj-

dotdk epprlech tl sdttbdidot jo lur sdclok kdcekd l` rdsderch.

J olw usd thd clocdpt l` e blceb cliiuojty, tl rd`dr tl e

arlup l` pdlpbd whl johenjt eok dxpbljt thd seid erde, sherd

tllbs, cllpdretd jo nujbkjoa hlusds, nury thdjr kdek jo thd

seid cdidtdry eok sherd rjtueb pbecds, iyths, hjstlry, dtc.

(@lffdos 5::0).

3. [hd ieps eok `jaurds

Jt js kj``jcubt tl dxpbejo tl lutsjkdrs why, jo 5:8:, whdo

Schjofdb stertdk hjs wlrf, ol survdy iep l` thd dxcevetdk

`deturds wes evejbenbd. Lvdr thd yders, Peo Kdr Seokdo eok

Peo Kdo Nrldfd hek ecqujrdk jotjietd folwbdkad l` thd

kjstrjnutjlo l` ebb thd `deturds eok `joks, nut survdy ieps hek

olt ydt nddo prlkucdk. [hd dotjrd eoebysjs wes cerrjdk lut

nd`lrd thd ndajoojoa l` thd cliputdr dre. [hd ilst desjby

eccdssjnbd iep wes e sdt l` 5>4 jof krewjoas, dech idesurjoa

5 x 5 i lo e scebd l` 575==, iekd ny Geo Nlladrk. Jt wes

loby jo 5::5, ny whjch tjid Schjofdb hek ieouebby rdkucdkthdsd krewjoas tl e scebd l` 575=== eok sunsdqudotby kjajtjsdk

thdi, thet thd prdhjstlrjd cubtureb beokscepd l` Lss-Tssdo

rdebby ndceid vjsjnbd.

[hd prlkuctjlo l` thd krewjoas, dspdcjebby thd berad 5744=

`lbk-luts, hes nddo lod l` thd ieoy bjlo's tesfs l` thd prdsdot

punbjcetjlo. Geo Nlladrk jovdstdk sdvdreb yders l` wlrf jo

thdi, nut hjs prlkuct wes stjbb olt sujtenbd `lr punbjcetjlo es

hjs tesf hek nddo tl prlkucd thd 575== ieps rdqujrdk `lr thd

prjiery eoebysjs. [hdy hek tl nd rdkucdk locd eaejo, thjs tjid

tl scebds l` 574== eok 57>4==, tl lntejo survdy ieps `jt `lr

punbjcetjlo. [hjs tesf wes ebilst jiplssjnbd tl uokdrtefd jo

thd trekjtjloeb ieoodr usjoa pdo eok jof. @lrtuoetdby, pdr-

sloeb cliputdrs iekd thdjr wey jotl erchedlblay gust jo tjid.

J hek ebrdeky stertdk usjoa thdi succdssùbby jo 5:81 kurjoa

thd dxcevetjlos jo Lss-Olrth, eok jt wes thd loby plssjnbd

slbutjlo `lr thd Tssdo-ieps. @rli 5::5 lowerks ebb thd 5>4

575== nesd ieps wdrd kjajtjsdk wjth thd ejk l` (pejk) stu-

kdots. [hd ilst closjstdot wlrfdrs whl shlubk nd idotjlodk

hdrd erd Ijchjdb Feppdrs eok Geo-Ebndrt Schdof. [hd wlrf

wes clipbdtdk ny Lffd Kllrdonls, whl ebsl prlkucdk thd

`jrst vdrsjlos l` ieoy lthdr ieps punbjshdk jo thjs vlbuid

(sdd thd ecfolwbdkadidots `lr thd `jaurds `lr e survdy).

Ebb thd `jaurds punbjshdk jo thjs nllf wdrd prdperdk ny

Schjofdb. Ilst hevd nddo jocbukdk wjthlut ebtdretjlos, thluah

qujtd e `dw - jocbukjoa thd scebd 5744= `lbk-lut ieps - hevdnddo kjajtebby rdkrewo jo ecclrkeocd wjth thd prdsdot steo-

kerks l` thd Lss prlgdct. Lod l` thdsd steokerks js thet uodx-

cevetdk erdes erd ebweys shekdk jo krewjoas. [hd kjajteb ieps

ebrdeky evejbenbd hevd nddo upketck ny ]dtre kd Gloa l` thd

Bdjkdo @ecubty l` Erchedlblay.

;. [hd `jdbkwlrf

@jdbkwlrfdrs pbey e vdry jiplrteot rlbd jo eoy dxcevetjlo

prlgdct. Sjocd `jdbkwlrf wes cerrjdk lut thrluahlut thd yder,

thd Bdjkdo erchedlblajsts wdrd ewey `rli hlid `lr iloths et

e tjid. Sdvdreb prlgdct bdekdrs eok `jdbk tdchojcjeos, oltenby

Gllst Essdoklrp, Geo Nlladrk, ^ln Ketdie, Eoodndrt

Kðnfdo, Hdooy Arldodokjgf, eok Abdoo [ef, jovdstdk e allk

kdeb l` dodray jo thd prlgdct.

Jo ebb thd yders l` rdsderch thdy wdrd supplrtdk eok aujkdk

ny thd vdry ectjvd arlup l` blceb erchedlblajsts, uojtdk jo thd

Hddifuokdfrjoa Ieesbeok. Adrerk veo Ebphdo, Hdof kdo

Nrlf, Adrrjt veo Kuurdo, Ijdo veo Ddrk, ]jdt Heeod, ]jdt veo

Bjgssdb, Qjb Idados, Eos Lttdo, Bdx ]jofsd, ]jdt kd ]llt eok



Adrerk Sijts dxcevetdk eok klcuidotdk thd beradst ouindr

l` wdbbs dvdr. Ieoy l` thdi erd stjbb ectjvd tlkey, >4 yders

e`tdr thd stert l` thd dxcevetjlos. [hdy pbey e vdry jiplrteot

rlbd jo ilojtlrjoa nujbkjoa lpdretjlos, hdbpjoa lut jo thd

`jdbk, prlvjkjoa nujbkjoa ieps, iejotejojoa blceb clotects,

dtc. Jt js thdrd`lrd tl thdi thet J wlubk bjfd tl kdkjcetd thjs

vlbuid l` Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje.

H. @lffdos


].L. Nlx :454

OB->3== Ê Bdjkdo

thd Odthdrbeoks



F. Schjofdb Tosdttbdk sdttbdidot, lccupetjlo rdiejos `rli thdNrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead et Lss-Tssdo.[hd 5:10-5:80 dxcevetjlos

Clotdots 0.>.4. Arlup 5=

0.3. Nujbkjoa tdcholblay

]ertj V Eoebysjs 0.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds l` typd >N

b. Jotrlkuctjlo 0.3.>. Clostructjlo l` thd wdbbs

5.5. ^dsderch hjstlry eok dxcevetjlo idthlks 0.;. @joks

5.>. Sjtuetjlo eok adlblay 0.;.5 Derthdowerd

5.3. Tssdo e`tdr thd Jrlo Ead 0.;.>. Keun eok cbey lngdcts

5.;. ^dsderch lngdctjvds 0.;.3. [dphrjtd qudros

>. Chrlolblajceb eok typlchrlolblajceb sdqudocds0.;.;. Stlod lngdcts

>.5. Jotrlkuctjlo 0.;.4. Idteb lngdcts>.>. Ketjoa idthlks 0.;.0. Qllkdo lngdcts

>.>.5. [hd plttdry sdqudocd l` Lss-Tssdo 0.4. Dxcheoad

>.>.>. êkjlcernlo ketds 0.0. Nlteojceb eok zllblajceb dvjkdocd

>.>.3. Jotdrsdctjlos eok spetjeb esslcjetjlo 0.0.5. Crlp cubtjvetjlo

>.3. Esslcjetjlo ndtwddo `deturds eok `joks 0.0.>. Stlcf fddpjoa

>.;. [yplblajceb sdqudocd l` thd Nrlozd Ead eok Jrloo 0.1. Syothdsjs

Ead sdttbdidot `deturds 0.1.5. Sdttbdidot structurd

0.1.>. Sdttbdidot pettdro3. Slid prdbjijoery rdierfs lo thd `lbblwjoa cheptdrs 0.1.3. Kdvdblpidots erluok thd treosjtjlo `rli thd

;. Odlbjthjc `joks Nrlozd Ead tl thd Derb Jrlo Ead

4. Nrlozd Ead sdttbdidots 1. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots

4.5. Jotrlkuctjlo1.5. Jotrlkuctjlo4.>. [hd `deturds 1.>. [hd `deturds

4.>.5. Arlup 5 1.>.5. Arlup 55

4.>.>. Arlup > 1.>.>. Arlup 5>

4.>.3. Arlup 3 1.>.3. Arlup 53

4.>.;. Arlup ; 1.>.;. Arlup 5;

4.>.4. Arlup 4 1.3. Nujbkjoa tdcholblay

4.3. Nujbkjoa tdcholblay 1.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds l` typd ;E

4.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds l` typd 5E 1.3.>. Clostructjlo l` thd wdbbs

4.3.>. Clostructjlo l` thd wdbbs 1.;. @joks

4.;. @joks 1.;.5. Derthdowerd

4.4. Nlteojceb eok zllblajceb dvjkdocd 1.;.>. Keun eok cbey lngdcts

4.0. Syothdsjs 1.;.3. [dphrjtd qudros

(?. Derby Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots 1.;.;. Stlod lngdcts

0.5. Jotrlkuctjlo 1.;.4. Eindr lngdcts

0.>. [hd `deturds 1.;.0. Idteb lngdcts

0.>.5. Arlup 0 1.;.1. Qllkdo lngdcts

0.>.>. Arlup 1 1.4. Dxcheoad

0.>.3. Arlup 8 1.0. Nlteojceb eok zllblajceb dvjkdocd

0.>.;. Arlup : 1.0.5. Crlp cubtjvetjlo



0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

1.0.>. Stlcf fddpjoa

1.1. Syothdsjs

1.1.5. Sdttbdidot structurd

1.1.>. Sdttbdidot pettdro

1.1.3. Kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Derby Jrlo Ead eok thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

8. Betd Jrlo Ead Sdttbdidots

8.5. Jotrlkuctjlo

8.>. [hd `deturds

8.>.5. Arlup 54

8.>.>. Arlup 50

8.>.3. Arlup 51

8.>.;. Arlup 58

8.3. Nujbkjoa tdcholblay

8.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds

8.3.>. Clostructjlo l` thd wdbbs

8.;. @joks

8.;.5. Derthdowerd

8.;.>. Keun eok cbey lngdcts

8.;.3. [dphrjtd qudros8.;.;. Stlod lngdcts

8.;.4. Idteb lngdcts

8.;.0. Abess lngdcts

8.;.1. Qllkdo lngdcts

8.4. Dxcheoad

8.0. Nlteojceb eok zllblajceb dvjkdocd

8.0.5. Crlp cubtjvetjlo


8.1. Syothdsjs



8.1.3. Kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok thd

Betd Jrlo Ead

:. Syothdsjs

:.5. Jotrlkuctjlo

:.>. @eriyerks jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead

:.>.5. Nrlozd Ead

:.>.>. Derby Jrlo Ead

:.>.3. [hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

:.>.;. [hd Betd Jrlo Ead

:.>.4. @eriyerks jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead7 e

suiiery

:.3. Sdttbdidots jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead

:.3.5. Nrlozd Ead

:.3.>. Derby Jrlo Ead

:.3.3. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

:.3.;. Betd Jrlo Ead

:.3.4. Sdttbdidots jo thd Nrlozd eok Jrlo Ead7 e suiiery

:.;. E 'Cdbtjc `jdbk' et Tssdo<

]ert > Ceteblauds l` `deturds

5=. [yplblay eok ceteblaud l` hlusd pbeos

5=.5. Jotrlkuctjlo lo thd ceteblauds

5=.>. Jotrlkuctjlo lo thd typlblay

5=.3. [ypdLssb

5=.3.5. [ypdL ssb E

5=.;. [ypdLss>

5=.;.5. [ypdLss>E

5=.;.>. [ypd Lss >N

5=.4. [ypd Lss 3

5=.4.5. [ypd Lss 3E

5=.0. [ypd Lss ;

5=.0.5. [ypd Lss ;E

5=.0.>. [ypd Lss ;N

5=.1. [ypd Lss 4

5=.1.5. [ypd Lss 4E

5=.8. [ypd Lss 0

5=.8.5. [ypd Lss 0E

5=.8.>. [ypd Lss 0N

5=.:. [ypd Lss 1

5=.:.5. [ypd Lss 1E

5=.:.>. [ypd Lss 1N5=.:.3. [ypd Lss 1C

5=.5=. [ypd Lss 8

5=.5=.5. [ypd Lss 8E

5=.5=.>. [ypd Lss 8N

5=.5=.3. [ypd Lss 8C

5=.55. [ypd Lss :

5=.55.5. [ypd Lss :E

5=.55.>. [ypd Lss :N

5=.55.3. [ypd Lss :C

5=.5>. Tocbessj`jenbd pbeos

5=.53. Qllk rdclvdrdk `rli thd `deturds l` thd hlusds

5=.5;. Ceteblaud

55. Ceteblaud l` lutnujbkjoas

5>. [yplblay eok ceteblaud l` areoerjds

5>.5.

53. [yplblay eok ceteblaud l` wdbbs eok pjts

53.5. Jotrlkuctjlo

53.>. Kddp bjodk pjts (typd E)

53.>.5. Qettbdwlrf bjojoas wjth rluok/lveb crlssdctjlo

(typd Eb)

53.>.>. Bjojoas wjth rluok/lveb crlssdctjlo cliplsdk l`

vdrtjceb dbdidots (typd E>)

53.>.3. Hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs (typd E3)

53.>.;. (Qjod) cesfs (typd E;)

53.>.4. Bjojoas wjth quekreoauber crlssdctjlos cliplsdk

l` hlrjzloteb dbdidots (typd E4)

53.>.0. Bjojoas wjth quekreoauber crlssdctjlos cliplsdk

l` vdrtjceb dbdidots (typd E0)

53.>.1. Bjojoas kua lut lr kjsturndk (typd E1)

53.3 Kddp pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk, nlwb-shepdk lr

esyiidtrjceb sdctjlo (typd N)



1 F. SCHJOFDB - CLO[DO[S

53.;. Kddp pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk lr nlwb-shepdk sdctjlo

eok e stefd krjvdo jotl thd `bllr (typd C)

53.4. Kddp pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk lr esyidtrjceb sdctjlo

eok e stefd krjvdo jotl thd `bllr (typd K)

53.0. Shebblw pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk lr nlwb-shepdk

sdctjlo (typd D)

53.1. Shebblw pjts wjth esyiidtrjceb sdctjlos (typd @)

53.8. Shebblw pjts wjth cybjokrjceb sdctjlos (typd A)

53.:. Pdry shebblw pjts wjth e `bet `bllr (typd H)

53.5=. Shebblw pjts wjth jrrdauber sdctjlos (typd J)

53.55. Tocbessj`jenbd pjts (typds E-J, N-K, D-J)

5;. [yplblay eok ceteblaud pebjssekds eok kjtchds (@)

]ert 3 Ieps (jo sdpdretd docbusurd)

Oltds





F. SCHJOFDB - JO[^LKTC[JLO

]ert J Eoebysjs

5. Jotrlkuctjlo

5.5. ^DSDE^CH HJS[L Z EOK DXCEPE[JLO

ID[HLKS5

[hd berad-scebd erchedlblajceb dxcevetjlo l` Lss-Tssdo

(`'j`j. J) wes stertdk jo Sdptdindr 5:10, whdo e pblt l` beok jo

thd iuojcjpebjty l` Lss wes ndjoa prdperdk `lr thd clostructjlo l` thd odw hlusjoa dstetd l` Tssdo. Kurjoa thjs wlrf,

idindrs l` thd erchedlblajceb stuky arlup l` thd Hddifuo-

kdfrjoa (blceb hjstlry esslcjetjlo) l` thd Ieesbeok rdajlo

kjsclvdrdk `deturds jokjcetjoa thet thd erde hek nddo lccupjdk

jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hd Jostjtutd l` ]rdhjstlry l` Bdjkdo

Tojvdrsjty wes jo`lridk jo thd pdrslo l` A.G. Pdrwdrs, e`tdr

whjch e sdttbdidot ketjoa `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk (Pjgvdr)

wes nrjd`by jovdstjaetdk. Jt wes jiidkjetdby rdebjzdk thet

J Jssdo l``drdk e uojqud lpplrtuojt) `lr sdttbdidot rdsderch lo

e iuch beradr scebd theo hek hjthdrtl dvdr nddo cerrjdk lut jo

thd sluthdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks. Eo earjcubtureb erde l`

ilrd theo >== hdcterds wes tl nd clovdrtdk jotl e rdsjkdotjeb

erde lvdr e pdrjlk l` tdo yders. Ekdquetd erchedlblajceb

supdrvjsjlo l` thjs nujbkjoa prlgdct clubk (thdlrdtjcebby) bdek

tl eoswdrs tl qudstjlos clocdrojoa, `lr dxeipbd, thd sjzd l`

sdttbdidots jo thjs pert l` thd cluotry eok thd spetjeb rdbetjlo

shjps ndtwddo kj``drdot sdttbdidots eok ndtwddo sdttbdidots

eok cdidtdrjds - jssuds thet hek hjthdrtl ebweys rdcdjvdk tll

bjttbd ettdotjlo jo erchedlblajceb rdsderch. [hd erde wes tll

berad tl nd dxcevetdk jo jts dotjrdty, sl et `jrst rdsderch clo

cdotretdk lo thd trdochds kua `lr prlgdctdk rleks eok

pjpdbjods, eok lo nujbkjoa pjts. [hdrd whdrd thlsd trdochds lr

pjts wdrd `luok tl clotejo clocdotretjlos l` `deturds, ekkj

tjloeb trdochds wdrd kua tl kdtdrijod thd `deturds' hlrjzloteb

kjstrjnutjlo (`ja. >). Jo thd clursd l` thd jovdstjaetjlo thjs

stretday wes cheoadk, jo pertjcuber sl es tl nd enbd tl dxcevetdeo erde wjth e wdebth l` `joks eok `deturds jo thd olrth l`

Tssdo (thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot) es ùbby es plssjnbd nd`lrd

thd clotrectlrs errjvdk wjth thdjr iechjods. Jo thjs wey eo

erde l` lvdr 3= he. wes jovdstjaetdk jo thd yders up tl 5:80,

kurjoa whjch ieoy `deturds `rli thd Nrlozd Ead, thd Jrlo

Ead eok thd ^lieo pdrjlk wdrd rdclrkdk. Sjocd 5:80 thd

dxcevetjlo hes nddo cerrjdk lut uokdr thd supdrvjsjlo l`

H. @lffdos, wjth iuch vebuenbd hdbp l` thd idindrs l` thd

erchedlblajceb stuky arlup l` thd Hddifuokdfhoa Ieesbeok

(@lffdos 5::5n, 5::5c, 5::3).

@lr e berad pert l` thd dxcevetjlo thd sjzd l` thd trdochds

jovdstjaetdk ny thd erchedlblajsts wes kjctetdk ny thd bdoath

eok wjkth l` thd nujbkjoa pjts eok rlek trdochds. [hd bettdr

wdrd rerdby wjkdr theo sjx idtrds. [hd trdochds kua ny thd

Jostjtutd l` ]rdhjstlry hek e steokerk wjkth l` 5= i eok verj

enbd bdoaths (l` up tl 3== idtrds). [hd kdpth wes thd seid jo

ebb l` thd pjts. Jo ilst cesds thd erdes tl nd jovdstjaetdk wdrd

spbjt up jotl siebbdr pblts, whjch wdrd dxcevetdk ebtdroetdby,

@jaurd 5. Iep shlwjoa thd olrthdestdro

pert l` thd prlvjocd l Ollrk-Nreneot eokthd surrluokjoa erde.

_ " R ,‛"

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Ojgidado / " ~ " v

g g _ j _ Lss_ R Idusd

K

j‛j 's-Hdrtladonlsch

[Z\ _‛_-r

R r«£/'

E_v 5 P«£/'

E_v

j`y ,-rPR

55/ '-}

Djokhlvdo (g[Fy R



5= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

thd jotdridkjetd pblts ndjoa dxcevetdk e`tdr thd jovdstjaetdk

pjts hek nddo `jbbdk up. E krewnecf l` thjs systdi wes thet

ieoy hlusd pbeos, whjch usuebby bey et rjaht eoabds tl thd

pjts' bloajtukjoeb exds, clubk olt nd lnsdrvdk jo thdjr dotjrdty.

Dspdcjebby jo thd derby yders, thd dxcevetjlo wes dssdotjebby

e sebvead lpdretjlo, kurjoa whjch tjid-sevjoa chljcds hek tl

nd iekd. Es e rdsubt, olt ebb thd `deturds wdrd prlpdrby sdc

tjlodk eok krewo6 l` slid `deturds loby thd kdpth js folwo.

[hd `deturds wdrd ebb dxcevetdk ny spekd6 olod l` thd `jbbs l`

pjts lr plsthlbds wdrd sjdvdk. E idteb kdtdctlr wes ekkdk tl

thd dxcevetjlo dqujpidot loby e `dw yders eal. Ebilst ebb thd

kddp pjts eok wdbbs wdrd hlwdvdr seipbdk6 jo ieoy cesds

@jaurd >. [hd plsjtjlo l` thd dxcevetjlo sjtd jo thd iuojcjpebjty l` Lss. Jokjcetdk erd thd dxcevetjlo pjts jovdstjaetdk up tl thd dok l` 5:80.



J J F. SCHJOFDB - JO[^LKTC[JLO

;>:

@jaurd 3. Adlblajceb eok pdklblajcebsjtuetjlo l` Lss eok thd surrluokjoaerde, e 9 Lssdr iddr (Lss befd)65 9 rjvdrs erde6 > 9 clvdrseokclvdrdk wjth e thjo beydr l` cbey63 9 clvdrseok clvdrdk wjth eothrlpladojc sljb6 ; - clvdrseok.

;51

;<

;5

sdvdreb twl-bjtrd seipbds wdrd tefdo `lr sddk rdsderch eok

slidtjids ebsl plbbdo eoebysjs. [hd plsthlbds eok `luoketjlo

trdochds l` hlusd pbeos eok thd plsthlbds l` areoerjds wdrd

hlwdvdr olt systdietjcebby seipbdk. Seipbds wdrd tefdo l`thd wllk l` wdbb bjojoas eok l` thd rdiejos l` rll` supplrts l`

hlusds `lr thd purplsds l` kdtdrijojoa thd typds l` wllk usdk

eok eoebysjoa trecds l` wllkwlrfjoa, eok jo lod cesd `lr

kdokrlchrlolblajceb rdsderch. [wl hlusd pbeos wdrd seipbdk

`lr phlsphetd eoebysjs (Peo kd Qdtdrjoa/Qeosbddndo 5:81).

[hd systdietjc prlcdssjoa l` thd dvjkdocd aethdrdk jo thd

`jdbk ndaeo loby jo 5:8>, wjth thd eppljotidot l` twl yluoa

rdsderchdrs, Q.E.N. veo kdr Seokdo eok ].Q. veo kdo

Nrldfd.> Totjb thdo, ettdotjlo hek `lcusdk ebilst dxcbusjvdby

lo aethdrjoa es iuch prjiery dvjkdocd es plssjnbd. Peo kdo

Nrldfd stertdk wlrfjoa lo thd blceb heok-iekd plttdry wjththd eji l` sdttjoa up e typlblajceb sdqudocd `lr thd sluthdro

pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks. Peo kdr Seokdo wes iekd rdsplosj

nbd `lr prlcdssjoa thd dvjkdocd lo thd `deturds eok thd lthdr

`jok cetdalrjds. Nlth stukjds wdrd l` clursd cblsdby bjofdk.

Lo thd lod heok jt wes vdry kj``jcubt tl ketd thd `deturds

wjthlut folwbdkad l` thd plttdry, eok lo thd lthdr jt wes `lr

dxeipbd odcdssery tl folw whjch `deturds ndbloadk tl thd



5> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

seid structurd jo lrkdr tl nd enbd tl cbess thd `joks `rli thlsd

`deturds es e sjoabd essdinbead.

Jo 5:81, e`tdr tdo yders l` kjaajoa eok stukyjoa thd `joks,

thd nllf Adtdfdok Weok (Peo kdr Seokdo/Peo kdo Nrldfd

(dks.) 5:81) wes punbjshdk. Lvdr thd yders, thjs nllf hes

dvlbvdk `rli thd jotdrji rdplrt jt wes jojtjebby jotdokdk tl nd

jotl e steokerk wlrf lo thd Jrlo Ead eok ^lieo pdrjlk jo thd

sluthdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks. Jo thd yder l` thd nllf's

punbjcetjlo Peo kdr Seokdo bd`t thd uojvdrsjty tl essuid hjs

odw plsjtjlo et thd Krdots Iusdui jo Essdo, tefjoa thd nesjc

klcuidotetjlo lo Lss-Tssdo ebloa wjth hji, wjth thd jotdo

tjlo l` clipbdtjoa hjs pert l` thd rdsderch jo hjs sperd tjid.

Uujtd uokdrsteokenby thjs sllo prlvdk eo lvdreinjtjlus pbeo,

eok jo 5:8: thd prdsdot euthlr wes thdrd`lrd iekd rdsplosjnbd

`lr clotjoujoa Peo kdr Seokdo's wlrf es e rdsderch essjsteot.

Hd, tll, wes uoenbd tl clipbdtd thd wlrf wjthjo thd `lur

yders l` hjs clotrect, sl jo 5::3 K. Qdssdbjoah wes eppljotdk

tl clipbdtd thd wlrf lo thd sdttbdidots eok `joks `rli thd

^lieo pdrjlk.

5.>. SJ[TE[JLO EOK ADLBLAZ3

[hd sdttbdidot sjtd bjds jo thd olrthwdst l` thd iuojcjpebjty l`

Lss, jo eo erde thet hes nddo folwo ny thd oeid l` Tssdo

sjocd thd 5;th cdotury. [hjs oeid hes nddo esslcjetdk wjth

thd lbk Kutch wlrk lsd, whjch ideos 'wetdr' lr 'iershy

arluok' (Peo kd Pdo 5:14). Tssdo bjds jo e treosjtjloeb erde

ndtwddo thd vebbdy l` thd rjvdr Idusd eok thd seoky pert l`

thd Odthdrbeoks. [hd sljb closjsts l` clvdrseok whjch wes

bejk klwo jo thd best phesd l` thd Qdjchsdbjeo ([wdotd @lr

ietjlo) lo tlp l` ]bdjstlcdod rjvdr seok (Frd`tdohdyd lr

Pdahdb @lrietjlo). [hd thjcfodss l` thd clvdrseok beydr

•verjds `rli enlut 5.> i jo thd sluth l` thd dxcevetdk erde tl

ol ilrd theo =.> i jo thd olrth. Ndtwddo thd seok eok thd

rjvdr cbey js e oerrlw treosjtjloeb zlod closjstjoa l` e thjo

beydr l` cbey lo (rjvdr) seok (`ja. 3). [hd ardetdr pert l` thjs

cbey wes kdplsjtdk et thd tjid whdo wetdr `blwdk lvdr thd

spjbbwey folwo es thd Nddrsd Lvdrbeet. [hd blw-byjoa sljbs l`

thjs erde erd èjrby wdt. ^dioeots l` thd lrjajoeb sljb prl`jbd,

whjch ceo nd cherectdrjsdk es e wdt plkzlb, shlw thet thjs

wes thd cesd jo prdhjstlrjc tjids, tll (@lffdos 5::5n).

[hd prdsdot nesjo l` thd Idusd bjds `jvd fjblidtrds tl thd

olrth l` Tssdo (`ja. 3). Jo thd Jrlo Ead eok thd ^lieo pdrjlk,

hlwdvdr, thd Idusd, lr e trjnutery l` thd rjvdr, prlnenby`blwdk ùrthdr tl thd sluth (`ja. ;6 Peo Kjdpdo 5:4>7

55;-5506 ]los 5:417 `ja. >86 Bluwd Flljgieos 5:847

5;56 Ndrdoksdo 5::=7 `ja. >). [hd Lssdriddr, e befd sjtuetdk

@jaurd ;. Adlblajceb iep l` thd erde trevdrsdk ny thd rjvdrs Idusd eok Qeeb. 5 9 clvdrseok6 > 9 bllk nesjo6 3 9 prd-^lieo bdvdds wjth rdsjkueb

aubbdys (e`tdr7 Bluwd Flljgieos 5:847 5;5).



53 F. SCHJOFDB - JO[^LKTC[JLO

@jaurd 4. ]rdsdot bllk nesjo l` thdIdusd tl thd wdst l Dipdb (`rli7@lffdos 5::37 @jaurd >3).

>.4 fjblidtrds `rli Tssdo, js thluaht tl nd e rdioeot l` thjs

eocjdot trjnutery. Jt js folwo thet thd Tssdo erde wes `rd

qudotby Hllkdk e`tdr thd Ijkkbd Eads, whdo wetdr `blwdk

lvdr thd Nddrsd Lvdrbeet, nut jt js olt cbder whdthdr jt wes

dvdr sunidradk es e rdsubt l` oetureb `bllks jo prdhjstlry eok

thd ^lieo pdrjlk. ]ebedladlarephjceb ieps cbderby shlw thet

thd cbey kdplsjts l` thd Idusd dxpeokdk jo e sluthdrby kjrdctjlo jo thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead, nut `rli thd Betd Nrlozd Ead

lowerks thd nluokery ndtwddo cbey eok seok rdiejodk èjrby

stenbd (Weawjgo 5:80). [hdsd cbey kdplsjts erd cbessdk es pert

l` thd Ndtuwd @lrietjlo, whjch ebsl jocbukds thd olw hdevjby

kdnetdk Alrfui eok [jdb Kdplsjts (Ndrdoksdo 5:8>7 :5-:>).

[hd e`lrdidotjlodk Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead kdplsjts clrrdsplok

jo thd [jd! = kdplsjts jo thd lbk systdi. Ebthluah thd rjvdrs

erd folwo tl hevd kdplsjtdk berad eiluots l` cbey jo betdr

tjids, tll, oltenby jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead ([jdb J) eok

tlwerks thd dok l` thd ^lieo pdrjlk ([jdb JJ), thdsd pdrjlks

l` jocrdesdk sdkjidotery ectjvjty kjk olt bdek tl ùrthdr

dxpeosjlo l` thd cbey kdplsjts jo thd kjrdctjlo l` thd clvdr-

seok ebloa thd Idusd. Jo spjtd l` thd ensdocd l` kdtejbdkpebedladlarephjceb kete lo thjs erde, jt wlubk sddi thet thd

sdttbdidots l` Tssdo wdrd olt `bllkdk jo prdhjstlry, thluah

thd wetdr wjbb slidtjids hevd clid vdry cblsd tl thd nujbk

joas. J` eoy l` thd sdttbdidots hek nddo `bllkdk thjs wlubk

hevd nddo lnsdrvenbd jo thd `lri l` beydrs l` cbey jo thd `jbbs

l` pjts eok wdbbs thet wdrd jo usd et thd tjid l` thd `bllks, eok

ol such cbey kdplsjts wdrd `luok jo eoy l` thd `deturds `rli

thd e`lrdidotjlodk pdrjlks (sdd ebsl sdctjlos 8.1.3 eok 5.3.3).

[hd rdsubts l` plbbdo eoebysjs l` thd `jbbs l` sdvdreb kjtchds

l` nurjebs `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk suaadst thet thd beokscepd

surrluokjoa Tssdo wes èjrby lpdo jo prdhjstlry eok thd

^lieo pdrjlk. Aressds eok hdethdr prdklijoetd jo thd plbbdospdctrui eok trdds erd rdbetjvdby scercd (Kd Gloa 5:8>6 Peo

kdr Seokdo 5:81`7 8>-83). Ol pebyolblajceb dvjkdocd js

evejbenbd `lr thd derbjdr pdrjlks lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l` allk

seipbjoa pljots jo Tssdo eok jts jiidkjetd surrluokjoas. E

`dw plbbdo kjeareis erd evejbenbd `lr thd wjkdr surrluokjoas,

thd destdro pert l` thd rjvdrs erde, eok thdy, bjfd thd erchedl

blajceb dvjkdocd, ebb shlw thet thd beokscepd arekuebby

ndceid lpdodr `rli thd Nrlozd Ead lowerks, es ilrd beok

wes nrluaht uokdr cubtjvetjlo ([duojssdo 5::=7 5;1, 54=6 sd

ebsl sdctjlo 5=.5.0). [hjs kdvdblpidot js kjrdctby bjofdk tl eo

dxpeokjoa plpubetjlo (sdd sdctjlo 55.3.4). Bjfdwjsd, loby thd

pltdotjeb vdadtetjlo l` thd erde ndtwddo Tssdo eok thd Idusd

ceo nd kdscrjndk. Slidthjoa wd kl folw `lr cdrtejo js thet

thd nluokery ndtwddo seok eok cbey bey ùrthdr tl thd olrththeo jt klds tlkey. [hd `bllk nesjo ùrthdr olrth clotejodk

pesturds eok ebkdr cerrs, ebtdroetjoa wjth eo Eudowebk jocbuk

joa dbi, lef eok esh (`ja. 4). [hd bdvdds ebloa thd Idusd wjbb

hevd nddo clvdrdk wjth èjrby kry wllks.

@rli thd Ijkkbd Eads lowerks, thd ardetdr pert l` Tssdo

ndceid eo ds, erenbd beok yderby `drtjbjsdk wjth e ijxturd l`

kuoa eok aress, hdethdr lr pdet slks (Kd Gloa 5:8>). [hd

rdsubteot beydrs, wjth thjcfodssds l` up tl := ci, pertby kdtdr

ijod thd prdsdot rdbjd`. [hd surècd bdvdb jocrdesds arekuebby

`rli ;.> i enlvd OE] (Olrieb Eistdrkei Bdvdb) jo thd

olrthwdst tl 0.; i enlvd OE] jo thd sluthdest (`ja. 0). [hd

beydr l` kuoa ijxdk wjth slks hes hdbpdk tl prdsdrvd thd

eocjdot `deturds. @ectlrs thet hevd ekvdrsdby e``dctdk prdsdrvetjlo wjbb nd kjscussdk jo thd odxt sdctjlo.

5.3. TSSDO E@[D [HD J^LO EAD

Ilst perts l` Tssdo rdiejodk lccupjdk wjthlut eoy oltjcdenbd

jotdrruptjlo jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hrdd spetjebby sdperetdk

sdttbdidots (Pjgvdr, Wlidrhl` eok Qdstdrvdbk) eok e cdotreb

cdidtdry erd folwo `rli thjs pdrjlk {`ja. 16 Peo kdr Seokdo

5:81k6 4:-006 Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81d7 1;-1:6 Hdssjoa, jo

prdp.). Perjlus prdhjstlrjc rdiejos wdrd kjsturndk, slid dvdo

clipbdtdby kdstrlydk, kurjoa kjaajoa lpdretjlos jo thd ^lieo

pdrjlk. [hd ardetdst eiluot l` keiead hek nddo ceusdk ny thd

clostructjlo l` thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot6 thd lthdr twl sdttbdidots eok thd cdidtdry wdrd bejk lut jo erdes thet wdrd olt

jotdosjvdby lccupjdk jo derbjdr tjids.

E`tdr thd lccupetjlo hek clid tl eo dok erluok thd ndajo

ojoa l` thd thjrk cdotury, olthjoa wes nujbt et Tssdo `lr e bloa

tjid. [hd derbjdst folwo idkjdveb sdttbdidot rdiejos ketd

`rli thd twdb`th eok `lurtddoth cdoturjds (sdd Peo kdr Seokdo

5:81n7 54-51). @joks l` Idrlvjoajeo eok Cerlbjoajeo plttdry



5; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

ablnuber plts, ]joasklr` werd eok stlodwerd hlwdvdr tdstj`y

tl huieo prdsdocd jo thd jotdrvdojoa pdrjlk. [hd betd

idkjdveb sdttbdidot rdiejos cliprjsd e siebb clocdotretjlo

l` `deturds jo thd sluthwdst l` Tssdo, closjstjoa l` e shdk

(`ja. 8), e wdbb (]>8), e kddp pjt (]>1), e ouindr l` shebblw

pjts pertby `jbbdk wjth nutchdrjoa rdùsd eok twl jslbetdk

docblsurds7 e rdcteoauber kjtchdk docblsurd (`ja. :) eok eo

lveb docblsurd ierfdk lut ny plsthlbds (`ja. 5=). Lod l` thdsd

`deturds jotdrsdctdk prdhjstlrjc `deturds, wjthlut hlwdvdr

lnbjtdretjoa thdi.

[hd ilst jiplrteot plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdss tl hevd

e``dctdk thd prdhjstlrjc rdiejos, thd kjseppdereocd l` thd lbk

@jaurd 0. Clotlur iep (i + OE]) l` Lss-Tssdo (nesdk lo kete `rli thd Clotlur Iep l` thd Odthdrbeoks, shddt ;4D olrth (5:0>-5:0:)).



b.-s F. SCHJOFDB - JO[^LKTC[JLO

beok surècd jo thd dotjrd Tssdo erde, js hlwdvdr olt esslcj- wes rejsdk wjth kuoa eok slks. Et bdest >=-3= ci l` thd

etdk wjth nujbkjoa ectjvjtjds, nut wjth thd èct thet thd sjtd wes lrjajoeb prl`jbd wes kjsturndk ny thdsd earjcubtureb ectjvjt jds,

usdk `lr crlp cubtjvetjlo `lr ieoy cdoturjds nd`lrd thd surècd es e rdsubt l` whjch loby thd kddpdst `deturds hevd survjvdk.

E

5!.

I O

53

5>

2<•'' Wlidrhl`

@jaurd 1. ]lsjtjlos l thd ^lieo-pdrjlk sdttbdidots eok cdidtdry et Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 575=,===.




@rli thd betd Ijkkbd Eads lowerks thd kjaajoa l` ieoy

kjtchds eok ceoebs, ilst l` whjch wdrd wjkd eok kddp, ceusdk

ùrthdr kjsturneocds. Slid erdes hevd ilrdlvdr nddo kjsturndk

ny arlups l` siebbdr, nut dquebby keieajoa, perebbdb, dbloaetdk

pjts, ieoy wjth `bet nesds, whjch erd esslcjetdk wjth seok-

wjoojoa ectjvjtjds (`ja. 556 PeokdrSeokdo 5:81n7 51-58).

5.;. ^DSDE^CH LNGDC[JPDS

Jo thd clursd l` thd jovdstjaetjlo thd lrjajoeb lngdctjvd uokdr

wdot verjlus cheoads, rdbetdk tl cheoads jo vjdws lo prdhjs

tlrjc slcjdtjds. [hd lrjajoeb lngdctjvd l` thd 'Ieesfeot prl

gdct' (Ieesfeot js thd oeid l thd erde olrth l` Lss up tl thd

Idusd) wes tl rdclostruct thd hjstlry l` lccupetjlo lo thd

@jaurd 8. ]beo l` e idkjdveb shdk`luok et Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 57>==,plsthlbds 575==.

¥ Ì

5 ¶

J - ¥

@jaurd :. ]beo l e siebb nujbkjoa (<)ketjoa `rli thd Ijkkbd Eads uoderthdket Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 57>==, plsthlbds575==.

• • v• • - .

@jaurd 5=. ]beo l eo lveb erreoadidotl` plsts ketjoa `rli thd Ijkkbd Eads etLss-Tssdo. Scebd 57>==, plsthlbds575==.



51 F. SCHJOFDB - JO[^LKTC[JLO

@jaurd 55. ]lst-^lieo kjsturneocds (kerfdst shekd l` ardy) et Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 574==.

nesjs l` thd dvjkdocd prlvjkdk ny thd sdttbdidots eok cdid

tdrjds, wjth thd diphesjs lo thd rdbetjloshjp ndtwddo thd

beokscepd eok jts lccupetjlo (Pdrwdrs 5:85). [hd uokdrbyjoa

eji wes tl dxpbejo thd didradocd eok kjseppdereocd l` cdr

tejo cubtureb phdolidoe `rli e cubtureb-hjstlrjceb pdrspdctjvd.

[hd stuky wes tl nd e sluthdro cluotdrpert l` thd sdttbdidot

rdsderch cerrjdk lut jo thd prlvjocd l` Krdothd ny thd Jostjtutd

l` Njlblay eok Erchedlblay l` thd Tojvdrsjty l` Arlojoado.

Qhdo rdsplosjnjbjty `lr thd prlgdct wes treos`drrdk tl Peo kdr

Seokdo jo 5:83, thd bettdr rd`lriubetdk thd lngdctjvd (5:81n7

>5), pertby uokdr thd jo`budocd l` rdsubts lntejodk jo rdsderch jo

thd Fdipdo rdajlo (Sbl`stre dt eb. 5:8>, 5:84). [hd diphesjs



JS EOEBDC[E ]ÊDH5S[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

shjttdk tl thd eoebysjs l` slcjl-cubtureb prlcdssds, nesdk lo e

systdijc vjdw l` cubturd. [hd ilst jiplrteot qudstjlos wdrd7

hlw kjk thd sdttbdidot systdi kdvdblp ndtwddo 8== NC eok

EK >4=, hlw kjk thd prlcdss l` ^lieojsetjlo tefd pbecd eok

hlw ceo thdsd kdvdblpidots nd dxpbejodk< Et thd seid tjid

thd rdsderch erde wes dxpeokdk tl jocbukd thd erde ndtwddo thd

]ddb rdajlo, thd Idusd eok thd rjvdr Kliidb.

[hd stuky whlsd rdsubts erd kjscussdk hdrd wes pdr`lrcdbjijtdk jo tjid eok specd. Jts iejo `lcus l` ettdotjlo wes

thd kdvdblpidot l` thd sdttbdidot systdi et Lss-Tssdo jo

thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead. [hjs ideot thet thd lngdctjvd

locd eaejo hek tl nd ekgustdk, ndceusd thd dvjkdocd lntejodk et

Lss-Tssdo eblod wes josu` jcjdot `lr e stuky l` slcjl-cubtureb

prlcdssds. [hd chjd` eji l` thd wlrf kjscussdk hdrd wes tl

eoebysd thd spetjeb pettdros lnsdrvenbd jo thd trdidoklus

eiluot l` dvjkdocd lntejodk jo thd dxcevetjlos et Lss-Tssdo

up tl eok jocbukjoa 5:80, whjch hek tl nd cbessj`jdk

eok lrkdrdk `lr thjs purplsd. Jssuds lo e bdvdb enlvd thet l` thd

sdttbdidot jtsdb` wdrd closjkdrdk sdclokerjby loby.

>. Chrlolblajceb eok typlblajceb sdqudocds>.5. JO[^LKTC[JLO

[hd prdsdot cheptdr `lcusds lo thd rdsubts l` thd verjlus

idthlks thet hevd nddo usdk tl ketd thd `deturds `luok et Lss-

Tssdo. @lr adodreb chrlolblajceb sdqudocds thd rdekdr js

rd`drrdk tl Peo kdo Nrldfd (jo prdp.). [hd ilst jiplrteot

ketjoa jostruidot js thd plttdry sdqudocd sdt up ny Peo kdo

Nrldfd (5:81e, 5::5, jo prdp.), cliperdk wjth whjch C5;

ketds erd l` loby ijolr jiplrteocd. Kdokrlchrlolblajceb

eoebysjs yjdbkdk usdùb ketds `lr thd ^lieo pdrjlk, ndjoa thd

loby pdrjlk `lr whjch allk seipbds wdrd evejbenbd (Peo kdr

Seokdo 5:81c).

E sdclok jssud thet wjbb nd kjscussdk ndblw js thd kdardd lèsslcjetjlo ndtwddo thd ketdk rdiejos eok thd `deturds (plst-

hlbd, pjt, kjtch) `rli whjch thdy wdrd rdclvdrdk. Jo lthdr

wlrks7 dxectby whet hevd wd ketdk< E C5; ketd lntejodk `lr

e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof usdk tl bjod e wdbb wjbb nd lbkdr theo

e ketd lntejodk `lr plttdry `luok jo thd wdbb. [hd `jrst ketd

tdbbs us whdo thd wdbb wes bjodk, thd sdclok whdo jt wes `jbbdk

up wjth rdùsd. Jo prectjcd, such ketds erd hlwdvdr usuebby

`luok tl lvdrbep (sdd >.>.>).

[hd best pert l` thjs ieouscrjpt clotejos typlblajceb

sdqudocds l` thd verjlus structurds eok pjts kjscussdk jo thd

ceteblaud (cheptdr 5=).

>.>. KE[JOA ID[HLKS

>.>.5. [hd plttdry sdqudocd l` Lss-Tssdo

Ebilst ebb thd `deturds `rli thd pdrjlks kjscussdk jo thjs

ieouscrjpt wdrd ketdk ny ideos l` thd blceb heok-iekd

plttdry. Es thjs pertjcuber `jok cetdalry wes sl wdbb rdprd

sdotdk et Tssdo eok clvdrdk thd dotjrd Jrlo Ead eok pert l`

thd ^lieo pdrjlk, e rdbjenbd rdbetjvd plttdry chrlolblay clubk

nd sdt up wjth thd ejk l` lrkdrjoa idthlks bjfd sdrjetjlo eokjotdrplbetjlo (sdd Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e7 >8-3=, 5::5). [hd

plttdry sdqudocd cliprjsds 5; phesds (E-O), twdbvd `lr thd

Jrlo Ead (E-B) eok twl `lr thd ^lieo pdrjlk (I-O) (`ja.

5>).; ]becjoa thdsd phesds jo eo enslbutd clotdxt js èr ilrd

kj``jcubt. [hd loby `jxdk pljots jo tjid erd thd jotrlkuctjlo l`

jijtetjlo Ierod plttdry erluok 4== NC (phesd D) eok thet l`

^lieo jiplrtdk plttdry erluok thd ndajoojoa l` thd Chrjstjeo

dre (phesd I). ]hesds E-K thdo clvdr thd Derby Jrlo Ead

(8==-4== NC), phesds D-H thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (4==->4= NC)

eok phesds J-B thd Betd Jrlo Ead (>4= NC - =). Ecclrkjoa tl

Peo kdo Nrldfd, dech phesd bestdk lo evdread 14 yders jo thd

Derby Jrlo Ead eok 0=-04 yders jo thd betdr pdrjlks.[hd verjlus phesds erd olt ebb dquebby wdbb rdprdsdotdk

eiloa thd `joks. [hd bdest wdbb rdprdsdotdk erd thd `jrst

phesds l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead eok ilst l` thd phesds l` thd

Betd Jrlo Ead (sdd thd enslbutd ouindrs jo `ja. 5>). [hd

kj``drdocds jo thd ouindrs l` `joks `rli thd verjlus phesds

erd ettrjnutenbd olt tl cheoads jo plpubetjlo kdosjty, nut tl

kj``drdocds jo kdplsjtjlo custlis jo thd Jrlo Ead7 jo thd `jrst

phesds l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead rdùsd wes olt ydt systdietjcebby

kdplsjtdk jo wdbbs eok pjts, es wes tl ndclid custliery `rli

phesd C lowerks. Bjttbd rdùsd dokdk up jo kddp pjts eok

kjtchds jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, tll, nut `lr e kj` drdot rdeslo

theo jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead, oeidby ndceusd vdry `dw wdbbs

eok pjts wdrd kua jo thjs pdrjlk (sdd sdctjlo 8.5). Ebb thd

rdùsd thet wes olt kdplsjtdk jo pjts eok kjtchds, nut `lr dxei

pbd lo hdeps enlvdarluok, wes pbluahdk jotl thd sljb jo betdr

tjids eok hdocd jo èct kjseppderdk.

[hd plttdry ketds very jo eccurecy `rli e sjoabd phesd tl

twdbvd phesds. [hdrd erd `lur bdvdbs l` eccurecy `lr dech

pdrjlk. Bdt's tefd thd Derby Jrlo Ead es eo dxeipbd. [hd ilst

eccuretd ketds erd thlsd cliprjsjoa e sjoabd phesd7 E, N, C lr

K6 odxt clid thlsd cliprjsjoa twl phesds, E-N, N-C lr C-K,

`lbblwdk ny ketds cliprjsjoa thrdd phesds, E-C lr N-K, eok

`joebby thlsd cliprjsjoa `lur phesds, E-K. Es ieoy `deturds

`rli thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead clubk olt nd ketdk ilrd

@jaurd 5>. Chrlolblajceb `rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l derthdowerd typds `luok et Lss-Tssdo. [hd typds wdrd kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l `lur verjenbds7 e. jojsh l` thd lutdr surècd6 typds7 rluahdodk, olo-rluahdodk6 n. kdsjao l` thd tlp pert l` thd vdssdb6 typds7 J (lpdo), JJ (cblsdk wjthlut eodcf), JJJ (cblsdk wjth e odcf)6 c. shepd l` thd vdssdb6 typds7 ouindrdk typds, e sdbdctjlo l whjch js jbbustretdk6 k. tdchojqud usdk tl kdclretd thdwebb6 typds7 `joadrtjp eok joadroejb jiprdssjlos, clin jiprdssjlos, arllvds, lthdr tdchojquds (jocbukjoa clinjoetjlos). [hd bjods rdprdsdot jotdr

prdtdk `rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlos (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e7 @jaurd 4).



V: F. SCHJOFDB - CH^LOLBLAZ

^]

BJE

Q fë

IJE

tJE

- 14=/1==

NC

X l

^]

J JE

Ib E

DJE

14=/1== •NC

L_v_l

% l



>= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd 5. [hd C5; ketds lntejodk tlr Lss-Tssdo. [hd ketds hevd nddo cebjnretdk wjth thd ejk l` thd eutlietjc cebjnretjlo prlarei (Ceb54) kdvdblpdk ny Peo kdr ]bjcht (5::3).

`deturd seipbd ietdrjeb/ CJ;- ketd cebjnretdk ketd (yders NC)

clotdxt (yders N]) 5 e (08,3 %) > C[ (:4,; %)

]38> ArO-::85 wllk >::4 µ 34 5>0;-550>, 5310-53;8,

bjojoa 55;;-553= 5350-5551

];:0 ArO-5==5> wllk

bjojoa

>08= µ >4 83>-8=8 8:0-88=,

8;8-8=>

]3:1 ArO-::84 wllk >434 µ 3= 1:=-10=, 010-00>, 1:0-14;,

`rli thd `jbb 03>-4:>, 48>-44; . 0:>-43;

]1> ArO-5=13> wllk:

>4>4 µ 34 18;-10=, 08=-040,

038-4;8

1:0-14=,

130-4>0

]:;e ArO-::83 wllk >4>4 µ 3= 18>-10=, 018-048, 1:;-14>,1>8-158,

bjojoa 03;-44> 1=;-43=

]J 40 ArO-::11 wllk >45= 54= 18=-14>, 1:0-;8>,

`rli thd `jbb 1==-43= ;;8-;50

JI:: ArO-::10 wllk >;14 µ >4 10>-01;, 00;-03=, 10;-050, 0=8-;8>,

bjojoa 4:;-48=, 440-4>= ;;8-;50

]>55 ArO-::8; wllk >;14 µ >4 10>-01;, 00;-03=, 10;-050, 0=8-;8>,

`rli thd `jbb 4:;-48=, 440-4>= ;;8-;50

]J 54 ArO-::14 wllk >;04 µ ;= 10=-010, 00=-03>, 10;-0>=,nreochds lo `bllr 4:=-480, 44>-;8>,

;;8-;50

0=0-;5=

]15 ArO-::1; wllk >;>4 µ 4= 14>-0:8, 10>-0>0, 4:8-408,

lo pjt `bllr 43=-;=; 40;-3:0

]04 ArO-::13 wllk >;>= µ 4= 14>-1>0, 1>>-1=>, 10>-0>8, 4:8-41=,

`rli thd `jbb 43=-;=> 40>-3:;

];; ArO-5=133 wllk >3:= µ 8= 148-08>, 0;8-0;;, 118-348, >88->4=,

lo pjt `bllr 4;0-38> >>0->5=

]>85 ArO-::8= wllk >3:= µ 3= 4=8-;:8, ;:=-;;;, 14>-13=,15=- 1=8,

bjojoa ;58-3:0 4>8-3:=

]3>= ArO-55533 wllk:

>334 µ 34 ;=;-318 ;88-;;;, ;58-348,

>80->4;

]>: ArO-5=1;= wllk

`rli thd `jbb

>3>= µ >4 3:8-38> ;=;-300,

>1>->08]40 ArO-5=1;5 wllk

bjojoa<

>35= µ3= 3:8-31= ;=;-348, >88->4=,

>>;->5>

]5=J ArO-5=130 wllk >>8= µ 34 3:;-348, >88->4>, 3:8-34=,

bjojoa >>>->5; 35;->=;

]1: ArO-5=1;> wllk

`rli thd `jbb

>>0= µ 4= 380-34;,

>:8->=8

3:;->==

]>4 ArO-5=13; wllk:

>>;4 µ 34 31>-34;,

3==->=8

380-338,

33=->==

]J == ArO-5=134 wllk

bjojoa

>>3= µ 4= 300-3;0, 3>=->1>,

>08->=>

3:>-510

]J 38 ArO-5=131 wllk >>>= µ 4= 30;-330, 33=->8=, 3:=-50>,

bjojoa >0=->== 53>-5>0

]>;5 ArO-::1: wllk >>54 µ >4 348-3;>, 3>0->80, 300->10,

`rli thd `jbb >4>->>>, >5;->== >0;-5:;

^45 ArO-50=;8 chercleb

`rli kjtch

>>5= µ0= 30;->18,

>0>-5:>

3:>-5=0

]:8 ArO-5553> wllk

`rli thd `jbb

>>== µ 34 348->88, >4=->>0,

>5>-5:;

31=-51>

]> ArO-5=13: wllk >51= µ4 = 340->:=, >;0->>8, 300->1;,

bjojoa >5=-54>, 5;0-550 >00-0=



>5 F. SCHJOFDB - CH^LOLBLAZ

`deturd seipbd ietdrjeb/ C5;-ketd cebjnretdk ketd (yders NC)

clotdxt (yders N]) 5 e (08,3 %) > C[ (:4,; %)

nurjeb 58= ArO-5=1>4 chercleb

`rli kjtch

>534 µ 44 330-33=,

>=-0

>==-4;, 30>->8>,

>48-3>

nurjeb 548 ArO-5=154 chercleb

`rli cdotrd

>5>4 µ3 4 588-:8,

10-1>

3;=-3>8,

>==-;;

^0 ArO-5=135 chercleb

`rli kjtch

>=84 µ 3= 54;-5;;,

558-;;

518-3>,

>=-0

nurjeb 54; ArO-5=150 chercleb

`rli cdotrd

>=84 µ 3= 54;-5;;,

558-;;

518-3>,

>=-0

ArO-5=151 chercleb

`rli kjtch

>>:4 µ 04 ;=>-34;,

3=;->=8

458-58=

nurjeb >=; ArO-5=1>0 chercleb

`rli kjtch

>=1= µ 34 55;-3>,

>>-;

51= NC-5= EK

]>15 ArO-::18 wllk

bjojoa<

>=04 µ 34 5=8-3=,

>;-;

508NC-5; EK

^8 ArO-50=;1 chercleb

`rli kjtch

>=04 µ >4 5=>-3;,

5;-5=

540-5;=.

5>= NC-0 EK

eccuretdby theo wjthjo twl phesds, thd twl-phesd bdvdb wjbb nd

usdk jo thd `lbblwjoa kjscussjlos eok jotdrprdtetjlos l` thd

`deturds. @lr thd Betd Jrlo Ead, `lr whjch dvdo `dwdr eccuretd

ketds erd evejbenbd, thd `lur-phesd bdvdb wjbb hevd tl nd usdk.

>.>.>. êkjlcernlo ketds

[hjrty-thrdd seipbds l` wllk eok chercleb `rli wdbbs, pjts

eojb nurjebs hevd nddo ketdk wjth thd ejk l` thd C5; idthlk.

[hd rdsubts erd shlwo jo tenbd 5 eok `jaurd 53. @jaurd 53 ebsl

jocbukds thd ketds lntejodk `lr thd `deturds lo thd nesjs l` thd

plttdry. Ilst l` thd bettdr ketds erd ilrd eccuretd theo thd

C5; ketds, whjch js olt surprjsjoa closjkdrjoa thd clursd l`

thd cebjnretjlo curvd jo thd best ijbbdoojui NC, whjch hes

qujtd eptby nddo kdscrjndk es 'thd `jrst ijbbdoojui NC rekjl

cernlo kjsestdr' (sdd Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e7 >3->0). Jo twl

cesds, ]>;5 eok ]3>=, thd ketd nesdk lo plttdry prlvdk tl nd

closjkdrenby yluoadr theo thd C5; ketd. [hdrd erd twl plssj

nbd dxpbeoetjlos `lr thjs7 5. thd pjt/wdbb wes `jbbdk up wjth

shdrks loby 1= yders e`tdr jt hek èbbdo jotl kjsusd6 >. thd

pjt/wdbb wes `jbbdk up jiidkjetdby e`tdr jt hek èbbdo jotl

kjsusd eok thd rdùsd wjth whjch jt wes `jbbdk jocbukdk lbk

wllk. Sdvdreb erauidots èvlur thd bettdr jotdrprdtetjlo. Jo

thd `jrst pbecd, thd rekjlcernlo-ketdk wllk kjk olt `lri pert

l` eoy structurd, nut wes rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbb es eo jslbetdk

`jok. Sdclokby, thd plttdry wes kjstrjnutdk thrluahlut thddotjrd `jbb eok olt loby jo thd tlp beydrs. [hjrkby, thd `deturds,

dspdcjebby ]3>=, bjd jo eo erde thet yjdbkdk ol dvjkdocd `lr

lccupetjlo jo thd pdrjlk clvdrdk ny thd C5; ketds.

>.> G. Jotdrsdctjlos eok spetjeb esslcjetjlo

^dbetjvd ketds ceo nd lntejodk et pljots whdrd `deturds jotdr

sdct lod eolthdr. Et Tssdo, thd ouindr l` jotdrsdctjoa Jrlo

Ead `deturds wes hlwdvdr sunsteotjebby siebbdr theo thd

ouindr l` jotdrsdctjoa `deturds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Eolthdr wey l` ketjoa `jokbdss `deturds js ny ideos l` spetjeb

esslcjetjlo. Nut thjs idthlk ceo nd usdk loby jo erdes thet

wdrd lccupjdk `lr e shlrt pdrjlk l` tjid. Ilst perts l` Tssdo

wdrd lccupjdk jo sdvdreb pdrjlks, wjth thd dxcdptjlo l` thd

sluthdestdro pert, whjch wes lccupjdk loby jo thd sdclok heb`

l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok plssjnby thd `jrst pert l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. Ilst `jokbdss `deturds jo thjs erde wdrd hdocd ketdk

tl thdsd phesds.

>.3. ESSLCJE[JLO ND[QDDO @DE[T^DS EOK @JOKS

Et thjs pljot jt js jiplrteot tl closjkdr hlw eo essdinbead js

`lridk. E kjstjoctjlo shlubk nd iekd ndtwddo pjts eok

kjtchds thet wdrd `jbbdk up shlrtby e`tdr thdy hek nddo kua, eok

thlsd thet rdiejodk lpdo `lr e èjrby bloa tjid. [hd `jrst

jocbukd plsthlbds eok `luoketjlo trdochds l` hlusds, lutnujbk

joas, areoerjds eok pebjsekds, thd sdclok wdbbs, pjts, kjtchds

ierfjoa thd bjijts l` `jdbks eok kjtchds l` rjtueb ilouidots.

]lsthlbds eok `luoketjlo trdochds wdrd `jbbdk up eaejo e`tdr

thd plsts eok webbs hek nddo pbecdk jo thdi. J` thdy wdrd kua

et e `lridrby uojohenjtdk sjtd, jo vjrajo sljb, thdjr `deturds wjbb

clotejo vdry `dw `joks, uobdss rdiejos wdrd kdbjndretdby

jiplrtdk `rli dbsdwhdrd tl sdrvd es pecfeajoa ietdrjeb. Jo

thd bettdr cesd thd rdsubt wjbb ubtjietdby nd seid es jo thd cesdl` plsthlbds, dtc. thet wdrd kua et e `lridrby lccupjdk sjtd, jo

cloteijoetdk sljb7 jo nlth cesds thd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd

`deturds wjbb nd lbkdr theo thd `deturds thdisdbvds. Qd oddk

olt dxpdct tl rdclvdr `rli `deturds ieoy rdiejos `rli thd

pdrjlk jo whjch thd nujbkjoa lr structurd wes jo usd j` wd

essuid thet thd `bllr wes rdauberby swdpt. Jt js thdo ilst

bjfdby thet rdùsd `rli thd `joeb phesd l` usd wjbb hevd dokdk



7 7 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

up jo thd hlbds thet clotejodk thd plsts supplrtjoa thd nujbk

joa. Jkdebby, `joks `rli thd cdotrd l` e plsthlbd shlubk thdrd

`lrd nd clbbdctdk sdperetdby `rli thlsd oder thd pdrjphdrjds.

Et Lss thjs wes loby rerdby plssjnbd es thd kjstjoctjlo ndtwddo

thd twl perts l` such `deturds wes jo ilst cesds ol bloadr

vjsjnbd.

@jaurd 53. Survdy l` thd cebjnretdk C5; ketds lntejodk `lr Lss-Tssdo. [hd thjcf eok thjo bjods rdprdsdot prlnenjbjty reoads l` 08.3 % eok :4.; %,rdspdctjvdby (sdd tenbd 5). [hd klttdk bjods jokjcetd ketds nesdk lo `joks.



>3 F. SCHJOFDB - CH^LOLBLAZ

[hd prlnbdi lutbjodk enlvd klds olt eppby `lr e berad pert

l` thd Jrlo Ead ndceusd thd lccupeots fdpt ilvjoa thdjr

èris tl `rdsh sjtds. @rli thd ndajoojoa l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead

lowerks, hlwdvdr, thd kwdbbjoas ndceid ilrd stetjloery eok

wd iust hdocd ebblw `lr thd plssjnjbjty l` rdiejos jo `deturds

hevjoa ndclid ijxdk wjth lbkdr eok (jo thd tlp beydrs) l`tdo

IJKKBDN^LOWD EAD

BE[DN^LOWD EAD

DE^BZJ^LO EAD

IJKKBDJ^LO EAD

BE[DJ^LO EAD

E N C K D @ A H J G F B

5

>

;

ug l

= 05 1

8

:

5

>

;

ug l

= 05 1

8

:

5

>

;

ug l

= 05 1

8

:

5

>

;

ug l

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8

:

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>

;

ug l

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8

:

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>

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ug l

= 05 1

8

:

5

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;

ug l

= 05 1

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:_ ~

JE

« JNTG

j JC22 J K

S o E

J C

JE

« JNTG

j JC22 J K

S o E

J C

JE

« JNTG

j JC22 J K

S o E

J C

JE

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j JC22 J K

S o E

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j JC22 J K

S o E

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j JC22 J K

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« JNTG

j JC22 J K

S o E

J C

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

‛

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

‛

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

AHJ

E5E>

E3

E4

t E1

l N

2 C

> K

j D

@

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E5E>

E3

E4

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AHJ

@jaurd 5;. [yplblajceb sdqudocds l` hlusds, areoerjds, wdbbs eok pjts `luok et Lss-Tssdo. [hd thjo eok thjcf bjods jokjcetd thet thd typd jo qudstjlojs rdprdsdotdk jo lod pertjcuber pdrjlk lr jo lod pertjcuber phesd, rdspdctjvdby.



>; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

ebsl yluoadr ietdrjeb.'4 Qd `lr dxeipbd folw l` hlusd pbeos

`rli thd `jrst cdotury NC whjch, jo clotrest tl ebb thd derbjdr

pbeos, wdrd `luok tl clotejo berad queotjtjds l` `joks. Hek

thdsd rdiejos ketdk `rli loby thd best phesd l` usd, thdo thd

cdotrds l` thd plsthlbds wlubk prdsuienby hevd rdsdinbdk

slid fjok l` secrj`jcjeb she`ts whdo thdy wdrd dxcevetdk. Es

thjs wes olt thd cesd, wd iust clocbukd thet thd ieglrjty l`

thd `joks ceid `rli thd pdrjphdrjds l` thd plsthlbds eok hdocdprlvjkd e tdrijous plst qudi `lr thd clostructjlo eok usd l`

thd hlusd.

Jo thd cesd l` pjts, wdbbs eok kjtchds thet rdiejodk lpdo `lr

slid tjid e`tdr thdy hek nddo kua jt js èr ilrd bjfdby thet

slid l` thd rdiejos wjbb ketd `rli thd pdrjlk l` usd. [hd

ieglrjty l` thd rdiejos thet erd rdclvdrdk `rli ieoy wdbbs

eok pjts hlwdvdr ketd `rli e`tdr thd pdrjlk l` usd eok hdocd

prlvjkd e tdrijous eotd qudro `lr thd usd l` thd wdbb lr pjt.

Ilrdlvdr, thd `jbbs l` thlsd thet wdrd kua jo cloteijoetdk sljb

wjbb prlnenby ebsl clotejo lbkdr rdiejos. Lbkdr rdiejos iey

hevd nddo joclrplretdk jo such `jbbs `lr dxeipbd whdo, e`tdr e

wdbb hek nddo kua eok bjodk, thd specd ndtwddo thd bjojoa eokthd webb l` thd wdbb wes `jbbdk up eaejo. Jt js hdocd ekvjsenbd

tl rdclrk thd dxect plsjtjlos l` ebb `joks docluotdrdk jo such

`deturds, tll. Et Tssdo thjs wes klod jo thd 5:8=s jo thd

dxcevetjlo l` thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot `rli thd ^lieo

pdrjlk.

E `joeb cliidot thet shlubk nd iekd hdrd js thet thd

evejbenbd ketjoa idthlks erd olt eccuretd doluah tl doenbd us

tl kjstjoaujsh ndtwddo thd verjlus phesds jo thd bjvds l`

hlusds, wdbbs, pjts, kjtchds, dtc.7 thd structurds iey hevd

nddo kua/ nujbt, usdk, eneoklodk eok `jbbdk up ebb wjthjo e

sjoabd phesd.

>.;. [Z]LBLAJCEB SDUTDOCDS L@ [HD N^LOWD EAD EOK

J LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[ @DE[T^DS E[ LSS-TSSDO

@jaurd 5; shlws hlw bloa thd kj``drdot typds l` hlusds,

areoerjds, wdbbs eok pjts wdrd usdk. [hd `jaurd js nesdk lo thd

dvjkdocd kjscussdk jo thd ceteblaud (pert JJ). Olt jocbukdk jo

thd `jaurd erd thd lutnujbkjoas, ndceusd thdy hevd olt nddo

erreoadk jo typlblajceb lrkdr, eok thd pebjsekds/kjtchds,

ndceusd thdy wdrd kj``jcubt tl ketd. [hd bettdr prlnbdi hlbks

`lr thd areoerjds, tll7 bdss theo >=% clubk nd ketdk. [hd

sdqudocds l` thd kj``drdot typds l` hlusds, wdbbs eok pjts erd

èjrby rdbjenbd ndceusd thd ieglrjty l` thlsd structurds clubk

nd ketdk. Nut es ilst typds rdiejodk jo usd `lr bloa pdrjlks

l` tjid, thdsd sdqudocds erd olt vdry usdùb `lr ketjoa `jokbdss

sdttbdidot `deturds, jo pertjcuber areoerjds, wdbbs eok pjts.

Qhdodvdr thd tdris 'ketdk' eok 'uoketdk' erd usdk jo thd

`lbblwjoa cheptdrs thdy erd uokdrstllk tl ideo 'ketdk lo thd

nesjs l` `joks' eok 'ol `joks lr ol ketenbd `joks wdrd evejb

enbd', rdspdctjvdby. Eo estdrjsf ndhjok e pjt ouindr jokjcetds

thet rekjlcernlo ketds hevd nddo lntejodk `lr `joks `rli thd

pjt jo qudstjlo.

3. Slid prdbjijoery rdierfs lo thd `lbblwjoacheptdrs

Jo thd prdsdot cheptdr verjlus jssuds thet erd jiplrteot wjth

rdspdct tl thd `lbblwjoa cheptdrs wjbb nd nrjd`by dxpbejodk.

such es thdjr structurd, thd kjvjsjlo l` thd sjtd pbeo jotl

kdscrjptjvd uojts, thd chrlolblajceb phesds usdk eok thd ideo

joa l` thd tdris 'èriyerk' eok 'sdttbdidot'.

Ebb thd `lbblwjoa kdscrjptjlos wjbb nd nesdk lo thd sjtdpbeo, whjch shlws ebb thd jkdotj`jdk structurds eok `deturds,

j.d. ebb thd hlusd pbeos, `deturds l` lutnujbkjoas eok areoerjds,

pebjsekds eok kjtchds, wdbbs, pjts, ùodrery eok rdbetdk struc

turds. [hdsd `deturds wdrd olt ebb kjsclvdrdk jo pjts kua `lr

erchedlblajceb rdsderch. Ieoy ceid tl bjaht jo nujbkjoa pjts

eok jo trdochds kua `lr prlgdctdk rleks eok pjpdbjods. Ilst l`

thd bettdr pjts eok trdochds hevd nddo jokjcetdk jo thd sjtd pbeo.

Jo ekkjtjlo, e `dw jslbetdk `deturds wdrd lnsdrvdk, jo pertjcu

ber jo thd wdst eok thd sluthdest eok olrthdest l` Tssdo. Jo thd

bettdr cesds loby thd `deturds hevd nddo jocbukdk jo thd sjtd

pbeo, es thd kjidosjlos l` thd pjts lr trdochds jo whjch thdy

wdrd `luok erd olt folwo.

[hd pdrjlk pbeos thet wjbb nd usdk jo thd `lbblwjoa cheptdrs

erd nesdk lo thd sjtd pbeo. [hd pdrjlk pbeos shlw ebb thd

structurds eok `deturds thet hevd nddo ketdk tl thd pdrjlk jo

qudstjlo lo thd nesjs l` `joks, pbus ebb thd `deturds thet clubk

olt nd ketdk. [hd `jrst arlup cliprjsds thd ieglrjty l` thd

hlusd pbeos eok `deturds l` lutnujbkjoas, thd wdbbs, thd kddp

pjts eok thd kjtchds, thd sdclok thd ieglrjty l` thd areoerjds,

thd shebblw pjts, thd pebjsekds eok thd ùodrery eok rdbetdk

structurds. [hd kj `drdot pdrjlks kjstjoaujshdk erd thd

Odlbjthjc (cheptdr ;), thd Nrlozd Ead (cheptdr 4), thd Derby

Jrlo Ead (cheptdr 0), thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (cheptdr 1) eok thd

Betd Jrlo Ead (cheptdr 8).

[hd beylut l` ebb thd e`lrdidotjlodk cheptdrs js thd seid,wjth thd dxcdptjlo l` thet l` cheptdr ;. Dech cheptdr ndajos

wjth e adodreb jotrlkuctjlo, `lbblwdk ny e kdscrjptjlo l` thd

`deturds, whjch hevd `lr thjs purplsd nddo kjvjkdk jotl

arlups, lr kdscrjptjvd uojts. Odxt, thd nujbkjoa tdchojquds thet

ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli hlusd pbeos eok wdbb bjojoas erd kjs

cussdk, e`tdr whjch ettdotjlo js pejk tl thd `joks rdclvdrdk

`rli thd kjscussdk `deturds. ]lttdry eok lthdr lngdcts l` cbey,

tdphrjtd, stlod, idteb, wllk eok abess erd kjscussdk sdpe

retdby, joslèr es thdy erd rdprdsdotdk jo e pertjcuber pdrjlk.

[hd sdctjlo cebbdk 'dxcheoad' kjscussds whjch l` thd allks

wdrd lntejodk vje jiplrt. [hd nlteojceb eok zllblajceb dvj

kdocd js suiierjzdk jo thd best sdctjlo l` thd kdscrjptjvd pert

l` dech cheptdr. [hdsd njlblajceb rdiejos erd jotdrprdtdk

sdperetdby ny thd rdsderchdrs whl stukjdk thdi (Nefdbs, thjs

vlbuid6 Beuwdrjdr/JGzdrdd`, thjs vlbuid). [hd syothdsjs,

`joebby, clotejos e spetjeb eoebysjs l` thd dvjkdocd prdsdotdk jo

thd prdvjlus cheptdrs. Qd wjbb thdo ilvd `rli thd bdvdb l`

jokjvjkueb structurds tl thd bdvdb l` thd èriyerk eok `rli

thdrd lo tl thd bdvdb l` thd sdttbdidot. Jo thd kdscrjptjlos l`



>4 F. SCHJOFDB - ]^DBJIJOE^Z ^DIE^FS

@jaurd 54. Dxcevetjlo pbeo l` Lss-Tssdo7 thd nbecf bjods jokjcetd thd (perts l thd) dxcevetjlo pjts jo whjch ol prdhjstlrjc lr ^lieo `deturds wdrd `luok.

thd `deturds eok thd ietdrjeb cubturd eok jo thd syothdsjs. Qd wjbb olw tefd e bllf et thd prlnbdis jovlbvdk jo kjvjk-

whdrd plssjnbd, e kjstjoctjlo wjbb nd iekd ndtwddo thd `jrst joa `deturds jotl kdscrjptjvd uojts, eok et thd crjtdrje `lr jotdr-

eok thd sdclok heb` l thd pdrjlk kjscussdk. [hjs js jokddk thd prdtjoa e arlup l `deturds es e èriyerk lr e sdttbdidot. @lr

loby kjstjoctjlo thet ceo nd iekd, ndceusd thd ardet ieglrjty clovdojdocd l` cliperjslo ndtwddo thd kdscrjptjlos jt wes

l` thd `deturds clubk olt nd ketdk tl e sjoabd phesd (sdd ebsl kdcjkdk tl kjvjkd thd `deturds rli dech pdrjlk jotl arlups, lr

cheptdr >). kdscrjptjvd uojts. [hjs wes klod ny sungdctjoa thd kjstrjnutjlos



>0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

l` ebb l` thd `deturds `rli thd jokjvjkueb pdrjlks tl cbustdr

eoebysjs, jrrdspdctjvd l` whdthdr thd `deturds ketdk `rli thd

`jrst lr thd sdclok heb` l` thd pdrjlks.0 Es ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli

e nrjd` abeocd et thd sjtd pbeo shlwo jo ja. 54, thd nluokerjds

l` thd cbustdrs kjstjoaujshdk jo thd eoebysds wdrd l`tdo `luok

tl cljocjkd wjth rdbetjvdby berad uodxcevetdk, eok hdocd `de

turdbdss, erdes. [hjs prlnbdi wjbb erjsd wjth eoy kjvjsjlo nesdk

lo kjstrjnutjlos l` `deturds. Nut es thd purplsd l` thd kjstjoaujshdk uojts js kdscrjptjvd rethdr theo eoebytjceb, jt wes

kdcjkdk tl kjvjkd thd `deturds jotl arlups lo thd nesjs l` thd

rdsubts l` thd cbustdr eoebysds eoywey. Qhdrd odcdssery,

hlwdvdr, thd nluokerjds ndtwddo cbustdrs hevd nddo ekgustdk

`lr purdby preaietjc rdeslos. Sdperetd, w(dstdro), o(lrthdro),

d(estdro), s(luthdro) eok c(dotreb). clocdotretjlos l` `deturds

hevd nddo kjstjoaujshdk wjthjo rdbetjvdby berad arlups. [hdy

wjbb nd kjscussdk jo thjs lrkdr jo thd `lbblwjoa cheptdrs.

Jo thd syothdsjs l` dech pdrjlk eo ettdipt wjbb nd iekd tl

plrtrey thd èriyerk eok thd sdttbdidot. [hjs wjbb nd e kj``j

cubt tesf lo eccluot l` thd èct thet thd dvjkdocd js olt cli

pbdtd. eok ndceusd l` thd uocdrtejoty l` thd ketds. L` clursdeoy erchedlblajceb rdclrk js ny kd`jojtjlo joclipbdtd. Et

Tssdo thjs wes thd cesd tl e berad dxtdot ndceusd thd dxce

vetdk trdochds wdrd olt ebb bjofdk eok, tl e bdssdr dxtdot,

ndceusd thd lrjajoeb lccupetjlo beydr hek nddo kjsturndk ny

plsj kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds. Es ceo nd sddo jo thd sjtd pbeo.

Tssdo wes ectuebby reokliby dxcevetdk (`ja. 54). [hd loby

erdes thet wdrd ilrd lr bdss clipbdtdby jovdstjaetdk erd thd

sdttbdidot sjtds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk, eok jt js jo prdcjsdby

thdsd erdes thet lbkdr sdttbdidot rdiejos hek su``drdk ilst

plst-kdplsjtjloeb kjsturneocd. Jo slid perts l` Tssdo jt wes

olt thd joclipbdtdodss l` thd erchedlblajceb dvjkdocd thet

wes thd prlnbdi nut lo thd clotrery jts clipbdtdodss. [hdg

erd thd perts clotejojoa cbustdrs l` sl ieoy plsthlbds thetherkby eoy structurds clubk nd rdclaojsdk, whdrdes structurds

iust cdrtejoby hevd stllk thdrd.

[hd uocdrtejoty l` thd ketds js e prlnbdi wjth rdspdct tl

dstenbjshjoa thd clotdiplreodjty l` erchedlblajceb `deturds.

Dvdo j` jt hek nddo plssjnbd tl ketd ebb thd `deturds eccuretdby,

j.d. tl wjthjo e sjoabd phesd, thjs prlnbdi wlubk stjbb rdiejo

ndceusd thd jokjvjkueb phesds cliprjsd lo evdread 0=-14 yders,

whdrdes thd bjvds l` èris, areoerjds, wdbbs, dtc. wjbb hevd nddo

iuch shlrtdr. Ilrdlvdr, ilst l` thd `deturds `luok et Tssdo

clubk olt nd ketdk tl e sjoabd phesd. [hd dvjkdocd thdrd`lrd

ebblws loby ijojiui jotdrprdtetjlos eok adodreb clocbusjlos.

Jkdotj`yjoa èriyerks wes thd bdest kj``jcubt thdrd whdrdhlusd pbeos wdrd `luok. Nut dvdo jo thdsd cesds jt js jocjkdo

tebby olt dotjrdby clrrdct tl usd thd tdri 'èriyerk', ndceusd

vjrtuebby ol trecds l` docblsurds wdrd `luok. [hd tdri 'èri

yerk' js jo thjs ieouscrjpt hdocd usdk tl rd`dr tl thd beok

jiidkjetdby surrluokjoa e èri.

[hdrd whdrd ol hlusd pbeos, nut lthdr `deturds wdrd `luok,

such es areoerjds, wdbbs eok/lr pjts, jt wes kj``jcubt tl kdcjkd

whdthdr thd structurds jo qudstjlo lrjajoebby bey jo e yerk

surrluokjoa e èri lr whdthdr thd `deturds rdprdsdotdk ectjvj

tjds lutsjkd thd yerk. Jo ilst cesds whdrd hlusd pbeos wdrd

dxpdctdk nut olt lnsdrvdk, thdjr ensdocd js ettrjnutenbd tl thd

èct thet berad erdes l` beok oderny hek olt nddo dxcevetdk, lr

tl plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds. Slidtjids thd oeturd l` thd

`joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbbs l` `deturds prlvjkdk usdùb

cbuds, nut ilstby thdy wdrd thd usueb sdttbdidot rdùsd6 thdkj``drdocds jo thd rdiejos `rli kj``drdot `deturds wdrd dssdo

tjebby queotjtetjvd rethdr theo quebjtetjvd. [hd loby cbuds jo

such cesds wdrd thd typd l` `deturd eok adodreb jiprdssjlos.

@lr dxeipbd, areoerjds eok wdbbs wjbb usuebby hevd bejo cblsd

tl e hlusd. Nut, es wjbb ndclid epperdot jo thd `lbblwjoa

kjscussjlos l` verjlus yerks, thjs wes cdrtejoby olt ebweys thd

cesd. [hd clinjoetjlo l` e ouindr l` verjenbds - thd oeturd

l` thd rdùsd, thd typd l` `deturd, thd kjsteocd ndtwddo `de

turds, thd eiluot l` plst-kdplsjtjloeb kjsturneocd, thd kdosjty

l` dxcevetjlo pjts - ubt jietdby prlvdk tl nd thd ndst - lr es

thd cesd iey nd thd bdest wlrst - crjtdrjlo `lr jotdrprdtetjlo.

[hd tdri 'sdttbdidot' js hdrd usdk jo eo eoebytjceb sdosd, tlrd`dr tl e chrlolblajcebby eok spetjebby rdbetdk arlup l` `de

turds sdperetdk `rli e kj``drdot arlup l` `deturds ny eo

'dipty' erde. Kjsteocds ndtwddo `deturds prlvdk pertjcuberby

usdùb jo kjstjoaujshjoa kj``drdot sdttbdidots `rli e pertjcuber

pdrjlk. Eolthdr crjtdrjlo `lr thd Betd Jrlo Ead wes thd lrjdo

tetjlo l` èris.

E sdttbdidot iey cliprjsd lod lr ilrd spetjebby rdbetdk

èriyerks (Hjoabdy 5:8:7 14). Es thd èriyerks wdrd ilvdk

erluok jo thd seoky pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks jo thd Jrlo Ead (e

custli folwo es Qeokdrsjdkbuoa jo Adrieo6 Flssecf dt eb.

5:8;) e sdttbdidot ceo nd kd`jodk es e tdrrjtlry wjthjo whjch

lod lr ilrd èriyerks wdrd ilvdk erluok. [hjs kd`jojtjlo

bdeks tl èjrby berad sdttbdidots. Jo ilst cesds thd èriyerks

wjthjo e tdrrjtlry erd kjechrlojcebby rdbetdk7 thdy rdprdsdot

succdssjvd phesds jo thd lccupetjlo l` lod, lr et ilst twl

èris. Hlw kj``jcubt jt js tl lntejo e cbder pjcturd l` e sdttbd

idot jo thd systdijc sjtuetjlo js epperdot `rli thd `lbblwjoa

qultds rdbetjoa tl rureb sdttbdidots `rli thd clblojeb pdrjlk jo

E`rjce7

"[hd wlrk vjbbead js jo ieoy weys e ijsbdekjoa lod jo E`rjceo

tdris. Jo ilst erdes vjbbeads wdrd clocdjvdk l` es arlups l` pdlpbd

rethdr theo arlups l` nujbkjoas. Jo slid pbecds, vjbbeads wdrd olt et

ebb epperdot lo thd arluok eok ydt cdrtejo hlidstdeks kd`jojtdby

ndbloadk tladthdr, ndjoa bjvdk jo ny lod cbeo lr fjoshjp arlup. [hd

derbjdst clblojeb l``jcdrs jo Nuaeoke rdplrtdk thet thdrd wdrd olvjbbeads, loby scettdrdk hlidstdeks. Cblsdr dxeijoetjlo, hlwdvdr,

hes shlwo thet thd cluotrysjkd wes kjvjkdk up jotl oeidk erdes

whjch wdrd bllfdk uplo es vjbbeads tl whjch pdlpbd ndbloadk. (...)

Pjbbeads eok hlusds wdrd nujbt rluok pdlpbd eok thdjr arlupjoas6

thdrd wes ol qudstjlo l` pdlpbd ekeptjoa thdisdbvds tl `jxdk hlusds

eok vjbbeads, whjch iey hevd nddo uosujtenbd lr joekdquetd. [hdrd

wes hlwdvdr e allk kdeb l` cerdùb pbeoojoa l`tdo nesdk lo sluok

prectjceb prjocjpbds, nut slidtjids rdbetdk tl rdbjajlus ndbjd`s eok



>1 F. SCHJOFDB - ]^DBJIJOE^Z ^DIE^FS

@jaurd 50. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd Odlbjthjc joks rdclvdrdk et Lss-Tssdo. 5 9 pjt, > 9 strey `jok.

tenlls. (...) [hjs dxeipbd (l` thd Felokd vjbbeads, FS) uokdrbjods pjts, dtc. Dstjietds l` thd bjvds l` èris, `lr dxeipbd, very

thd kj``jcubty l` gust stukyjoa thd arluok pbeos l` vjbbeads, sjocd ` r=i 54 tl 8= yders (sdd Peo kdr Seokdo 5:857 oltd 30).

jovjsjnbd nluokerjds wdrd olt uocliilo." (Kdoydr 5:187 5:). w h d o w d b l l f e t t h d k u r e n j b j t y l ` t h d dipblydk wllk, e bj`d

l` 4= yders prlvds tl nd thd iexjiui `lr e structurd iekd l`

Eo jiplrteot prlnbdi jo thd jotdrprdtetjlo l` èriyerks lef (Nefdbs 5:186 Nrjoffdipdr 5::5). Bjvds iey dvdo hevd

eok sdttbdidots clocdros thd bjvds l` èris, areoerjds, wdbbs , nddo es shlrt es 5>->4 yders jo thd cesd l` structurds iekd l`




@jaurd 51. Odlbjthjc `bjot ertdècts `rli Lss-Tssdo. e7 `reaidot l` e Pbeerkjoado exd6 n7 `reaidot l` eo exd6 c7 Ndbb Ndefdr errlwhdek. Scebd 575.

kj``drdot typds l` wllk. [hjs l` clursd hes closdqudocds `lr

thd cebcubetjlo l` thd ouindr l` clotdiplrery èris jo e

sdttbdidot. Lo thd bdvdb l` thd èriyerk, tll, jt js jiplrteot tl

folw whdthdr e areoery wjbb hevd bestdk `lr dxeipbd `jvd lr

tdo yders. Bjttbd ceo nd sejk enlut thjs iettdr uotjb wd lntejoilrd jo`lrietjlo `rli dxpdrjidoteb erchedlblajceb rdsderch.

Eb thd sjtd l` thd Stjchtjoa ]rdhjstlrjsch Hujs Djokhlvdo

(Djokhlvdo ]rdhjstlrjd Hlusd @luoketjlo), whdrd verjlus

rdclostructjlos, nesdk beradby lo dvjkdocd `rli Tssdo, wdrd

drdctdk jo 5:83 jt hes `lr dxeipbd nddo `luok thet wdbbs bjodk

wjth wettbdwlrf wjbb hevd bestdk loby e `dw yders

(Nllostre/Cebbdndrt 5::5). Jo thjs stuky wd wjbb essuid e bj d

l` >4-3= yders `lr e èri eok iuch shlrtdr bjvds `lr areoerjds,

wdbbs eok sjijber structurds.

;. Odlbjthjc `joks

Odlbjthjc ertdècts wdrd `luok jo thrdd pbecds jo thd olrth l`Tssdo (`ja. 50). Olod l` thd `deturds jo whjch thd lngdcts wdrd

`luok hlwdvdr ketdk `rli thd Odlbjthjc6 thdy wdrd ebb l` e

yluoadr ketd.

[wl l` thd ertdècts erd `reaidots l` `bjot exds, lod l` whjch

ceo nd typlblajcebby ketdk tl thd Pbeerkjoado pdrjlk. [hd bettdr

`reaidot, whjch hes e cuttjoa dkad wjth e wjkth l` ; ci, ceid

`rli ]380, whjch wes ketdk tl phesd C l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead



¶ F. SCHJOFDB - ODLBJ[HJC @JOKS

(`ja. 51e). [hd sdclok `reaidot, whjch ceoolt nd eccuretdby

ketdk, js e strey jok. [hd cuttjoa dkad js 4 ci wjkd (`ja. 51n).

[hd thjrk ertdèct js e 3.4-ci-bloa `bjot nerndk eok teoadk

errlwhdek `rli thd Ndbb Ndefdr pdrjlk {`ja. 51c). Jt wes `luok

jo thd jbb l` pjt ];>4, whjch wes ketdk tl phesds G-F l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. Jt js olt cdrtejo whdrd thd ertdècts ceid `rli7 thdy

@jaurd 58. Schdietjc survdy l` thd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd Nrlozd Ead `deturds. [hd ouindrs rd`dr tl thd kjstjoaujshdk arlups.




@jaurd 5:. Lss-Tssdo arlup >. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Nrlozd Ead. Scebd 574==.

wdrd djthdr blst lr kjscerkdk e`tdr usd et thd sjtd jo thd Odlbjthjc

lr thdy wdrd `luok dbsdwhdrd ny thd Jrlo Ead lccupeots l`

Tssdo, whl thdo nrluaht thdi ebloa tl thdjr sdttbdidot.

4. Nrlozd Ead sdttbdidots4.5. JO[^LKTC[JLO

[hd lbkdst sdttbdidot rdiejos jo thd jovdstjaetdk erde ketd `rli

thd Nrlozd Ead. [hdy erd e hlusd pbeo, e `dw bjodk wdbbs, kddp

eok shebblw pjts eok e kjtch (pbeos J E, JN). [hdsd `deturds

yjdbkdk thd clersdby tdipdrdk plttdry cherectdrjstjc l` thd Nrlozd

Ead. [hd loby C5; ketd evejbenbd èbbs jo thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead.

[hjs klds olt odcdsserjby ideo thet ebb thd `deturds ketd `rli thjs

pdrjlk. Slid iey vdry wdbb nd sbjahtby lbkdr lr sbjahtby yluoadr,

eok ketd `rli thd Derby lr thd Betd Nrlozd Ead, rdspdctjvdby.

Es ceo nd sddo jo thd krewjoa, thd Nrlozd Ead `deturds erd

cbustdrdk jo thrdd iejo clocdotretjlos7 lod jo thd olrthwdst

dro, lod jo thd olrthdestdro eok lod jo thd sluthwdstdro quekreot (`ja. 58). [hrdd siebbdr cbustdrs ceo nd kjstjoaujshdk

wjthjo thd clocdotretjlo jo thd olrthdestdro quekreot. Ol

Nrlozd Ead `deturds wdrd `luok tl thd sluthdest l` thd bjod

thet ceo nd krewo `rli D0 tl BJ>.

[hd `deturds l` thdsd `jvd arlups ebb shlw scettdrdk kjstrjn

utjlo pettdros. Pjrtuebby olod l` thd `deturds jotdrsdct lod

eolthdr. [hd arlups wjbb nd kdscrjndk sdperetdby ndblw.

4.>. [HD @DE[T DS

4.>.5. Arlup J

[hd `jrst arlup bjds èr lutsjkd thd erde l` thd ectueb dxceve

tjlo. [hd `deturds jo qudstjlo wdrd kjsclvdrdk ny idindrs l`

thd erchedlblajceb stuky arlup l` thd Hddifuokdfrjoa Ieesbeok jo 5:84 jo e trdoch kua `lr wetdr pjpds . [hdy cli

prjsd e rdcteoauber kjtchdk docblsurd wjth rluokdk clrodrs,

loby e siebb pert l` whjch wes jovdstjaetdk, wjth e shebblw pjt

(];;8, typd @) lo thd josjkd. [hd kjtch wes ;=-0= ci wjkd

eok >=-;= ci kddp eok hek e rluokdk tl ebilst P-shepdk

crlss-sdctjlo. [hd siebb pert thet wes jovdstjaetdk yjdbkdk ol

dvjkdocd `rli whjch thd structurd's lrjajoeb shepd eok sjzd

ceo nd rdclostructdk. Nlth `deturds bey lo e cbderby vjsjnbd

dbdvetjlo. [hd thjrk dbdidot l`L thjs arlup js e kddp pjt

(];:1, typd N), whjch wes `luok epprlx. >1= i tl thd wdst l`

thd e`lrdidotjlodk twl `deturds.

4.>.>.. Arlup >

[hd sdclok arlup l` `deturds bjds 04= i tl thd dest l` thd `jrst. Jt

closjsts l` e thrdd-ejsbdk hlusd pbeo l` typd 5E (H5>4), `lur

wdbbs bjodk wjth hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs (];30e eok n, ];31

eok ];38) eok e shebblw pjt (];3:, typd H) (`ja. 5:). [hdsd `de

turds hevd ebrdeky nddo kdscrjndk dbsdwhdrd (Pesnjokdr/@lffdos

5:81) eok wjbb thdrd`lrd nd kdebt wjth loby suiierjby hdrd.



35 F. SCHJOFDB - N^LOWD EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

/l -

- j

@jaurd >=. Hlusd pbeo H5>4 l` typd 5E `rli thd Nrlozd Ead. Scebd 57>==.

[hd dest-wdst lrjdotdk hlusd pbeo hes e bdoath l` et bdest >:

i eok e wjkth l` epprlx. 4.4 i (`ja. >=). [hd wdstdro sjkd l`

thd pbeo js strejaht6 thd lrjajoeb shepd l` thd destdro sjkd

clubk ol bloadr nd kdtdrijodk lwjoa tl betdr kjsturneocd. Jo

thd sluthdro bloa webb wes eo dotreocd, whjch kjvjkdk thdnujbkjoa jotl twl uodqueb perts. Es thd erde lpplsjtd thjs

dotreocd wes kjsturndk jo thd sunrdcdot pest wd kl olt folw

whdthdr thdrd wes ebsl eo dotreocd jo thd lpplsjtd webb lr

whdthdr thd twl uodqueb perts wdrd sdperetdk ny e pertjtjlo.

E squerd sdttjoa l` `lur plsthlbds wes lnsdrvdk jo thd wdstdro

pert l` thd hlusd6 jt js thluaht tl nd l` thd seid ketd es thd

hlusd.

[hd bjodk wdbbs wdrd tl thd olrth l` thd hlusd. [hdy wdrd

erreoadk jo pejrs (];30e eok n6 ];31 eok ];38), et >1 eok 54

i `rli H5>4, rdspdctjvdby. [hd bettdr twl wdbbs ceoolt nlth

hevd nddo jo usd et thd seid tjid ndceusd thdjr `deturds jotdr

sdct. Qhjch l` thd twl js lbkdr js olt cbder. ];30e eok n wdrd

ilst prlnenby olt nlth jo usd et thd seid tjid djthdr. [hd twl

bjojoas wdrd `luok tl bjd jo thd seid pjt, wjth thd kj``drdocd

thet bjojoa n wes sdt et eo lnbjqud eoabd whdrdes e stllk

vdrtjcebby jo thd pjt. Qdbb e js prlnenby thd yluoadst.

Ol lthdr kddp pjts wdrd `luok. L` thd siebb ouindr l`

shebblw pjts `luok jo thjs erde loby ];3:, whjch bey josjkd thd

hlusd pbeo, clubk nd ketdk tl thd Nrlozd Ead.

@deturds l` pebjsekds wdrd `luok jo thjs erde. tll. [hdy hek

hlwdvdr survjvdk jo vdry `reaidotery clokjtjlo eok clubk olt

nd ketdk lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l` `joks eok thd èct thet thjs

erde wes ebsl lccupjdk jo thd Derby eok Betd Jrlo Ead.

4.>.3. Arlup 3Eo ebilst 5==-i-wjkd uodxcevetdk strjp l` beok kjvjkds

arlup > `rli arlup 3. Loby lod `deturd, e wdbb wjth e bjojoa

sdt dccdotrjcebby jo thd pjt (]38>*, typd E3), clubk nd ketdk tl

thd Nrlozd Ead wjth cdrtejoty, oltenby tl thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd

Ead. [hd plttdry `rli thd tlp pert l` thd `jbb js l` e iuch

yluoadr ketd7 jt ketds `rli phesd E, j.d. `rli thd treosjtjlo

`rli thd Betd Nrlozd Ead tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

[hd `deturds jo thd jiidkjetd vjcjojty - e `dw kddp eok

shebblw pjts eok e `dw areoerjds - clubk olt nd eccuretdby

ketdk. [hd èct thet ]30> (typd J) wes jotdrsdctdk ny H55>, eo

Derby Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeo, suaadsts thet thjs pjt wes kua jo

thd Nrlozd ead.

4.>.;. Arlup ;

[hd `deturds l` arlup ;, whjch bjd 5== i tl thd sluth l` thlsd

l` arlup 3, wdrd `luok et thd cdotrd l` thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbd

idot `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk (`ja. >5). [hdy erd thrdd shebblw

pjts (]>:4, typd @6 ];15, typd J6 ];85, typd D-J).

4.>.4. Arlup 4

[hd sluthdroilst `deturds bjd enlut 0== i sluthwdst l` arlup

;. [hdy erd e kddp eok e shebblw pjt (]J=:, typd N-K, eok

] j b b , typd D, rdspdctjvdby). ]J 5=, e shebblw pjt, iey ebsl ketd

`rli thd Nrlozd Ead.

4.3. NTJBKJOA [DCHOLBLAZ

Lwjoa tl thd scercjty l` `joks, loby thd clostructjlo l` hlusds

eok wdbbs ceo nd kjscussdk hdrd.

4.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds l` typd 5E

Es ebrdeky idotjlodk enlvd, wd hevd loby lod Nrlozd Ead

hlusd pbeo, oeidby HJ>4. Jt cliprjsds twl rlws l` joodr

plsthlbds eok twl rlws l` lutdr plsthlbds. [hd joodr eok

lutdr plsthlbds wdrd erreoadk jo pejrs, dxcdpt thdrd whdrd

`deturds hek kjseppderdk. Jo thd olrthdro pert l` thd Odthdr

beoks thjs pettdro l` plsthlbds js cherectdrjstjc l` Nrlozd Ead

hlusds l` thd Diidrhlut typd (Hujgts 5::>7 31). [hd `lbblwjoa rdclostructjlo l` thd hlusd typd Lss 5E js hdocd nesdk lo

thet l` thd cliperenbd Diidrhlut typd.

Jo e rdcdot stuky, Hujgts (5::>) hes shlwo thet e cherectdr

jstjc `deturd l` Nrlozd Ead hlusd clostructjlo js thd treos

vdrsd cloodctjlo ndtwddo thd joodr eok lutdr plsts, whjch

iekd `lr e stenbd, sluok structurd (`ja. >>). [hd joodr eok

lutdr plsts wdrd cloodctdk ny hdevy re`tdrs whjch dxtdokdk




@jaurd >5. Lss-Tssdo arlup ;. Nrlozd Ead `deturds (shekdk kerf) eiloa `deturds ketjoa prdklijoeotby `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk (Qdstdrvdbksdttbdidot). Scebd 574==.

up tl thd rll`'s rjkad, whdrd thdy wdrd èjrby bllsdby gljodk.

[hd loby wdef pljot jo thjs treosvdrsd kdsjao wes thet, j` heb`

l` thd wjkth l` thd cdotreb ejsbd dxcddkdk thd kjsteocd ndtwddo

thd joodr plsts eok thd dkad l` thd rll`, thdrd wes e rjsf l` thdjoodr plsts ceusjoa bdvdread, rdsubtjoa jo thd lutdr plsts ndjoa

bj`tdk `rli thd sljb eok thd rll` clbbepsjoa jowerks. HJ >4 wjbb

olt hevd prdsdotdk thjs rjsf j` jts webbs bey lutsjkd thd lutdr

plsts eok jt'thd dkad l` thd rll` kjk olt rdst lo thd webb, nut

prlgdctdk e shlrt kjsteocd lvdr jt (sdd Hujgts 5::>7 31-38).

[hd re`tdrs wdrd cloodctdk ny nettdos, tl whjch thd rll`joa

ietdrjeb wes ettechdk. [hdsd nettdos et thd seid tjid

strdoathdodk thd rll`'s structurd jo e bloajtukjoeb kjrdctjlo.

[hd ensdocd l` plsts ebloa thd nujbkjoa's cdotreb exjs iefds jt

uobjfdby thet thd rll` hek e hdevy rjkad ndei. Dxtre stenjbjty

jo e bloajtukjoeb kjrdctjlo wes prlnenby lntejodk ny sdttjoathd pejrs l` joodr eok lutdr plsts et e sbjaht eoabd tl thd nujbk

joa's bloajtukjoeb exjs, rethdr theo squerd tl jt. Eolthdr wey

jo whjch dxtre stenjbjty clubk hevd nddo lntejodk wes ny

cloodctjoa thd joodr plsts. [hjs kdvjcd iey ebsl hevd nddo

usdk jo thjs hlusd, nut j` sl, olt lvdr thd nujbkjoa's ùbb

bdoath, ndceusd thd plsthlbds erd olt erreoadk jo strjct rdctj

bjoder pettdros (Hujgts 5::>7 ;:).




@jaurd >>. [ypd Lss 5E (H5>4)7 pbeo shlwjoa hlw thd structureb dbdidots wdrd cloodctdk, crlss-sdctjlo eok thrdd-kjidosjloeb rdclostructjlo.Scebd 57>==.

E treosvdrsd kdsjao klds olt jiplsd eoy rdstrjctjlos es èr lo e per wjth thd lutdrilst dotreocd plst. [hd webb's hdjaht

es thd typd l` rll` js clocdrodk6 thd hlusd iey hevd hek e wjbb hevd kdpdokdk lo thd hdjaht l` thd cettbd (5.>-5.4 i7 [rjdr

hjppdk rll` lr e sekkbd rll`. [hd wdstdro shlrt sjkd l` H5>4 5:0:) j` pert l` thd hlusd wes usdk `lr stebbjoa eojiebs, lr lo

sddis tl suaadst thet thd necf dok l` thd hlusd wes `bet, thd hdjaht l` huieo ndjoas (et ilst 5.8 i). E blw webb wjbbwhjch wlubk iefd jt ilst bjfdby thet thd hlusd hek e sekkbd usuebby hevd nddo prd`drrdk, ndceusd jt clubk nd ndttdr prl-

rll`. Qd iey essuid thet thd rll` hek e arekjdot l` ;4½ tdctdk eaejost wdethdr jo`budocds. Jo hlusds wjth bloajtukjoeb

(Hujgts 5::>7 >3). cloodctjlos e blw webb iey hevd prdsdotdk prlnbdis wjth

Qhdrd thd webb stllk ceo ol bloadr nd kdtdrijodk wjth rdspdct tl thd kdsjao l` thd dotreocd, nut jo thd cesd l` hlusds

cdrtejoty lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l` uoeinjaulus `luoketjlo wjth e treosvdrsd kdsjao jt wes ol prlnbdi, ndceusd pert l` thd

trdochds. [hjs clubk jipby thet thd webbs closjstdk l` stecfs l` rll` ndtwddo twl pejrs l` joodr eok lutdr plsts clubk sjipby

slks wjthlut eoy `lri l rdjo`lrcdidot, whjch iey hevd stllk nd bd t lpdo tl thd rdqujrdk dotreocd hdjaht wjthlut thjs hevjoa




];31 ];38 ];30eE3 E3 E3

@jaurd >3. Hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof bjojoa (` ;= ci) trli ]38>. [hd trdd-truof wes lo lod sjkd beofdk ny jvd siebb ndeis.

@jaurd >;. Kdpths l` thd Nrlozd Ead wdbb bjojoas (jo ci ndodeth thd bdvdb l` thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo). - 9 ijojiui arluokwetdr bdvdb

`lr eo d``dctjvd usd l` thd wdbb (epprlx. 3= ci enlvd thd nlttli l` thd bjojoa).

eoy closdqudocds `lr thd kdsjao l` thd rdst l` thd hlusd (Hujgts

5::>7 45). E webb hdjaht l` 5.4 i eok e rll` arekjdot l` ;4½

yjdbk e hlusd wjth eo lvdrebb hdjaht l` enlut ;.4 i.

Qd ceo loby audss whet ietdrjebs iey hevd nddo usdk `lr

clostructjlo7 wllk `lr thd nesjc structurd, rddks eok/lr strew

`lr thd rll`, lsjdrs `lr wettbdwlrf eok es njokjoa ietdrjeb,

slks `lr webbs eok cbey `lr thd `bllrs.

Loby vdry bjttbd jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd lo thd hlusd's

jotdrjlr beylut. [hd hlusd's bdoath jokjcetds thet, jo prjocjpbd,

thdrd wes su``jcjdot rlli `lr nlth huieo ndjoas eok cettbd. Jt

clubk nd thet cettbd wdrd stebbdk jo thd bloadr, wjkdr destdro

pert (bdoath ? 50.; i) eok thet thd wdstdro pert (bdoath 0.4 i)

clotejodk thd bjvjoa erde.


Ebb l` thd wdbbs wdrd bjodk wjth hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs wjth

vdry siebb kjeidtdrs, l` 3;-;= ci (lutsjkd idesurdidots6

`ja. >;). [hrdd wdbbs wdrd `luok tl hevd nddo iekd `rli ebkdr

(]38>, ];30e eok ];31), lod `rli lef (];30n). Ol jo`lrie

tjlo js evejbenbd tl shlw whdthdr thd trdd-truofs wdrd hlbblwdk lut ny hecfjoa lr nurojoa. Jo e `dw cesds tllbierfs

wdrd lnsdrvdk lo thd lutsjkd, dspdcjebby et thd ndvdbbdk nlt

tli dok. [hdy wdrd prlnenby iekd wjth eo ekzd. Nut whdthdr

thd tlp dok wes wlrfdk jo thd seid wey clubk ol bloadr nd

kdtdrijodk es thd bjojoas hek survjvdk jo perts loby.

[hd tlps l` thd bjojoas bey et kdpths l` 4=-14 ci ndodeth

thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo (`ja. >;)6 thdsd kdpths

wdrd kdtdrijodk ny thd prdsdrvetjlo clokjtjlos. [hd kdpths tl

whjch thd bjojoas wdrd kua jotl thd arluok wdrd kdtdrijodk

ny ieo lo thd nesjs l` thd `lridr arluokwetdr bdvdb.

Ebthluah thd wdbbs bey èjrby cblsd tl lod eolthdr, thd kdpths

l` thd nlttlis l` thd bjojoas wdrd `luok tl very closjkdrenby,

`rli 8= tl 5;4 ci ndodeth thd dxplsdk surècd.

4.;. @JOKS

[hd `deturds kdscrjndk enlvd yjdbkdk clospjculusby `dw `joks.

[hd ietdrjeb rdiejos cliprjsd prdklijoeotby `reaidots l`

thjcf-webbdk plttdry tdipdrdk wjth clersd iettdr- slid 0=

`reaidots jo tlteb. [hd plttdry js olt kdclretdk, wjth thd dxcdp

tjlo l` e siebb squet nlwb, whjch shlws rlws l` `joadroejb

jiprdssjlos lo thd webb eok oder thd nesd {`ja. >4). Ilst l` thd

`deturds yjdbkdk loby lod shdrk6 pjts ]J=:, ]J 55 eok ];;8

@jaurd >4. Nrlozd Ead plttdry rdclvdrdk `rli wdbb ];38. Scebd 57>.




@jaurd >0. Ilkdb l` thd Nrlozd Ead sdttbdidots, e 9 sdttbdidot6 n 9 yerk6 c 9 plssjnbd yerk.

wdrd ilrd 'prlbj`jc'7 thdy wdrd `luok tl clotejo ilrd theo tdo

shdrks dech. [hd loby lthdr `joks erd e quertzjtd heiidrstlod

eok e buip l` nurodk keun wjth `bet sjkds (];31).

4.4. NL[EOJCEB EOK WLLBLAJCEB DPJKDOCD

Pjrtuebby ol jo`lrietjlo lo blceb Nrlozd Ead sunsjstdocd

wes lntejodk jo thd dxcevetjlo. Ol sddks, cernlojsdk lr




uocernlojsdk, l` `llk crlps wdrd `luok jo thd jovdstjaetdk

seipbds `rli verjlus wdbbs eok kddp pjts. [hd `dw sddks thet

wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd `deturds wdrd uocernlojsdk eok

kdrjvdk `rli wjbk spdcjds thet ardw jo eok erluok thd pjts eok

wdbbs. [hd sddks l` rlsd eok sbld thet wdrd `luok jo ];31

kdsdrvd spdcjeb idotjlo6 thdy iey kdrjvd `rli wjbk spdcjds

thet wdrd closuidk.

Ol areoerjds lr stlread pjts wdrd `luok thet ceo nd ketdk tlthd Nrlozd Ead wjth cdrtejoty. Crlps iey hevd nddo stlrdk jo

thd hlusds, pdrheps jo bl`ts. Eo jotdrdstjoa `deturd thet shlubk

nd idotjlodk jo thjs clotdxt js thd squerd sdttjoa l` plsthlbds

lnsdrvdk jo thd bjvjoa erde l` HJ>4, whjch hes jo thd pest

ebrdeky nddo esslcjetdk wjth e bl t (Pesnjokdr/@lffdos 5:817

533).

Dquebby bjttbd jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd lo stlcf fddpjoa.

Nlods l` klidstjc eojiebs wdrd `luok jo twl pjts7 cettbd jo

];;8 eok pja jo ];31 (Beuwdrjdr/JGzdrdd`, thjs vlbuid). Nlth

wdrd rdprdsdotdk jo loby vdry siebb eiluots. [hd prdsuidk

nyrd jo HJ >4 js eo jokjrdct jokjcetjlo l` cettbd fddpjoa. [hjs

nyrd wjbb hevd hek rlli `lr et ilst ;= eojiebs, essuijoa thettwl eojiebs clubk nd stebbdk jo thd erde ndtwddo twl joodr

plsts (epprlxjietdby > i).

4.0. SZO[HDSJS

[hd jo`lrietjlo prdsdotdk enlvd l` clursd ebblws loby e vdry

nesjc jotdrprdtetjlo. [hd loby jokjsputenbd èriyerk js thet l`

hlusd HJ>4 jo arlup >. [hd wdbbs thet wdrd `luok et e shlrt

kjsteocd `rli thjs hlusd wjbb prlnenby hevd bejo jo thjs yerk,

nut thet js olt dotjrdby cdrtejo. [hdrd js `lr dxeipbd ol dvj

kdocd `lr e clotdiplrery `docd ierfjoa thd bjijts l` thd yerk

whjch clubk tdbb us whdthdr thd wdbbs erd jokddk esslcjetdk

wjth thd hlusd. [hd erde kjrdctby tl thd olrth l` thd wdbbs wes

ilrdlvdr olt dxcevetdk, sl thdrd js ebweys thd plssjnjbjty thetthd hlusd esslcjetdk wjth thd wdbbs bey jo thet erde. Ol `de

turds l` lutnujbkjoas wdrd `luok.

[hd `deturds l` arlups 3 eok ; iey vdry wdbb nd esslcjetdk

wjth thd yerk kdscrjndk hdrd, whjch wjbb nd rd`drrdk tl es

sdttbdidot J ndblw. J` thd `deturds erd ebb clotdiplrery, thjs

sdttbdidot wjbb hevd idesurdk et bdest 3== x := i. [hd èct

thet ol hlusd pbeos wdrd `luok jo arlups 3 eok ; oddk olt

odcdsserjby ideo thet thdrd wdrd odvdr eoy hlusds jo thdsd

erdes. J` thdrd wdrd hlusds, thdjr plsthlbds, bjfd thlsd l`

HJ>4, wjbb hevd nddo vdry shebblw eok hdocd hjahby vubodre

nbd tl plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds. Jo pertjcuber, thd d``dct l`

betdr lccupetjlo shlubk olt nd uokdrdstjietdk7 thd `deturds làrlups 3 eok ; wdrd kjsclvdrdk jo thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot,

whjch wes jotdosjvdby lccupjdk jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Loby

cliperetjvdby kddp `deturds, such es ]38>, wjbb hevd dscepdk

thd d``dcts l` plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds.

Dvdo bdss ceo nd sejk enlut thd rdiejojoa arlups, 5 eok 4.

[hd `deturds l` nlth arlups erd uokluntdkby esslcjetdk wjth

sdttbdidot ectjvjtjds. [hd dxect ideojoa l` thd kjtch l` arlup

5 js olt cbder. Ol perebbdbs erd folwo `rli lthdr sdttbdidots.

[hd sunsteotjeb kjsteocds ndtwddo thdsd twl arlups eok sdttbd

idot J (04= eok 0== i, rdspdctjvdby) suaadst thet thdsd `de

turds ndbloa tl kj``drdot sdttbdidots. [hjs wlubk jipby thet

perts l` thrdd sdperetd sdttbdidots wdrd uoderthdk kurjoa thd

dxcevetjlo7 sdttbdidots J (arlups >-;), JJ (arlup 5) eok JJJ

(arlup 4) (`ja. >0).

Jt js olt rdebby plssjnbd tl jotdrprdt thjs dvjkdocd jo tdris l`pettdros eok kyoeijcs. [hd sjipbd, clersdby tdipdrdk plttdry

ceoolt nd chrlolblajcebby cbessj`jdk. [hd thrdd sdttbdidots

kjstjoaujshdk enlvd iey hevd nddo jo usd et thd seid tjid, lr

e`tdr lod eolthdr. Jo thd `jst cesd wd erd kdebjoa wjth et bdest

thrdd èris thet wdrd lccupjdk `lr e shlrt specd l` tjid, jo thd

sdclok wjth e sjoabd èri thet wes lccupjdk `lr e bloadr

pdrjlk eok wes ilvdk verjlus tjids.

Ebb jo ebb, thd dxcevetjlo yjdbkdk loby bjttbd jo`lrietjlo lo

thd dvdrykey bj`d l` thd Nrlozd Ead èridrs, eok dvdo bdss lo

thdjr nurjeb rjtd. Jo ectueb èct, thd nurjeb prectjcds l` thjs

pdrjlk erd tltebby jovjsjnbd tl us. [hd twl berad rjoa kjtchds

^;3 eok ^;4, whjch wdrd lnsdrvdk jo thd vjcjojty l` arlups 3eok ;, prlnenby ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead (Peo kdr

Seokdo, thjs vlbuid).

0. Derby Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots0.5. JO[^LKTC[JLO

:= `deturds wdrd ketdk tl thd pdrjlk 8==-4== NC. [het js `jvd

tjids es ieoy es thd ouindr l` `deturds ketdk tl thd pdrjlk

kjscussdk jo thd prdvjlus cheptdr, thd Nrlozd Ead. Jt shlubk

nd ekkdk thet Nrlozd Ead `deturds erd prlnenby uokdrrdprd-

sdotdk, ndceusd jo thd Nrlozd Ead wdbbs eok pjts wdrd olt ydt

ndjoa sdclokerjby usdk es rdùsd pjts, es wes tl ndclid cus

tliery jo thd Jrlo Ead. Eolthdr jiplrteot èctlr js prdsdrve

tjlo7 adodrebby spdefjoa, thd rjsf l` `deturds hevjoa nddokjsturndk ny plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds js siebbdr jo thd cesd

l` yluoa `deturds theo jo thd cesd l` lbkdr `deturds. Sl jo

ectueb èct thd kj``drdocd jo thd ouindr l` `deturds wjbb hevd

nddo bdss spdctecuber theo suaadstdk enlvd.

Qhet kdvdblpidots tllf pbecd erluok thd treosjtjlo `rli

thd Nrlozd Ead tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead js olt cbder. Loby `dw

Betd Nrlozd Ead `deturds wdrd `luok, dvdo jo thd erde tl thd

olrth l` thd rdsderch erde kjscussdk jo thjs punbjcetjlo.

Ebthluah Nrlozd Ead `deturds wdrd ndttdr rdprdsdotdk jo thjs

olrthdro erde, thdrd eppders tl hevd nddo e hjetus jo lccupe

tjlo jo thd Betd Nrlozd Ead, ndtwddo 5=== eok :== NC

(@lffdos 5::5n).[hd `deturds kjscussdk jo thjs cheptdr cliprjsd thrdd hlusd

pbeos eok e iuch beradr ouindr l` areoerjds, wdbbs, kddp eok

shebblw pjts eok pebjsekds (pbeos >E, >N, >C6 tenbd >). Jo

ekkjtjlo, e rdbetjvdby berad ouindr l` ùodrery structurds ceo

nd ketdk tl thjs pdrjlk (Peo kdr SEokdo, thjs vlbuid). [hd

Derby Jrlo Ead `deturds bjd prdklijoeotby jo thd olrthdestdro

eok sluthwdstdro quekreots, wjth e siebbdr ouindr jo thd



31 F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

[enbd >. Ouindrs l` hlusds ketdk lo thd nesjs l joks pdr pdrjlk.

arlup hlusd typd phesd areoery typd phesd wdbb typd phesd pjb typd phesd

HJ 5> >N E-K

H41 >N

H;3 >N N

JK

S;;: JN E-K ]310n E3 E-K ]355 N E

S;45 JC E-K ]381 E> (N)C(K) ]35> N E-N

S;1: JN E-K ]3:= E1 C ]3>4 N N-C

];3;< E3 E-B ]303 A C

];;= E > (N)C(K) ]30; (J C-K];:0* E3 E ]304

]310e

]38;

]384

]380

]388

]38:

]3:1*

];=4

];=0

];>5

];>3

];>8<

];34

];;5

];81

];8:

];:>

@

('

D-J

N

N

@

5

5)

F

D

N

j7

N

K

N

5

@

D-J

E-K

E-K

E-K

NK

C

C-K

C-K

E

C-K

C-K

C

C-K

E-@

N

C

C-K

E-K

C-K

S>48 JJ) E-K ]51= Eb C-K ]515 N N(C)

S30> JN E-K ]>55* E1 E-N ]>=8

]>=:

]>41

]>0>

]>01

];0;

N

@

N

K

C

5

N

E-K

E-N

E-K

N

E-K

S>;: JE C-K ]>=; E> (C)K ]580 j7 j E-K

]>>4 Eb E-K ]>=5

]>=3

]>>;

N

N

N

(C)K

C-K

E-N

S5:1< JE - ]:3 E3 E-K ]55> D C-K

S5:8 JN E-K ]:;e* E3 N ]J 50 N N

]:;n E3+4 N ]540* 5) E

]J 54* E3 N ]541

]548<

N

N

N

EHS8: JE C-K ];3 Eb C-K ];4 j7 (C)K

S531 JN E-K ];;* E1 K ]0; N C

S53: JN E-K ];0 Eb/0 5) ]04* N (C)K

S5;; JE C-K ];8 E1 K ]00 N (C)K

]0: E>/0 K ]08 D C-K

]15* E1 C ]:5 N N K

]1>* Eb K ];4= H C-K

olrthwdstdro quekreot. Ol `deturds wdrd `luok tl thd sluth l`

thd bjod thet ceo nd krewo `rli N3 tl O5=.

[hd ketdk `deturds hevd nddo kjvjkdk jotl `jvd kdscrjptjvd

uojts lo thd nesjs l` thdjr kjstrjnutjlo7 arlups 0-5= (`ja. >1).

Arlups 0 eok 1 bjd jo thd olrthdestdro quekreot, arlup 8 jo thd

olrthwdstdro quekreot eok arlups : eok 5= jo thd sluthwdst

dro quekreot. [hd kjsteocds ndtwddo odjahnlurjoa arlups

very `rli 84 tl >>= i. [hd `deturds l` thd verjlus arlups

shlw scettdrdk kjstrjnutjlo pettdros6 vjrtuebby olod jotdrsdct

lod eolthdr. Loby slid l` thd `deturds l` arlups 0 eok 5=

shlw e sbjaht kdardd l` oucbdetjlo.



38 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd >1. Schdietjc survdy l` thd kjstrjnutjlo l` Derby Jrlo Ead `deturds. [hd ouindrs rd`dr tl thd kjstjoaujshdk arlups, e 9 Derby Jrlo Ead6

n 9 `jrst heb` (phesds E-N)6 c 9 sdclok heb` (phesds C-K).

0. >. [HD @DE[T DS

0.>.5. Arlup 0

[hd olrthdroilst arlup l` `deturds clvdrs eo erde l` ;4= x

>== i eok cliprjsds `jvd clocdotretjlos, vjz. 0w, 0o, 0d, 0s

eok 0c. [hd `deturds l` 0w eok 0s ketd dxcbusjvdby `rli

phesds E-N, thlsd l thd lthdr clocdotretjlos `rli phesds

CK.

[hd loby `deturds l` 0w ketdk tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead erd

wdbb ];:0 eok kddp pjt ];34. E sdclok wdbb bjodk wjth e

hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof, ];3;, wes ketdk tl thd Jrlo Ead nut



3: F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd >8. Lss-Tssdo arlup 0olrth. [hd klttdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

jt clubk olt nd ketdk wjth eoy ardetdr eccurecy wjthjo thet

pdrjlk. [hd bjojoa's siebb kjeidtdr l` ;= ci (lutsjkd ide

surdidot) suaadsts thet thd wdbb wes usdk jo thd Derby Jrlo

Ead. ]ebjsekds @5=1 eok @5=8, wjth bdoaths l` >.3 eok 4.0 i,`lridk e ùoodb-shepdk epprlech tl thjs wdbb.

Clocdotretjlo 0o, whjch bjds 534 i sluthdest l` thd clocdo

tretjlo kdscrjndk enlvd, jocbukds thd loby hlusd pbeo l` arlup

0, HJ 5> (`ja. >8). Sdvdreb areoerjds wdrd `luok jo thd vjcjojty

l` thjs hlusd pbeo, thrdd l` whjch erd ketenbd tl thd Derby Jrlo

Ead, j.d. S;;:, S;45 eok S;1:. E ouindr l` jotdrsdctjoa

plsthlbds shlw thet areoery S;;: wes rdnujbt et thd seid splt.

Qdbbs wdrd `luok iejoby jo thd erde tl thd olrthdest l`

hlusd H55>, et kjsteocds reoajoa `rli >= tl ;= i `rli thd

hlusd. Qdbbs ]381 eok ];;= wdrd bjodk wjth stefds, whjch

wdrd krjvdo jotl thd arluok tl `lri e cjrcuber structurdwjthlut eoy `lri l` cloodctjlo ndtwddo thdi. [hd bjojoa

l` thd thjrk wdbb, ]3:=, wes prdsuienby rdilvdk. [hjs

seid erde ebsl clotejodk kddp pjt ]380. E `lurth wdbb,

]310n, wes `luok epprlxjietdby >4 i tl thd sluth l`

hlusd HJ 5>. Jt wes bjodk wjth e hlbblwdk-lut trdd- truof

wjth eo lutsjkd kjeidtdr l` 3= ci. [hjs wdbb jotdrsdctdk

kddp pjt ]310e.



;() EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd >:. Lss-Tssdo arlup 8wdst. [hd klttdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

E clocdotretjlo l` shebblw pjts wes blcetdk tl thd sluth

wdst l` hlusd H55> eok ilrd shebblw pjts wdrd scettdrdk tl

thd dest l` thd hlusd. Ilst pjts erd l` typds @ (]304, ]388 eok

];8:) eok A (]303 eok ]30;).

[hd `deturds l` 0d, >>= i dest l` 0o, closjst l` loby e `dw

kddp pjts (];>8 eok ];;5) eok lod shebblw pjt, ];>3.

[hd loby jokjcetjlos l` huieo ectjvjty jo thd Derby Jrlo

Ead jo 0s, 34 i sluth l` 0o, erd kddp pjts ]355, ]35> eok

]3:1.

E `dw kddp eok shebblw pjts wdrd `luok jo 0c, := i dest l`

0o, j.d. ]3>4 eok ];>5 eok ];=4, ];=0 eok ];81, rdspdctjvdby.

0.>.>. Arlup 1

[hd `deturds l` arlup 1 wdrd scettdrdk ecrlss eo erde l` >;= x

>3= i, jo whjch rluahby twl clocdotretjlos clubk nd kjstjo

aujshdk7 1o eok 1s. [hd `deturds thet clubk nd ketdk wjth thd

ardetdst kdardd l` eccurecy lo thd nesjs l` thdjr `jbbs ebilst ebb

ketd `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead, j.d. `rli phesds

E-N. [hd loby `deturd l` e yluoadr ketd jo thjs arlup js wdbb

]J1= jo 1s, whjch yjdbkdk rdiejos ketenbd tl phesds C-K.Areoery S30> eok wdbb ]>55, whlsd bjojoa wes pertby

rdilvdk, bey jo thd destdro pert l` 1o, et e kjsteocd l` 1= i

`rli lod eolthdr. Kddp pjts ]>=8, ]>41, ]>0> eok ]>01 eok

shebblw pjts ]>=: eok ];0; ceid tl bjaht ùrthdr wdst.

[hd `deturds l` 1s cliprjsd kddp pjt ]515, areoery S>48

eok thd ebrdeky-idotjlodk wdbb ]J1= bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf.

[hd areoery eok thd wdbb bey enlut 4= i epert.

0.>.3. Arlup 8

Arlup 8 closjsts l` scettdrdk `deturds clvdrjoa eo erde l` >1=

x 0= i. [wl clocdotretjlos wdrd kjstjoaujshdk7 8w eok 8d.

[hd ieglrjty l` thd `deturds wdrd ketdk tl phesds C-K lo thd

nesjs l` thdjr clotdots6 loby pjt ]>>; jo 8d ketds `rli phesds

E-N.

Clocdotretjlo 8w jocbukds hlusd pbeo H41, l` whjch loby e

`dw `reaidots hek survjvdk (`ja. >:). Jt wes prlnenby l` typd

>N. [hd `deturds jo thd jiidkjetd vjcjojty erd e shebblw pjt.

]J80, e kddp pjt, ]>=5, eok e wetdrjoa pbecd, ]>=3. [wl

klunbd pebjsekds wjth bdoaths l` 5.1 eok >.4 i (@18 eok @1:)

sddi tl hevd `lridk e ùoodb-shepdk epprlech tl thd wetdr

joa pbecd's adotby sblpjoa olrthwdstdro neof. E thjrk, pertby

klunbd, pebjsekd wjth e bdoath l` 4.1 i (@8=) dxtdokdk tl thd

olrthdestdro sjkd.

[hd loby ketdk areoery jo thjs arlup, S>;:, wes `luok jo

8d. [hd loby wdbbs wdrd `luok jo thjs clocdotretjlo, tll. Qdbb

]>=; wes bjodk wjth stefds whjch hek nddo krjvdo jotl thd

arluok sjkd ny sjkd tl `lri e cjrcuber structurd. ]>>4 wes

bjodk wjth vdry `jod wettbdwlrf, whjch js uousueb es thdwettbdwlrf l` ilst l` thd lthdr wdbbs wes clersd. Et e shlrt

kjsteocd `rli wdbb ]>>4 bey kddp pjt ]>>;, thd loby `deturd

ketdk tl phesds E-N. Qdbb ]>>4 clubk nd ketdk loby rluahby,

tl phesds E-K. Hlwdvdr jts `jbb, bjfd thet l` ]>>;, yjdbkdk

rdbetjvdby `dw `jok. [hjs clubk jipby thet thd wdbb wes usdk jo

thd derbjdst phesds, ndceusd thd `jbbs l` pjts eok wdbbs `rli

phesd C lowerks clotejodk ilrd rdiejos theo thlsd `rli



;5 F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 3=. Lss-Tssdo arlup :olrth. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

derbjdr phesds (sdd 0.;). [hd typd l` bjojoa js hlwdvdr eo

erauidot eaejost eo derby ketd, ndceusd ebb thd eccuretdby

ketdk wettbdwlrf wdbbs ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby

Jrlo Ead.

0.>.;. Arlup :

[hd `deturds l` arlup : ebsl shlw e vdry scettdrdk kjstrjnu

tjlo. [hd twl clocdotretjlos kjstjoaujshdk wjthjo thjs arlup,

:o eok :s, clvdr eo erde l` >== x 50= i. Ilst l` thd `deturds

l` arlup : wdrd ketdk tl phesds E-N lo thd nesjs l` thdjr

clotdots6 loby shebblw pjt ]J 5> jo :s wes ketdk tl thd sdclok

heb` l thd Derh Jrlo Ead.

Hlusd pbeo H;3 jo :o js thd ilst joclipbdtd l` thd thrdd

folwo Derby Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeos. Jo spjtd l` jts joclipbdtd

oeturd jt wlubk sddi thet jt ceo nd cbessdk es l` typd >N.

Sdvdreb klzdo idtrds tl thd dest l` thjs wdrd areoery SJ :8

eok kddp pjt ]J 40 l` typd K (`ja. 3=). Qetdrjoa pbecd ]J 41 bey

8= i tl thd olrthdest l` thd hlusd pbeo. L` thd uoketdk `de

turds, areoery SJ:1, e `dw idtrds olrth l` H;3, eok kddp pjt]J48 prlnenby ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

[hd ilst jiplrteot `deturds jo :s erd wdbbs ]:3, ]:; eok

]J 54. [hd bjojoa l` ]J 54, e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof wjth eo

lutsjkd kjeidtdr l` ;= ci, hek survjvdk jo jts dotjrdty. Sur

rluokjoa eok lvdrbyjoa thd bjojoa wes e 'pbet`lri' idesurjoa

5== x 5;= ci iekd `rli rluok tjindr. Jt js olt cbder whet

purplsd jt sdrvdk, dspdcjebby es jt cblsdk l`` thd wdbb's lpdo

joa. Jt wes prlnenby jostebbdk e`tdr thd wdbb hek èbbdo jotl

kjsusd. Qdbb ]:; wes usdk jo twl phesds. Jo thd `jrst phesd thd

pjt wes bjodk wjth e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof wjth eo lutsjkd

kjeidtdr l` 4= ci. Jo thd sdclok phesd, pert l` thd bjojoa wes

rdilvdk eok thd rdiejojoa pert wes joclrplretdk jo e odw

bjojoa lthdrwjsd closjstjoa l` pbeofs. Qdbb ]:3 clotejodk twl

hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs, whjch wdrd 'cloodctdk' tl lod

eolthdr ny thrdd pjdcds l` wllk. [hd siebbdst bjojoa, wjth

lutsjkd kjidosjlos l` 34 x ;= ci, wes stjbb clipbdtdby jotect6

thd beradst, wjth e kjeidtdr l` 1= ci, hek beradby kjsjotd

aretdk. Ndsjkds wdbbs, thjs clocdotretjlo ebsl jocbukds kddp pjt

]J 50 eok e shebblw pjt l` e kdvjetjoa yluoa ketd, ]J 5>.

0.>.4. Arlup 5=

[hd `deturds l` arlup 5= erd cbustdrdk jo twl kjstjoct clocdo

tretjlos - bLo eok 5=s - jo eo erde l` 54= x >>= i. [hjs arlup

jocbukds ol `deturds thet ceo nd ketdk tl phesds E-N wjth

cdrtejoty. Jo spjtd l` thd berad ouindr l` wdbbs, pjts eok e `dw

areoerjds, ol hlusd pbeos wdrd `luok {`ja. 35).

[hd wdbbs jo bLo, ]1> eok ]0:, wdrd bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf

eok stefds, rdspdctjvdby. [hd bjojoa l` wdbb ]15, whjch wes

prlnenby e wetdrjoa pbecd, wes ol bloadr rdclaojsenbd es

such. Ebb thd kddp pjts - ]0;, ]04, ]00 eok ]:5 - erd l` typd

N. Loby lod shebblw pjt, ]08, wes `luok. [hd ketdk areoerjds

S53: eok S5;; erd l` thd `lur-plst typd eok S531 js l` thd

sjx-plst typd.



; 7 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^5CE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 35. Lss-Tssdo arlup bLolrth. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

@lur wdbbs wdrd `luok jo 5=s, twl l` whjch, ];3 eok ];0, (uokdrarluok) fjbos wdrd `luok. Sl ebb thet ceo nd kjscussdk

wdrd bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf. [hd bjojoas l` ];; eok ];8 hek hdrd erd thd hlusd- eok wdbb-nujbkjoa tdchojquds.

nddo rdilvdk. Clocdotretjlo 5=s jocbukds ol kddp pjts, nut

thdrd erd twl shebblw lods, ];4 eok ];4=. Loby lod l` thd 0.3.5. Clostructjlo l` hlusds l` typd >N

ieoy areoerjds clubk nd ketdk, vjz. S8:. Ebb thd Derby Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeos - H;3, H41 eok HJ 5> -

erd l` typd >N. [hdy erd pertby thrdd-ejsbdk eok pertby `lur-0.3. NTJBKJOA [DCHOLBLAZ ejsbdk eok jocbukd e shebblw `luoketjlo trdoch eok plsthlbds

Jo spjtd l` thd berad eok verjdk queotjty l` `joks - dspdcjeb by lutsjkd thd webb. [hd dotreocds , whjch wdrd sdt lpplsjtd lod

whdo cliperdk wjth thd `joks `rli thd Nrlozd Ead - loby eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs, kjvjkdk thd hlusds jotl e shlrt

vdry bjttbd js folwo enlut tdcholblay jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead. olrthwdstdro pert eok e bloadr sluthdestdro pert. H;3 `lris

Ebb thet rdiejos l` thd derthdowerd jokustry js thd dok prlk- eo dxcdptjlo jo thet jts sluthdestdro pert wes thd siebbdst.

ucts eok thd loby dvjkdocd evejbenbd lo jrlo prlkuctjlo clo- Hlusds H;3 eok HJ 5> wdrd enlut 8 i wjkd eok 51 i bloa.

sjsts l` sbeas eok plssjnby e `dw dok prlkucts. Ol rdiejos l` H41 hek thd seid wjkth, nut wes 1 i bloadr.



;3 F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

•l½

U'«* '=155 Ë

_ _ _ L 5 =1 58 : '

5=1=:

gr* [jr?Ttt •V tlHU 55=;13 VbL[L j gbL1G= 55=158

;;; y J

@jaurd 3>. [ypd Lss >N (H55>)7 pbeo, pbeo shlwjoa hlw thd dbdidots wdrd cloodctdk, crlss-sdctjlo eok thrdd-kjidosjloeb rdclostructjlo.Scebd 57>==.



;; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^5CE BDJKDOSJE 3=

4==• oep

" J ' '

]>=;]>>4 ]554]381 ];0

E> E5 E3 E> E5/0

];3 ];;= ]:3

E5 E> E3

]:; ]1> ];:0]310n ];3;E3+4 E5 E3 E3 E3

];3 ]1> ];3; ];:0 ];0 ]310n]>>4 ]381E5 E5 E3 E3 E5/0 E3 E5 E>

@jaurd 33. Kdpths l thd Derby Jrlo Ead wdbb bjojoas. J7 jo ci ndodeth thd bdvdb l thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo6 r7 jo ci + OE], erreoadkecclrkjoa tl thd bdvdb l` thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo. Bdadok7 5 9 kdpth l` thd wllk l thd bjojoa6 > 9 kdpth l` thd blwdr pert l thd wllkuofolwo6 3 9 kdpth ndodeth thd bdvdb l thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo6 ; 9 ijojieb kdpth l` thd arluokwetdr tendb6 4 9 bjojoa prdsdrvdkclipbdtd.

Jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead hlusds thd joodr eok lutdr plsts wdrd

ol bloadr pejrdk (c`. thd Hjgfdo treosjtjloeb typd7 Hujgts 5::>7

01-15). Et slid pljot jo thd Nrlozd Ead thd treosvdrsd kdsjao

wes rdpbecdk ny e odw, bloajtukjoeb kdsjao, jo whjch thd joodr

plsts wdrd cloodctdk jo nlth e treosvdrsd eok e bloajtukjoeb

kjrdctjlo (`ja. 3>). [hd ekveotead l` thjs odw kdsjao wes e

ieglr sevjoa jo tjindr ndceusd thd ieoy hdevy re`tdrs jo thd

Nrlozd Ead hlusds hek kdieokdk berad queotjtjds l` tjindr.

Eo ekkjtjloeb ekveotead wes thd ardetdr eiluot l` specd

crdetdk ny thd dbjijoetjlo l` e berad ouindr l` plsts `rli thd

jotdrjlr. [hdrd whdrd e cdotreb plsthlbd wes `luok, nut ol

`deturds l` joodr plsts, thd rll` wes prlnenby supplrtdk ny

@jaurd 3;. ^dclostructjlo l` e wdbb kua jo e pjt wjth adotby sblpjoasjkds (`rli7 @lffdos 5::37 @jaurd >0).

[- lr X-nrecjoa {`ja. 3>). Such nrecjoa wes pertjcuberby sujt

enbd `lr supplrtjoa thd bloajtukjoeb ajrkdrs thdrd whdrd thd

kjsteocd ndtwddo thd joodr plsts jo thd bloajtukjoeb kjrdctjlo

wes tll ardet (? 4 i). [hd cdotreb plsts iey hevd dxtdokdk

ebb thd wey up tl thd rjkad, nut thjs wes olt odcdssery `rli e

clostructjloeb vjdwpljot. [hdsd cdotreb plsts kjk hdocd olt

supplrt e hdevy rjkad ndei, es ebsl jokjcetdk ny thd bloa

uosupplrtdk perts et thd doks l` thd nujbkjoa7 thd twl lutdr

ilst cdotreb plsts kjk olt dxtdok up tl thd rll`'s rjkad (`ja.

3>), nut sdrvdk tl supplrt thd hjp doks.

[hd webb, whjch wes sdt jo e shebblw `luoketjlo trdoch, hek

eo docblsjoa rethdr theo e supplrtjoa ùoctjlo. [hd kdsjao l`

thd dotreocd jokjcetds thet thd webb wes hjah. Qjth e bloajtu

kjoeb kdsjao, clotrery tl e treosvdrsd kdsjao, verjlus idesurds

hevd tl nd tefdo tl lntejo eo dotreocd l` e olrieb hdjaht jo e

blw webb. [hjs js ilst cbderby vjsjnbd jo thd pbeo jo thd `lri l`

dotreocd plsts sdt jowerks. [hjs structurd wlubk hevd nddo

uoodcdssery jo thd cesd l` e hjah webb. @rli thd èct thet thd

dotreocd plsts erd jo thdsd pbeos jo bjod wjth thd webb wd ceo

jo`dr thet thd webb wes l` huieo hdjaht.

[hd plsjtjlo l` thd joodr plsts wdbb josjkd thd shlrt webb

pljots tl e hjppdk rll`, whlsd re`tdrs wdrd dech supplrtdk ny

eo lutdr plst. Es thd re`tdrs rdstdk lo thd lutdr plsts jostdek

l` ndjoa suspdokdk `rli thd jotdrjlr structurd, such e rll` jsfolwo es e 'steokjoa' rll`, clotrery tl e 'heoajoa' rll` (Huj

gts 5::>7 15). Qjth e rll` arekjdot l` ;4½ eok e webb hdjaht l`

5.1 i, thd rll` wjbb hevd nddo lvdr ;.: hjah.

Ebthluah thdy ebb hevd thd seid nesjc pbeos, thd thrdd

hlusds kj``dr `rli lod eolthdr jo verjlus kdtejbs. [hd jotdrjlr

beylut l` hlusd H;3 (phesd N) kj``drs `rli thet l` H41 eok

HJ 5> (nlth prlnenby `rli phesds C-K)7 thd bloadst pert js olt



;< F. SCHJOFDB- DE^BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 34. Sdctjlo thrluah wdbb ]554. Gust vjsjnbd js thd tlp l` thd hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof bjojoa, whjch hek survjvdk jo jts dotjrdty (cp ;= ci).

jo thd dest, nut jo thd wdst. Qhdthdr thjs js eo dxcdptjlo tl thd

rubd lr rethdr e typjceb dxeipbd l` eo 'derby' pbeo ceoolj nd

jo`drrdk `rli thjs lod rdprdsdotetjvd eblod. Eolthdr kj``dr

docd js thd ardetdr bdoath (1 i) l` thd destdro pert l` H41. [hd

èct thet thjs pert js ebsl wjkdr theo thd rdst l` thd hlusd sua

adsts thet jt wes nujbt lotl thd hlusd et slid betdr stead. [hd

qudstjlo, thdo, js whdthdr thjs wes klod tl doberad thd nyrd lr

tl dxpeok thd bjvjoa erde. [hd bdoath l` thjs 'eoodx' (epprlxj

ietdby 0 i e`tdr kdkuctjlo l` thd kjsteocd ndtwddo thd webb

eok thd lutdr plsts) clids cblsd tl thd bdoath l` e bjvjoa erde,nut thjs klds olt odcdsserjby jipby thet thd dxtre pert wes

jokddk usdk es bjvjoa erde6 thd nyrd iey dquebby wdbb hevd

nddo iekd 0 i bloadr.

[enbd 3. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd verjlus typds l` bjojoa pdr Derby Jrlo Ead phesd.

typd E N C K E-K

Eb - - - ];3

]1>

]51=

]>>4

E7 - - ]381

];;=

]>(I -

E3 ];:0 ]:;

]J 54

]:3

]310n

];3;

E3+E4 - ]:; - - -

E5/E0 - - - ];0 -

E>/E0 - - ]0: -


[hd stetd l` prdsdrvetjlo l` thd wdbb bjojoas js kjrdctby bjofdk tl

thd bdvdb l` thd arluokwetdr `rli thd tjid thet thd wdbb wes

kua uotjb thd tjid whdo jt wes dxcevetdk. 5; l` thd 54 wdbb

bjojoas hek olt survjvdk jo thdjr dotjrdty. @rli thjs wd iey

jo`dr thet thd arluokwetdr bdvdb wes olt ebweys hjah. [hd tlps

l` thd tjindr bjojoas bey et kdpths l` 0=-55= ci ndodeth thd

dxplsdk surècd {`ja. 335), clrrdsplokjoa tl 3.;=-3.:= i enlvd

OE] (`ja. 33r). [hdsd kj``drdocds erd rdbetdk tl thd blceb rdbjd`

thdrd js e kj``drdocd jo ebtjtukd l` enlut 5 i ndtwddo thd blw

olrthwdstdro pert l` Tssdo eok thd hjahdr pert jo thd sluthdest.

[hd kdardd l` verjetjlo jo thd kdpths l` thd nlttli doks l` thd

tjindr bjojoas js ebilst twjcd thet l` thd tlps7 `rli :4 tl 58=

ci ndodeth thd dxplsdk surècd, clrrdsplokjoa tl 5>4->5= ci

ndodeth thd surècd jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Eo jotdrdstjoa lnsdr

vetjlo js thet thd loby rdebby kddp wdbbs erd ebb bjodk wjth hlb

blwdk-lut trdd-truofs (typd E3).

[hd bjojoas wdrd kua jotl thd `bllrs l` nlwb- eok ùoodb-

shepdk pjts. [hd `bllrs l` thdsd pjts wdrd prlnenby gust enlvd

arluokwetdr bdvdb, es suaadstdk ny thd èct thet thd tlp l` thd

bjojoa l` ]J 54, whjch hek survjvdk jo jts dotjrdty, prlgdctdk

gust enlvd thd `bllr l` thd pjt, enlut 5>= ci ndodeth thd lbk

beok surècd (`ja. 346 sdd ebsl @lffdos 5::5n). L` clursd

thdrd iey wdbb hevd nddo e sdclok bjojoa lo tlp l` thjs whjch

kjk dxtdok ebb thd wey up tl thd surècd. [hd sdctjlos l` thd

wdbbs `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk shlw thet thd bettdr wes betdr tl

ndclid thd cliilo wey l` bjojoa wdbbs et Tssdo, nut ol

dvjkdocd l` thjs `lri l` bjojoa hes nddo lnsdrvdk jo thd sdc

tjlos l` wdbbs `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Qd iey thdrd`lrd

essuid thet pdlpbd hek tl webf jotl thd pjt tl krew wetdr `rli



;0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

r Rv •

@jaurd 30. [lp vjdw l` thd bjojoa l` typd E> `luok jo ]381. Scebd 573=.@jaurd 31. Blwdrilst pert l` e hlbblwdk-lut trdd truof (cp 3= ci) `rli ] 310n). Chjsdb ierfs erd cbderby v jsjnbd.

thd wdbb jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead (`ja. 3;). Jt iey thdrd`lrd nd

thet thd webb l` thd pjt wes rdjo`lrcdk wjth slks, tl prdvdot thd

rjsf l` jt clbbepsjoa whdo trlkkdo lo. Ol dvjkdocd l` eoy

tjindr rdjo`lrcdidot wes `luok.

Jo thd `jrst phesds l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead ilst usd wes iekd

l` bjojoas l` typd E3, es ceo nd sddo jo tenbd 3. @rli phesd C

lowerks kj``drdot typds l` bjojoa, jo pertjcuber Eb eok E>,

@jaurd 38. [lp vjdw l` thd cliplsjtd bjojoa l` typds E3 eok E4 `luokjo ]:;. Scebd 573=.

ndceid ilrd plpuber. [hd kj``drdot typds l` wdbb bjojoas wjbb

nd kjscussdk sdperetdby ndblw.

0.3.>.5. Qettbdwlrf bjojoas (typd Eb)

Ilst l` thd `lur wettbdwlrf bjojoas hevd survjvdk jo vdry

`reaidotery clokjtjlo. Lo evdread, thrdd tl sjx l` thd uprjaht

plsts hevd nddo prdsdrvdk eok vjrtuebby olthjoa l` thd wettbd

wlrf jtsdb`. Slidtjids lbk clostructjlo tjindr wes usdk `lr

thd plsts. [hd ndst-prdsdrvdk bjojoa js thet l` ]>>4, wjth e

kjeidtdr l` 4= x 0= ci eok e prdsdrvdk hdjaht l` >= ci. @jodwettbdwlrf wjth eo evdread thjcfodss l` ; ii wes usdk jo

thjs wdbb. Eoebysds l` thd wllk `rli thrdd wdbbs shlwdk thet

ebkdr hek nddo usdk `lr ebb thrdd.

0.3.>.>. Lveb structurds cliplsdk l` vdrtjceb dbdidots

(typd E>)

[hd bjojoas l` typd E> erd ebb l` e vdry sjipbd kdsjao, cli

prjsjoa pbeofs, ndeis eok stefds thet wdrd krjvdo jotl thd

`bllr l` thd pjt sjkd ny sjkd, wjthlut eoy tjindr cloodctjlos

(`ja. 30). [hd kjidosjlos l` thd lveb wdbbs very `rli ;= x 8=

tl 84 x 5== ci. [hd ilrd lr bdss clipbdtd wdbb bjojoas ]381

eok ];;= cliprjsdk 51 tl >> vdrtjceb dbdidots. [hd prdsdrvdk

bdoath l` thd wllk jo ];;= js >=-;= ci, jts wjkth js ;->= ci.Lef, ebkdr eok esh wdrd usdk tl bjod thdsd wdbbs.

0.3.>.3. Bjojoas closjstjoa l` e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof

(typd E3)

[hd ndst-prdsdrvdk Derby Jrlo Ead bjojoas erd thd hlbblwdk-

lut trdd-truofs. [hd kjeidtdrs l` thd sdvdo wdbbs wjth such

bjojoas very `rli 3= tl 4= ci, wjth thd dxcdptjlo l` ]:3,



;1 F. SCHJOFDB - DE BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 3:. Survdy l` thd ouindrs l` shdrks `luok jo thd jbbs l` Derby Jrlo Ead `deturds. Bdadok7 e 9 Derby Jrlo Ead6 n 9 jrst heb` l` thd DJE6c 9 Sdclok heb l` thd DJE6 5 95-5== shdrks6 > 9 5=5-;== shdrks6 3 9 ?;== shdrks.

whjch hek e kjeidtdr l 1= ci. [hd prdsdrvdk hdjahts erd 3=- thd sjkds hek nddo iekd ejrby sillth eok cutierfs wdrd:= ci eok thd webb thjcfodssds erd 3-4 ci. Ol tllbierfs lnsdrvenbd (]:3). Cutierfs wdrd ebsl lnsdrvdk lo thd bjojoawdrd lnsdrvdk lo ilst l` thd hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs. Jo lod l` ]310n, thd hlbblwdk-lut truof l` eo esh (`ja. 31).

cesd - ]J 54 - thd nlttli dok hek nddo ndvdbbdk, jo eolthdr



;S EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd ;. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd wdbbs eok pjts `rli thd NrlozdEad eok thd Derby Jrlo Ead nesdk lo thd ouindrs l` shdrks `luok jothdjr `jbbs.

pltshdrks Nrlozd Ead Derby Jrlo Ead% E-N % C-K % E-K %

5-4= 55 5(H) 4 35 5> 33 55 5==

45- 5== 3 5: 4 5;

5=5->== - 1 ;; 4 5; -

>=5-3== - 5 0 3 8

3=5-;«) - 3 8

;=5- 4== 5 3

4=5-5=== 4 5;

5==5-55== - - > 0 -

tlteb 55 5(X) 50 5== 30 5== 55 5==

0.3.>.;. Uuekreoauber structurds cliplsdk l` hlrjzloteb

dbdidots (typd E4)

Bjojoas l` typd E4 closjst l` hlrjzlotebby erreoadk pbeofs,hdbk jo pbecd ny thjo vdrtjceb stefds eok pbeofs. [hjs typd l`

bjojoa wes `luok loby jo ]:;. Ol tjindr cloodctjlos hek nddo

usdk jo thjs wdbb, uobjfd jo thd wdbbs l` thjs typd `rli thd

^lieo pdrjlk. ]ert l` eo lbkdr bjojoa, closjstjoa l` e hlb-

blwdk-lut trdd-truof, hek nddo joclrplretdk jo ]:;, whjch hes

e kjeidtdr l` 53=-5;= ci (`ja. 38). [wl tl `lur l` thd succds

sjvd hlrjzloteb pbeofs hek survjvdk. E ouindr l` hlbds wjth

rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlos lnsdrvdk jo thd vdrtjceb pbeofs kl

olt sddi tl hevd sdrvdk eoy purplsd jo thd bjojoa, sl wd iey

essuid thet thdsd pbeofs wdrd usdk sdclokerjby. [hd pbeofs

wdrd l` lef, esh eok lthdr typds l` wllk.

0.3.>.4. Uuekreoauber structurds cliplsdk l` vdrtjceb

dbdidots (typd E0)

[hd bjojoas l` typd E0 erd cliperenbd wjth thlsd l` typd E>,

wjth thd kj``drdocd thet thd pbeofs wjth sherpdodk doks `lri e

squerd structurd jostdek l` eo lveb lr rluok lod. Slidtjids

thd shepd wes hlwdvdr pllrby vjsjnbd6 thjs wes `lr dxeipbd

thd cesd jo ]0:. [hd lthdr wdbb thet iey nd l` typd E0, ];0

wjth e kjeidtdr l` 5;= ci, js ebsl e kluntùb cesd. Nlth wdbbs

wdrd bjodk wjth pbeofs wjth sherpdodk doks wjth e prdsdrvdk

bdoath l` 3=-;3 ci, e wjkth l` ;-0 ci eok e thjcfodss l`

> ci. Qllk l` lef, esh eok ebkdr wes usdk.

0.;. @JOKSJo thd Derby Jrlo Ead e cheoad jo kdplsjtjlo custlis tllf

pbecd. @rli phesds C-K lowerks, wdbbs eok pjts wdrd systdi

etjcebby sdclokerjby usdk es rdùsd pjts, whjch bdk tl thd `lr

ietjlo l` berad, verjdk essdinbeads (sdd tenbd ; eok `ja. 3:).

]jts wjth `jbbs cliprjs joa ilrd theo >== shdrks rli nd`lrd

phesd C erd rerd, whdrdes slid pjts `rli phesd C lowerks

hevd yjdbkdk ilrd theo 5=== shdrks. [hjs jocrdesd js olt

rdstrjctdk tl plttdry7 `joks l` keun, stlod, tdphrjtd eok - tl e

bdssdr dxtdot - jrlo ebsl ndclid ilrd cliilo `rli phesd C

lowerks.

0.;.5. ]lttdry

Ilst shdrks kdrjvd `rli thd cliilo. blcebby prlkucdk heok

iekd utjbjterjeo plttdry (`ja. ;=6 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e,

5:81n, 5::5). [hd derthdowerd wes tdipdrdk prdklijoeotbywjth arla eok tl e bdssdr dxtdot wjth clersd ijodreb iettdr,

such es vdry clersd seok, arevdb eok arluok quertz. Clersd

tdipdr wes ol bloadr usdk et Tssdo e`tdr thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

[hd prlplrtjlo l` plttdry wjth e rluah surècd jocrdesdk

sunsteotjebby jo thd clursd l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead, `rli gust

lvdr 5=% jo phesd E tl 0=% jo phesd K. [hd plttdry ebsl

shlws e cbder typlblajceb kdvdblpidot jo thd `lri l` eo

jocrdesd jo thd prlplrtjlo l` cblsdk plts wjthlut odcfs et thd

dxpdosd l` thd cblsdk plts wjth odcfs. [hd prlplrtjlo l` lpdo

typds rdiejodk èjrby closteot thrluahlut thjs pdrjlk.

[hd typds l` webb kdclretjlo very closjkdrenby pdr phesd.

@joadrtjp eok `joadroejb jiprdssjlos wdrd plpuber thrluahlutthd dotjrd pdrjlk, nut ilst l` ebb jo phesd C. [hd seid hlbks

`lr clin kdclretjlos, dxcdpt thet thd pdef bjds jo phesd K

jostdek l` phesd C. Arllvds, `joebby, erd cherectdrjstjc l`

phesds E-N eok wdrd vjrtuebby olt usdk es e kdclretjvd iltj`

jo phesds C-K. [hdsd kj``drdot typds l` kdclretjlo wdrd slid

tjids ebsl clinjodk.

Ilrd lr bdss clipbdtd plts erd vdry rerd6 thdy wdrd `luok

jo e `dw pjts loby. [hd ideojoa l` thjs js stjbb uocbder. ]J 50

yjdbkdk e nbecf nurojshdk 8.4-ci-tebb plt wjth e heokbd. ];4

clotejodk e plttdry clipbdx uojqud tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead6 jt

cliprjsdk e berad rluahdodk kjsh, e rluahdodk plt kdclretdk

wjth `lur pdokeot erchds, e plt wjth e cybjokrjceb odcf eok e

rluahdodk plt wjth kdclretjlos ebloa thd rji dxdcutdk wjth

thd ejk l` e spetube. Ebsl wlrthy l` idotjlo erd e dw `rea

idots l` Beppdoschebdo `rli ]04, ]355 eok ]384 (`ja. ;=).

Jo ekkjtjlo tl thjs blceb heok-iekd plttdry thdrd wes ebsl

jiplrtdk plttdry. [hd ilst jiplrteot cetdalry js thet l` e

spdcj`jc fjok l` plttdry prlkucdk ebloa thd clest whjch js

thluaht tl hevd nddo usdk `lr thd prlkuctjlo eok treosplrte

tjlo l` sde sebt (Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n). Jt kj``drs `rli thd

blceb derthdowerd jo thd usd l` vdadtenbd tdipdr, jts pllr

`jojsh, jts sl`t ènrjc eok jts pebd surècd (`ja. ;5). [hjs typd l`

plttdry wes `luok jo thd `lri l` (`reaidots l`) sdij-cybjokrj

ceb lpdo-dokdk trluahs wjth bdoaths l` >4-3= ci jo essdi

nbeads `rli thd dok l` phesd N lowerks. [hdy wdrd rdclvdrdkjo rdbetjvdby siebb ouindrs - odvdr ilrd theo 5=% l` thd

tlteb ouindr l` shdrks - `rli thd `jbbs l` >4 plsthlbds eok pjts

(sdd `ja. ;>). Loby jo thd cesd l` thd essdinbeads `rli pjt

];>3 eok areoery S>;: kjk thdy rdprdsdot thd ardetdst prlplr

tjlo l` thd plttdry, j.d. >> eok 4 `reaidots, rdspdctjvdby.

Ebilst heb` l` thd ouindr l` `joksplts l` thdsd sebt clotejodrs

erd jo arlup 5=. Siebbdr clocdotretjlos wdrd `luok jo arlups



;: F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd ;=. Sdbdctjlo l` Derby Jrlo Ead plttdry `luok et Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 57; (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e7 @jaurd 1 (8, :), 5:81n7 @jaurd 0 (>-1,5=), 5::57 @jaurd >(5)).

@jaurd ;5 . @reaidots l` (trluah-shepdk) sebt clotejodrs `rli thd sdclok heb l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead (phesds C-K). Scebd 57; (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd5:81n7 @jaurd 5;).



4= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd ;>. Kjstrjnutjlo l` `reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs (5) eok nrlozd eok jrlo lngdcts, jocbukjoa sbeas (>), `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

0 eok 8. [hd `deturds l` arlup 5= ebsl yjdbkdk thd beradst eiluots l` rdùsd, j.d. ilrd theo 4== shdrks (sdd ja. 3:).

ouindrs l` sebt clotejodrs. [hjs js olt sl surprjsjoa, closjkdr- Jokjrdct dvjkdocd `lr thd prdsdocd jo Tssdo l` e kj``drdot

joa thet thjs arlup ebsl jocbukds thd pjts thet yjdbkdk thd beradst cetdalry l` jiplrtdk plttdry wes lntejodk jo thd thjo-sdctjlo




ÐK

C3](>DK

@jaurd ;3. Blli wdjahts, spjokbd whlrbs eok e cbey kjsf ketjoa `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>.

eoebysjs l` slid l` thd blcebby prlkucdk plttdry. [hd arlathet hek nddo usdk tl tdipdr thd derthdowerd jo qudstjlo

prlvdk tl kdrjvd `rli e plt thet iust hevd nddo iekd jo eo

erde wjth vlbceojc kdplsjts, `lr dxeipbd thd Dj`db ebloa thd

ijkkbd clursd l` thd ^hjod (Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 553).


Ieoy plsthlbds eok pjts wdrd `luok tl clotejo uonurodk lr

nurodk buips l` keun. Slid l` thdsd buips shlwdk thd

jiprdssjlos l` twjas lr hek twl `bet sjkds, jokjcetjoa thet thd

keun hek nddo usdk `lr webbs eok `bllrs, rdspdctjvdby. Ilst

buips wdrd hlwdvdr loby siebb eok jokdtdrijoenbd. Ndsjkds

thdsd buips, thdrd wdrd ebsl verjlus utjbjterjeo lngdcts iekdl` `jrdk cbey, oeidby 55 spjokbd whlrbs (`rli ];;, ]04, ]:;,

b'b 50, ]>=;, ]303, ]380 eok ]3:=) eok 5= lr 55 blli

wdjahts, slid l` whjch erd l` e truocetdk-clojceb shepd (`rli

];0, ];8, ]0:, ]1>, ]J 50 eok ]541) (`ja. ;3). Lngdcts whlsd

ùoctjlo js bdss lnvjlus erd e 'cluotdr' `rli ]04 (`ja. ;3) eok

e pjdrcdk buip l` keun `rli ]00. [hd bettdr ertdèct js kd`j

ojtdby olt e spjokbd whlrb. [hd essdinbeads clotejodk ol

sbjoa shlts. Blli wdjahts wdrd `luok loby jo thd `deturds làrlups : eok 5=, whdrdes spjokbd whlrbs shlwdk e wjkdr

kjstrjnutjlo6 thdy wdrd ensdot loby jo thd `deturds l` arlup 1

(`ja. ;;).

0.;.3. [dphrjtd qudros

Jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead tdphrjtd wes usdk èjrby cliiloby et

Tssdo. Jt wes `luok jo veryjoa eiluots jo ojod pjts eok plst-

hlbds `rli phesds E-N eok jo 54 pjts `rli phesds C-K. [hjs

plrlus ietdrjeb klds olt survjvd wdbb, eok jo thd cesd l` loby

thrdd `reaidots ceo slidthjoa nd sejk enlut thd lngdct's

lrjajoeb shepd. ]3:1, ketdk tl phesd E, yjdbkdk pert l` e qudro

l` typd e (sdd Peo Hddrjoado 5:84 `lr thd typlblay) wjthkjidosjlos l` 50 x 5= x ; ci (5 x w x h) (`ja. ;4e). E `rea

idot l` whet iey hevd nddo e 'clcfdk het' shepdk qudro

(Oeplbdloshldk jo kutch) - typd c jo thd qudro typlblay -

wes `luok jo ]>=3, whjch wes ketdk tl phesds C-K, eok e

`reaidot l` e qudro l` typd e lr c wjth prdsdrvdk kjidosjlos

l` 58 x 53 x 55 ci wes rdclvdrdk `rli ];8 `rli phesd K

(`ja. ;4n).



4> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd ;;. Kjstrjnutjlo l` blli wdjahts (5) eok spjokbd whlrbs (>) `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead.




P

;

T.--eSS

'd`tP

@jaurd ;4. Derby Jrlo Eadtdphrjtd qudros, e7 typd e6 n7 typd e lrd. Scebd 573.

=?

@jaurd ;0. Stlod eok bjot lngdcts `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. e7 seokstlod qudro (scebd 573)6 n7 `reaidot l` e nurot bjot (scebd 57>)6 c7 runnjoa stlod(scebd 57>).



4; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

R£µy_I

@jaurd ;1. Derby Jrlo Ead (<) nrlozd eok jrlo lngdcts, e7 nrlozd rjoa6 n7 jrlo aluad6 c, k7 jokdtdrijoenbd jrlo lngdcts6 d7 jrlo pjo (e7 scebd 575,n-d7 scebd 57>).

0.;.;. Stlod lngdcts

Stlod js prlnenby thd ndst-rdprdsdotdk Derby Jrlo Ead ietdrjeb

cetdalry, cdrtejoby jo tdris l` wdjaht. Es thjs js lo thd whlbd

olt thd cesd whdrd lthdr pdrjlks erd clocdrodk, wd iey

rdaerk berad queotjtjds l` stlod jo thd `jbbs l` wdbbs eok kddp

pjts jo pertjcuber es cherectdrjstjc l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead. [hd

ardet ieglrjty l` thd stlod `joks prlvjkdk ol jokjcetjlos l` thd

lngdcts' ùoctjlos. [hdy erd rjvdr arevdbs eok buips l` stlod

l` ebb sjzds wjthlut e cbder shepd lr eoy tllbierfs. E sdclok

arlup closjsts l` stlods l` thd seid typd whjch hevd hlwdvdr

nddo jo clotect wjth `jrd. [hdy iey hevd bejo oder e hderth.

Stlod utjbjterjeo lngdcts, `joebby, clostjtutd thd siebbdst arlup,

cliprjsjoa lod `reaidot l` e sjcfbd eok (`reaidots l`)

qudros, arjokstlods eok runnjoa stlods.




@jaurd ;8. Derby Jrlo Ead pjdcds l`wllk wjth rdcteoauber lpdojoas(];;). Scebd 574.

[hd nurodk sjcfbd `reaidot thet wes `luok jo pjt ]>01 js thd

loby Hjot lngdct `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead6 jts kjidosjlos erd

>.0 x >.1 x 5.> ci (`ja. ;0n). Ebb nut lod l` thd lthdr stlod

lngdcts wdrd iekd `rli quertzjtd, seokstlod eok rdbetdk typds

l` stlod, such es quertzjtjc seokstlod. [hd lod dxcdptjlo js e

`reaidot l` e qudro lr arjokstlod `rli pjt ]>41, whjch wes

iekd `rli iusclvjtd-areojtd. @reaidots l` lod lr ilrd

qudros wdrd `luok jo pjts ];4, ];0, ]380 eok ];>8. Lod `rea

idot `rli ];0 clubk nd `jttdk tl e ouindr l` `reaidots `rli

pjt ];4 byjoa 3= i ewey. [ladthdr thdy `lri pert l` e qudro

whlsd prdsdrvdk kjidosjlos erd 5; x 5;.4 x ;.4 ci (`ja. ;0e).

Arjokstlods lr `reaidots l` arjokstlods wdrd `luok jo ];3,

]>01 eok ];>8. [hd bettdr's kjidosjlos erd 1.4 x 1.4 x 5.5 ci.

E runnjoa stlod eok `reaidots l` runnjoa stlods wdrd `luok jo

twl pjts, ];4 eok ];4=. [hd clipbdtd spdcjido `rli ];4= jscund-shepdk eok hes e crlss-sdctjlo l` ;.8 ci (`ja. ;0c).

0.;.4. Idteb lngdcts

Nlth nrlozd eok jrlo wdrd usdk et Tssdo jo thd Derby Jrlo

Ead. [hdsd ietdrjebs erd hlwdvdr olt prlplrtjloebby rdprd

sdotdk jo ebb thd arlups (sdd `ja. ;>). [hd `deturds l` arlups 0

eok 5= clotejodk thd beradst queotjtjds l` idteb, thlsd l`

arlups 1 eok 8 yjdbkdk lod idteb lngdct dech eok thlsd l`

arlup : clotejodk ol idteb whetsldvdr.

Nrlozd wes rdprdsdotdk jo thd `lri l` e siebb rjoa, kdcl

retdk wjth e zjazea iltj`, wjth e kjeidtdr l` >.3 ci eok e

wjkth l` >.4-8.4 ii (`ja. ;1e). Jt wes `luok jo pjt ];;, ketdk

tl phesds C-K.

Jrlo wes `luok jo thd `lri l` sbeas eok lngdcts. Sbeas wdrd

`luok jo `jvd pjts `rli phesds C-K eok jo lod pjt ketdk tl

phesds E-K. ]jts ketdk tl phesds E-N yjdbkdk ol sbeas, nut

thdy kjk clotejo e `dw jrlo lngdcts. E aluad wjth e tunuber

heokbd `rli ]>55 wes kd`jojtdby usdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead6

thd aluad js 53 ci bloa, jts cuttjoa dkad js 4.4 ci wjkd eok

thd tund's lpdojoa idesurds 3 ci (`ja. ;1n). [wl lngdcts

`rli ]35> clubk olt nd ketdk tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead wjth

cdrtejoty ndceusd thd clotdots l` thjs pjt hek ndclid ijxdkwjth rdiejos `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hdy erd e ;.1-ci-bloa

jrlo rlk wjth e rluok hdek eok eo lngdct wjth e pjo eok

hllfdk doks (`ja. ;1c). [hd bdoath l` thd bettdr js 53.4 ci, jts

wjkth 1.4 eok jts crlss-sdctjlo, whjch js squerd tl rdcteoauber,

=.4 x =.4 tl =.; x =.8 ci.

Loby lod jrlo lngdct js folwo `rli phesds C-K. Jt js e thjo

rlk idesurjoa 1 x =.1-5.0 x =.3 ci `rli ]380 (`ja. ;1k).




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@jaurd ;:. Derby Jrlo Ead pjdcds l` wllk wjth rdcteoauber lpdojoas. J7 ]1> (scebd 574)6 i7 ]35> (scebd 575=)6 r7 ]3:1 (scebd 575=).


[hd `jbbs l` kddp pjts eok wdbbs yjdbkdk nlth wlrfdk eok

uowlrfdk wllk. [hd wlrfdk wllk js kjscerkdk clostructjlo

tjindr eok utjbjterjeo lngdcts. ]beofs eok (perts l`) trdd-truofs

wjth rdcteoauber hlbds erd cbessdk es clostructjlo tjindr (tenbd

4). Jt js jocjkdotebby olt cbder whet plsjtjlo thdy iey hevd

lccupjdk jo eoy structurd. ];; clotejodk e clipbdtd ndei

wjth twl wlrfdk doks eok e rdcteoauber hlbd jo thd ijkkbd eok

eolthdr spdcjido, iekd `rli esh, wjth lod wlrfdk dok eok e

rdcteoauber hlbd (`ja. ;8). [hrdd lthdr pjdcds l` wllk, `rli

]1>, ]35> eok ]3:1, ebb clotejodk sdvdreb rdcteoauber hlbds jo

e rlw. [hd hlbds jo thd pjdcds `rli ]35>, iekd `rli heb` l`

thd truof l` eo lef, eok ]3:1, iekd `rli e cbd`t lef truof, erd

beradr theo thlsd jo thd pjdcd `rli ]1> (`jas. ;:5, i, r).



41 F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ J LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

[enbd 4. Kjidosjlos (jo ci) l` thd kjscerkdk pjdcds l` wllk clotejojoa rdcteoauber hlbds rdclvdrdk `rliDerby Jrlo Ead wdbbs eok pjts.

pjt bdoath wjkth thjcfodss

ouindr

hlbds

kjidosjlos kjsteocd

wllk

];; >8 8 0 5 >.;x; esh

08 0.8 4.> 5 >.;x;.8 <

]1> 0> :.4 3.4 >(3) 3x06 3x01

<]35> 550 >3 5= 3 :x5>6 :x53.46 bLx< 54-51 lef

]3:1 51= 51 >-0 ; 0.4x5=6 8x5=.46

1x8.46 0.4x:.4

>3->0 lef

J J'bb

' G%

R@jaurd 4=. Derby Jrlo Eadpekkbd-shepdk wllkdo lngdcts.Scebd 57;.

[wl pekkbd-shepdk lef lngdcts `rli ]>=; wjth kjidosjlos

l` ;8 x : x 5 -> ci eok ;; x : x =.8-5.4 ci ceo nd jotdrprdtdk

es utjbjterjeo lngdcts (`ja. 4=). Nlth lngdcts erd thjoodst jo thd

oerrlwdst pert. E pjdcd l` e cbd`t lef ndei wjth hecfdk-lut

stdps `rli ]0: ceo ebsl nd cbessdk es e utjbjterjeo lngdct. Jt

hes sherpdodk doks eok e trjeoauber crlss-sdctjlo eok ide

surds 508 x :.4 x >> ci (`ja. 45). [hd thrdd stdps erd 0-:.4 ci

kddp eok ;-1.4 ci wjkd6 thd kjsteocd ndtwddo thdi js

33-34.4 ci. [hjs seid pjt ebsl yjdbkdk e rluok, `bet pjdcd l`

lef, plssjnby thd nesd l` e nucfdt (`ja. 4>)6 jts kjeidtdr js

>5.4 eok jt js 5.4 ci thjcf. [hd best wllkdo lngdct js e `rea

idot l` e nlwb `rli ]15, whjch hes uo`lrtuoetdby kjsep

pderdk. Jt wes et bdest 5> ci bloa eok 0 ci wjkd6 ol lthdr

jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd.




@jaurd 45. Derby Jrlo Ead pjdcd l` wllk wjth stdps cervdk jotl jt (scebd575=)@jaurd 4>. Derby Jrlo Ead nlttli l` e nucfdt lr nerrdb (scebd 57;).

0.4. DXCHEOAD

[hd Derby Jrlo Ead ietdrjeb rdiejos `rli Tssdo erd thd `jrst

tl rdvdeb clotects wjth lthdr rdajlos. êw ietdrjebs eok

lngdcts l` whjch jt js cdrtejo thet thdy kl olt lccur, lr wdrd

olt prlkucdk blcebby erd clppdr eok tjo (nrlozd), tdphrjtd,

seokstlod, quertzjtd, `bjot eok plttdry tdipdrdk wjth lraeojc

iettdr. [hd derthdowerd sdij-cybjokrjceb trluahs tdipdrdk

wjth lraeojc iettdr wdrd usdk jo thd prlkuctjlo eok dxcheoad

l` sebt. Ebloa thd Kutch clest thdy hevd nddo `luok loby

ndtwddo thd Idusd eok thd Lukd ^jgo, sl thjs js thd ilst

bjfdby slurcd l` thd sebt clotejodrs `luok et Tssdo. [hd

tdphrjtd qudros uokluntdkby ceid `rli thd querrjds oder

Ieydo jo thd Dj`db. [hd seokstlod iey ebsl hevd nddo

jiplrtdk `rli thd bettdr rdajlo. [hd slurcds l` thd lthdr

ietdrjebs - clppdr eok tjo, quertzjtd eok `bjot - erd olt cdrtejo.

]ertjcuberby uocbder js hlw eok jo whet `lri thd stlod iekd

jts wey tl Tssdo7 es e rew ietdrjeb, es nbeofs lr es dok prlk

ucts<



Seipbds `lr sddk eoebysjs wdrd tefdo `rli e berad ouindr l`

pjts. [hd ieglrjty l` thd sddks `rli thd 34 seipbdk pjts wdrd

`luok tl kdrjvd `rli olo-`llk pbeots thet ardw jo lr oder thd

`deturds `rli whjch thd sddks wdrd rdclvdrdk (sdd Nefdbs,

thjs vlbuid). Ilst erd l` aerkdo wddks eok spdcjds thet arlw

jo uotdokdk sljb eok et cloteijoetdk, wdt sjtds. Jo ekkjtjlo,

sddks l` `jdbk wddks eok pbeots thet arlwo et wetdrsjkds wdrd

`luok. [hd `bllrs l` slid l` thd wdbbs wdrd clvdrdk wjth

thjcf beydrs l` lef eok esh bdevds. [hdsd wdbbs ebilst cdr

tejoby bey jo thd shekd l` lod lr ilrd trdds.

Sddks l` `llk crlps wdrd `luok jo nlth uocernlojsdk eok

cernlojsdk clokjtjlo. [hdy shlw thet thd `lbblwjoa crlps iey

hevd nddo cubtjvetdk7 nerbdy, ijbbdt, diidr, spdbt, albk-l`-

pbdesurd, plppy sddk eok `bex (bjosddk) (sdd Nefdbs, thjs

vlbuid). Sddks l` `rujts thet wdrd prlnenby aethdrdk wdrd

ebsl `luok7 nreinbd, respndrry, dbkdrndrry eok hezdbout.



J LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S4: F. SCHJOFDB - DE^BZ

@jaurd 43. Sdttbdidot JP `rli thd jrst heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead.Scebd 57>4==.

Ekkjtjloeb jo`lrietjlo wes lntejodk `rli arejo jiprds

sjlos jo plttdry. Shdrks l` blcebby prlkucdk plttdry wdrd

`luok tl clotejo `jvd nerbdy arejo jiprdssjlos eok lod

jiprdssjlo l` wjbk let arejos (Evdoe c`.ètuë). Jiprdssjlos l`

nerbdy arejos wdrd ebsl `luok jo thrdd shdrks l` jiplrtdk

plttdry, jocbukjoa twl `reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs (sdd

Nefdbs, jhjs vlbuid). L` clursd loby thd jiprdssjlos jo thd

blceb plttdry tdbb us slidthjoa enlut crlps prdsdot et Tssdo.

[hd prlkucts, whdthdr blcebby arlwo lr jiplrtdk, wdrd

ilst prlnenby stlrdk jo areoerjds. [hdrd js ol kjrdct dvjkdocd

tl prlvd thjs, ndceusd thd cheocd l` rdiejos l` stlrdk crlps

hevjoa survjvdk jo thd plsthlbds l` such structurds js vdry

siebb. [hd plsthlbds l` thd areoerjds `rli thjs pdrjlk wdrd

ilrdlvdr olt seipbdk. [hdrd js ol jokjsputenbd dvjkdocd `lr

stlread jo pjts djthdr. [hd loby pjts whlsd shepds suaadst thdy

wdrd usdk `lr stlread wdrd `luok jo thd vjcjojty l` hlusd

H55>. @lr whet purplsd thdy hek nddo usdk clubk hlwdvdr

olt nd jo`drrdk `rli thdjr clotdots7 pjt ]303 yjdbkdk loby heb`

e arejo l` cdrdeb eok pjt ]30; wes olt seipbdk.


Nlods hek survjvdk jo nlth nurodk eok uonurodk clokjtjlo,

ilstby jo wdbbs eok kddp pjts, whdrd thdy wdrd prdsdrvdk nythd arluokwetdr eok/lr e cbeydy ietrjx. [hdrd js ol sdosd jo

ettdiptjoa tl queotj`y thd siebb ouindrs l` nlods. [hd

spdcjds jkdotj`jdk erd cettbd, hlrsd, pja, shddp/alet eok kla, jo

lrkdr l` thdjr jiplrteocd. Ol nlods l` wjbk eojiebs wdrd

jkdotj jdk (sdd ebsl Beuwdrjdr/JGzdrdd`, thjs vlbuid).

@rli thd èct thet thd hlusds wdrd kjvjkdk jotl twl perts

wd iey jo`dr thet lod pert wes usdk es e nyrd. [hd dotreocds

jo thd bloa webbs kjvjkdk thd hlusds jotl perts l` uodqueb

bdoaths. [hd siebbdst pert, wjth e bdoath l` 4.4-0 i, wjbb hevd

sdrvdk es thd bjvjoa erde eok thd beradr pert `lr stebbjoa (pert

l`) thd stlcf. [hjs js ebsl suaadstdk ny thd èct thet thd joodr

plsts jo HJ 5> wdrd sdt cblsdr tladthdr jo thd bloadst pert.

0.1. SZO[HDSJS

0.1.1. Sdttbdidot structurdEs wjbb hevd ndclid cbder `rli thd kdscrjptjlo l` thd `deturds,

thd dvjkdocd js èr `rli clipbdtd. [hjs l` clursd hes closd

qudocds `lr jts jotdrprdtetjlo, whjch wjbb thdrd`lrd `lcus ilrd

lo thd bdvdb l` thd sdttbdidot theo lo thet l` thd èriyerk.

[hd rdbetjvdby kdtejbdk chrlolblajceb sdqudocd doenbds us

tl `lbblw kdvdblpidots jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead eok iefd e

kjstjoctjlo ndtwddo thd sdttbdidots `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thjs

pdrjlk eok thlsd `rli thd sdclok heb`, whjch wjbb nd kjs

cussdk sdperetdby ndblw.

0.1.5.5. Derby Jrlo Ead7 phesds E-N

Sdttbdidot JP[hd `deturds l` arlups 8 eok : ketjoa `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd

Derby Jrlo Ead tladthdr clostjtutd e uojt idesurjoa 55= x 33=

i. [hjs js spetjebby sdperetdk `rli thd lthdr clocdotretjlos l`

`deturds ketjoa `rli phesds E-N eok wjbb nd rd`drrdk tl es

sdttbdidot JP ndblw (`ja. 43).

[hd lbkdst Derby Jrlo Ead èri, H;3, bjds jo arlup :. Et e

shlrt kjsteocd `rli jt bjds areoery S5:8, whjch wes ebsl ketdk

tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead. E sdclok, uoketdk, areoery, S5:1, iey

pdrheps ebsl nd esslcjetdk wjth thd èriyerk l` H;3, closjk

drjoa thd ensdocd l` `deturds `rli lthdr pdrjlks. Ol bjodk

wdbbs wdrd `luok jo thd jiidkjetd vjcjojty l` H;3, nut thjs

iey nd kud tl thd èct thet loby e siebb erde wes dxcevetdk

hdrd. [hd loby lthdr `deturd `luok oder thd èri js thd kddppjt ]J40. Ebb thd lthdr kddp pjts eok bjodk wdbbs bjd et kjs

teocds l` ilrd theo 8= i `rli thd hlusd6 thdy erd e wetdrjoa

pbecd (]J41) eok whet iey nd e kddp pjt (]J48) jo thd wdst,

twl wdbbs, ]:; eok ]J 54, bjodk wjth hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs,

eok kddp pjt ]J 50 jo thd sluth, eok kddp pjt ]>>; jo thd olrth.

Jt js olt cdrtejo whdthdr thdsd structurds ùrthdr ewey `rli

hlusd H;3 wdrd usdk ny thd hlusd's lccupeots. [hd wdbbs

iey ebsl hevd bejo jo eolthdr èriyerk, jo whjch cesd thd

esslcjetdk hlusd pbeo wes olt kjsclvdrdk jo thd siebb ouindr

l` dxcevetjlo trdochds kua jo thjs pert l` thd sjtd.

Sdttbdidot PE sdclok spetjebby jslbetdk uojt wjth `deturds `rli thd `jrst heb`

l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead cliprjsds arlups 0s eok 1. [hjs uojt,

whjch wjbb nd cebbdk sdttbdidot P, idesurds >5= x ;== i (`ja.

4;). Ol hlusd pbeos wdrd `luok6 eoy hlusd pbeos jo thd olrth

iey hevd nddo kjsturndk es e rdsubt l` thd jotdosjvd lccupetjlo

l` thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk, whjbd eoy

pbeos jo thd sluth iey hevd rdiejodk uolnsdrvdk jo thd




@jaurd 4;. Sdttbdidot P trli thd `jrst heb` l` thd DerbyJrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.

rdbetjvdby berad olo-dxcevetdk perts. [hd ieglrjty l` thd `de

turds erd kddp pjts - ]515, ]>=8, ]>41, ]>0>, ]>01, ]355, ]35>

eok ]3:1 - wjth e scettdrdk kjstrjnutjlo eok twl shebblw pjts,]>=: eok ];0;. [hd loby lthdr dbdidots erd areoery S30> eok

wdbb ]>55, whjch nlth bjd jo thd destdro pert l` sdttbdidot P.

Sdttbdidot PJ

E siebb arlup l` `deturds jo 0w prlnenby `lridk pert l` e beradr

sdttbdidot whjch lthdrwjsd rdiejodk uolnsdrvdk (`ja. 44). [hd

rdiejos rdclvdrdk `rli wdbbs ];:0 eok ];3; eok kddp pjt ];34

l` thjs sdttbdidot (PJ) closjst l` steokerk sdttbdidot rdùsd eok

suaadst thet e èri bey oder ny, plssjnby tl thd olrth, wdst lr

sluth l` thdsd `deturds, whdrd berad erdes wdrd olt dxcevetdk.

Suiiery l` thd sdttbdidots `rli phesds E-N

L` thd thrdd sdttbdidots folwo `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Derby

Jrlo Ead thd loby lod wjth e hlusd pbeo js sdttbdidot JP. Jo thd

yerk surrluokjoa thd èri wdrd e areoery eok e kddp pjt. Ol

hlusd pbeos wdrd `luok jo thd lthdr twl sdttbdidots, nut thdy kl

cliprjsd `deturds thet ceo nd jotdrprdtdk es èriyerk `deturds lo




thd nesjs l` thdjr ùoctjlo eok/lr clotdots. [wl plssjnbd yerks

ceo closdqudotby nd jkdotj`jdk jo thd olrthdro eok destdro perts l`

sdttbdidot P eok lod jo sdttbdidot PJ. [wl wdbbs jo sdttbdidot

JP suaadst thet thdrd wes e èriyerk tl thd sluth l` H;3. [enbd 0

prlvjkds e suiiery l` thd ketjoa dvjkdocd pdr sdttbdidot.

0.1.5.>. Derby Jrlo Ead7 phesds C-K

Eolthdr thrdd spetjebby sdperetdk clocdotretjlos erd rdclaojs

enbd jo thd `deturds `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo

Ead. [hdy wjbb nd kjscussdk ndblw.

Sdttbdidot PJJ

[hd `deturds l` arlups 8 eok :, ketdk tl thd sdclok heb` l` thd

Derby Jrlo Ead. prlnenby ndbloa tl e sjoabd sdttbdidot, sdttbd

idot PJJ, whjch idesurdk >4= x >8= i (`ja. 40). [hd loby

èri jo thjs sdttbdidot, H41, js thluaht tl hevd nddo nujbt jo

thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead ndceusd thd berad

eiluots l` sdttbdidot rdùsd rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbbs l` thd

oderny kddp pjt ]>=5 eok wetdrjoa pbecd ]>=3 (c`. ]J41 jo

sdttbdidot JP) wdrd `luok tl ketd `rli phesds C-K.Olod l` thd areoerjds surrluokjoa H41 hevd nddo ketdk,

nut thdjr ouindr suaadsts thet slid, et bdest, erd esslcjetdk

wjth H41. [hd loby areoery thet hes nddo ketdk tl thd pdrjlk

kjscussdk hdrd, S>;:, bjds ilrd theo 5== i tl thd dest l` H41,

eok sl kl thd bjodk wdbbs ]>=; eok ]>>4. [l thd wdst l` H41

bjds shebblw pjt ]J80.

@urthdr ewey, >1= i tl thd sluth l` H41, bjds shebblw pjt

]J 5>. [hd oderny wdbb ]:3, whjch wes ketdk tl phesds E-K, iey

ebsl hevd nddo kua jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead,

ndceusd `deturds `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thjs pdrjlk bjd ùrthdr ewey.

Sdttbdidot PJJJ

E sdclok clocdotretjlo l` whet eppder tl nd rdbetdk `deturds

ketjoa `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead js rdclaojsenbd

@jaurd 44. Sdttbdidot PJ `rli thdjrst heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead.Scebd 57>4==.

jo arlup 0. [hjs clocdotretjlo, whjch idesurds 30= x ;8= i,

wjbb nd rd`drrdk tl es sdttbdidot PJJJ (`ja. 41). [hd ieglrjty l` thd

`deturds surrluokjoa HJ 5> wdrd `luok tl ketd `rli phesds C-K,

whjch iefds jt bjfdby thet thd èri ebsl ketds `rli thdsd phesds.

Areoerjds, wdbbs eok kddp eok shebblw pjts bjd wjthjo e rekjus l`

4= i erluok thd e`lrdidotjlodk hlusd pbeo. Slid l` thd `de

turds sddi tl nd clocdotretdk jo arlups7 wdbbs ]381, ]3:= eok

];;= eok kddp pjts ]384 eok ]380 tl thd olrthdest l` thd èri6

shebblw pjts ]303, ]30;, ]304 eok ];:> tl thd sluthwdst6 are

oerjds, ilst l` whjch, wjth thd dxcdptjlo l` S;;:, erd uoketdk, tlthd wdst. [hd yerk l` H55> eok thd hlusd pbeo jtsdb` sddi tl nd

thd ndst-prdsdrvdk l` ebb thd sdttbdidots kjscussdk sl èr.

[hd lthdr `deturds l` sdttbdidot PJJJ, e `dw kddp eok sheb

blw pjts, bjd := eok >>= i `rli thd yerk, rdspdctjvdby. Ol

hlusd pbeos, areoerjds lr wdbbs wdrd `luok jo thjs erde. Jt

shlubk hlwdvdr nd ekkdk thet thd destdroilst `deturds wdrd

kjsclvdrdk jo e `dw oerrlw trdochds eok thet thd lthdr `de

turds ceid tl bjaht jo thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot ebrdeky ido

tjlodk sdvdreb tjids enlvd.

Eo jslbetdk wdbb bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf, ]J1=, wes ùrthdr

ilrd `luok ilrd theo 3== i tl thd sluth l` thd lthdr `de

turds. S>48, ketdk tl phesds E-K, iey pdrheps nd esslcjetdk

wjth thjs wdbb. [hd wdbb's `jbb clotejodk thd usueb sdttbdidot

rdùsd `rli phesds C-K.

[enbd 0. Schdietjc survdy l` thd ketds l` thd verjlus dbdidots jo thd sdttbdidots `rli thd jrst heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

Sdttbdidot JP Sdttbdidot P

phesd J) phesd J)

Sdttbdidot PJ

phesd E N 5)

]540

]>>;

H;3

]:;

]554

]J 50

]J 41

S5:8

essjaodk tl pdrjlk E-K7

S5:1, ]548

]35J

]3:1

]>55

]>41

]35>

]>=8

]>01

]515

S30>

]>=:

]>0>

];0;

];:0];34

essjaodk tl pdrjlk E-K

];3;




@jaurd 40. Sdttbdidot PJJ `rli thd sdclok heb`

l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.

Sdttbdidot JX

[hd `deturds l` arlup 5= `lri e cbderby kjstjoct uojt, whjch

wjbb nd rd`drrdk tl es sdttbdidot JX ndblw. [hd sdttbdidot,

whjch idesurds 54= x >>= i (`ja. 48), cliprjsds twl clocdo

tretjlos l` `deturds, odjthdr l` whjch jocbukds e hlusd pbeo.

[hd wdbbs eok pjts `jbbdk wjth berad eiluots l` sdttbdidot

rdùsd eok thd prdsdocd l` areoerjds shlw thet thdsd `deturds

hlwdvdr jokddk rdprdsdot e sdttbdidot. Jo thd olrthdro clo-

ccotretjlo thd `deturds jo qudstjlo erd areoerjds SJ31. S53:

eok SJ;;, wdbbs ]0: eok ]1>, wetdrjoa pbecd ]15, kddp pjts]0;, ]04, ]00 eok ]:5 eok shebblw pjt ]08. [hdrd wjbb hevd

nddo e hlusd pbeo slidwhdrd oder thdsd `deturds, jo thd èjrby

berad uodxcevetdk erdes.

Jo thd sluth, areoery S8: eok wdbbs ];3, ];;, ];0 eok ];8

pljot tl thd dxjstdocd l` e sdttbdidot. [hjs erde ebsl jocbukds twl

shebblw pjts, ];4 eok ];4=, eok e berad ouindr l` uoketdk are

oerjds, slid l` whjch uokluntdkby ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

Suiiery l` thd sdttbdidots `rli phesds C-K

[hrdd sdttbdidots erd folwo `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby

Jrlo Ead, tll. Jo sdttbdidot PJJ lod jokjsputenbd yerk js

kjstjoaujshenbd erluok hlusd H41. Jo thjs yerk wdrd e kddp

pjt, e wetdrjoa pbecd eok prlnenby e `dw areoerjds. [hdrd iey

hevd nddo eolthdr twl yerks tl thd dest eok sluth.

Sdttbdidot PJJJ cliprjsds thd ndst-prdsdrvdk Derby Jrlo Ead

yerk. Clocdotretjlos l` kj``drdot typds l` `deturds erd rdclaojs

enbd erluok H55>. [hdy iey rdprdsdot sdperetd erdes `lr stlread

(areoerjds), thd suppby l` wetdr (wdbbs eok kddp pjts) eok cre`tectjvjtjds (shebblw pjts). [hdsd erdes bjd wjthjo e rekjus l` 4= i

erluok hlusd H55>. Cbustdrs l` `deturds et thd cdotrd eok jo thd

sluthdro pert l` sdttbdidot PJJJ rdprdsdot twl plssjnbd èriyerks.

Ebthluah sdttbdidot JX, `joebby, jocbukds ol hlusd pbeos, thd

evejbenbd dvjkdocd suaadsts thet jt cliprjsdk et bdest twl yerks,

lod jo thd olrth eok lod jo thd sluth. [hd ketjoa dvjkdocd js

suiierjsdk pdr sdttbdidot jo tenbd 1.




@jaurd 41. Sdttbdidot PJJJ `rli thd sdclok heb l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.




@jaurd 48. Sdttbdidot JX `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead.Scebd 57>4==.

Qhdo clinjodk, thd dvjkdocd lo thd jokjsputenbd yerks

prlvds tl nd vdry hdtdrladodlus. [hjs js beradby ettrjnutenbd tl

thd dxcevetjlo stretday dipblydk eok tl kjsturneocd ceusdk ny

betdr lccupetjlo. [hd `lridr clocdros iejoby thd erde erluok

hlusd H;3 `rli phesds E-N, thd bettdr thd `deturds erluok hlus

H41. [hd evejbenbd jo`lrietjlo klds olt ebblw us tl clocbukd

thet yerks jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead ebb hek thd seid beylut.


Sdttbdidots JP, P eok PJ bjd enlut 3== i epert, jo e trjeoabd

jo thd olrthdro pert l` Tssdo (`ja. 4:). [hdy ebb clotejo `de

turds `rli phesd E. [hd blw kdosjty l` thd sdttbdidots' `de

turds sddis tl pljot tl thd dxjstdocd l` olt ilrd theo lod

èri jo thjs phesd. [hjoas wdrd olt iuch kj``drdot jo phesd N

sl wd erd prlnenby tl essuid et bdest sjx èriyerks jo thrdd

sdttbdidots `lr phesds E-N. [hd qudstjlo olw js whdthdr thjs

sdttbdidot pettdro rdprdsdots e kyoeijc cycbd l` ilvdidots

l` e sjoabd èri lr thd sjiubteodlus usd l` sdvdreb èris. J`

wd essuid thet Tssdo wes clotjoulusby lccupjdk ndtwddo

8== eok 04= NC, e sjoabd, shj`tjoa èri iey wdbb nd rdsplosjnbd `lr thjs pettdro. Sjx ilvdidots jo 54= yders wlubk jipby

thet dech èri wes usdk `lr >4 yders. Jo thjs cesd thd èri wjhlwdvdr olt hevd nddo ilvdk erluok wjthjo lod eok thd

seid sdttbdidot, nut `rli lod sdttbdidot tl eolthdr, `lr

dxeipbd `rli sdttbdidot P vje PJ tl JP eok thdo necf tl P,

[enbd 1. Schdietjc survdy l` thd ketds l` thd verjlus dbdidots jo thd sdttbdidots `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

Sdttbdidot PJJ

phesd E N C

Sdttbdidot PJJJ Sdttbdidot JX

phesd J) phesd

]J 5>

]>=3

S>;:

]>=J

]>=;

ketdk tl pdrjlk E-K7

]:3, ]580, ]>>4

essjaodk tl pdrjlk E-K

H41

]303

]380

]3:=

];>5

];;5

]3>4

]381

];;=

]51=

]30;

]38:

];=4

];=0

];>3

];81];:>

]384

ketdk tl pdrjlk E-K7H55>

S>48, S;;:, S;45.S;1:,

]304,]310e,]310n,]38;, ];>8,

];8:

]0;

]15

S8:

S5;;

];3

]08

];4=

];4

]04

]00

];;

];0

];8

]0:

]1>]:5

ketdk tl pdrjlk E-K7

S531, S53:



04 F. SCHJOFDB - DE BZ J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 4:. Ilkdb l thd Derby Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots kjstjoaujshdk et Lss-Tssdo. Bdadok7 Bdadok7 e/k 9 sdttbdidots jo phesds E-N/C-K6 n/d 9 yerksjo phesds E-N/C-K6 c/` 9 plssjnbd yerks jo phesds E-N/C-K6 a 9 lbkdr nurjebs.

dtc. J wd hlwdvdr essuid thet Tssdo wes olt clotjoulusby Jo phesds C-K sdttbdidot wes ol bloadr rdstrjctdk tl thdlccupjdk thrluahlut thjs pdrjlk, slid l` thd èris jo kj` dr- olrthdro eok cdotreb perts l` Tssdo6 ny thjs tjid jt hekdot sdttbdidots iey hevd nddo jo usd et thd seid tjid. dxpeokdk tl thd sluthwdst, tll. Sdttbdidots PJJ, PJJJ eok JX




@jaurd 0=. Ilkdb jbbustretjoa thd tdrrjtlrjds (JP-PJ eok PJJ-PJJJ) wjthjo whjch lod èri wes ilvdk erluok thrluah tjid. [hd derbjdst dvjkdocd `lr esdclok èri (jo JX) ketds `rli thd sdclok heb` l thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Bdadok7 e/k 9 tdrrjtlrjds jo phesds E-N/C-K6 n/d 9 yerks jo phesds E-N/C-K6 c/9 plssjnbd yerks jo phesds E-N/C-K6 a 9 lbkdr nurjebs.

bjd enlut 3== i epert, ebloa e bjod ruoojoa rli thd olrthdest `deturds suaadst thet thd jokjvjkueb sdttbdidots cliprjsdk twl

tl thd sluthwdst (`ja. 4:). [hd kdosjty eok kjstrjnutjlo l` thd lr ilrd èris. Jo thd cesd l` twl èris pdr sdttbdidot, e



17, F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 03. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 5>olrth. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.




]>>1n eok ]>>:e eok thd shebblw pjt clotejojoa berad

eiluots l` chercleb ];04, ebb l` whjch ketd `rli thd `jrst heb`

l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. ]jt >>1e wes `luok tl nd jotdrsdctdk

ny pjt ]>>1n. ]jt ]>>:n `rli phesd D wes jotdrsdctdk ny wdbb

]>>:n `rli phesds D-@. [hdsd `deturds jo turo jotdrsdctdk

hlusd pbeo H04. Es thd `dw rdiejos rdclvdrdk `rli thd

plsthlbds l` thd bettdr hlusd ceo kd`jojtdby olt nd ketdk tl thd

Derby Jrlo Ead jt js ilst bjfdby thet thd hlusd ketds `rli thdndajoojoa l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

[hd best `deturds tl nd idotjlodk hdrd erd thlsd l` arlup

5>d, jo thd sluthwdstdro clrodr l` thd ^lieo-pdrjlk Qdstdr-

vdbk sdttbdidot. [hdy erd hlusd pbeo H08, ketdk tl phesds

A-H, eok areoery S3=1.

1.>.3. Arlup 53

[hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead `deturds jo thd sluthdestdro quekreot erd

kjstrjnutdk sl dvdoby ecrlss thd erde thet thdrd js ol sdosd jo

ettdiptjoa tl kjstjoaujsh eoy arlups. Ebb thd `deturds hevd

thdrd`lrd nddo cbessdk es e sjoabd arlup, wjthjo whjch `lur

sunarlups hevd nddo kjstjoaujshdk7 53w, 53o, 53deok 53s.[hd `deturds l` arlup 53 clvdr e tlteb erde l` 83= x 4:= i.

Ebb nut lod l` thd `deturds thet clubk nd rdesloenby eccuretdby

ketdk, j.d. tl lod lr twl phesds, ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l`

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, jo pertjcuber `rli phesd H. [hd uoketdk

`deturds `luok jo thjs erde ilst prlnenby ketd `rli thd seid

pdrjlk, ndceusd `deturds `rli lthdr pdrjlks erd ebilst dotjrdby

ensdot.

Jo ekkjtjlo tl e berad ouindr l` hlusd pbeos, areoerjds eok

kddp eok shebblw pjts, e trdidoklus ouindr l` wdbbs wes

`luok kjspdrsdk ecrlss thd dotjrd erde. Ilst l` thdsd wdbbs

wdrd bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf.

Hlusd pbeos wdrd `luok loby jo thd sluthdro pert l` 53w.

H3= eok H30 bjd := i epert (`ja. 0;). [wl uoketdk hlusd

pbeos, H34 eok H3;, wdrd kjsclvdrdk 54 eok 0= i `rli thd

bettdr pbeo, rdspdctjvdby. [hdy ceo nd ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead lo typlblajceb arluoks eok lo eccluot l` thd ensdocd l`

Betd Jrlo Ead `deturds jo thdjr surrluokjoas. [hd loby ketdk

areoery, SJ41, bjds 3= i `rli H30. Toketdk areoerjds, whjch

wdrd prlnenby drdctdk jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, wdrd `luok

wjthjo e rekjus l` 4= i erluok thd èris, nut ebsl ùrthdr

ewey. [hd wdbbs, ]30, ]14, ]5==* eok ]5=5*, ebb bjd wjthjo e

rekjus l` := i erluok thd èris. E `j th wdbb, ]J 5:, wes

`luok et e ardetdr kjsteocd `rli thd hlusds jo thd olrthdro

pert l` 53 w. Jiidkjetdby odxt tl thjs wdbb bjds wetdrjoa pbecd

]5>=. [ladthdr wjth kddp pjt ]J 51 thdy erd thd loby IjkkbdJrlo Ead lccupetjlo rdiejos tl hevd nddo `luok jo thd erde

clotejojoa thd berad squerd ilouidot ^>0. [hd twl kddp pjts

]:8* eok ]J 58, whjch erd jo lur lpjojlo esslcjetdk wjth thd

kjtchdk docblsurd, wjbb nd kdebt wjth dbsdwhdrd (sdd Peo kdr

Seokdo, thjs vlbuid). Lthdr kddp pjts, pbus wetdrjoa pbecd

]10, wdrd `luok nlth jo thd vjcjojty l` thd èris (]1:*, ]85,

]::) eok ùrthdr ewey (]13, ]18, ]:4, ]:0, ]:1). [hd shebblw

pjts erd ]1;, ]11, ]8= eok ]4>. L` thdsd, ]4> js thd loby lod

lo whjch ol dvjkdocd js evejbenbd jo 53w. [hjs pjt, whjch wes

`luok 34 i tl thd wdst l` H3=, clotejodk berad queotjtjds l`

cernlojsdk eclros.

]erts l` pebjsekds eok e kjtch wdrd `luok tl thd sluth l`

^>0 (@>;-3>) eok et e sbjahtby ardetdr kjsteocd tl thd sluth

wdst l` thjs ilouidot (@>3 eok @b 50). Jt js olt cbder tl whet

lthdr `deturds thdy erd rdbetdk, pertby lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l`ketjoa dvjkdocd. ]ebjsekd @33 jo thd dest l` 53w iey nd

esslcjenbd wjth wdbb ]J=5, tl whjch jt js ilrd lr bdss bjofdk.

Ilst l` thd pebjsekds closjstdk l` rlws l` stefds wjth vdry

siebb kjeidtdrs sdt cblsd tladthdr (typd 5 E). Loby pebjsekd

@>3 closjstdk l` e klunbd rlw l` plsts sdt wjkd epert (typd

JJN). [hdy `lridk e squerd wjth lod lpdo sjkd.

Jo 53o `lur hlusd pbeos l` typd ;E wdrd `luok wjthjo eo

erde l` := x 1= i7 H;0, H;1, H;8 eok H;: (`ja. 04). Eolthdr

hlusd pbeo l` thd seid typd, H;4, ceid tl bjaht enlut ;= i tl

thd dest l` thjs arlup. [hjs èri's ketd js olt cdrtejo6 es e

areoery jo jts jiidkjetd surrluokjoas wes `luok tl ketd `rli

thd Betd Jrlo Ead, jt js ilrd bjfdby thet H;4 ketds `rli thetpdrjlk theo `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

E berad ouindr l` areoerjds, loby thrdd l` whjch, S>=4,

S>55 eok S>5;, clubk nd ketdk, wdrd `luok erluok thd hlusd

pbeos. Qdbbs bjd et kjsteocds l` 3=-55= i `rli thd èris.

[hlsd thet clubk nd ketdk, ]503, ]501, ]51; eok ]514, wdrd

ebb bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf. Jt js olt cbder hlw ]J>5 wes bjodk

eok `rli whet pdrjlk jt ketds6 jt wes jo usd jo djthdr thd

Ijkkbd lr thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Kddp pjts, jocbukjoa wetdrjoa

pbecd ]J>8, wdrd `luok prdklijoeotby jo thd sluthdro pert l`

53o. [hdy erd ]5>>, ]5>3, ]5>;, ]5>4, ]5>1, ]533, ]50; eok

]51>. Loby ]5>3 js l` uocdrtejo ketd6 jo vjdw l` jts prlxjijty

tl H;4 jt iey vdry wdbb nd ketenbd tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd

lthdr pjts wdrd ebilst ebb ketdk tl phesd H, dxcdpt `lr ]J0;,whjch kd`jojtdby ketds `rli phesd A. Qjth thd dxcdptjlo l`

]J 0:, ebb thd shebblw pjts erd sjtuetdk tl thd sluth l` thd

hlusds (]5>0, ]5>:, ]53=, ]535 eok ]53>). Slid l` thdsd

pjts clubk olt nd prdcjsdby ketdk (]5>:, ]53= eok ]535).

[hdjr esslcjetjlo wjth lthdr ketdk `deturds suaadsts thet thdy

ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. E uojqud

`deturd jo thd vdry olrth l` arlup 53o js shebblw pjt ]J 00,

whjch wes ketdk tl phesd(s) D(-@).

[hd cdotreb eok destdro perts l` arlup 53, 53d, clotejo

prdklijoeotby wdbbs eok kddp pjts eok loby lod hlusd pbeo7

H31. [hd `deturds bjd rdbetjvdby èr epert. [hd ketdk wdbbs,

]84, ]J=3, ]J=0 eok ]J38*, wdrd ebb bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf.[hd destdroilst wdbb, ]J 38, wes prlnenby e wetdrjoa pbecd.

Loby wdbb ]8>, whjch clubk olt nd ketdk, nut wes prlnenby

kua jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, wes bjodk wjth e structurd l` typd

E>. [hjs erde ebsl clotejos thd kddp pjts ]80, ]88, ]J=;,

]J3;, ]J34 eok ]J30. [hd bettdr wes e wetdrjoa pbecd. Ilst

l` thd shebblw pjts (]8;, ]81, ]5=>, ]5=4, ]5=1, ]5=8, ];4;,

];05 eok ];0>) eok areoerjds clubk olt nd ketdk, nut lo thd



15 F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

-5 r-

5;w...

e 7 .77777

@jaurd 05 . Schdietjc survdy l` thd kjstrjnutjlo l` Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead `deturds. [hd ouindrs rd`dr tl thd arlups kjstjoaujshdk, e 9 Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead6n 9 jrst heb` (phesds D-@)6 c 9 sdclok heb` (phesds A-H).

e berad ouindr l` uoketdk areoerjds. [hd loby ketdk areoery, Enlut := i tl thd wdst l` thjs arlup bjds hlusd pbeo H4>,

S>;>, bjds cblsd tl H48. ebsl l` typd ;E, whjch wes ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hd




@jaurd 0>. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 5>wdst. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

`deturds surrluokjoa jt erd kddp pjt ]J4> tl thd sluth eok

shebblw pjts ]58>, ]58;, ]>5; eok ]>>= pbus e ouindr l`

uoketdk areoerjds tl thd olrth. [hd ieglrjty l` thdsd `deturds

ketd `rli phesd D. Oder ]J4> bjd thd kddp pjts ]5;: eok

]J4=, whjch clubk nd ketdk loby rluahby, tl thd Ijkkbd lr

Betd Jrlo Ead.

Oder thd wdstdro nluokery l` 5>w bjds wdbb ]>58 bjodk wjth

wettbdwlrf. [hjs js thd loby `deturd jo thjs clocdotretjlo thet jsketenbd tl phesd H. Hdrd, tll, erd e `dw pjts thet iey nd esslcj

etdk wjth thd wdbb, oeidby thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead kddp pjt ]>5:

eok thd shebblw pjt ]>51 ketdk tl thd Derby lr Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

[hd bettdr pjt ilst prlnenby ketds `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, es

ol lbkdr `deturds wdrd `luok jo jts jiidkjetd surrluokjoas.

Arlup 5>o jocbukds hlusd pbeo H:5, whjch wes ketdk tl

phesds A-H, whdrdes ebb thd `deturds surrluokjoa jt ketd `rli

phesds D eok @ (`ja. 03). [hjs pbeo wes ketdk lo thd nesjs l`

thd rdbetjvdby berad prlplrtjlo l` shdrks l` ndsidtdo plttdry

rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbbs l` jts plsthlbds, sl thdrd js e plssjnjb

jty thet thd pbeo ketds `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead, whdo thjs typd l` plttdry wes ebsl rdbetjvdby cliilo

(`ja. 5>). [hd `deturds ketdk tl phesds D-@ thet ceid tl bjaht jo

thd hlusd's surrluokjoas erd areoery S311, wdbb ]>85*, kddp

pjt ]>8; eok shebblw pjt ]>8>. [hdrd erd ebsl e ouindr lùoketdk areoerjds.

E sdclok arlup l` `deturds ketjoa `rli phesds D-@ bjds 0=

i tl thd olrth l` thd e`lrdidotjlodk hlusd pbeo, eijk 5:

uoketdk areoerjds. [hdsd ketdk `deturds erd areoerjds S;>1

eok S;>:, kddp pjts ]>1: eok ]30= eok shebblw pjts ]>18 eok

]34:. Lvdr 0= i tl thd sluth l` thd hlusd pbeo bjd, eaejo eijk

ieoy uoketdk areoerjds, wdbb ]>>:n, kddp pjts ]>=0, ]>>1e,



0: F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

[enbd 8. Survdy pdr arlup l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeos, areoerjds, wdbbs eok pjts. * 9 C5; ketdk (sdd sdctjlo >.>.>)6< 9 `deturd plssjnby l`

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead ketd.

arlup hlusd typd phesd areoery typd phesd wdbb typd phesd pjt typd phesd

b b S;1> JJC D-H - ]34; N H

S;13 JJE @ ];>1 JS @(A)

S;1;< JJE ];;><

];;3<

];;;

];;4<

];;0<

];;1

];:8

]4==

JS

J J

E b

V•

JJ

J-7 j

j

JI

E-B

E-B

@

C-G

E-B

@

D

@

5> H4> ;E D 55< S>;> JE D-H ]J ::* E3 @ ]5;:< N-K D-B

H48< ;E - S3=1 JE D-H ]>58 Eb (A)H ]54=< N K D-G

H4:< ; E E-B S311 JJE D-@ ]>>:n E > D-@ ]54 > N-K D-@

H04< ; < - S;>1 JC D-@ ]>85* E7 D ]58> D D

H08 ; E A-H S;>: HS D-H ]58; D 5 J-,

JOJ ; R A-H ]5:0

]5:1

]>==

]>=>

]>=0

]>5;

]>51<

]>5:

]>>=

]>>1e

]>>1n

]>>:e

]>18

]>1:

]>8>]>8;

]34:

]30=

];04

E b

JS

N

54

K

^ 5

D

JS

J J

C

C

JS

D

54

D54

@

JS

jb

@

@

@(=)

@-A

@

D-@

E H

D H

D-@

!•7 -J-

D-@

J'.

D-@

D-@

(D)@D

D-@

@(A)

D

53 H3= ; A-H S5> : JE A-H ]30 Eb JJ b';b E b D-H

H35 b R A-H S53= JE A-H ]31< Eb - ]4>< B J -H3;< ; E-B S535 JJE A-H ]38 Eb 55 ]4: 54 H

H34< ;E - S541 JN A-H ]3: Eb /> JJ ]0=< E b E-B

H30 b R A-H S50 8 JE A-H ];=< E b E-B ]13 N-K A-H

H31 ; A-H S51 > JE A-H ]43< Eb E-B ]1; E-J A-H

H;0 ; E A-H S>=4 JE D-H ]4; Eb H ]10 54 H

H;1 ; E A-H S>55< JJS A-B ]44 Eb JJ ]11 E J JJ

H;8 ; E A-H S> 5; JE A-H ]40 * Eb H ]1 8 K 55

H;: ; E A- H ]41 Eb A-H ]1:* 54 H

]48 Eb JJ ]8= E b JJ

]05< Eb E- B ]85 54 JJ

]0> Eb A-H ]8;< D E-B

]14 E1 A-H ]80 (' H

]8>< E> - ]81< j7 A b

]83 Eb JJ ]88 54 JJ

]84 Eb JJ ]:4 C A-H





]5==*

]5=5*

]5=3

]5=0

]55:

]5>5<]538*

]503

]501

]51;

]514

];43<

E5/>/0

Eb

Eb

Eb

E1

E5/>/0E bEb

EbEb

Eb

Eb

JJ

E-H

H

JJJJ

E-BH

JJ

JJ

C-H

A-H

E-B

]:0

]:1<

]:8*

]::

]5=><

]5=;]5=4<

]5=1

]5=8

]J 51

]J 58

]5>=

]5>>

]5>3<

]5>;

]J >4

]5>0

]5>1

]5>8

]J >:<]53=<

]535<

]53>

]533

]J 3;

]J 34

]530

]50;

]500

]50:

]51>

];45<

];4><

];4;<

];05<

];0><

CNocD

j)' ADJ JNNNKCJ)C

E-J

J)

N

J-7DD

D55NNNCDDJ)DJJ

D-5

JJ

JJ

A-H

E-B

H

JJ

D-B

HE-B

A-H

A-H

D-H

H

JJ

JJ

D-B

H

A-H

H

A-H

A-H

E-BE-B

A-H

H

JJ

A-H

H

A

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eok kddp eok shebblw pjts, wdrd `luok tl ketd `rli thd `jrst

heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hd hlusd pbeos jo thjs arlup

clubk olt nd eccuretdby ketdk, dxcdpt `lr H08 eok H:5, whjch

wdrd ketdk tl thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

Jo thd destdro pert l` 5>w bjds e siebb arlup l` `deturds thet

wdrd ketdk prdklijoeotby tl phesd @7 wdbb ]5::*, whjch wes

bjodk wjth e sdclokerjby usdk nerrdb, wetdrjoa pbecd ]>==,

kddp pjts ]5:1 eok ]>=> eok pjt ]J:0 (`ja. 0>). [hjs destdro

arlup ebsl jocbukds twl hlusd pbeos l` typd ;E byjoa 3= i

epert7 H48 eok H4:, whjch clubk olt nd eccuretdby ketdk, eok




sjoabd shj`tjoa èri clubk eaejo nd rdsplosjnbd `lr thjs pet

tdro. Es jo phesds E-N, thjs èri wjbb thdo hevd nddo shj`tdk

olt wjthjo thd bjijts l` lod eok thd seid sdttbdidot, nut `rli

lod sdttbdidot tl eolthdr. Jt hlwdvdr sddis bjfdby thet sdvdreb

èris wdrd lccupjdk sjiubteodlusby et cdrtejo tjids wjthjo

thdsd phesds, ndceusd ilrd theo twl èriyerks ceo nd plstu

betdk jo sdttbdidots PJJ eok PJJJ jo pertjcuber.

[hjs bdeks tl thd clocbusjlo thet olod l` thd sdttbdidots

wdrd clotjoulusby lccupjdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead, ndceusd

lthdrwjsd et bdest sjx yerks wlubk hevd tl nd folwo `lr dech

sdttbdidot. Dvdo j` thd uodxcevetdk erdes jo eok erluok thd

sdttbdidots wdrd tl clotejo lod lr twl ilrd yerks, thjs js olt

thd cesd. Sdttbdidots JP, P eok PJ `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd

Derby Jrlo Ead ceo nd sddo tl clostjtutd e tdrrjtlry idesurjoa

4== x 0:= i, whjch iey nd rdaerkdk es thd rdsubt l` thd

closteot shj`tjoa l` e sjoabd èri (`ja. 0=). Sdttbdidots PJJ

eok PJJJ iey tladthdr nd rdaerkdk es thd lutclid l` thd

clotjouetjlo l` thjs systdi jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo

Ead. [hdjr tdrrjtlry idesurds :4= x 34= i. Sdttbdidot JX,

whjch wes `jrst lccupjdk jo thd clursd l` phesd C, clubk jothjs ilkdb es `luokdk ny pdlpbd `rli sdttbdidots PJJ eok

PJJJ. Jts `luokdrs iey hlwdvdr ebsl hevd clid `rli lthdr

sdttbdidots, `lr dxeipbd tl thd olrth l` thd erde kjscussdk

hdrd (sdd @lffdos 5::5n).

Tssdo wes olt jotdosjvdby lccupjdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead

eok jts lccupetjlo wes olt rdstrjctdk tl e sjoabd sjtd. [hdrd js

ol rdeslo tl essuid eoy sunsteotjeb jocrdesd jo thd ouindr l`

èris jo thd clursd l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead6 lo thd clotrery, thd

sjtuetjlo sddis tl hevd rdiejodk èjrby stenbd. [hjs js ebsl

suaadstdk ny thd ensdocd l` ardet kj``drdocds jo thd ietdrjeb

rdiejos l` thd jokjvjkueb sdttbdidots. [hd loby kdilostrenbd

kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd sdttbdidots `rli phesds E-N eok

thlsd `rli phesds C-K erd thd eppdereocd l` wdbbs bjodk wjth

wettbdwlrf eok thd sdclokery usd l` pjts eok wdbbs `lr thd

kjsplseb l` rdùsd.

[hd dxcevetjlo yjdbkdk vjrtuebby ol jo`lrietjlo lo thd

beylut l` thd erde jo thd èriyerks' wjkdr surrluokjoas. Qd

wlubk usuebby dxpdct thet thlsd erdes clotejodk `jdbks, nut ol

dvjkdocd l` `jdbks whetsldvdr wes `luok et Tssdo. ]esturd-

beok `lr thd cettbd wjbb hevd bejo et e ardetdr kjsteocd `rli thd

yerks, jo thd kjrdctjlo l` thd Idusd. [hd ùoctjlo l` thd erde

kdvljk l` `deturds eok `joks tl thd sluthdest l` thd bjod thet

ceo nd krewo `rli N3 tl O5= js olt cbder djthdr. Qes thjs

rdbetjvdby hjah beok `lr dxeipbd clvdrdk wjth wllks, `rli

whjch pdlpbd clubk lntejo clostructjlo tjindr eok `jrdwllkeok whdrd thdy clubk `lread thdjr pjas, lr kjk jt pbey eo

jiietdrjeb pert jo thd dcloliy< [hd `lridr lptjlo sddis thd

ilst bjfdby.

[hd rdbetjloshjp ndtwddo yerks eok nurjebs js e bjttbd cbderdr

theo jo thd prdvjlus pdrjlk, ndceusd twdbvd nurjebs erd folwo

`rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead (sdd Peo kdr Seokdo, thjs vlbuid).

[hdy erd nurjebs surrluokdk ny rjoa kjtchds wjth berad eok

siebb kjeidtdrs, lod nurjeb wjthjo eo lveb kjtch eok lod

wjthjo eo lveb docblsurd ierfdk lut ny plsthlbds, pbus e `dw

sjipbd crdietjlo nurjebs. Ol uros wdrd `luok jo eoy l` thd

nurjebs. Qjth thd dxcdptjlo l` nurjeb ^35 surrluokdk ny e rjoa

kjtch (phesd N), olod l` thd nurjebs clubk nd ketdk eoy ilrd

eccuretdby theo tl phesds E-K. Es ceo nd sddo jo thd pbeo

shlwjoa thd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs, thd nurjebs ebb bjd cblsd

tl Derby Jrlo Ead `deturds (`ja. 4:). [hd beradst arlup, closjstjoa l` sjx nurjebs, bjds jo sdttbdidot PJJ6 e arlup l` `lur

nurjebs wes `luok jo sdttbdidot JP, lod nurjeb wes kjsclvdrdk

jo sdttbdidot P lr PJJJ eok lod jo sdttbdidot PJJJ. [hjs siebb

ouindr l` nurjebs, whjch ilrdlvdr bjd jo `lur kj``drdot erdes,

erd prlnenby olt rdprdsdotetjvd l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead nurjeb

prectjcd. [hd ieglrjty l` thd nurjebs wjbb hevd rdiejodk uoln

sdrvdk eok hevd bejo ùrthdr ewey `rli thd sdttbdidots. [hd

esslcjetjlo ndtwddo nurjebs eok sdttbdidots ceo odvdrthdbdss

nd cbessdk es uousueb jo e pdrjlk jo whjch thd crdietdk

rdiejos wdrd usuebby nurjdk jo uro`jdbks lutsjkd thd sdttbd

idots. [hdrd js olt ydt eoy sjao l` thd spetjeb sdperetjlo

ndtwddo thd wlrbk l` thd bjvjoa eok thet l` thd kdek thet wes

tl ieoj`dst jtsdb` et Tssdo `rli thd dok l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead

lowerks.

0.1.3. Kdvdblpidots erluok thd treosjtjlo `rli thd

Nrlozd Ead tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead

Jo thd pdrjlk ndtwddo thd dok l` thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd

ndajoojoa l` phesd N e ouindr l` cheoads tllf pbecd et

Tssdo, l` whjch loby thd lutclids erd folwo tl us. [hdsd

cheoads clocdro thd hlusds eok thd areoerjds jo pertjcuber.

[hd derbjdst Derby Jrlo Ead hlusd, H;3, kj``drs `rli thd

Nrlozd Ead hlusd HJ>4 jo jt shlrtdr bdoath, jts sbjahtby beradr

wjkth, jts pertjebby `lur-ejsbdk pbeo, thd `luoketjlo trdoch `lr

thd webb eok thd sdperetd supplrts l` thd dkad l` thd rll`. [hd

bettdr supplrts eok thd usd l` e hjppdk rll` jostdek l` e sekkbd

rll` wjbb hevd iekd thd hlusd bllf qujtd kj``drdot `rli thd

lutsjkd. [hdsd kj``drdocds hlwdvdr sddi tl nd prjierjby

tdchojceb eok dclolijc rethdr theo cubtureb.

[hd eppdereocd l` areoerjds, ettdstdk `rli phesd N

lowerks, js eolthdr kj `drdocd wjth rdspdct tl thd Nrlozd Ead.

Ilst l` thd ketdk spdcjidos jo thd kjscussdk cbustdrs erd l`

thd sjx-plst typd (JN eok JC), nut thjs tdbbs us olthjoa enlut

thd lrjajoeb retjl l` `lur- eok sjx-plst areoerjds. [hd beradr

ouindr l` plsthlbds ebsl ideos thet thdrd js e sbjahtby ardetdr

cheocd l` ketenbd rdiejos hevjoa dokdk up jo thdjr `jbbs.

[hd rdkuctjlo jo thd bdoath l` thd hlusds eok thd eppdereocd l` areoerjds uokluntdkby rd`bdct dclolijc cheoads. Jt js

essuidk thet Nrlozd Ead hlusds clotejodk nlth cettbd stebbs

eok ècjbjtjds `lr stlrjoa cdrdeb. Jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead thd

cettbd, whjch, es wd iey jo`dr `rli thd shlrtdr nyrds, wdrd

`dwdr jo ouindr, clotjoudk tl nd stebbdk jokllrs whjbd perts,

et bdest, l` thd crlps wdrd cdrtejoby stlrdk jo areoerjds lut

kllrs, thluah slid l` thd hervdstdk allks iey stjbb hevd




nddo fdpt jokllrs. [hjs iey pljot tl eo jotdosj`jcetjlo l` crlp

cubtjvetjlo et thd dxpdosd l` stlcf fddpjoa.

Es èr es thd pjts eok wdbbs erd clocdrodk, wd oltd loby

ijolr kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd `jrst

phesds l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Ndsjkds uobjodk wdbbs, dspd

cjebby l` typd N, loby wdbbs bjodk wjth hlbblwdk-lut trdd-

truofs wdrd usdk `lr lntejojoa wetdr jo phesds E-N. Lthdr

typds l` bjojoa, jocbukjoa wettbdwlrf, bllsd stefds eok pbeofs,wdrd usdk loby `rli phesd C lowerks.

E cbder kjstjoctjlo ndtwddo thd Nrlozd Ead eok phesds E-

N l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead lo thd lod heok eok phesds C-K lo

thd lthdr js ebsl lnsdrvenbd jo thd eiluots l` rdùsd `luok jo

thd `jbbs l` thd wdbbs eok pjts. Jo phesds E-N ebrdeky, beradr

queotjtjds l` rdùsd dokdk up jo pjts eok wdbbs theo jo thd

Nrlozd Ead, nut thdy nder ol rdbetjlo tl thd eiluots l` rdùsd

docluotdrdk jo `deturds `rli phesds C-K, slid l` whjch erd

trdidoklus (sdd ja. 3:). [hjs suaadsts thet slid cheoad tllf

pbecd jo kjsplseb custlis. Jt clubk nd thet ebb thd rdùsd (nlth

lraeojc eok jolraeojc) wes usdk tl dorjch thd sljb, prdklij

oeotby jo thd `jdbks, et `jrst, eok thet thjs prectjcd ceid tl eodok jo phesd C. Eolthdr plssjnjbjty js thet `rli phesd C

lowerks thd rdùsd wes sdperetdk, eok ebb thd rdiejos thet

wdrd olt closjkdrdk sujtenbd `lr sprdekjoa lvdr thd `jdbks

wdrd kuipdk jo pjts eok wdbbs thet wdrd ol bloadr usdk `lr

thdjr lrjajoeb purplsds. Slid l` thd pjts thet wdrd `luok tl nd

`jbbdk wjth rdùsd bey jo thd jiidkjetd vjcjojty l` èris.

[hd pjcturd thet didrads `rli thd (rdùsd) dvjkdocd js thet l`

sdb`-su``jcjdot uojts wjth eo dcloliy nesdk lo crlp cubtjvetjlo

eok stlcf fddpjoa. Ol dssdotjeb kj``drdocds erd lnsdrvenbd

ndtwddo thd jokjvjkueb uojts/èriyerks. [hd loby rdiejos

pljotjoa tl bloa-kjsteocd clotects erd thd sebt clotejodrs (`rli

thd clesteb erde), tdphrjtd (`rli thd Dj`db) eok (quertzjtjc)

seokstlod (dxect slurcd olt folwo). Ectjvjtjds thet wdrd prlne

nby cerrjdk lut lo e hlusdhlbk nesjs jo thd jokjvjkueb yerks erd

spjoojoa eok wdevjoa eok thd prlkuctjlo l` plttdry eok jrlo.

1. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots1.5. JO[^LKTC[JLO

Ol nrdef jo lccupetjlo sddis tl hevd lccurrdk jo thd jovdstj

aetdk erde erluok thd treosjtjlo `rli thd Derby tl thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead. [hjs js et bdest suaadstdk ny thd prdsdocd l` `deturds

`rli nlth thd best phesd l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead (phesd K) eok

thd `jrst phesd l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (phesd D). 5;= `deturds

wdrd ketdk tl thd pdrjlk 4==->4= NC, j.d. ebilst 4=% ilrd

theo thd ouindr ketdk tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead. E clospjculusbyberad ouindr l` `deturds - := jo tlteb - ketd `rli phesds A-H,

dspdcjebby phesd H. Closjkdrjoa thd ilrd èvlurenbd prdsdr

vetjlo clokjtjlos, hlusd pbeos erd prdsuienby bdss uokdrrdp-

rdsdotdk theo jo thd cesd l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead7 thd cdotreb,

webb eok lutdr plsts wdrd kua kddpdr jotl thd arluok eok thdjr

plsthlbds wdrd closdqudotby bdss vubodrenbd tl plst-kdplsj-

tjloeb kjsturneocd.

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead `deturds wdrd `luok ebb lvdr thd jovdstj

aetdk erde. @lr thd `jrst tjid sjocd thd Nrlozd Ead wd olw

ebsl lnsdrvd lccupetjlo rdiejos jo thd sluthdestdro quekreot.

[hd `deturds hlwdvdr eaejo shlw e scettdrdk kjstrjnutjlo

pettdro, wjth vdry `dw jotdrsdctjlos. [hd ketdk `deturds cli

prjsd e berad ouindr l` hlusd pbeos, wdbbs eok kddp pjts eok e

siebbdr ouindr l` shebblw pjts eok areoerjds (tenbd 8). Jo

ekkjtjlo, e `dw rjtueb structurds erd folwo `rli thd IjkkbdJrlo Ead (sdd Peo kdr Seokdo, thjs vlbuid).

[hd èct thet thd `deturds erd vdry dvdoby kjstrjnutdk ecrlss

thd erde iefds jt kj``jcubt tl kjvjkd thdi jotl kdscrjptjvd uojts

lr arlups. Jt wes kdcjkdk olt tl iefd thd uojts tll siebb thdrd

whdrd ol cbder nluokerjds erd lnsdrvenbd. Jo ectueb èct, loby

arlups 55 eok 5> jo thd olrthdestdro eok olrthwdstdro quek

reot hevd cbder spetjeb nluokerjds (sdd ja. 05). [hd nluokery

ndtwddo arlups 53 eok 5;, jo thd sluthdestdro eok sluthwdst

dro quekreot, rdspdctjvdby, js èr ilrd ertj`jcjeb.

1.> . [HD @DE[T DS

1.>.5. Arlup 55[hd ieglrjty l` thd `deturds l` arlup 55, closjstjoa l` kddp

eok shebblw pjts eok areoerjds, wdrd `luok olt jo dxcevetjlo

pjts, nut jo nujbkjoa pjts eok trdochds kua `lr pjpdbjods. [hdsd

`deturds erd hdocd loby ijojiebby rdprdsdotetjvd l` thd

erchedlblajceb rdclrk jo thjs erde. [hrdd clocdotretjlos l`

`deturds erd kjstjoaujshenbd wjthjo thjs erde l` 34= x 51= i7

5 Jo, 5 bd eok 5 Js. [hd `deturds jo 5 Jo eok 5 bd thet clubk nd

ketdk wdrd ebb `luok tl ketd `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead6 loby 5 Js clotejos e pjt thet js tl nd pbecdk jo

phesd H.

[hd `deturds l` 5 Jo jocbukd shebblw pjt ];;1 eok pjt ];;;,

whlsd dxect shepd js olt folwo. [hd loby lthdr `deturds jo thd

jiidkjetd vjcjojty erd thd twl shebblw pjts ];;4 eok ];;06

thdy wdrd ketdk tl thd Jrlo Ead, nut clubk uo`lrtuoetdby olt nd

ketdk wjth eoy ardetdr eccurecy wjthjo thjs pdrjlk.

[hd `deturds l` arlup 5 bd closjst l` wetdrjoa pbecd ];>1,

shebblw pjts ];:8 eok ]4== eok areoerjds S;1> eok S;13.

[hdsd areoerjds shlwdk sjaos l` rdpejr7 verjlus plsts hek

nddo kua lut eok rdpbecdk ny odw lods. E thjrk areoery,

S;1;, clubk olt nd ketdk. Jts plsjtjlo jiidkjetdby odxt tl thd

ketdk areoerjds , jts typd eok thd ensdocd l` `deturds `rli

lthdr pdrjlks suaadst thet jt, tll, ketds `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead. [hd bettdr erauidot iefds jt bjfdby thet kddp pjt ];;>

eok shebblw pjt ];;3, nlth l` whjch bjd cblsd tl ];:8 eok

]4==, ebsl ketd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.Kddp pjt ]34;, whjch wes ketdk tl phesd H, js thd loby

`deturd jo 5 Js.

1.>.>. Arlup 5>

[hd `deturds l` arlup 5> clvdr eo erde l` 43= x 33= i, wjthjo

whjch thrdd clocdotretjlos ceo nd kjstjoaujshdk7 5>w, 5>o

eok 5>d. Ilst l` thd `deturds, whjch jocbukd areoerjds, wdbbs



SJ F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

]44 ]4; ]41 ]538 ]40 ]5=5 ]501 ]30 ]5=0]5==]503 ]3: ]514 ]5:: ]51; ]3 ]5=3 ]48 ]>85 ]>>:n]>4 ]> ];> ]3;

E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5/>/0 E5 E5/> E5 E3 E5 E5 E5 E5 E> E> E5 E5 E3 E>/0

44=

+ oep

]>4 ]5:: ]3; ]3

E5 E3 E>/0 E5

]>E5

]501]5==]5=5 ]5=0 ]44 ]41 ]48 ]40 ]4;E5 E5/>/0 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5

@jaurd 0:. Kdpths l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wdbb bjojoas, e7 jo ci ndodeth thd bdvdb l` thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo6 n7 jo ci +OE], erreoadkrdbetjvd tl thd bdvdb l` thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo. [hd lbk beok surècd wes enlut >=-3= ci hjahdr. Bdadok7 5 9 kdpth l` bjojoa6 > 9kdpth l` nlttli l` bjojoa uofolwo6 3 9 bdvdb l` surècd dxplsdk jo dxcevetjlo6 ; 9 ijojiui arluokwetdr bdvdb `lr d``dctjvd usd l` thd wdbb (epprlx.3= ci enlvd thd nlttli l` thd bjojoa)6 4 9 bjojoa prdsdrvdk jo jts dotjrdty.



s7 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 1=. Qdbb ]5:: whlsd bjojoa, e sdclokerjby usdk nerrdb (sdd @jaurd 8S}, hek survjvdk jo jts dotjrdty, e7 crlss sdctjlo6 n7 vjdw `rli thd tlp.Scebd 573=.

thd `bllr l` thd pjt eok wjbb thdo hevd prlgdctdk olt ilrd theo

e `dw klzdo cdotjidtrds enlvd thd pjt's `bllr. @lr thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead thjs js lnsdrvenbd jo thd sdctjlo thrluah ]J:: (`ja.

1=). Jt js thluaht thet thjs jotdrprdtetjlo hlbks `lr thd Nrlozd

Ead eok thd Derby Jrlo Ead, tll. Jo lod wdbb, ];>, e beydr l`

njrch nreochds wes `luok erluok thd bjojoa, whjch hek clv

drdk thd - plssjnby slkkdo - `bllr l` thd pjt.

[hd ieglrjty l` thd >: wdbbs wdrd bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf

structurds (typd ER)(tenjc :). Es thjs typd l` bjojoa wes ebslusdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead jt js streoad thet ol dxeipbds erd

folwo `rli thd `jst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (phesds D-@).

[hd `dw folwo wdbbs ketjoa `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead erd l` typds E> eok E3, whjch wdrd ebsl jo usd jo

thd Derby Jrlo Ead.


Qettbdwlrf bjojoas wdrd `luok jo >> wdbbs. [hd structurds jo

qudstjlo erd rluok, lveb lr quekreoauber wjth rluokdk clr

odrs. [hd rluok bjojoas hevd kjeidtdrs l` 8=->== ci eok 1-5:

l` thdjr stefds hevd survjvdk. [hd lveb structurds idesurd 44

x 8= tl 5== x 5;= ci eok cliprjsd 55-5: stefds , whjbd thd

quekreoauber lods idesurd 8= x 5>= eok 55= x 55= ci eok

cliprjsd >8-3; stefds (`ja. 15). Ilst l` thd stefds, thd ieglr

jty l` whjch erd pjdcds l` rluok tjindr wjth siebb kjeidtdrs,hevd sherpdodk doks6 thdjr bdoaths very. [hd stefds l` clursd

ebweys dxtdokdk tl ardetdr kdpths theo thd hlrjzloteb dbd

idots. Olt ilrd theo >4 ci l` thd bettdr hek survjvdk jo eoy

l` thd wdbbs, whdrdes thd stefds hevd prdsdrvdk bdoaths l` up

tl 55= ci.

[enbd :. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd verjlus typds l` bjojoa pdr Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead phesd.

typd D-@ A-H

Eb

E5/E>E5/E>/E0

E>

E>/E0

E3 ];>

]>85 ]>>:n

]5::

]> ]3 ]>4 ]30 ]38 ]41 ]0>

]4; ]44 ]40 ]48 ]5=5 ]51;

]83 ]84 ]5=3 ]5=0

]538 ]503 ]501

]3: -

]5== \

]3;



1¶ F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

ketdk tl phesd D. Jt js hdocd olt esslcjetdk wjth thd e`lrdido

tjlodk hlusd pbeos. Loby wdbb ]>4, whjch wes bjodk wjth wet-

tbdwlrf eok prlnenby sdrvdk es e wetdrjoa pbecd `lr cettbd, ceo

nd esslcjetdk wjth thd lccupetjlo jo phesds A-H. Jt bjds 5= i

`rli thd oderdst hlusd pbeo. [hrdd pebjsekds, @;, @4 eok @0, erd

bjofdk tl thjs wdbb. [hd kddp pjts ]>:* eok ]01 bjd et ardetdr

kjsteocds `rli thd pbeos theo thd shebblw pjts ]>; eok ]>0.

Jo J;d thd thrdd kddp pjts ]3=, ]33 eok ];: `rli phesd @

bjd :4-53= i epert. [hdy bjd enlut >== i `rli wdbb ];> jo

5;w, whjch wes ebsl ketdk tl thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead. Kddp pjt ]35 eok areoery S5;4 iey ebsl ndbloa tl thjs

arlup l` `deturds, nut thjs clubk olt nd jo`drrdk wjth cdrtejoty

`rli thd `joks.

@deturds ketdk tl phesds A-H erd rdstrjctdk tl thd sluthdro

pert l` 5;d. [hdy erd wdbbs ]>, ]3, nlth l` whjch wdrd bjodk

wjth wettbdwlrf, eok ]3;, bjodk wjth stefds sdt sjkd ny sjkd,

kddp pjts ]J4 eok ]>> eok areoerjds S4 eok S4;. ]jt ]45

clubk olt nd eccuretdby ketdk. Ol hlusd pbeos erd folwo thet

clubk nd ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty.


@lr thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, tll, thdrd erd loby `dw prjiery

slurcds l` jo`lrietjlo lo tdcholblay et Tssdo. Hlusd pbeos

eok wdbb bjojoas tdbb us slidthjoa enlut cdrtejo espdcts l`

bjindr structurds. Nut thdrd js ol dvjkdocd `rli whjch wd ceo

jo`dr hlw cbey eok idteb lrds wdrd prlcdssdk jotl utjbjterjeo

lngdcts, ndceusd ol typjceb prlkuctjlo sjtds wjth `lr dxeipbd

fjbos wdrd `luok, lr et bdest ol sjtds thet wdrd jkdotj`jdk es

such. Ebb thet wes `luok erd dok prlkucts eok thd westd prl

kucdk jo thdjr ieouècturd, eok thdy prlvjkd loby vdry ado

dreb josjaht jotl thd dipblydk prlcdssjoa idthlks.

1.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds l` typd ;E

[hd ieglrjty l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeos erd l` typd

;E, lr thd Heps typd (Pdrwdrs 5:1>). E `dw rdprdsdotetjvds

l` typd 4E ketjoa `rli thd dok l` thjs pdrjlk wdrd ebsl `luok,

nut thdjr clostructjlo wjbb nd kjscussdk jo sdctjlo 8.3.5.3.

[hd hlusds l` typd ;E cliprjsdk e rlw l` cdotreb plsts,

webb plsts eok lutdr plsts (`ja. 08). [wl wjkd dotreocds lppl

sjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs usuebby kjvjkdk thd hlusds

jotl twl perts l` epprlxjietdby thd seid sjzd. [hd bdoaths l`

thd hlusds verjdk `rli 55 tl et bdest 51.3 i eok thd wjkths

`rli 4 tl 8 i. [hd pbeos' lrjdotetjlos reoad `rli sluthwdst-

olrthdest tl wdst-dest. Ebthluah thd dotreocds kjvjkdk thd

hlusds jotl twl dqueb perts, thdrd wes stjbb e kj``drdocdndtwddo thd (sluth)wdstdro pert eok thd (olrth)destdro pert, jo

thej thd kjsteocd ndtwddo thd cdotreb plsts wes ardetdr jo thd

`lridr pert theo jo thd bettdr.

@rli e clostructjloeb vjdwpljot, thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

hlusds erd thd kjrdct succdsslrs l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead hlusds

l` typd >N, wjth thd kj``drdocd thet ebb thd joodr plsts hevd

kjseppderdk `rli thd jotdrjlr eok hevd nddo rdpbecdk ny

cdotreb plsts. [hd prjiery ùoctjlo l` thdsd cdotreb plsts wes

tl supplrt olt e rjkad ndei, nut prlnenby e crlss ndei jo X-

lr [-nrecjoa (Hujgts 5::>7 84). Ettechdk tl thd doks l` thdsd

crlss ndeis wdrd bloajtukjoeb ajrkdrs, whjch supplrtdk thd

re`tdrs, eok hdocd nlrd pert l` thd wdjaht l` thd rll` (`ja. 08).

[hd cdotreb plsts wdrd cloodctdk jo e bloajtukjoeb kjrdctjlo

vje thd crlss ndeis eok bloajtukjoeb ajrkdrs. [hjs bloajtukjoeb

kdsjao iekd `lr e sluok, stenbd structurd (2ƞ. thd Hjgfdo typd6

Hujgts 5::>7 13-81). [hd lutdrilst cdotreb plsts kjk kd`j

ojtdby olt dxtdok ebb thd wey up tl thd rjkad, nut supplrtdk thd

hjp doks l` thd rll` vje e crlss ndei.

[hd ensdocd l` cdotreb plsts jo thd shlrt webbs shlws thet

thd hlusd hek e hjppdk rll`, whjch wes supplrtdk prjierjby

ny bloajtukjoeb ajrkdrs heb`wey up thd rll` eok ny lutdr plsts

et thd dkad l` thd rll`. [hd lutdr plsts wdrd ebsl cloodctdk

ny bloajtukjoeb ajrkdrs. [hjs ideot thet thd re`tdrs clubk olw

nd clbbdctjvdby supplrtdk, whdrdes jo thd hlusds l` typd >N

thdy hek nddo jokjvjkuebby supplrtdk. Nut dvdo wjth thjs

clbbdctjvd supplrt, slid re`tdrs clubk stjbb nd jokjvjkuebby

supplrtdk ny lutdr plsts. Such re`tdrs erd folwo es 'prjiery're`tdrs whjbd thlsd thet wdrd clbbdctjvdby supplrtdk erd cebbdk

'sdclokery' re`tdrs (Hujgts 5::>7 84). Qjth e arekjdot l` ;4½,

e webb hdjaht l` 5.4 i eok e wjkth l` 1.0 i thd rll` wjbb hevd

nddo enlut ;.4 i hjah.

[hd webb wes prlnenby sdt josjkd thd webb supplrts, es

suaadstdk ny thd kdsjao l` thd sluthdro dotreocd, whjch, `rli

thd lutsjkd tl thd josjkd, cliprjsdk eo lutdr plst, e webb

supplrt, thd webb's dok plst eok eo dotreocd plst. [hd webb kjk

prlnenby olt hevd e supplrtjoa ùoctjlo eok wes prdsuienby

blw. [hd bettdr js eaejo suaadstdk ny thd kdsjao l` thd

dotreocd, jo whjch thd dotreocd plsts erd sdt josjkd thd webb.

[hjs wes odcdssery jo thd cesd l` bloajtukjoeb kdsjaos tl

lntejo eo dotreocd l` e olrieb hdjaht jo e blw webb.


Pjrtuebby olod l` thd wdbb bjojoas hek survjvdk jo thdjr

dotjrdty. [hd loby dxcdptjlo js thd ebrdeky-idotjlodk nerrdb

`rli ]J::, whjch wes sdclokerjby usdk es e wdbb bjojoa.

Qllk hek survjvdk tl kdpths l` 0=-554 ndodeth thd dxplsdk

surècd, whjch clrrdsplok epprlxjietdby tl kdpths l` :=-5;4

ci ndodeth thd Jrlo Ead surècd (`ja. 0:e). [hd OE] bdvdbs l`

slid l` thd structurds wdrd idesurdk eok wdrd `luok tl very

`rli 3.4= tl ;.;4 i enlvd OE] (`ja. 0:n). [hdsd vebuds ajvd

us e allk jiprdssjlo l` thd kj``drdocd jo ebtjtukd ndtwddo thd

olrthwdstdro eok sluthdestdro perts l` Tssdo.

Qhjbd thd bdvdbs l` thd tlps l` thd bjojoas wdrd kdtdrijodk

ny thd bdvdb l` thd arluokwetdr, thd bdvdbs l` thd nlttlis wdrd

kdtdrijodk ny ieo eblod. Jotdrdstjoa jo thjs clotdxt js thd

ardet verjetjlo lnsdrvdk jo thd bettdr bdvdbs, `rli 5== tl 58=

ci ndodeth thd dxplsdk surècd (>.;=-;.>4 i +OE]).

[hd wdbb bjojoas wdrd ebb `luok jo pjts wjth ilrd lr bdss

adotby sblpjoa webbs. [hdy wdrd prlnenby kua lr krjvdo jotl



sl EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 08. [ypd Lss ;E (H>1)7 pbeo, pbeo shlwjoa hlw thd dbdidots wdrd cloodctdk, crlss-sdctjlo eok thrdd-kjidosjloeb rdclostructjlo.Scebd 57>==.




@jaurd 00. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 53sluth. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd trli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

[hd hlusd pbeos jo 5;w jocbukd twl kj``drdot typds (`ja. 01).

Hlusd pbeos HJ 0, H>1 eok H3> erd l` typd ;, H54 eok H>8 l`

typd 4. [hd pbeos wdrd ebb ketdk tl phesds A-H lo thd nesjs l`

`joks, dxcdpt `lr H>1, whjch wes ketdk tl phesds D-H. [hd

kjsteocds ndtwddo odjahnlurjoa hlusds very `rli 0 tl 04 i.

Jo ekkjtjlo, twl pbeos wdrd `luok thet clubk olt nd ketdk tl

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty. [hdy erd hlusd pbeos H5;

l` typd ;E eok H>0 l` typd 4 E. Ndsjkds thd ketdk areoerjds

S>0, S33, S34, S31 eok S5==, ieoy uoketdk spdcjidos wdrd

`luok jo thd vjcjojty l` thd èris. Slid wjbb ilst prlnenby

hevd nddo usdk jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Clospjculusby `dw

wdbbs eok pjts wdrd `luok jo thjs erde, dvdo thluah jt wes

ebilst clipbdtdby dxcevetdk. L` thd twl wdbbs, ]>4* eok ];>,

thd bettdr, whjch wes bjodk wjth e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof, wes




@jaurd 01. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 5;wdst. [hd shekdk deturds ketd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.



1S F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 0;. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 53wdst. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

nesjs l` closjkdretjlos idotjlodk enlvd wd iey essuid thet

thdy lrjajoetdk jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hd areoerjds bjd

scettdrdk ecrlss thd dotjrd erde. [hd loby ketdk areoerjds,

S508 eok SJ1>, bjd jo thd vjcjojty l` wdbb ]5=3. [hd bettdr

areoery wes rdnujbt et thd seid splt sdvdreb tjids.

[hd ieglrjty l` thd `deturds ketdk tl thd sdclok heb` l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead jo 53s bjd jo eo erde l` 1= x 50= i (`ja, 00).[hdy jocbukd hlusd pbeo H35, jo whlsd vjcjojty bjd, et kjs

teocds veryjoa `rli 5= tl 84 i `rli thd èri, areoerjds SJ 3=

eok S535, kddp pjt ]4: eok sdvdo wettbd wlrf wdbbs7 ]3:,

]4;, ]44, ]40*, ]41, ]48 eok ]83. Scettdrdk eiloa thd

olrthdro wdbbs ]4;, ]44 eok ]40 erd dbdvdo areoerjds, l`

whjch loby SJ>: clubk nd ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

Lutsjkd thjs clocdotretjlo l` `deturds bjd eolthdr thrdd ketdk

`deturds, vjz. wettbdwlrf wdbbs ]38 eok ]0> eok pjt ];5, pbus

e berad ouindr l` uoketdk `deturds, jocbukjoa wettbdwlrf

wdbbs ]31, ];=, ]43, ]05 eok ];43, shebblw pjts ]0=, ];45

eok ];4> eok areoerjds. [hdsd `deturds erd wjkdby scettdrdk

ecrlss arlup 53s.

1.>.;. Arlup 5;

[hd `deturds l` arlup 5; clvdr eo erde l` 45= x 31= i, jo thd

wdstdro pert l` whjch lod clocdotretjlo, cliprjsjoa hlusd

pbeos jo pertjcuber, wes kjstjoaujshdk. [hd lthdr `deturds,

prdklijoeotby wdbbs eok kddp pjts, erd scettdrdk ecrlss thd

destdro pert l` thjs arlup. [hdy cliprjsd ilstby `deturds `rli

thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, nut ebsl e `dw `rli

thd `jrst heb`.




@jaurd 04. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 53olrth. [hd shekdk deturds ketd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.




@jaurd 15. [lp vjdw l` thd wettbdwlrf bjojoa (typd E5) `luok jo ]514.Scebd 573=.

[hd bjojoa l` ]> js thd loby cliplsjtd bjojoa. Jt closjsts l` lod

berad eok lod siebb lveb structurd, whjch wdrd sdt sjkd ny sjkd.

Ilst l` thd wettbdwlrf bjojoas wdrd l` ebkdr eok wjbblw,nut lef, esh eok njrch hek ebsl nddo usdk jo e `dw cesds.

1.3.>.>. Lveb structurds cliplsdk l` vdrtjceb dbdidots

(typd E>)

[hd twl bjojoas l` typd E> idesurd := x 54= eok 55= x 5>=

ci eok cliprjsd ;0 eok >8 dbdidots, rdspdctjvdby. [hdy wdrd

nujbt `rli pbeofs, pjdcds l` (sdij-)rluok tjindr eok cbd`t

plsts wjth trjeoauber eok squerd crlss-sdctjlos. Jo ]>85 ebb l`

thd plsts hek sherpdodk doks, jo ]>>:n gust lvdr heb`. Ebb l`

thd kdtdrijodk dbdidots wdrd l` ebkdr. [hd prdsdrvdk bdoaths

very `rli 34 tl 55= ci.

1.3.>.3. Bjojoas closjstjoa l` hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs

(typd E3)

Loby lod wdbb, ];>, wes bjodk wjth e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof

prjierjby usdk es e wdbb bjojoa. E nerrdb iekd `rli e

hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof hek nddo sdclokerjby usdk tl bjod

]5:: (sdd 1.;.1). [hd trdd-truof jo ];> wes `luok jo twl

perts. Jts prdsdrvdk bdoath wes 0= ci6 jts lrjajoeb kjeidtdr

wes ;4 ci.

1.3.>.;. Tocbder bjojoas

Jo slid cesds jt wes olt dotjrdby cbder whet typd l` bjojoa hek

nddo usdk lwjoa tl thd pllr prdsdrvetjlo clokjtjlos. [hjs westhd cesd jo wdbbs ]3; (typd E> lr E0), ]3: (typd E5 lr E>)

eok ]J== (typd Eb, E> lr E0). Eo jotdrdstjoa lnsdrvetjlo js

thet thd cdotreb pert l` e whddb hek nddo joclrplretdk jo thd

structurd usdk tl bjod ]5== (sdd 1.;.1).

5E. @JOKS

[hd ilst jiplrteot slurcd l` jo`lrietjlo lo thd ietdrjeb

cubturd l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead js eaejo thd `joks rdclvdrdk

`rli thd kddp pjts eok wdbbs. Ilst l` thd rdiejos wdrd `luok

jo sdclokery clotdxts. [hdy hek nddo kuipdk es rdùsd jo

wdbbs eok pjts thet wdrd ol bloadr usdk `lr thdjr lrjajoeb

purplsds. [hd loby dxcdptjlos erd e ouindr l` ilrd lr bdssjotect derthdowerd vdssdbs thet wdrd `luok et thd nlttlis l`

slid l` thdsd `deturds. [hdy sddi tl hevd nddo jo e prjiery

clotdxt (sdd ndblw). @jaurd 1> eok tenbd 5= shlw whet queotj

tjds l` shdrks wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbbs l` thd `deturds

`rli thd kj``drdot phesds. Es ceo nd sddo jo thd tenbd, thdrd

erd ol ùokeidoteb kj``drdocds jo kdplsjtjlo custlis ndtwddo

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok thd prdcdkjoa phesds C-K l` thd

Derby Jrlo Ead.

1.;.5. Derthdowerd

[hd vest ieglrjty l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead plttdry wes prl

kucdk blcebby (Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e, 5:81n). [hrluahlut

thd dotjrd pdrjlk jt wes tdipdrdk wjth prdklijoeotby arla.

[hd pdrcdotead l` plts wjth ndsidtdo lutdr surècds js hjah

(0=%) jo ebb phesds. [hd vdssdbs shlw e kdcrdesd jo thd prl

plrtjlo l` cblsdk typds wjthlut odcfs `rli phesd @ lowerks,

[enbd 5=. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wdbbs eok pjts nesdk lo thd ouindrs l` shdrks`luok jo thdjr `jbbs.

pltshdrksDerby Jrlo Ead

C-K % D-@

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

A-H % D-H

5-4= 5> 33 5= 33 51 >1

45-5== 4 5; ; 53 1 JJ5=5->== 4 5; 1 >3 >5 33

>=5-3== 3 8 5 3 ; 0

3=5-;== 3 S > 0 > 3

;=5-4== J 3 > 0 ; 0

4=5-5=== 4 5; ; 53 1 55

?5==5 > 0 5 3 > 3

5==

tlteb 30 5== 35 5== 0; 5== 4 5==




@jaurd 1>. Survdy l thd ouindrs l` shdrks `luok jo thd jbbs l` Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead `deturds. J\dadok7e 9 Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead6 n 9 `jrst heb`6 c 9 sdclok heb`6

5 9 5-5== shdrks6 > 9 5=5-;== shdrks6 3 9 ?;== shdrks.

ecclipeojdk ny e clrrdsplokjoa jocrdesd jo cblsdk typds wjth clin jiprdssjlos kdcrdesds closjkdrenby `rli phesd @

odcfs. [hd pdrcdotead l` lpdo vdssdbs js blw jo ebb l` thd lowerks, whdo thd webbs wdrd ilrd `rdqudotby kdclretdk wjth

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead phesds, j.d. epprlxjietdby 54%. `joadrtjp eok `joadroejb jiprdssjlos eok, jo phesd H, arllvds.

Jo thd `jrst phesds l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead clin jiprds- Pdssdbs rdsdinbjoa Ierod typds erd ettdstdk `rli phesd D

sjlos wdrd thd klijoeot kdclretjvd iltj`. [hd pdrcdotead l` lowerks, dspdcjebby jo thd olo-ndsidtdo plttdry `rli phesd @



84 F. SCHJOFDB- IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 13. Blcebby prlkucdk Ierod plttdry `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead(`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 `jas. 1 eok 8).

(`ja. 13). Ilst l` thdsd vdssdbs wdrd hlwdvdr prlkucdk

blcebby eok shlw e clotjoulus kdvdblpidot `rli phesd K

lowerks. Loby e vdry siebb plrtjlo l` thd Ierod plttdry `rli

phesd @ wes prlkucdk dbsdwhdrd. [hjs sluthdro jo`budocd

kdcrdesdk closjkdrenby e`tdr phesd @6 thd vdssdbs' prl`jbds

ndceid bdss eoauber, thd eiluot l` kdclretjlo kdcrdesdk eok

thd webb thjcfodss jocrdesdk. [hdsd kdvdblpidots rd`bdct e

kdcbjod jo thd plttdry's quebjty, whjch prdcdkdk arlwjoa

jo`budocd `rli thd clesteb erde l` thd Qdstdro Odthdrbeoks

(Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n).

[hd sebt clotejodrs, thd ilst jiplrteot cliplodot l` thd

heok-iekd jiplrtdk plttdry et Tssdo, ebsl shlw e nrdef

ndtwddo phesds @ eok A. [hlsd l` phesds D-@ essjaodk tl

loby twl typds. [hdy erd thd sdij-cybjokrjceb trluahs, loby e

`dw l` whjch ceo jocjkdotebby nd ketdk tl phesd D, eok siebb,

clojceb plts (`ja. 1;). [hjs bjijtdk verjetjlo jo shepd eok sjzd

ceid tl eo dok jo phesd A. E siebb prlplrtjlo l` thd clotejo

drs `rli thjs phesd lowerks js l e kj``drdot ènrjc eok hes e

kerf clblur - thd rdsubt l` `jrjoa jo e rdkucjoa etilsphdrd.

[hdsd vdssdbs erd ilrdlvdr wdbb-`jojshdk eok clotejo ol, lr

loby vdry bjttbd, vdadtenbd tdipdr, es e rdsubt l` whjch thdy erd

iuch bdss plrlus theo thd lthdr sebt clotejodrs, whlsd ènrjc

js stjbb thd seid es jo thd prdcdkjoa phesds.

et Lss-Tssdo. e 9 phesd D (scebd 570)6 n 9 phesd @ (scebd 57;)

Es ceo nd sddo jo thd pbeo shlwjoa thd kjstrjnutjlo l`

`reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs (`ja. 14). thdy wdrd `luok jo ebb l`

thd arlups, jo 54 `deturds `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead eok 38 `rli thd sdclok heb`. Jo ieoy l` thdsd `de

turds thdy rdprdsdotdk loby e siebb prlplrtjlo l` thd tlteb

eiluot l` plttdry, odvdr ilrd theo 5=%. Loby djaht pjts `rli

phesds A-H clotejodk hjahdr pdrcdoteads l` `reaidots l` sebt

clotejodrs, up tl 33% jo ]4; (3=4 `reaidots). Ilst l` thdsd

pjts bjd et thd cdotrd l` arlup 53, wjthjo eo erde idesurjoa

>== x 34= i. [wl ilrd such pjts wdrd `luok et thd destdro

eok wdstdro bjijts l` thd dxcevetdk erde.

Slid uousuebby shepdk shdrks l` blcebby prlkucdk derthdo

werd dvjkdotby ndbloadk tl vdssdbs thet wdrd ebsl usdk `lr

spdcj`jc purplsds. [hd `reaidots jo qudstjlo erd ojod pdr`l

retdk nesd shdrks, `jvd `reaidots l` ùoodb-shepdk vdssdbs eok

thrdd crucjnbds (`ja. 10. 11). [hd shdrks l` thd `jrst twl arlups

ndbloadk tl typds thet wdrd usdk ebilst dxcbusjvdby jo thd

sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Spdcj`jc espdcts l` thd

vdssdbs thdisdbvds eok thdjr esslcjetjlo wjth sebt clotejodrs

suaadst thet thdy pbeydk e pert jo kejryjoa (sdd Peo kdo Nrldfd

5:81n7 5=;). Ebb thd `reaidots l` ùoodb-shepdk vdssdbs eok

sjx l` thd ojod pdr`lretdk nesds wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli pjt `jbbs

thet yjdbkdk ieoy `reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs (`ja. 14).




RR • • -•‛ " ' ‛' /

(_r-r...2 '• [ R ' 5 , • ' • 'g

RP R R _~_-g -, ' •' ' ' ( \ /

R / R ' ' / • 5 / R

@jaurd 1;. @reaidots l` Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sebt clotejodrs, e 9 phesds D-@6 lthdrs 9 phesds A-H. Scebd 57; (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 @jaurd 5;).

E rdierfenbd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead phdolidolo js thd lccur

rdocd l` (ebilst) jotect vdssdbs et thd nlttlis l` sdvdreb kddp

pjts eok wdbbs. [hrdd l` thd 58 vdssdbs hevd ijojeturd kjido

sjlos, thd lthdrs erd l` e olrieb sjzd. [hd `jbb l` kddp pjt ]>:

iey nd tdridk dxcdptjloeb jo thet jt wes `luok tl clotejo

djaht such jotect plts (`ja. 18).


Odw dbdidots jo thd cetdalry l` cbey utjbjterjeo lngdcts erd

sbjoa shlts. Et bdest >4 wdrd `luok jo 50 `deturds ketdk tl

nlth thd `jrst eok thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

[hd kjidosjlos l` thd `dw jotect spdcjidos very `rli >.4 x

; ci tl 3.4 x 4.3 ci eok thdjr wdjahts `rli >= tl 38 a (sdd

`ja. 5>3).

Spjokbd whlrbs eok blli wdjahts wdrd `luok jo sbjahtbyardetdr ouindrs, l` et bdest 3; eok ;0 jo >3 eok >: `deturds,

rdspdctjvdby. [hd spjokbd whlrbs' shepds very closjkdrenby

(`ja. 1:). >1 l` thd blli wdjahts erd trjeoauber, thrdd erd l` e

truocetdk-clojceb shepd, lod js lveb eok thd shepds l` 54

wdrd uocbder (`ja. 8=). [hd trjeoauber blli wdjahts hevd

thrdd pdr`lretjlos jo thdjr clrodrs, thd lthdrs lod thrluah thd

tlp.




@jaurd 14. Kjstrjnutjlo l` reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs (5), ùoodb-shepdk vdssdbs (>), pdr`lretdk nesds (3) eok jotect vdssdbs (;) `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

E `dw etypjceb cbey ertdècts erd e pdr`lretdk daa-shepdk cliprjsds iuch `dwdr `deturds theo thd lthdr arlups, sl thdlngdct (];:) eok e pdr`lretdk lngdct shepdk bjfd e sbjoa shlt ensdocd l` blli wdjahts eok sbjoa shlts ceoolt nd tdridk(`b%R`ja.1:). sjaoj`jceot.

Es ceo nd sddo jo thd pbeo shlwjoa thdjr kjstrjnutjlo, thd Ndsjkds lngdcts l` e cbderby utjbjterjeo oeturd, such es blli

e`lrdidotjlodk cbey lngdcts wdrd `luok jo ebb thd arlups, wdjahts, spjokbd whlrbs eok olw ebsl sbjoa shlts, thd cbey

dxcdpt arlup 55 (`jas. HJ eok 84e). [hjs arlup hlwdvdr `joks jocbukd prdklijoeotby berad eok siebbdr buips l` keun,




@jaurd 10. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead derthdowerd wjth e spdcjeb ùoctjlo, e7 ùoodb-shepdk vdssdbs wjthlut nesds (scebd 57;) (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7@jaurd 4)6 n7 pdr`lretdk nesd (scebd 57;)(`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd jo prdp.)

@jaurd 11. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead derthdowerd wjth e spdcjeb ùoctjlo7 crucjnbd (scebd 575).

@jaurd 18. @jvd plts lut l e sdrjds l djaht whjch wdrd `luok tladthdr jo wdbb ]>: `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead phesd H. [hd thrdd plts olt shlwo hdrderd jo dvdry rdspdct cliperenbd wjth thd ijkkbd thrdd plts. [hd hdjaht l thd beradst plt js ;= ci (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 @jaurd >).

whjch prdsuienby `lridk pert l` `bllrs, webbs eok lthdr shlwjoa twja jiprdssjlos `lridk pert l` wettbdwlrf struc-

structurds. Kj``drdot typds, `rli kj``drdot slurcds, ceo nd turds, such es thd webbs l` hlusds lr areoerjds. Buips l` keun

kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` thdjr shepds. Buips l` keun wjth lod lr twl `bet sjkds prlnenby kdrjvd `rli e `bllr, whjbd



SL F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 1:. Spjokbd whlrbs eok e pdr`lretdk lngdct `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

buips wjth e clocevd joodr surècd eok eo jrrdauber lr clovdx

lutdr surècd iey hevd `lridk pert l` thd webb l` e fjbo (`ja.

8>e). [hd buips l` thd best cetdalry, whjch wdrd `luok jo

]J :0 eok ]>>1, erd epprlxjietdby 3-3.4 ci thjcf. Jo ekkjtjlo,

e `dw `reaidots wdrd `luok l` cbey lngdcts thet wdrd prdsui

enby usdk oder lr jo e hderth. [hdy erd e 51-ci-tebb `reaidot

l` whet iey hevd nddo e `jrdkla (]406 `ja. 8>n) eok e 0.4-ci-

thjcf `reaidot wjth lod clrruaetdk surècd, prlnenby thd dkad

l` e hderth (]88 6`ja. 8>c).


[dphrjtd wes `luok jo 0= `deturds `rli ebb thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead phesds. [hjs shlws thet thd ietdrjeb wes jo cliilo usd.

Jo ilst cesds thd qudro's lrjajoeb shepd clubk ol bloadr nd

jo`drrdk `rli thd survjvjoa `reaidots. Ebb thet ceo nd sejk

enlut ojod `reaidots `rli ]>, ]3, ]>:, ]5>=, ]5>>, ]53;,

]J34, ]J30 eok ]J14 js thet thdy kjk olt `lri pert l` plrtenbd

qudros (Peo Hddrjoado 5:847 typd k). [hdy iey hdocd hevd

ndbloadk tl qudros l` typds e, n lr c. Sdvdo slidwhet beradr

`reaidots prlvjkdk ilrd cbuds tl thdjr lrjajoeb shepd. [hdy

jocbukd twl `reaidots l` whet erd thluaht tl hevd nddo

qudros l` typd e, whjch wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli pjts ketdk tl

phesd H (]18 eok ]5=3). Ecclrkjoa tl Peo Hddrjoado (5:84)

thjs typd wes hlwdvdr usdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead loby. [hdsdqudros hek e ilrd lr bdss trjeoauber crlss-sdctjlo eok wdrd :

eok 8 ci tebb (`ja. 83e). Ol cbder dxeipbds l` Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead qudros l` typd n erd folwo et Tssdo. @jvd `reaidots ceo

nd sejk tl hevd ndbloadk tl 'clcfdk het' shepdk qudros (typd

c) (`jas. 83n. c). [hdy wdrd `luok jo pjts ]3, ]44, ]85 eok

]J 5:, whjch wdrd ketdk tl phesds A-H. [hdjr prdsdrvdk

hdjahts very `rli 5= tl 5; ci.

Scebd 57>.


[hd ouindr l` stlod `joks ketjoa `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead js

cbderby siebbdr theo thet `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. [hjs js kud

beradby tl thd siebbdr ouindr l` uowlrfdk buips l` stlod eok

rjvdr arevdbs rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbbs l` wdbbs eok pjts. [hd

ouindr l` stlod utjbjterjeo prlkucts lo thd clotrery shlws eo

jocrdesd. [hdy erd qudros, arjokjoa eok runnjoa stlods eok

heiidrstlods, iekd prdklijoeotby `rli seokstlod,

quertzjtjc seokstlod eok quertzjtd. Ol `bjot ertdècts wdrd

`luok jo thd `deturds `rli thjs pdrjlk.

Uudros, lr `reaidots l` qudros, wdrd `luok thd ilst l`tdo,

vjz. twdbvd tjids (]>4, ]>:, ]48 (twjcd), ]5>1, ]51>, ]5::,

]>5:, ]>>:n, ]>85, ]>8; eok SJ:>) (`ja. 8;). [wl lthdr typds

l` stlod ndsjkds thlsd idotjlodk enlvd wdrd usdk `lr thjs

cetdalry l` lngdcts, oeidby aodjss (]48) eok olrthdro areojtd

(]>>:n). Lod `reaidot hes e clocevd surècd (]>5:).

Arjokjoa stlods wdrd `luok jo ]30, ]48, ]10 (twjcd), ]11, ]84

eok ]51>. [wl spdcjidos, `rli ]30 eok ]84, hek nddo jo clo

tect wjth `jrd, eok lod arjokjoa stlod hes e clocevd surècd (]48).

@lur runnjoa stlods wdrd `luok, jo ]30, ]J::, ]>== eok

]>>1n, eok twl heiidrstlods, jo ]>8; eok ];>1. [hd spdcj

ido `rli ];>1 js jotect eok hes e kjeidtdr l` 1.4 ci.

[hd dxect ùoctjlo l` e rdbetjvdby berad ouindr l` wlrfdk

stlod `reaidots clubk ol bloadr nd kdtdrijodk. Et ndst, thdy

ceo nd cbessdk es `reaidots l` qudros/arjokjoa stlods (]>:,

]40, ]5==, ]J>;, ]>8;, ];;0, ];;1) lr l` runnjoa

stlods/heiidrstlods (]J0;).

E hjahby uousueb `jok eiloa thd tllbs kdscrjndk enlvd js

eo 8-ci-bloa phebbus-shepdk lngdct `rli ]>4 (`ja. 84). Jt hes

e pdr`lretjlo wjth e kjeidtdr l` 0-5= ii eok js iekd l`

Ojvdbstdjo seokstlod.



:= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

'SjFjb

l6

@jaurd 8=. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead blli wdjahts. Scebd 57>.



:5 F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 85 . Kjstrjnutjlo l` Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead blli wdjahts (5) eok spjokbd whlrbs (>).

1.;.4. Eindr lngdcts wdrd `lr dxeipbd `luok, nut thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead `joks kl

Lod heb` l` eo eindr ndek wes `luok jo ]J8>. Jt hes e kjeid- jocbukd thrdd crucjnbds thet wdrd prdsuienby usdk jo thd

tdr l` > ci eok js 0 ii thjcf. prlkuctjlo l` nrlozd (]1:, ]8= eok ]>=>6 sdt `ja. 11). Eok

`lr jrlo, tll, thd iejo slurcd l` jo`lrietjlo lo jts usd js olt

1.;.0. Idteb lngdcts thd idteb jtsdb`, nut thd westd `lridk jo jts prlkuctjlo7 sbeas.

Pjrtuebby ol idteb lngdcts wdrd `luok thet ceo tdbb us eoythjoa Sbeas wdrd `luok jo ebb l` thd arlups (sdd ja. 80), sdvdo tjids

enlut thd usd l` idteb jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Ol nrlozds jo pjts ketdk tl phesds D-@(-A) eok dbdvdo tjids jo pjts `rli



:> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 8>. @reaidots l` Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead cbey structurds, e7 webb l` e fjbo (<), josjkd6 n7 dkad l` e hderth (<), tlp vjdw6 c7 `jrdkla (<), tlp eok sjkdvjdws. Scebd 573.




`rFH``

`

P •*-•

2 * •

'j 'Q- S*I5

?vj

@jaurd 83. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead tdphrjtd qudro (tlp vjdw), e (//)7 typd e6 n eok c (tr/n)7 typd c. Scebd 573.

phesd H. [hd beradst clocdotretjlo, ; fa, wes `luok jo ]>4, jo

esslcjetjlo wjth whet erd thluaht tl nd thd rdiejos l` e ùr

oecd webb.

[hd loby jrlo lngdcts erd thd hdek l` e oejb eok e `reaidot

l` e oejb wjth e bdoath l` 3 ci `rli ]>5; (phesds D-@), e >.4-

ci-bloa `reaidot l` e oejb `rli ]J38 (phesd H), e rlk wjth e

crlss-sdctjlo l` 8 x 5= ii eok e bdoath l` 4 ci `rli ]30=

(phesd(s) @(-A)) eok e rjoa wjth e kjeidtdr l` >.: ci `rli

]J30 (phesd H). [hd bettdr lngdct iey nd l` e ilrd rdcdot

ketd. [hd `reaidots l` oejbs iey ebsl rdprdsdot cloteijoetjlo

`rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk, ebthluah thd pjts `rli whjch thdy

wdrd rdclvdrdk kl olt bjd jo eo erde thet wes jotdosjvdby

lccupjdk jo thet pdrjlk. @joebby, lod jokdtdrijoenbd jrlo

lngdct wes rdclvdrdk `rli ]5=5 (phesd H).


Kddp pjts eok wdbbs yjdbkdk rdbetjvdby berad eiluots l` wllk.

[hd ardetdr pert l` thjs wllk, dxcbukjoa thd wdbb bjojoas, js

uowlrfdk. [hd wlrfdk lngdcts jocbukd e pbeof wjth e bdoath

l` >;= ci clotejojoa thrdd hlbds wjth rdcteoauber crlss-

sdctjlos (]54>6 sdd ebsl sdctjlo 0.;.0). [hd pbeof hes e rdc

teoauber tl tepdrdk crlss-sdctjlo, e wjkth l` 58->0 ci eok e

thjcfodss l` 4-5= ci. [hd kjidosjlos l` thd hlbds erd 5> x

8.: x 8 eok 5 5 x : ci6 thdy bjd 3= ci epert (`ja. 81). [hjs js

thd loby lngdct thet ceo nd jotdrprdtdk es clostructjlo tjindr.

Lod l` thd ndst-prdsdrvdk wllkdo utjbjterjeo lngdcts (uotjb

jt wes dxcevetdk) wes e nerrdb, whjch hek nddo sdclokerjby

usdk tl bjod wdbb ]J:: (`ja. 8:). Jt wes iekd `rli thd truof l`

eo ebkdr eok hek twl buas et thd tlp. E arllvd hek nddo



:; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

`t7/- •"6.

- 5

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P w j j j . ' " • ‛ , - • - • " ' . ' . ' • - . ' v ,-g • - -• -•• [ - •, * • j G ‛ ."•-• C .• - o" ••..'-Sr' • . , * ‟•

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@jaurd 84. ]hebbus-shepdk stlod lngdct `rli thdIjkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>.

hecfdk jotl thd josjkd webb et thd nlttli l` thd nerrdb. [hjs

iey lrjajoebby hevd hdbk e nesd whjch wes rdilvdk whdo thd

nerrdb wes betdr sdt jo thd wdbb. [hd nerrdb wes := ci tebb eok

hek e kjeidtdr l` ;4 ci et thd nlttli eok ;= ci et thd tlp.

[hd webb thjcfodss kdcrdesdk `rli 8 ci et thd nlttli tl ;.4

ci et thd tlp. Odxt tl thd nerrdb wdrd twl stefds clotejojoardcteoauber hlbds whjch wdrd cloodctdk tl lod eolthdr ny

ideos l` e sbet.

Eolthdr uojqud lngdct js thd cdotreb pert l` e trjpertjtd lef

kjsf whddb wjth e kjeidtdr l` :0 ci (`ja. 8:). [hjs pjdcd l`

wllk hek nddo sdclokerjby usdk jo e wdbb bjojoa (]5==). [hd

lef hun wes ebsl `luok, nut thd twl sdijcjrcuber perts wdrd

ijssjoa. [hd thrdd whddb perts hek lrjajoebby nddo ettechdk tl

lod eolthdr ny ideos l` klwdbs, jo `lur hlbds wjth rdcteoau

ber crlss-sdctjlos, eok tepdrdk sbets, jo twl sblts. [hd whddb

hes ebrdeky nddo kdscrjndk jo ardetdr kdtejb eok rdclostructdk

jo eo derbjdr punbjcetjlo (Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81a7:;-:0).

Ebsl l` lef js e 5>3-ci-bloa pjdcd l` wllk wjth hecfdk-lut stdps eok e sherpdodk nlttli dok (]>4) (`ja. :=). [wl

epprlxjietdby 58-ci-kddp stdps sdt 38 ci epert hevd sur

vjvdk (sdd sdctjlo 0.;.0 `lr e cliperenbd `jok).

Lod l` thd dxcevetjlo rdplrts idotjlos thd kjsclvdry l` e

slbjk lef nebb jo ]>>:e, nut ol ùrthdr jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd

lo thjs `jok.

Qhet iey nd ertdècts iekd l` nerf wdrd `luok jo ];;>.

[hdy erd `lur rlbbs l` njrch nerf wjth bdoaths l` ;-8.4 ci (`ja.

:5). Nut thdsd rlbbs iey dquebby wdbb hevd nddo `lridk oeturebby.

1.4. DXCHEOAD

[hdrd erd ol ardet kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Derby eok thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead es èr es clotects wjth lthdr rdajlos erd

clocdrodk. Ilrd lr bdss thd seid rew ietdrjebs eok allks ceo

nd cbessdk es jiplrtdk7 sebt clotejodrs (sebt), clppdr eok tjo

(nrlozd), tdphrjtd, seokstlod eok quertzjtd (sdd sdctjlo 0.4 `lr

thdjr slurcds). [hd rew ietdrjebs usdk tl prlkucd nrlozd iust

hevd nddo jiplrtdk, nut thd thrdd crucjnbds `luok et Tssdo

shlw thet thdy wdrd (pertby<) prlcdssdk blcebby.

Ietdrjebs eok/lr prlkucts olt `luok et Tssdo jo clotdxts

prdketjoa thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead erd Ierod plttdry eok eindr.

[hd typjceb Ierod plttdry rd`bdcts kjrdct lr jokjrdct clotects

wjth olrthdro @reocd. Eindr wes tl nd `luok prdklijoeotbyebloa thd clests l` olrthdro Durlpd, nut jt iey dvdo hevd

clid `rli thd olrthdro lr wdstdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks

(c`. Nrloadrs/Qlbtdrjoa 5:187 5=;).



Qhet crlps iey hevd nddo cubtjvetdk et Tssdo jo thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead wes jo`drrdk beradby `rli sddks eok `reaidots l`

pbeots `luok jo sdclokery clotdxts - jo thd `jbbs l` pjts eok

plsthlbds. Ol stlread pjts lr trecds l` `jdbks wdrd `luok. 8= l`

thd ieoy pjts eok plsthlbds seipbdk yjdbkdk lod lr ilrd

cernlojsdk lr uocernlojsdk sddks. Sddks l` `llk crlps clostj

tutdk loby e siebb prlplrtjlo l` thd tlteb ouindr l` sddks. [hd

bjst l` crlps thet iey hevd nddo arlwo blcebby cliprjsds

nerbdy, ijbbdt, diidr, spdbt, `bex (bjosddk) albk l` pbdesurd

eok nrlek ndeo. Jo ekkjtjlo, rdiejos wdrd `luok l` `rujt thet

iey hevd nddo aethdrdk7 nreinbd eok hezdbout (sdd Nefdbs,

thjs vlbuid). [hdrd erd ol ardet kj``drdocds jo spdcjds

ndtwddo thd rdiejos `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok thlsd

`rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

Jiprdssjlos l` arejos l` nerbdy (1x), diidr (1x), spdbt (>x)

eok djoflro (bx), ilst prlnenby thd tlp arejo l` eo diidr

spjfdbdt, wdrd lnsdrvdk jo thd blcebby prlkucdk heok-iekd

plttdry.

[hd e`lrdidotjlodk crlps wdrd prlnenby stlrdk enlvd-

arluok jo areoerjds. Seipbds `rli thd plsthlbds l` e `dw

areoerjds wdrd `luok tl clotejo cernlojsdk sddks, nut jt js olt

cbder whdthdr thdy hevd eoythjoa tl kl wjth thd areoerjds,

ndceusd thdjr plsjtjlos jo thd `jbbs wdrd olt rdclrkdk (sdd

@jaurd 8;. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead qudros (tlp vjdw), e7 quertsjtd seokstlod6 n7 quertsjtd6 c7 clersd arejodk seokstlod.



:0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[ 5 5 5 5 5 r

@jaurd 80. Kjstrjnutjlo l` Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sbjoa shlts (5), jrlo lngdcts eok jrlo sbea (>) eok crucjnbds (3).

Nefdbs, thjs vlbuid). Nut dvdo j` thdjr plsjtjlos hek nddo 1.0.>. Stlcf fddpjoa

rdclrkdk, jt wlubk stjbb nd kj``jcubt tl krew clocbusjlos enlut Nlods, nurodk eok uonurodk, wdrd `luok jo ;; `deturds,

hlw thd crlps wdrd stlrdk (`lr dxeipbd dech crlp sdperetdby dspdcjebby wdbbs eok kddp pjts. [hd bjst l` spdcjds jkdotj`jdk

lr verjlus crlps tladthdr) ndceusd thd seipbds wdrd loby cliprjsds cettbd, hlrsd, pja eok shddp/alet. Qjbk eojiebs

siebb eok ndceusd l` thd ieoy uocdrtejotjds clocdrojoa thd wdrd rdprdsdotdk locd jo thd `lri l` rdiejos l` rdk kddr (sdd

`lrietjlo prlcdssds. ebsl Beuwdrjdr/JGzdrdd`, thjs vlbuid).




@jaurd 81. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead pjdcd l` wllk wjth rdcteoauber lpdojoas (scebd 5-54).

@jaurd 88. Clipbdtd ebkdr-wllk nerrdb wjth buas. E`tdr thd nlttli hek nddo rdilvdk, thd nerrdb wes sdclokerjby usdk tl bjod ]5:: (sdd @jaurd 1=).Scebd 575=.

E `dw pjts jo thd olrthwdstdro quekreot (]>5;-]>5:) wdrd beradr queotjtjds l` nutchdrjoa rdùsd (whjch clubk pljot tl edech `luok tl clotejo berad eiluots l` uonurodk nlods, spdcjeb ectjvjty erde) nut l` ndttdr prdsdrvetjlo, `lr thdsd pjts

whdrdes ilst l` thd lthdr `deturds yjdbkdk loby siebb queotj- bjd jo thd blwdst pert l` thd dxcevetdk erde.

tjds l` nlod. [hjs js prlnenby thd rdsubt olt l` thd kuipjoa l`



:8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

bìr14

/

K

R

K

5

K

\G R

5

K

G

@jaurd 8:. Cdotreb pert l e trjpertjtd lef kjsf whddb `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 5754.

@jaurd :=. @reaidot l` wllk wjth stdps rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 575=.

@jaurd :5. ^lbbs l` njrch nerf `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 575.



w F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

1.1. SZO[HDSJS


Jo thjs sdctjlo eo ettdipt wjbb nd iekd tl vjdw thd jokjvjkueb

`deturds eok thdjr clotdots kdscrjndk enlvd jo e spetjeb clo

tdxt. [hd @eriyerks eok sdttbdidots `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wjbb nd kjscussdk `jrst, `lbblwdk ny thlsd

`rli thd sdclok heb`.

1.1.5.5. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead7 phesds D-@

Sdttbdidot X

[hd `deturds l` arlups 5 Jo eok d thet clubk nd ketdk ebb ketd

`rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok ilrdlvdr bjd

cbderby jslbetdk `rli lthdr clocdotretjlos ketjoa `rli thjs

pdrjlk tl nd kjscussdk ndblw. Jt hdocd sddis gustj`jenbd tl

cbess thdsd `deturds, whjch clvdr eo erde l` 35= x := i, es thd

rdiejos l` e sjoabd sdttbdidot (`ja. :>). [hd ensdocd l` hlusd

pbeos js olt surprjsjoa, ndceusd thjs pert l` Tssdo wes olt

systdietjcebby dxcevetdk. [hd ieglrjty l` thd `deturds erd

shebblw pjts7 ];;3, ];;;, ];;4, ];;0, ];;1, ];:8 eok ]4==.

Loby jo thd sluthdestdro pert l` sdttbdidot x wdrd e `dw

`deturds `luok whjch ceo nd esslcjetdk wjth e èriyerk wjth e

ardetdr kdardd l` cdrtejoty. [hdy erd e cbustdr l` thrdd ojod-

plst areoerjds (S;1>, S;13 eok S;1;) eok thd wetdrjoa pbecd

];>1 `jbbdk wjth sdttbdidot rdùsd thet wes `luok 0= i tl thd

wdst l` thjs cbustdr.

Sdttbdidot XJ

[hd sdclok clocdotretjlo l` `deturds `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, whjch sddis tl shlw cbder nluokerjds jo

thd sluth eok dest, cljocjkds beradby wjth arlups 5>o eok w.

[hjs clocdotretjlo, whjch wjbb nd cebbdk sdttbdidot XJ ndblw,

clvdrs eo erde l` ;>= x 38= i (`ja. :3). [hd wdbb-ketdk `de

turds jo thjs sdttbdidot erd wdbbs eok pjts. [hd `jvd hlusd pbeos

jocbukdk jo thjs arlup eok e berad ouindr l` areoerjds wdrd

djthdr olt ketdk lr olt eccuretdby ketdk.

H4> js thd wdstdroilst hlusd pbeo. Ol areoerjds lr wdbbs

wdrd `luok jo jts jiidkjetd surrluokjoas. [hd shebblw pjts

]58>, ]58; eok ]>>= bjd et kjsteocds l` 3=-0= i tl thd olrthl` thd hlusd6 kddp pjt ]J4> bjds 1= i tl thd sluthdest l` jt.

[hd loby eccuretdby ketdk `deturds, ]J8> eok ]J8;, ketd `rli

phesd D. Jt js olt cbder whdthdr shebblw pjt ]>5;, whlsd `jbb

clotejodk rdbetjvdby berad eiluots l` sdttbdidot rdùsd, js tl

nd esslcjetdk wjth thd lccupetjlo l` H4>. Jt bjds 5== i `rli

thd hlusd eok thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` thjs pjt wdrd

uo`lrtuoetdby olt systdietjcebby jovdstjaetdk.

[wl lthdr hlusd pbeos, H48 eok H4:, wdrd `luok 5== i tl

thd dest l` H4>6 thdy bjd 3= i epert. Qdbb ]J::, wetdrjoa pbecd

]>==, kddp pjts ]J:1 eok ]>=> eok e ouindr l` uoketdk are

oerjds bjd wjthjo e rekjus l` 0= i erluok thd hlusds. Ebb l` thd

`deturds thet wdrd ketdk tl e sjoabd phesd ketd `rli phesd @.Hlusd pbeo H04, whjch bjds 5;= i tl thd dest l` H4:, wes

`luok tl nd jotdrsdctdk ny kddp pjt ]>>:e eok wdbb ]>>:n

`rli phesd D. [hdy wdrd hdocd olt jo usd et thd seid tjid es

thd hlusd. [hdsd jotdrsdctjlos eok thd ketds l` thd pjts suaadst

thet hlusd H04 wes nujbt et thd ndajoojoa l` phesd D. Kddp

pjts ]>>1e eok ]>>1n, shebblw pjt ];04 eok prdsuienby slid

l` thd ieoy uoketdk areoerjds ceo hlwdvdr nd esslcjetdk wjth

H04. [hd kddp pjt ]>=0 ketdk tl phesd @ whjch bjds 4= i tl

thd sluth l` H04 iust thdo ketd `rli e betdr lccupetjlo

phesd, plssjnby tladthdr wjth wdbb ]>>:n.

@jaurd :>. Sdttbdidot X `rli thd jrst heb`l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.



5== EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd :3. Sdttbdidot XJ `rli thd jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.

[hd `j`th hlusd pbeo jo sdttbdidot XJ, H:5, bjds enlut 1= i

tl thd olrth l` H04. [hjs js thd loby pbeo thet clubk nd eccuretdby ketdk, tl thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hjs

ketd klds hlwdvdr olt sddi tl nd jo ecclrkeocd wjth thd

`deturds ketdk tl phesd D jo thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` thd

hlusd, such es wdbb ]>85 eok kddp pjt ]>8;. [hdsd `deturds

nlth clotejodk rdbetjvdby berad eiluots l` sdttbdidot rdùsd,

iejoby plttdry. Ndceusd l` thjs, eok thd siebb ouindr l` loby

>3 shdrks rdclvdrdk `rli thd hlusd pbeo, e ketd jo thd `jrst

heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead ceoolt nd ebtladthdr dxcbukdk

(sdd 1.>.>). Hdrd, tll, ieoy uoketdk areoerjds wdrd `luokndsjkds lod ketdk lod. Slid l` thlsd areoerjds wjbb hevd nddo

jo usd et thd tjid whdo H:5 wes lccupjdk.

[hd arlup l` `deturds byjoa 0= i tl thd olrth l` thet kjs

cussdk enlvd klds olt jocbukd e hlusd pbeo, nut jt klds cli

prjsd kddp pjts (]>1: eok ]30=), twl shebblw pjts eok twl

areoerjds `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead pbus e

berad ouindr l` uoketdk areoerjds. @deturds `rli lthdr pdrjlks



5=5 F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd :;. Sdttbdidot XJJ `rli thd jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.

erd ebilst clipbdtdby ensdot. [hd loby wdbb-ketdk `deturd jo

thjs arlup, ]30=, pbecds thjs joclipbdtd yerk jo phesd @.

[hd jslbetdk shebblw pjt ]J00, `joebby, wes `luok jo thd

sluthdestdro clrodr l` sdttbdidot XJ.

Sdttbdidot XJJ

Arlup 5; cliprjsds e ouindr l` kddp pjts eok lod wdbb, ketdk

tl phesds @ eok D, rdspdctjvdby, scettdrdk ecrlss eo erde ide

surjoa 34= x >3= i (`ja. :;). [hd wdbb, ];>, bjds et thd wdst

dro bjijt l` thd dxcevetdk erde eok js thd loby `deturd ketjoa

`rli phesd D. [hd sdttbdidot wjth whjch jt js esslcjetdk

prlnenby bjds jo thd uodxcevetdk erde. L` thd kddp pjts, ];:

eok, tl e bdssdr dxtdot, ]33 wdrd `luok tl clotejo sdttbdidot

rdùsd, whjch clubk jokjcetd thet thdrd wes e hlusd jo thdjr

jiidkjetd surrluokjoas, nut thjs erde wes tll suiierjby

jovdstjaetdk tl ebblw eoy stetdidots tl thjs d``dct. Areoery

S5;4, whjch bjds 554 i `rli ];:, iey nd esslcjetdk wjth thdsdttbdidot kjscussdk hdrd.

Suiiery l` thd sdttbdidots `rli phesds D-@

[hrdd sdttbdidots ketjoa `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead wdrd kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` cbder spetjeb nluok

erjds (`ja. :4). Sdttbdidots X eok XJJ jocbukd ol hlusd pbeos,

nut thdy kl cliprjsd `deturds thet iey plssjnby nd esslcjetdk

wjth e èriyerk. Qhet iey nd e èriyerk `rli phesd @ bjds jo

thd sluthdro pert l` sdttbdidot X eok twl plssjnbd yerks ceo

nd kjstjoaujshdk jo sdttbdidot XJJ7 lod `rli phesd D jo thd

wdst eok lod `rli phesd @ jo thd olrthdest. @jvd jokjsputenbd

eok twl plssjnbd yerks wdrd jkdotj`jdk jo sdttbdidot XJ. [hrdd

l` thd jokjsputenbd yerks ilst prlnenby ketd `rli phesd D,

thd lthdr twl eok thd twl plssjnbd yerks `rli phesd @. [enbd

55 prdsdots e suiiery l` thd ketjoa dvjkdocd pdr sdttbdidot.

[hd cliplsjtjlo l` thd yerks kj``drs. Jo ilst cesds e kddp

pjt eok e ouindr l` areoerjds bjd wjthjo e rekjus l` >4 i

erluok thd hlusds6 e wdbb wes `luok tl bjd wjthjo thet erde

loby locd. [hdrd js hlwdvdr ol sdosd jo kjscussjoa thjs jo eoy

ardetdr kdpth ndceusd jo ieoy cesds berad erdes erluok hlusd

pbeos wdrd olt dxcevetdk.

1.1.5.>. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead7 phesds A-H

Sdttbdidot XJJJSdttbdidot XJJJ clvdrs eo erde idesurjoa 14= x ;4= i cli

prjsjoa thd `deturds l` arlups 5>d, 53o eok thd olrthdro perts

l` 53w eok d (`ja. :0). Jo thd olrth, dest eok wdst thjs sdttbd

idot hes cbder nluokerjds. [hd sluthdro nluokery js bdss

cdrtejo6 thd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd `deturds suaadsts thet jt bjds

epprlxjietdby heb`wey ndtwddo thd cdotrds l` sdttbdidots

XJJJ eok XJP. @lur hlusd pbeos l` typd ;E byjoa cblsd



5=> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[ 5 5 r

@jaurd :4. Ilkdb l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots et Lss-Tssdo. Bdadok7e/k 9 sdttbdidots `rli phesds D-@/A-H6 n/d 9 yerks `rli phesds

D-@/A-H6 c/ 9 plssjnbd yerks `rli phesds D-@/A-H6 a 9 nurjebs6 h 9 (plssjnbd) cubt sjtd6 j7 lbkdr nurjebs.

tladthdr (H;0, H;1, H;8 eok H;:) clostjtutd thd cdotrd l` areoerjds bjd wjthjo e rekjus l` 4= i erluok H086 thd erdesdttbdidot XJJJ. [hd hlusds bjd ndtwddo 4 eok 14 i epert. surrluokjoa H31 clotejos loby shebblw pjt ]5=8 eok e oui-Eolthdr twl hlusds bjd oder thd nluokerjds l` thd sdttbdidot7 ndr l` uoketdk areoerjds. [hd oderdst `deturds, kddp pjt ]J 34

H08 58= i tl thd olrth eok H31 >4= i tl thd sluthdest l` thd eok wetdrjoa pbecd ]J 30, bjd 14 i tl thd olrth l` thd hlusd6

cdotrd. Loby lod ketdk areoery pbus eolthdr 54 uoketdk wdbbs bjd ilrd theo >== i ewey.




[enbd 55. Schdietjc survdy l` thd ketds l` thd structurds eok `deturds `luok jo sdttbdidots X, XJ eok XJJ `rli thd jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

phesd

Sdttbdidot X

D @

Sdttbdidot XJ

phesd D @ phesd

Sdttbdidot XJJ

D @

];:8

];;;

];;1

]SLLS;13

];>1

S;1>

essjaodk tl phesd D-A7

];;>, ];;3, ];;4, ];;0

S;1;

]58>

]58;

]>>1e

]>>:e]>85

]>8;

];04

]500

]>8>

]54>

]>5;

]>>=

]>>1n

]>>:n

]>18

]>1:

]34:

S311

S;>1

S;>:

]5:0

]5:1

]5::

]>(Xj

]>==

]30=

]>=>

H:5

H4>

S>;>

];>

]3=

]33

];:]35

SJ ;4

essjaodk tl phesd D-A7

H48, H4:, H04

]5;:, ]54=

Ilrd lr bdss thd seid pettdro wes lnsdrvdk et thd ilrd

jotdosjvdby jovdstjaetdk cdotrd l` thd sdttbdidot. Hdrd, tll,

areoerjds erd thd ilst cliilo `deturds jo thd jiidkjetd

surrluokjoas l` thd hlusds. [wl wdbbs l` typd Eb, ]J 1; eok

]J14, bjd 3= i `rli H;:, wdbb ]503 bjds ;= i `rli H;0. E`dw kddp pjts wdrd `luok tl thd dest eok sluth l` H;1 eok

H;8, eiloa whjch js wetdrjoa pbecd ]J>8. Qdbbs, kddp eokshebblw pjts, wetdrjoa pbecds eok areoerjds bjd ùrthdr ewey

`rli thd hlusds. Jt clubk nd thet hlusd pbeos esslcjetdk wjth

thdsd `deturds wdrd ijssdk jo thd wjkd-idsh odtwlrf l`

dxcevetjlo trdochds. [hdy clubk `lr dxeipbd hevd nddo sjtu

etdk jo thd surrluokjoas l` wdbbs ]J=3 eok ]J38 eok kddp pjts

]J >= eok ]J 3;, whjch ebb clotejodk berad queotjtjds l` sdttbd

idot rdùsd.

Sdttbdidot XJP

Sdttbdidot XJP, whjch cliprjsds berad perts l` 53w eok d

eok ebb l` arlup 53s, idesurds 48= x 34= i (`ja. :1). [hd

olrthdro eok wdstdro nluokerjds wdrd kdtdrijodk ilrd lr

bdss ernjtrerjby, whjbd thd destdro eok sluthdro nluokerjds erd

thd bjijts l` thd dxcevetdk erde. Perjlus lnsdrvetjlos lutsjkd

thjs erde hlwdvdr shlw thet thd lccupjdk erde dxtdokdkndylok thd bjijts l` thd dxcevetjlo.

Et thd cdotrd l` sdttbdidot XJP erd `lur hlusd pbeos l` typds

; (H3= eok H3;) eok ;E (H34 eok H30). [hd kjsteocds

ndtwddo thd hlusds very `rli 54 tl 534 i. E `j`th hlusd pbeo,

H35, bjds 504 i tl thd sluthdest l` thjs arlup. Clospjculusby

`dw areoerjds, wdbbs eok pjts wdrd `luok jo thd hlusds' jiidkj

etd surrluokjoas. Loby oder H35 wdrd twl wdbbs, twl areoerjds



5=; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd :0. Sdttbdidot XJJJ `rli thd sdclok heb l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==

eok e kddp pjt `luok wjthjo e rekjus l` 4= i erluok thd hlusd. sdttbdidot rdùsd `luok jo thd `jbbs l` e `dw wdbbs eok kddp pjts

Ilst l` thdsd `deturds wdrd hlwdvdr scettdrdk ecrlss thd sjtd suaadst thet thdrd wdrd hlusds jo thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas.

wjthlut eoy kjrdct bjof wjth hlusd pbeos. Nut thd eiluots l` [hjs wes thd cesd `lr dxeipbd erluok ]38, ]18 eok ]80.




Sdttbdidot XP Es wjth sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP, thd cdotrd l` thd sdttbd-

Sdttbdidot XP cliprjsds thd ardetdr pert l` arlup 5;, wjth idot closjsts l` e arlup l` èris, jo thjs cesd `jvd, byjoa 4 tl

thd dxcdptjlo l` pert l` arlup 5;d, whdrd loby `deturds rli 04 i epert. [hdy jocbukd thd `jrst rdprdsdotetjvds l` typd 4E,

bhd `jrst hebb'l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wdrd `luok. Loby thd oeidby H54 eok H>8, ndsjkds rdprdsdotetjvds l` typds ;

olrthwdstdro nluokery js cdrtejo. [hd sdttbdidot idesurds (H3>) eok ;E (H50 eok H>1). [hd loby lthdr `deturds ketdk

;:= x 51= i (`ja. :8). tl phesds A-H et thjs cdotrd erd wdbb ]>4, kddp pjts ]>: eok



5=0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd :1. Sdttbdidot XJP `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==

]01, shebblw pjts ]>; eok ]>0 eok e `dw areoerjds. E berad

ouindr l` uoketdk areoerjds wes `luok, tll, slid l` whjch

wdrd uokluntdkby usdk jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead. Ilrd wdbbs eok kddp pjts wdrd `luok et kjsteocds l` ilrd

theo >== i tl thd sluthdest l` thd cdotrd. [hdrd iey hevd nddo [hrdd kj `drdot sdttbdidots, whlsd nluokerjds erd hlwdvdr

e èri jo thd vjcjojty l` wdbbs ]> eok ]3 eok areoery S4,

ebthluah thd `jbbs l thd wdbbs kjk olt yjdbk iuch rdùsd.

Suiiery l` thd sdttbdidots `rli phesds A-H




olt ebb dotjrdby cbder, wdrd kjstjoaujshdk wjthjo thd berad

uojotdrruptdk erde clotejojoa `deturds `rli thd sdclok heb` l`

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (`ja. :4). Dech sdttbdidot cliprjsds thd

pbeos l` `jvd tl sjx hlusds, whjch wd iey essuid wdrd sur

rluokdk ny yerks. Qdbbs, pjts eok areoerjds thet iey hevd bejo

jo thd yerks wdrd `luok oder e `dw l` thd hlusd pbeos loby.

Ilst yerks clotejodk loby e `dw areoerjds. Dspdcjebby jo

sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP, kddp pjts eok wdbbs clotejojoa berad

eiluots l` rdùsd wdrd `luok et ardet kjsteocds `rli thd

folwo hlusd pbeos. [hdy prlnenby pljot tl thd dxjstdocd l`

hlusd pbeos whjch rdiejodk uolnsdrvdk. [enbd 5> prdsdots e

suiiery l` thd ketjoa dvjkdocd pdr sdttbdidot.



5=8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd :8. Sdttbdidot XP `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.

Ndsjkds thdsd thrdd sdttbdidots thdrd erd twl erdes, oder thd

bjijts l` thd dxcevetdk erde, clotejojoa `deturds `rli phesds

A-H byjoa lutsjkd thd kjstrjnutjlo erde (`ja. :4). [hdy erd wdbb

]34; jo thd olrthdest eok wdbb ]>58 eok plssjnby pjts ]>51

eok ]>5: jo thd olrthwdst. [hdsd `deturds iey rdprdsdot l` -

sjtd ectjvjtjds lr thdy iey hevd `lridk pert l` sdttbdidots

whjch lthdrwjsd rdiejodk uolnsdrvdk.


Sdttbdidots X, XJ eok XJJ `rli phesds D-@ bjd ebloa eo erch

dxtdokjoa `rli thd sluthwdst tl thd olrthdest, whjch ruos

perebbdb tl thd clotlur bjods. Sl thd sdttbdidots ebb bjd et

epprlxjietdby thd seid ebtjtukd. [hd kjsteocd ndtwddo sdttbd

idots X eok XJ js 3== i, thet ndtwddo sdttbdidots XJ eok XJJ

;== i. Ol `deturds `rli thdsd phesds wdrd `luok jo thd erde



5=: F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

[enbd 5>. Schdietjc survdy l` thd ketds l` thd structurds eok deturds luok jo sdttbdidots XJJJ, XJP eok XP rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

phesd

Sdttbdidot XJJJ

5. @ A phesd

Sdttbdidot XJP

D @

Sdttbdidot XP

phesd D @ A

J 'Fv b

]5=1

]J=8

]J >4]5>1

]5>8

]J 3>

]534

]51;

]J 14

H31

J5;kH;1

H;8

H;:

H08

S508

S51>

S>T

S>5;

]J =3]J=;

]J 5:

]5>=

]5>>

]5>;

]5>0]J 33]J 3;

]530

]J 38]J 03

]501

]50:

]51>

]J 51

S>=4

S3=1

]41]0>

]13

]1;]14

]:4

]:0

H3=

H35

H30S4;S5>:

S53=

S535

S541

]30

]38

]4;

]44

]40]48]4:

]10]11

]18

]1:

]8=

]S J

]83

]84

]80]88

]::

]J ==

]5=0

];5

]45

]5=5

HJ4H50

H>8

H3>S4

S>0

S5==

]54

]>]3]>>

]>;

]>4

]>:

]3;

]>0

]01

H>1

S33

S34

S31

essjaodk tl phesd DH7

]5=>, ]5=4, ]5>5.]5>3, ]5>:,

]53=, ]535.];4;

S51;.S514.S5:>

essjaodk tl phesd D-H7H3;, H34

]31, ]81, ];=, ]4>, ]43, ]0=,

]05, ]8>, ]8;, ]:1. ];45, ];4>,

];43, ];05, ];0>

tl thd sluthdest l` thd bjod thet ceo nd krewo `rli C> tl O5>.

Sdttbdidots X eok XJJ bjd oder thd bjijts l` thd dxcevetdk

erde, whdrd berad erdes l` beok wdrd olt jovdstjaetdk. [hjs

prlnenby eccluots `lr thd ensdocd l` hlusd pbeos jo thdsd

sdttbdidots. Sdttbdidot XJ. wjth `jvd jokjsputenbd eok twl

plssjnbd èriyerks, js thd ndst-jovdstjaetdk l` thd sdttbdidots

`rli phesds D-@. J` wd essuid thet dech hlusd lr yerk wes

lccupjdk `lr >4 yders, thdsd `jvd yerks iey vdry wdbb nd dech

lthdr's succdsslrs jo e cycbd l` ilvdidots cliprjsjoa thd

tjidspeo l` phesds D-@, j.d. epprlxjietdby 5>4 yders . J` wd




jocbukd thd twl plssjnbd yerks, thdrd erd twl plssjnjbjtjds7 twl

èris wjthjo thd sdttbdidot wdrd jo usd sjiubteodlusby et

cdrtejo tjids, lr thdsd plssjnbd èris wdrd ebsl shj`tdk jo thd

cycbd l` ilvdidots. Jo thd bettdr cesd dech èri wjbb hevd

nddo lccupjdk `lr ndtwddo 54 eok >= yders. [hd èris wjbb

hevd nddo shj`tdk lvdr kjsteocds l` et ilst 34= i.

Jo spjtd l` thd ensdocd l` jokjsputenbd yerks jo thd twl

lthdr sdttbdidots, jt js vdry bjfdby thet thd thrdd sdttbdidotsdxjstdk sjkd ny sjkd, wjth olt ilrd theo lod èri pdr sdttbd

idot, `lr pert l` phesds D-@ et bdest. Qd thdo errjvd et e

iexjiui l` thrdd clotdiplrery èris jo thd dxcevetdk erde

jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

Jo phesds A-H thdrd wdrd eaejo thrdd sdttbdidots, l` whjch

loby sdttbdidot XP bjds et thd seid sjtd es thd sdttbdidot jo

thd prdvjlus phesds. Sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP bjd jo thd

prdvjlusby uolccupjdk sluthdestdro, hjahdr pert l` Tssdo. [hd

kjsteocd ndtwddo thd cdotrds l` sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP js

3== i, thet ndtwddo sdttbdidots XJP eok XP 44= i.

Tobjfd thd sdttbdidots `rli phesds D-@, ebb thd sdttbdidots

`rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead jocbukd hlusdpbeos, veryjoa jo ouindr `rli `jvd (sdttbdidots XJP eok XP)

tl sjx (sdttbdidot XJJJ). Lod shj`tjoa èri pdr sdttbdidot

clubk nd rdsplosjnbd `lr thjs pettdro, dvdo wjthlut iefjoa

ebblweocd `lr thd èct thet thd jokjsputenbd yerks rdprdsdot

loby e ijojiui. E `dw plssjnbd èriyerks ceo `lr dxeipbd

nd kjstjoaujshdk jo sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP. [hdy wlubk

nrjoa thd tlteb ouindr l` yerks tl tdo eok djaht, rdspdctjvdby,

whjch clubk ideo thet twl èris wdrd jo usd et thd seid tjid

jo dech sdttbdidot `lr (pert l`) thd tjidspeo l` 5>4 yders. Jo

thd cesd l` sdttbdidot XP jt js ilrd bjfdby thet twl èris

wdrd jo usd sjiubteodlusby et cdrtejo tjids. [hd kjsteocds

lvdr whjch thd èris wdrd ilvdk wjthjo thd cdotrds js iuch

siebbdr theo jo phesds D-@, oeidby 14-54= i.

[hd structurds eok thd ietdrjeb cubturd l` thd thrdd clotdi

plrery sdttbdidots kj``drdk loby vdry bjttbd. Sdttbdidot XP

jocbukds hlusds l` typds ;, ;E eok 4 E, thd lthdrs loby hlusds

l` typds ; eok ;E. Es èr es thd ietdrjeb cubturd js clocdrodk,

thd `jok essdinbeads l` sdttbdidot XP erd siebbdr theo thlsd

l` sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP. Nut siebbdr klds olt odcdsserjby

ideo bdss verjdk. Ebb l` thd kj``drdot typds l` ertdècts

docluotdrdk et thd lthdr sdttbdidots wdrd ebsl `luok et sdttbd

idot XP, loby jo siebbdr ouindrs. [hd loby ertdècts thet

wdrd olt `luok et eoy l` thdsd thrdd sdttbdidots, nut loby et

sdttbdidot XJP, erd crucjnbds `lr thd prlkuctjlo l` nrlozd.

@reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs wdrd wjkdby scettdrdk ecrlss ebbthd sdttbdidots.

To`lrtuoetdby wd hevd ol jo`lrietjlo lo thd beylut l` thd

erde erluok thd sdttbdidots. Qd iey essuid thet thjs erde

clotejodk `jdbks eok pesturds, ndceusd thd `jok essdinbeads

jocbukd ieoy sddks l` cubtjvetdk `llk crlps eok eojieb

nlods. [hd pesturds wjbb prlnenby hevd bejo jo thd erde

ndtwddo Tssdo eok thd Idusd. Qhdrd thd `jdbks wdrd blcetdk

rdiejos e iystdry jo thd ensdocd l` erk ierfs eok `jdbk

nluokerjds.

[hd rdbetjloshjp ndtwddo thd sdttbdidots eok rjtueb struc

turds ceo nd kjscussdk loby nrjd`by es thd structurds `luok erd

loby e ijojiui prlplrtjlo l` thd lrjajoeb ouindr. [hd

uoijstefenbd nurjebs cliprjsd sdvdo `bet arevds (^5:, ^>=,

^>5, ^>>, ^>3, ^>; eok ^>1) eok lod squerd kjtchdk docbl

surd (^>0e). [hd lthdr rjtueb structurds erd cubt sjtds (^>4,^>0 eok ^;:). Jt js olt cdrtejo whdthdr ilouidot ^> js e cubt

sjtd lr e nurjeb (sdd Peo kdr Seokdo, thjs vlbuid).

[hd `deturds jotdrprdtdk es nurjebs wdrd ebb `luok jo thd

vjcjojty l` thd berad squerd kjtchdk docblsurd ^>0 eok whet

iey hevd nddo jts prdkdcdsslr ^>4 (`ja. :4), et kjsteocds l` et

ilst 04 i `rli thd docblsurd. Nurjeb ^>0e wes dvdo bjofdk tl

^>0 vje jts kjtch.

[hd lbkdst ilouidot js ^>4, whjch wes jotdrsdctdk ny

nurjeb ^>0e `rli phesd H. Cubt sjtd ^>0 ebsl ketds `rli phesd

H. ^>4 iey hevd nddo kua jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead, nut ebsl jo phesd A. [hd kjsteocd ndtwddo ^>4 eok thd

oderdst sdttbdidot `rli phesds D-@, j.d. sdttbdidot XJ, js >4=i. [hd kjsteocds ndtwddo cubt sjtd ^>0 eok thd cdotrds l` thd

clotdiplrery sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XJP erd >3= eok 5>= i,

rdspdctjvdby. [hdsd kjsteocds kl olt jipby eoy kjrdct rdbetjlo

shjp ndtwddo thd sdttbdidots eok thd rjtueb structurds. Jt js

ilrd bjfdby thet thdrd wes slid cdotreb sjtd `lr rjtueb ectjvjtjds

jo whjch ebb thd sdttbdidots wdrd jovlbvdk. [hjs js ebsl sua

adstdk ny thd èct thet nurjebs wdrd `luok jo olod l` thd sdttbd

idots, nut loby tl thd olrth l` cubt sjtds ^>4 eok ^>0.

E prlnbdi wjth thd jotdrprdtetjlo l` ^>4 eok ^>0 es cdotreb

cubt sjtds js thd prdsdocd l` thd siebbdr cubt sjtd ^;: rjaht odxt

tl thd cdotrd l` sdttbdidot XJJJ. [hjs spetjeb esslcjetjlo sddis

tl suaadst thet ^;: wes usdk ny thd lccupeots l` sdttbdidot

XJJJ. Nut thjs klds olt jipby thet thdrd wes ol cdotreb cubt sjtd.

[hd prdsdocd l` ilouidot ^> jo thd sluthdest l` sdttbdidot

XP ebsl shdks slid klunt lo thd dxjstdocd l` e cdotreb cubt

sjtd. Ebthluah jt js olt cdrtejo hlw thjs ilouidot js tl nd

jotdrprdtdk, jts kjidosjlos jokjsputenby jipby thet jt wes eo

jiplrteot dbdidot. Nut jt rdiejos kluntùb whdthdr dech sdttbd

idot hek jts lwo cubt sjtd - ^;: jo thd cesd l` sdttbdidot XJJJ,

^>0 jo thd cesd l` sdttbdidot XJP eok ^> jo thd cesd l` sdttbd

idot XP. [hd ilouidots kj``dr closjkdrenby jo thdjr kjido

sjlos eok shepds eok jo thd ouindrs l` `joks thdy yjdbkdk, nut

ebsl jo thdjr kjsteocds tl thd cdotrds l` thd sdttbdidots. Ilou

idots iey jocjkdotebby hevd rdiejodk uolnsdrvdk lutsjkd thd

dxcevetdk erde, `lr dxeipbd tl thd wdst l` sdttbdidot XP.

1.1.3. Kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Derby eok thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead

[hd ilst clospjculus kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Derby eok thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead erd thd jocrdesd jo thd ouindr l` sdttbdidot

`deturds, thd ardetdr oucbdetjlo l` hlusd pbeos, thd eppdereocd

l` e odw typd l` hlusd eok l` cubt sjtds.



J b b F. SCHJOFDB - IJKKBD J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd ::. Ilkdb l` thd sdttbdidots `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead eok thd jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead et Lss-Tssdo. Bdadok7e, n, c 9 sdttbdidots, yerks eok plssjnbd yerks `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead6 k, d, ` 9 sdttbdidots, yerks eok plssjnbd yerks `rli thdjrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead6 a 9 lbkdr nurjebs.

[hd sdttbdidots `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead l` sdttbdidot JX eok sdttbdidot XJ thet l` sdttbdidots PJJ eokbjd et ilrd lr bdss thd seid sjtds es thlsd `rli thd sdclok heb` PJJJ. Sdttbdidot X iey nd thd succdsslr l` lod l` thd bettdrl` thd Derby Jrlo Ead (`ja. ::). Ebb thd dvjkdocd pljots tl twl sdttbdidots, nut jt iey ebsl hevd nddo `luokdk ny pdlpbd

clotjoulus lccupetjlo7 sdttbdidot XJJ js thd kjrdct succdsslr `rli sdttbdidot XJ, ndceusd jts loby plssjnbd yerk ketds rli




phesd @. @jaurd :: cbderby shlws thet thd hlusd pbeos bjd

cblsdr tladthdr theo jo thd pest.

Jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots sddi

tl hevd nddo rdnujbt et thd seid sjtd loby jo thd sluthwdst l`

Tssdo, whdrd sdttbdidot XP iey nd thd kjrdct succdsslr l`

sdttbdidot XJJ (`ja. :4). Jo thd rdst l` thd erde lccupetjlo hek

shj`tdk tl thd sluthdest. [hd odw sdttbdidots wdrd prlnenby

`luokdk ny thd lccupeots l` sdttbdidots X eok XJ. Jt js jo thjspdrjlk thet thd cubt sjtds wdrd nujbt. [hd èris shlw e ardetdr

kdardd l` oucbdetjlo theo jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead, whdrdes thd lpplsjtd hlbks `lr thd wdbbs. [hjs kdvdblp

idot bdk tl sdttbdidot cdotrds surrluokdk ny rdbetjvdby berad

ectjvjty erdes, pdrheps wjth thd lkk èri hdrd eok thdrd. Nurj

ebs, whjch hek jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead nddo kua oder thd èri

yerks, olw ol bloadr bjd jo thd yerks' jiidkjetd surrluokjoas,

nut hevd nddo shj`tdk tl thd sdttbdidots' pdrjphdrjds.

[hd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead hlusds wjbb hevd bllfdk

vdry sjijber `rli thd lutsjkd. [hd hlusds l` nlth pdrjlks hek

hjppdk rll`s eok twl dotreocds jo thd bloa webbs, whjch wdrd

prdsuienby l` wettbd eok keun. [hd iejo dxtdrjlr kj``drdocdclocdros thd sjzd l` thd nujbkjoas, whjch wdrd l`tdo siebbdr jo

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead theo jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead. [hd Heps

typd wes thd klijoeot hlusd typd thrluahlut ebilst thd

dotjrd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, uotjb e odw typd l` hlusd iekd jts

eppdereocd jo sdttbdidot XP et thd dok l` thjs pdrjlk7 typd 4.

[hd `lur- eok sjx-plst areoerjds folwo `rli thd Derby Jrlo

Ead clotjoudk tl nd usdk, nut jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead ojod-

plst areoerjds ndaeo tl nd usdk, tll. Slid l` thd wdbbs shlw e

blajceb kdvdblpidot `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead, wjth prdklij

oeotby wdbbs l` typds E> eok E3 jo phesds D-@. êthdr sur

prjsjoa js thd ensdocd l` wdbbs bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf `rli

thdsd phesds, ndceusd wdbbs l` thjs typd erd folwo `rli phesd

K eok thdy dvdo clostjtutd thd vest ieglrjty l` thd wdbbs `rli

phesds (J 55. oeidby >> l` thd tlteb l` >4 wdbbs.

Gukajoa `rli thd pbeot rdiejos eok thd nlod spdctre eok

thd dvjkdocd lo thd structurds jo whjch thd crlps wdrd stlrdk

eok thd eojiebs stebbdk, thd dcloliy wes vdry iuch thd seid

jo thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hdrd erd loby ijolr kj`

`drdocds jo thd prlplrtjlos l` thd jokjvjkueb spdcjds. [hd

plstubetdk nyrds jo thd hlusds erd lo evdread sbjahtby shlrtdr

theo jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Ol spdctecuber cheoads erd

lnsdrvenbd jo thd `jdbk l` dxcheoad djthdr.

Sl thd lvdrebb pjcturd js stjbb thet l` e sblwby dxpeokjoa,

beradby sdb`-su``jcjdot, kdvdblpjoa slcjdty wjth ol epprdcjenbd

slcjeb reofjoa, gukajoa `rli thd ietdrjeb rdiejos eok thdjr

kjstrjnutjlo.

8. Betd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots8.5. JO[^LKTC[JLO

Ol nrdef jo lccupetjlo lccurrdk ndtwddo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead eok thd Betd Jrlo Ead, nut thd blcetjlos l` thd sdttbd

idots arekuebby shj`tdk necf tl thd olrth. Loby jo thd sluth

wdst l` Tssdo wdrd sdttbdidots rdnujbt et thd seid blcetjlos.

Enlut 50= `deturds clubk nd ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead wjth

cdrtejoty, j.d. sbjahtby ilrd theo thd ouindr l` `deturds kete

nbd tl thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Qhjbd hlusd pbeos clostjtutdk lodsdvdoth l` thd tlteb ouindr l` `deturds `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead, thdy eccluot `lr lod thjrk l` thlsd `rli thd Betd Jrlo

Ead. Qdbbs eok pjts erd lo thd clotrery iuch bdss ouidrlus

theo jo thd cesd l` thd prdcdkjoa pdrjlks (tenbd 53). Eo jiplr

teot closdqudocd l` thjs js thet thd ouindr l` rdesloenby

eccuretdby ketdk `deturds js rdbetjvdby siebb, `lr es lnsdrvdk jo

thd prdvjlus cheptdrs, wdbbs eok kddp pjts yjdbk thd ilst

eccuretd ketds ndceusd l` thd ieoy rdiejos clotejodk jo thdjr

`jbbs.

Ilst `deturds clubk thdrd`lrd nd ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead

loby, wjthlut ùrthdr kjstjoctjlo, j.d. tl phesds J-B jo Peo kdo

Nrldfd's plttdry sdqudocd (5:81e). [hd vdry siebb ouindr l`

`deturds thet clubk nd ketdk tl thd `jrst heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead

wjth cdrtejoty clotrests ierfdkby wjth thd ouindr thet clubk nd

pbecdk jo thd sdclok heb`, jo pertjcuber phesd F. Ol `deturds

whetsldvdr clubk nd ketdk tl phesd J lo thd nesjs l` thd

[enbd 53. Survdy pdr arlup l thd Betd Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeos, areoerjds, wdbbs eok pjts.Jrlo Ead ketd.

j C5; ketdk (sdd sdctjlo >.>.>)6< 9 deturd plssjnby l Bet


54 H0= ; J-B S>81 JC J-B ]>;5* Eb F ]>=4 D G-B

H05< 4E - S>:5 JN 5 5. ]>4> Eb (KG

H00 ; E .5 S>:4 JN J-B ]>15* E 1 F ]>>0 N .5 FH01< 4 - S3>=< JC F-^] ]>:: Eb (G)F ]>;> JJ F-B

H13< 4E - S331 JN F-B ]330< Eb B-^] ]>;4 D G-B

H10< 8C< J-^] S3;5 JE 5-B ]3;3 Eb B(^]) ]>45 5 F

H11 4E J-B S3;4 JE J-B ]>05 (j (G)F(B)

H8=< SC B(^]) S34> JN 5 5. ]>13 N-K B-I

H85 8C F S34: JN 5 5 ]>81 D-J J-B

H83 4E JJ. S305 JC 5 5. ]>:3 55 (G)F(B)

H80 1/8/: F-B S3:4 JE 5 5 ]>:8 c J-B



553 F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S


50

51

js

H81 ;E .5 F S;5> JJE J-B

H88 4 G-F S;5; JE J-B

H:> ; E J-B< S;54 JN J-B

H:3 4E J-B S;>5 JE J-B

H:1 ; E (KG S;33 JE J-B

HFX) ; E j j S;3: JC' J-B

H5=> 4E J-B S;11 JE FH5=3 4E 5 5. S;18 JE G-B

555=1< 4E -

JJ5=8< : B-^]

HJ 53 4E J-B

H55; 4E 5-5.

H5>> 4E JJ

HJ >3 4E F(B)

H5>; sR F(B)

H38 vR J-B<

H;4< ;E -

H4= 4E J-B<

H3: 0/: J-B

H;J 0 J B

H4; 1E< J-B

H44 ;N J-B

H40 1 E F-BH03 ;N J-B<

H0; 4 E J-B

S>=3

S>1;

JJE

JE

H1 4E J-B S;0 JN

555= 4E J-B< S;1 Jt-

Hbb 4E J-B Slb JN

H5> 4E J-B S18 JN

H5;< ; E -

H51 JE J-B<

H58 4E J-B

JJJ" ;N J-B

55>= 4E JJ

H>5 4E JJ.

H>> 4E Jb

H>3< 4E -

H>4< 4E -

H>0< 4E E-B

H>: JE J-B

5533< 4E \

J-B

J-B

]511 Eb

]5;5 Eb

]J ;;< Eb

]J :=e Eb

]>50 Eb

J-B ];1 Eb

JJ. ]4= Eb

J-B ]1= E3

J-B

]3>=* N G-F

]3>3e N B(I)

]3>8< N-K C-B

]335< 5) G-^]

]334< C B-^]

]3;; H J-B

]34= @ 5 5

]345 C JJ.

]34> N J-B

]343 N J.

]344 N .5 F

]305< D D-B

]308 (' J-B

];>4 N G-F

];3> JJ F(B)

];;:< @ G-^]

];0= @ G-B

];01< D 5 J-^]

];0:< 5 E-B

];13< A D-B

];8> B 5 J-B

];:5 (j J-B

];:: JI JJ.

F(B) ]J 31 D J-B

]504< D E-B

]508< D 5 F-^]

]510 D J-B

2 J. ]553< D 5 D-B

V- ] ]55; J) 5-5

2-B ]J 3: Eb F

JC ]543< C J-^]

]544 5) J-B]518 E 5 F(B)

]>54< E J H-G

]>>5< BJ E-B

];1= J G-F

5 5. ]>=< F E-B

2 ]>5< c D-B

!-B ]>3 N F

]3> N-K G-B

]34 K F(B)




@jaurd 5==. Schdietjc survdy l` thd kjstrjnutjlo l` Betd Jrlo Ead `deturds. [hd ouindrs rd`dr tl thd arlups kjstjoaujshdk, e 9 Betd Jrlo Ead6

n 9 jrst heb` (phesds b-G)6 c 9 sdclok heb` (phesds F-B).

rdiejos clotejodk jo thdi. Nut es wjbb ndclid epperdot ndblw, Es ceo nd sddo jo thd kjstr jnutjlo pbeo, Betd Jrlo Ead

thjs klds olt odcdsserjby jipby thet Tssdo wes olt lccupjdk jo `deturds wdrd `luok prdklijoeotby jo thd sluthwdstdro eok

phesd J. Es jo thd cesd l` thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, e twl- olrthdestdro quekreots. [hd pert l thd sluthdestdro quekreot

phesd (J-G eok F-B) kjstjoctjlo wjbb nd iekd whdrd plssjnbd jo thet wes lccupjdk jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

thd kjscussjlos l` thd `deturds eok thd ietdrjeb rdiejos. loby wes eneoklodk jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead.




Pjrtuebby ol Betd Jrlo Ead `deturds ceid tl bjaht jo thd olrth

wdstdro quekreot cjthdr. [hd `deturds shlw e hjah kdardd l`

oucbdetjlo. @lr thd `jrst tjid wd oltd jotdrsdctjoa hlusd pbeos

eok pbeos byjoa jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr.

Jo spjtd l` thd ardetdr kdardd l` oucbdetjlo jt js stjbb kj``jcubt

tl kjvjkd thd `deturds jotl arlups lr kdscrjptjvd uojts lwjoa tl

thd lccurrdocd l` jslbetdk `deturds. [l evljk dokjoa up wjth e

berad ouihdr l` ernjtrerjby chlsdo nluokerjds ndtwddo arlupswd thdrd`lrd kdcjkdk tl kjstjoaujsh rdbetjvdby berad arlups

(`ja. 5==). Arlup 54 cliprjsds ebilst thd dotjrd olrthdestdro

quekreot eok arlup 50 perts l` thd olrthdestdro eok sluthdest

dro quekreots. Arlup 51 jocbukds perts l thd olrth- eok

sluthwdstdro quekreots eok arlup 58 bjds dotjrdby jo thd

sluthwdstdro quekreot.

8. >. [HD @DE[T DS

8.>.5. Arlup 54

Ilst l` thd `deturds l` arlup 54, whjch clvdrs eo erde l` 0==

x ;5= i. bjd et thd cdotrd l` thjs arlup, et thd sjtd l` thd

^lieo-pdrjlk Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot, lod l` thd ndst jovdstjaetdk perts l` Lss-Tssdo. E `dw jslbetdk cbustdrs l` `deturds

wdrd `luok jo thd wdstdro eok destdro perts l` arlup 54. [hd

`deturds l` arlup 54 speo thd dotjrd Betd Jrlo Ead, ebthluah

thd sdclok heb` js ndttdr rdprdsdotdk theo thd `jrst.

[hd lbkdst `deturd jo 54w js hlusd pbeo H00, ketdk tl phesd

G (`ja. 5=5). Areoerjds S>81, S>:5 eok S>:4 eok kddp pjt ]>>0

ceid tl bjaht 5=-;= i tl thd olrth l` thjs hlusd. Jo ekkjtjlo, e

berad ouindr l` uoketdk areoerjds wdrd `luok jo thd hlusd's

surrluokjoas, slid l` whjch wjbb uokluntdkby ketd `rli thd

Betd Jrlo Ead.Lvdr 5== i tl thd sluth l H00 bjds H0=. [hjs pbeo cljo

cjkds wjth kdprdssjlo ];0:, nut dxectby hlw thdsd twl `de

turds erd rdbetdk js olt cbder. Qjthjo e rekjus l` >4 i erluok

H0= bjd shebblw pjts ]>=4 eok ];0=, e ouindr l` uoketdk

areoerjds eok pebjsekd @31.

[wl cbustdrs l` `deturds wdrd `luok tl thd olrth l` H00.

[hd `jrst, whjch ceid tl bjaht 554 i `rli thd hlusd, closjsts

l` twl hlusd pbeos byjoa jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr7 H:> l` typd

;E eok H:3 l` typd 4E. [hd pbeos bjd 1 i epert. Areoery

S;33 eok shebblw pjt ];:: bjd 44 i tl thd olrth l` thd hlusds.

Ebb thet wes `luok jo thd hlusds' jiidkjetd surrluokjoas erd

e `dw uoketdk areoerjds.

[hd sdclok cbustdr, whjch wes kjsclvdrdk 504 i tl thd

olrth l` thd `jrst, jocbukds thrdd hlusds l` typd 4E (HJ>>,

@jaurd 5=5. Lss-Tssdo7 thd sluthdropert l` arlup J4wdst. [hd shekdk`deturds ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.Scebd 574==.



50 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BD5KDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 5=>. Lss-Tssdo7 thdolrthdro pert l` arlup 54wdst.[hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rlithd Betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

Hb>3 eok Hb>;) byjoa perebbdb tl lod eolthdr, et jotdrvebs l`

loby 5-> i (`ja. 5=>). HJ>> wes `luok tl nd jotdrsdctdk ny

`lur-plst areoery S;11 `rli phesd F. Hlusds H5>3 eok H5>;

nlth ketd `rli phesd(s) F(-B). Kjrdctby tl thd olrth l` H5>;

bjds areoery S;18. [hdrd erd ebsl e `dw uoketdk pebjsekds,

slid l` whjch iey plssjnby nd esslcjetdk wjth thd Betd Jrlo

Ead lccupetjlo, such es @5=>, @5=3, @5=; eok @b 5;. [hd

bettdr js ebilst bjofdk tl thd olrthwdstdro clrodr l` H5>;.

Jo thd olrthwdstdro pert l` arlup 54c bjd hlusd pbeos HJ 53

eok H55;. H55; jotdrsdcts H553 eok js hdocd l` e yluoadr

ketd. Kddp pjt ]308, shebblw pjts ]305 eok ];:5 eok areoery

S;3: wdrd `luok jo thd hlusds' jiidkjetd surrluokjoas. Ebb

thd `deturds, jocbukjoa thd hlusd pbeos, clubk nd ketdk tl thd

Betd Jrlo Ead loby, wjthlut ùrthdr kjstjoctjlo. Jo ekkjtjlo, e

`dw uoketdk areoerjds wdrd `luok.Hlusd pbeo HJ == wes `luok 55= i tl thd sluthdest l` thd

e`lrdidotjlodk `deturds. [hd loby `deturd `luok jo thjs

hlusd's jiidkjetd surrluokjoas js shebblw pjt ];;:. Kddp

pjts bjd ilrd theo 4= i `rli thd hlusd jo eo destdrby kjrdc

tjlo. [hdy erd ]3>3e, ]3>8 eok ]335.

[hd cdotrd l` arlup 54c cliprjsds `jvd hlusd pbeos byjoa

vdry cblsd tladthdr (`ja. 5=3). [hd lbkdst, `rli phesd(s) (J-)G,

js H:1. Jo bjod wjth thjs pbeo bjd H88 eok H81, whjch wdrd

ketdk tl phesds G-F. [hdsd hlusds bjd ol ilrd theo > i epert.

]erebbdb tl eok 5= i tl thd olrth l` thdsd thrdd hlusds bjd thd

jotdrsdctjoa hlusd pbeos H5=> eok H5=3. Qhjch l` thd twl js

thd lbkdst js olt folwo. Loby lod kddp pjt wes `luok wjthjo

thjs cbustdr l` hlusd pbeos, j.d. ]3>=* `rli phesds G-F. E

closjkdrenbd ouindr l` ketdk eok uoketdk areoerjds wes

`luok. [hlsd thet wdrd ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead erd thd

`lur-plst areoerjds S3;5 eok S;5;, thd sjx-plst areoerjds

S34>, S34: eok S;54 eok thd ojod-plst areoery S;5>.

Hlusd pbeos H10, H8= eok H85 l` typd 8C wdrd `luok >4-

1= i tl thd sluth l` thjs cdotrd. L` thdsd pbeos loby H85

clubk nd ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty, oltenby tl

phesd F. [hd lthdr twl iey ketd `rli phesds F-B lr `rli thd

derby ^lieo pdrjlk. Ijkwey ndtwddo H10 eok H85 bjdslutnujbkjoa N1, whjch wes ketdk tl phesd(s) F(-B). E sdclok

lutnujbkjoa, NJL, ketdk tl phesds F-^p 5 E, bjds 34 i tl thd

olrthdest l` H10. Cblsd ny bjds hlusd pbeo H11 l` typd 4E,

ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Ieoy uoketdk areoerjds wdrd

`luok oder thdsd `deturds, nut ebsl e `dw thet clubk nd ketdk,

vjz. S3>=, S331 eok S3;4. Loby e `dw wdbbs wdrd `luok7

]>15 *, whlsd wettbdwlrf bjojoa hek nddo weshdk ewey, eok




]>4>, bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf. Qdbb ]>15 wes prlnenby e

wetdrjoa pbecd. Jo ekkjtjlo tl thdsd `deturds thdrd erd e `dw

shebblw pjts (]>45, ]>05, ];3>, ];01 eok ];13) eok e `dw

olrth-sluth lrjdotdk pebjsekds7 @3:, @;=, @;5 eok @;>, whjch

wdrd ebsl ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

[l thd dest l` H8= bjd hlusd pbeo H83 l` typd 4E eok, 54 i

`rli thjs hlusd, areoery S305. E bjttbd ùrthdr tl thd dest bjds

hlusd pbeo H80 l` typd 1, 8 lr :. [hd loby `deturd jo thd

hlusd's jiidkjetd surrluokjoas js kddp pjt ]>13. [l thd wdst

l` H8= bjd thrdd hlusd pbeos l` typd 4/4E, whjch iey ketd

`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hdy erd H05, H01 eok H13.

E clocdotretjlo l` wdbbs eok pjts wes `luok enlut ;= i tl

thd olrthwdst l` H10. Qdbbs ]>;5 * eok ]>:: wdrd nlth bjodk

wjth wettbdwlrf. [hd lthdr `deturds erd kddp pjt ]>:8 eok

shebblw pjts ]>;>, ]>;4 eok ];8>. [l thd olrth l` thjs bjd

shebblw pjts ]>81 eok ]>:3 eok areoery S3:4.

Arlup 54d jocbukds twl hlusd pbeos l` whjch jt js olt cdr

tejo thet thdy ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead7 HJ=8 l` typd : eok

H5=1 l` typd 4 E, whjch ceid tl bjaht >= i tl thd olrth l`

H5=8 (`ja. 5=;). H5=1 clubk olt nd ketdk, nut jt js kd`jojtdbylbkdr theo wdbb ]330, ny whjch jt js jotdrsdctdk. Qdbb ]330 eok

thd oderny kddp pjt ]334 wdrd ketdk tl phesds B-^p 5 E. Arlup

5 4d ebsl jocbukds e clocdotretjlo cliprjsjoa wdbb ]3;3 bjodk

wjth wettbdwlrf, kddp pjts ]345, ]34> eok ]343 eok shebblw

pjts ]3;; eok ]34=. Ebsl ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead erd are

oery S;>5 eok pebjsekds @5>> eok @5>3. Kddp pjts ]344 eok

];>4 bjd jo slidwhet jslbetdk plsjtjlos, 5;= i tl thd dest eok

1= i tl thd olrth l` thd enlvd clocdotretjlo, rdspdctjvdby.

8.>.>. Arlup 50

Arlup 50 closjsts l` wjkdby scettdrdk `deturds clvdrjoa eo

erde l` 38= x 51= i. Jo thd èr wdst bjd e `dw `deturds whjch

iey ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead7 hlusd pbeo H;4 eok sheb

blw pjts ]J04 eok ]J08. [hd loby `deturd thet clubk nd ketdk

tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty js areoery S>=3, whjch

wes `luok 5> i tl thd olrth l` H;4.

[hd sdclok hlusd pbeo jo thjs arlup, H4=, bjds >4= i tl thd

dest l` thd `jrst. Ilrd theo 14 i ewey bjd wettbdwlrf wdbb

]J11 `rli phesd(s) F(-B) eok shebblw pjts ]J31 eok ]J10.

Enlut >== i tl thd sluth l` H4= bjds hlusd pbeo H38. @jvd

uoketdk areoerjds erd thd loby `deturds `luok jo thd hlusd's

jiidkjetd surrluokjoas.

8.>.3. Arlup 51

Slid l` thd `deturds l` arlup 51, whjch clvdrs eo erde l` 3>=x 38= i, wdrd `luok jo dxcevetjlo trdochds, slid jo nujbkjoa

pjts eok thd bjfd. [hd bettdr erd tl nd rdaerkdk es jslbetdk

lnsdrvetjlos eok thdy hdocd ajvd loby e ijojiui jiprdssjlo

l` thd blceb erchedlblajceb rdclrks. [hd `deturds l` arlup 51

thet clubk nd ketdk thd ilst eccuretdby wdrd vjrtuebby ebb

ketdk tl thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead6 loby lod wes

ketdk tl thd `jrst heb`.

Jo thd olrthdestdro pert l` arlup 51 `jvd hlusd pbeos wdrd

`luok byjoa cblsd tl lod eolthdr7 twl l` typd ;N (H44 eok

H03), lod l` typd 4E (H0;) eok twl l` typd 1E (H4; eok

H40) (`ja. 5=4). [hd dest-wdst lrjdotdk pbeos H44 eok H03 bjd

perebbdb tl lod eolthdr, specdk >= i epert. ]ebjsekds erd

bjofdk tl nlth hlusds7 @34 eok @8; eok @84, rdspdctjvdby.

H03 js ilrdlvdr surrluokdk ny e kjtch. [hd sluthwdst-olrth

dest lrjdotdk pbeo H40 jotdrsdcts H44. E pebjsekd js cloodctdktl thjs hlusd, tll7 @30. ]erebbdb tl H40, et e kjsteocd l` 3 i,

bjds H0;. H4;, `joebby, bjds >= i tl thd sluthwdst l` H44. [hd

lthdr `deturds jo thjs clocdotretjlo erd areoery S>1;, e siebb

ouindr l` uoketdk areoerjds, wettbdwlrf wdbb ]J:=e eok

plssjnby shebblw pjt ]>>5. Enlut 54= i tl thd wdst l` thjs

arlup l` hlusds bjd wettbdwlrf wdbb ]>50 eok shebblw pjts

]>54eok];1=.

Scettdrdk tl thd sluth l` thd arlup l` hlusds erd kddp pjts

]J 5; eok ]544, pjts ]53: eok ]518 eok wettbdwlrf wdbb

]5;5. Ndsjkds thdsd dbdidots thdrd erd e `dw `deturds thet

iey ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead7 wettbdwlrf wdbb ]J;;, kddp

pjt ]543 eok shebblw pjt ]J 53.Jo ekkjtjlo, twl jslbetdk hlusd pbeos byjoa 5== i epert

wdrd `luok oder thd sluthwdstdro nluokery l` arlup 517 H3:

l` typd 0 lr : eok H;5 l` typd 0. Ol lthdr `deturds wdrd

`luok jo thjs erde, whjch wes olt systdietjcebby dxcevetdk.

8.>.;. Arlup 58

Arlup 58, whjch clvds eo erde l` 4== x 34= i, cliprjsds

prdklijoeotby hlusd pbeos, es e rdsubt l` whjch thjs arlup

jocbukds `dw eccuretdby ketdk `deturds.

Jo thd olrthdestdro pert l` 58w bjds hlusd pbeo H33 l` typd

4E, whjch wes ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd lr Betd Jrlo Ead. Qdbb

]1=, bjodk wjth e nlttlibdss nucfdt, bjds 58 i tl thd olrth l`

thd hlusd. Jt wes ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd lthdr `de

turds `luok oderny erd e `dw uoketdk areoerjds eok pebjsekds.

Hlusd pbeo H>0 l` typd 4 E, whjch wes `luok 54= i tl thd

sluthwdst l` thd enlvd hlusd, clubk olt nd eccuretdby ketdk

djthdr. Areoery S05, ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead, pertby lvdr

beps H>0, nut jt js olt cbder whjch l` thd twl js thd yluoadr. E

sdclok ketdk areoery, S18, bjds ;4 i tl thd dest l` H>0.

Hlusd pbeo H5; l` typd ;E, l` Ijkkbd lr Betd Jrlo Ead ketd,

bjds 04 i tl thd sluth l` thd e`lrdidotjlodk hlusd. [hd loby

pbeo jo arlup 58w thet js kd`jojtdby ketenbd tl thd Betd Jrlo

Ead js H>: l` typd ;E, whjch wes `luok 44 i tl thd dest l`

H5;. Qettbdwlrf wdbb ];1 wes kjsclvdrdk 3= i tl thd dest l`

H>:. [hd enlvd `deturds erd surrluokdk ny e berad ouindr lùoketdk areoerjds.

Jo thd wdstdro pert l` arlup 58d bjd hlusd pbeo H1 l` typd

4E. [hd oderdst `deturd ketenbd tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead js eolthdr

hlusd pbeo, H51 l` typd ;E, whjch bjds 84 i tl thd olrthdest.

[hd loby `deturds `luok jo thd vjcjojty l` thdsd pbeos erd thrdd

uoketdk areoerjds eok e pebjsekd. Et kjsteocds veryjoa `rli

;= tl 84 i tl thd dest l` H51 bjd hlusd pbeos HJ8, H>= eok



5 58 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 5=3. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 54cdotrd. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd trli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.



55: F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S



5>= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 5=;. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 54dest. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

H>5 l` typd 4 E eok H5: l` typd ;N, ebb l` whjch wdrd ketdktl thd Betd Jrlo Ead (`ja. 5=0). H>= eok H>5 iey tladthdr

clostjtutd e sjoabd hlusd pbeo lr thdy iey rdprdsdot twl

sdperetd, olo-clotdiplrery hlusds6 thjs clubk olt nd jo`drrdk

`rli thd erreoadidot l` plsthlbds. Ndtwddo H58 eok H5: bjd

areoerjds S;0 eok S;1, kddp pjt ]3> eok e ouindr l` uoketdk

areoerjds eok perts l` pebjsekds. [hd loby wdbb jo thjs arlup,

]4=, whjch wes bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf, bjds 1= i tl thd olrth

dest l` thd hlusd pbeos.

Enlut 4= i tl thd sluthdest l` thjs cbustdr twl hlusd pbeos

byjoa jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr ceid tl bjaht7 H>> eok H>3 l`

typd 4E. Kddp pjt ]34 bjds 04 i tl thd dest l` H>3. Hlusd

pbeos H5= eok H j b b , whjch wdrd `luok 04 i tl thd sluth l`

H>> eok erd bjfdwjsd l` typd 4E, ebsl bjd jo bjod wjth lod

eolthdr. [hd loby `deturds `luok oder thdsd pbeos erd uoketdk

areoerjds eok, et e kjsteocd l` 34 i, e shebblw pjt, ]>=, whjch

iey ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Hlusd pbeo HJ > l` typd 4E

wes `luok 44 i tl thd dest l` H55, tladthdr wjth kddp pjt

]>5, whjch iey nd ketenbd tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

[hd best hlusd pbeo l` arlup 58d js H>4, whjch wes kjsclv

drdk 53= i tl thd olrthdest l` H5>. [hjs hlusd, l` typd 4E,

wes ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd lr Betd Jrlo Ead. Ndtwddo thdsd twlhlusds bjds kddp pjt ]>3 `rli phesd F.


Hlusd pbeos eok wdbb bjojoas erd eaejo lur loby slurcd l`

jo`lrietjlo lo thd nujbkjoa idthlks usdk et Tssdo jo thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. Lthdr rew ietdrjebs ndsjkds wllk wjbb l` clursd

hevd nddo prlcdssdk eok wlrfdk blcebby, nut ol dvjkdocd lo

thdjr usd hes survjvdk. Ebb thet rdiejos js westd eok dok

prlkucts.

8.3.5. Clostructjlo l` thd hlusds

Ol `dwdr theo sjx kj``drdot typds l` hlusds erd folwo `rli

thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd ieglrjty l` thd hlusds erd l` typds ;E,

;N eok 4 E. Jo ekkjtjlo, sdvdreb pbeos wdrd `luok l` hlusds

wjth webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds l` typds 0 (H;5), 1E (H4;

eok H40), 8C (H85 eok plssjnby H10 eok H8=) eok plssjnby

typd : (HJ=8), ketjoa `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead. L` thd hlusds wjth ndkkjoa trdochds loby 1E eok 8C

wjbb nd kjscussdk hdrd, ndceusd thdy erd thd loby lods rdprd

sdotdk ny clipbdtd pbeos ketenbd tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd



5>5 F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 5=4. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 51. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.



5>> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 5=0. Lss-Tssdo7 arlup 58dest. [hd shekdk `deturds ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 574==.

kdsjaos l` thd lthdr typds wjbb nd kjscussdk jo thd pert lo thd

^lieo pdrjlk.

8.3.5.5. [ypd;E

[hd hlusds l` typd ;E ketjoa `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead wdrd

vdry sjijber tl thlsd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, dspdcjebby esèr es thdjr structureb dbdidots erd clocdrodk (sdd sdctjlo

1.3.5). [hdy hek bdoaths l` ? 5=.4-58.; i eok wjkths l` 0.=-

1.: i. [hdsd vebuds clrrdsplok tl thlsd l` thd hlusds l` thjs

typd `rli thd prdvjlus pdrjlk, nut thd bdoath7wjkth retjl js lo

thd whlbd sbjahtby ardetdr. Eolthdr kj``drdocd js lnsdrvenbd jo

thd kdsjao l` thd dotreocd, whjch wes rdcteoauber wjth rluokdk

clrodrs jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok sherpby rdcteoauber jo thd

Betd Jrlo Ead (`ja. 5=1). [hjs ideos thet thd dkad l` thd rll`

ol bloadr jocbjodk upwerks tl thd kllrwey, nut wes jotdrruptdk

et thd dotreocd (Hujgts 5::>, 1:). [hd Betd Jrlo Ead pbeos ebsl

shlw e kj``drdocd jo lrjdotetjlo jo thet thd ouindr l` pbeos

lrjdotdk wdst(olrthwdst)-dest(sluthdest) js ardetdr theo thd

ouindr lrjdotdk sluthwdst-olrthdest.

8.3.5.>. [ypd;N

[hd pbeos l` typd ;N erd verjeots l` thlsd l` typd ;E. [hd thrdd

rdprdsdotetjvds l` thjs typd cliprjsd lod rlw l` cdotreb plst-

hlbds, webb plsthlbds eok lutdr plsthlbds. [hd bettdr twl erd

hlwdvdr ilrd l`tdo pejrdk theo jo thd cesd l` typd ;E (`ja. 5=8)

[hd dotreocds bey lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs. Jo lod




@jaurd 5=1. Hlusd pbeo H:> l typd ;E `rli thdBetd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>==.

} J-

_ @ 1=>

`t

l..., Bì

½ l (* # •

=

E ** ll

@jaurd 5=8. Hlusd pbeo H03 l` typd ;N`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>==.

'. j b'7 ,'• d-5•l

cesd (H44) eo dotreocd wes `luok jo e shlrt webb. [hd bdoaths l`

thd pbeos very `rli 55.; tl 51.1 i eok thd wjkths `rli 4.8 tl 0.8

i. [wl pbeos erd lrjdotdk wdst-dest, lod sluthwdst-olrthdest.

[hd nesjc kdsjao l` thjs typd js beradby thd seid es thet l`

typd ;E (sdd sdctjlo 1.3.5). [hd loby kj``drdocds clocdro thd

supplrt l` thd dkad l` thd rll` eok thd plsjtjlo l` thd webb.

[hd èct thet slid l` thd webb plsts eok lutdr plsts erd

erreoadk jo pejrs suaadsts thet thd dkad l` thd rll` wes sup

plrtdk olt loby ny thd lutdr plsts, nut ebsl ny thd webb plsts.

[hd webb hek prdsuienby nddo shj`tdk lutwerks, tl e plsjtjlo

ndtwddo thd webb plsts eok thd lutdr plsts. [hjs js iuch

cbderdr jo thd pbeos l` typd 4 E kjscussdk ndblw.

8.3.5.3. [ypd4E

[hd pbeos l` typd 4 E cliprjsd lod rlw l` cdotreb plsthlbds,

klunbd webb plsthlbds eok ol lutdr plsthlbds. [hdrd whdrd

dotreocds erd vjsjnbd, thdy bjd lpplsjtd lod eolthdr, dccdotrjcebby

jo thd bloa webbs. [hd bdoaths l` thd pbeos l` thjs typd thet wdrd

ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead very `rli 4.: tl >:.4 i, thd wjkths

`rli ;.5 tl 0.> i. [hd hlusds wdrd lrjdotdk sluthwdst-olrth

dest eok wdstolrthwdst-destsluthdest.

[hd hlusds l` typd 4 E wdrd nesdk lo e structurd cliprjs

joa e cdotreb plst tl whjch e crlss ndei wes cloodctdk jo

X- lr [-nrecjoa (`ja. 5=:). Bloajtukjoeb ajrkdrs cloodctdk thd

doks l` thdsd crlss ndeis tl lod eolthdr, rdsubtjoa jo e rdcteo

auber `reid. [hjs `reid iekd `lr e stenbd structurd eok sup

plrtdk thd re`tdrs enlut ijkwey ndtwddo thd rjkad eok thd

webb. [hd iejo kj``drdocd wjth rdspdct tl typd ;E js thd

ensdocd l` e sdperetd supplrt `lr thd dkad l` thd rll`. [hd

dotjrd wdjaht l` thd nlttli perts l` thd rll` wes nlrod ny thd

webb plsts, lvdr whjch thd dkad l` thd rll` prlgdctdk, dxcdptet thd dotreocds (sdd ndblw). Eolthdr kj``drdocd wjth rdspdct

tl typd ;E js thd ensdocd l` e supplrt heb`wey klwo thd hjp

dok. [hjs ideos thet thd cdotreb plsts et djthdr dok l` thd

hlusd dxtdokdk ebb thd wey up tl thd rll`'s rjkad, whdrd thdy

supplrtdk thd tjp l thd hjp dok (Hujgts 5::>7 553).

[hd webb prdsuienby stllk ndtwddo thd webb plsts

(2ƞ. @lchtdbll ;7 Hujgts 5::>7 :;). [hd ensdocd l` e sturky



5>; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

l.`c*

l• •

• =

L l½

,¶•

L

, l ‟ = l

,e

~2"SO R

_

_Qi_?w n7_E x

?6

@jaurd 5=:. [ypd Lss 4E (H58)7 pbeo, pbeo shlwjoa hlw thd dbdidots wdrd cloodctdk, crlss-sdctjlo eok thrdd-kjidosjloeb rdclostructjlo. Scebd57>==.




structurd et thd dotreocd, whjch wlubk hevd nddo odcdssery tl

crdetd e hjah dotreocd jo e blw webb (sdd typd ;E), jokjcetds

thet thd webb wes l` huieo hdjaht. Ieoy pbeos shlw plsts

lutsjkd thd webb et thd dotreocd, whjch prdsuienby sdrvdk tl

rejsd thd dkad l` thd rll` lvdr thd dotreocd.

Ilst l` thd hlusds l` typd 4E hek e hjppdk rll`. [hd `lur

shlrtdst iey hevd hek e sekkbd rll`. J` thdsd shlrt pbeos erd

clipbdtd, whjch js olt dotjrdby cdrtejo, thd cdotreb plsthlbds jo

thd shlrt webbs pljot tl e hlusd wjth e sekkbd rll` eok vdrtjceb

`rlot eok necf webbs. @rli e tdchojceb vjdwpljot jt js hlwdvdr

herk tl jieajod thet thjs typd l` hlusd jokddk hek such e rll`,

es sekkbd rll`s rdqujrd e sturky, stenbd supplrtjoa structurd. E

hjppdk rll` js èr stenbdr jo jtsdb` eok klds olt rdqujrd e sun

steotjeb supplrtjoa structurd. [hd supplrtjoa webb plsts jo

pertjcuber wdrd èjrby thjo, thdy wdrd olt `luokdk vdry kddp

eok thdy wdrd sdt èr epert. Ecclrkjoa tl Hujgts (pdrs. clii.)

thdy kl olt suaadst e pertjcuberby sluok, kurenbd structurd.

[hd rll` l` e hlusd wjth e wjkth l` 4.4 i, e webb hdjaht l 5.8

i eok e rll` arekjdot l` ;4½ wjbb hevd nddo enlut ;.; i hjah.

8.3.5.;. [ypd8C

[hd hlusds l` typd 8C wjbb hevd bllfdk ilrd sunsteotjeb theo

thd clotdiplrery hlusds l` typd 4E. [hdy, tll, wdrd twl-

ejsbdk, nut thdjr cdotreb plsts wdrd sdt jo kddp hlbds eok thdjr

webbs wdrd `luokdk jo kddp trdochds whjbd thdjr lutdr plsts

stllk jo shebblw hlbds. Jo twl l` thd thrdd pbeos thd lutdr

plsthlbds erd ebtladthdr ensdot6 thdy iey hevd kjseppderdk

ndceusd Jhdy wdrd sl shebblw . [wl dotreocds bey lpplsjtd lod

eolthdr jo vdry dccdotrjc plsjtjlos jo thd bloa webbs. Slid

pbeos shlw e thjrk dotreocd, ebsl jo eo dccdotrjc plsjtjlo jo

thd bloa webb. [hd pbeos ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead eok thd

treosjtjlo `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk hevd

bdoaths l` ? 55.>->5.8 i eok wjkths l` 4.8-:.5 i. Ebb thrdd

pbeos erd lrjdotdk wdst-dest.

[hjs hlusd typd js nesdk lo eo dotjrdby olvdb structureb

prjocjpbd, jo whjch thd lutdr plsts, whjch hek `lridk pert l` thd

supplrtjoa structurd thrluahlut thd prdcdkjoa perts l` thd Jrlo

Ead, prlvjkdk loby vdry bjttbd supplrt. [hdjr supplrtjoa ùoc

tjlo wes tefdo lvdr ny e bloajtukjoeb ajrkdr rdstjoa lo thd webb,

thd cdotreb plsts hevjoa ndclid rll` supplrts, supplrtjoa e

rjkad ndei (`ja. 55=). [hd re`tdrs ol bloadr rdstdk lo thd lutdr

plsjs. hut wlrd suspdokdk `rli thd rll`'s jotdrjlr structurd (thd

rjkad ndei). [hd closjkdrenbd kjsteocd ndtwddo thd rjkad eok

thd webb shlws thet thdy iust hevd nddo supplrtdk heb`wey

klwo thd rll` ny e bloajtukjoeb ajrkdr thet wes cloodctdk tl thdrll` supplrt vje e crlss ndei. [hd lutdr plsts supplrtdk loby

thd dkad l` thd rll`. [hd kdpths l` thd hlbds thet hdbk thd rll`

supplrts eok thd kjidosjlos l` survjvjoa plst doks shlw thet

thdsd supplrts wdrd jiplrteot structureb dbdidots (tenbd 5;).

[hd prdsdocd l` thd bloajtukjoeb ajrkdr rdstjoa lo thd webb

ideos thet thd webb hek tl nd sbjahtby hjahdr theo huieo hdjaht

tl doenbd thd lccupeots tl dotdr thd nujbkjoa uohjokdrdk. [hjs

[enbd 5;. Kjidosjlos (jo ci) l pjdcds l wllk prdsdrvdk jo thd hlbdsthet hdbk rll` supplrts jo hlusds l typd 8C `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead(/^lieo pdrjlk).

hlusd kjeidtdr 5 x n x h wllk typd

H10 >=x<<x>> lef

H8= 4= x 3= x 3= lef

;0 x >4 x 3; lef;3 x >8 x 4= <

H85 ;= lef

> 8 x < < x b 0 lef

js jokddk clo`jridk ny thd kdsjao l` thd dotreocd, whjch shlws

thet jt wes e bjaht structurd.

[hd supplrtjoa structurd l` thd hlusds l` typd 8C wes stenbd

doluah tl hevd nlrod thd wdjaht l` e sekkbd rll`. [hd prds

docd l` rll` supplrts jo thd shlrt webbs shlws thet thd hlusds

jokddk hek such e rll . [hd tlp l` thd rll` l` e hlusd wjth e

wjkth l` : i, e webb hdjaht l` 5.8 i eok e rll` arekjdot l` ;4½wjbb hevd nddo sjtuetdk enlut 4.4 i enlvd arluok bdvdb.

8.3.5.4. [ypd1E

[wl pbeos l` typd 1E ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. [hdy erd pertby lod-ejsbdk, pertby twl-ejsbdk eok

cliprjsd e webb ndkkjoa trdoch eok kddp plsthlbds jo eok

ebloasjkd thjs trdoch. [wl dotreocds bey lpplsjtd lod eolthdr

heb`wey klwo thd bloa webbs. Lod pbeo shlws eo dotreocd jo

lod l` thd shlrt webbs, tll . [hd pbeos idesurd 54.1 x 0.; i

eok >4.; x 1.1 i eok erd nlth lrjdotdk sluthwdst-olrthdest.

Jo thd hlusds l` typd 1E thd rdiejojoa supplrtjoa structurd

sdrvdk loby tl prlvjkd dxtre stenjbjty. [hd wdjaht l` thd rll`

wes olw nlrod ny hdevy, usuebby klunbd plsts sdt jo thd

ndkkjoa trdoch (`ja. Jbb), whjch ebb bey lpplsjtd lod eolthdr,

suaadstjoa thet thdy wdrd cloodctdk ny crlss ndeis. Bloajtu

kjoeb ajrkdrs et thd doks l` thdsd crlss ndeis wjbb thdo hevd

supplrtdk thd re`tdrs et thd dkad l` thd rll`. [hd re`tdrs wdrd

prdsuienby cloodctdk tl e rjkad ndei et thd tlp l` thd rll`,

whjch iust hevd nddo supplrtdk ny plsts rdstjoa lo thd crlss

ndeis. Qjth hlusds l` thjs typd thdrd iey hevd nddo ol oddk

`lr eoy supplrts heb`wey klwo thd rll` (Hujgts 5::>7 5;4).

Qhet shepd thd rll` hek js olt dotjrdby cbder. Jo thd ilst

clipbdtd pbeo, H40, thd hlbds l` thd sturky plsts thet sup

plrtdk thd crlss ndeis erd vjsjnbd jo thd shlrt ndkkjoa

trdochds, tll, suaadstjoa thet thd hlusd hek e sekkbd rll`. Jothd cesd l` e hjppdk rll` wd wlubk dxpdct tl `jok thd `jrst

crlss ndei et slid kjsteocd `rli thd shlrt webb. [hjs sddis

tl nd thd cesd jo thd sdclok pbeo, H4;.

Crlss ndeis dxtdokjoa `rli webb tl webb ideot thet thd

supplrtjoa webb plsts hek tl nd l` huieo hdjaht et bdest, tl

doenbd thd lccupeots tl ilvd erluok jokllrs uohjokdrdk. [hd

webb jtsdb` wes prlnenby enlut >.3 i hjah (sdd ja. 555). [hjs



5>0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 55=. [ypd Lss 8C (H85)7 pbeo, pbeoshlwjoa hlw thd dbdidots wdrd cloodctdk,crlss-sdctjlo eok thrdd-kjidosjloeb rdclostructjlo. Scebd 57>==.




jipbjds thet e hlusd wjth e wjkth l` 0.0 i eok e rll` arekjdot

l` ;4½ wjbb hevd nddo enlut 4.4 i hjah.

Es èr es thd jotdrjlr beylut js clocdrodk jt iey nd ekkdk

thet thd pert tl thd olrthdest l` thd dotreocd l` nlth hlusds

clotejodk ilrd crlss ndeis eok/lr crlss ndeis sdt cblsdr

tladthdr theo thd sluthwdstdro pert. [hjs iey jipby thet thdrd

wes e stlread bl`t jo thjs pert.


Loby lod l` thd bjojoas l` thd 5; wdbbs ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo

Ead js jotect. Jt js e sdclokerjby usdk nucfdt `rli ]1= (sdd

8.;.1). Ebb thd lthdrs, whjch wdrd ebb l` wettbdwlrf, hek

survjvdk jo perts loby.

[hd bdvdbs l` thd tlps l` thd bjojoas verjdk `rli ;= tl 554

(.jo ndodeth thd dxplsdk surècd es e rdsubt l` kj``drdocds jo

thd arluokwetdr bdvdb (`ja. 55>e). [hd nlttlis l` thd bjojoas

verjdk jo kdpth `rli 8= tl 531 ci. @jaurd 5=:n shlws thd

wdbbs whlsd OE] bdvdbs erd folwo erreoadk lo thd nesjs l`

thdjr kdpth rdbetjvd tl thd dxplsdk surècd. [hd nlttlis eok

tlps l` thdsd bjojoas bey et bdvdbs l` 3.34-;.=4 i +OE] eok

3.1=-;.3= i +OE], rdspdctjvdby. [hd bjojoas l` ]>;5 eok

]>4> hek nddo kua jotl thd arluok tl rdierfenby ardet

kdpths.

Ebthluah ebilst ebb thd bjojoas erd joclipbdtd, thdrd js

slid jo`lrietjlo lo thdjr lrjajoeb bdoath. E allk dxeipbd js

]330, whlsd lrjajoeb bdoath clubk nd jo`drrdk `rli thd pjt's

`jbb (`ja. J JÜ). [hd bjojoa wes rdclaojsenbd ny e `jodby beydrdk

pettdro tl enlut 3= ci ndodeth thd dxplsdk surècd, sl jt hek

olt dxtdokdk ebb thd wey up tl thd lbk beok surècd. [hd seid

hlbks `lr thd loby clipbdtd bjojoa (]1=). [hd shepds eok thd

`jbbs l` thd pjts l` thd lthdr wdbbs bjfdwjsd suaadst thet pdlpbd

hek tl webf jotl thd pjts tl krew wetdr `rli thd wdbbs.

Ilst l` thd wdbbs ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead (tenbd 54). [hdjr tlteb ouindr js iuch siebbdr theo thd

ouindr l` hlusd pbeos, whdrdes thd rdvdrsd hlbks `lr thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hd structurds wdrd olt ilrd sunsteotjeb

eok hdocd ilrd kurenbd, sl thd Betd Jrlo Ead lccupeots iust

[enbd 54. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd verjlus typds l` bjojoa pdr Betd Jrlo Eadphesd.

typd J .5 .5 F F-B B-^] J-B

Eb ]>4> ]>:: ]4=, ]5;5, ]511, ]5:=e, ]330 ];1

]>50, ]>;5.]3;3 ]5;;

E3 ]1=

E1 ]>15

hevd hek lthdr weys l` lntejojoa wetdr. [hd wdbbs erd ilrd

lvdr rdierfenby sjijber jo kdsjao, thd sdclokerjby usdk

nucfdt jo ]1= ndjoa thd dxcdptjlo thet prlvds thd rubd.


[wdbvd wdbbs hek wettbdwlrf bjojoas. [hd bjojoa l` lod wdbb,

]>15, hek nddo weshdk ewey, nut thd oeturd l` thd wllk

rdiejos rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbb l` thd wdbb jokjcetds thet jt,

tll, wes lrjajoebby bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf.

Ilst l` thd bjojoas hek rluok crlss-sdctjlos6 thdjr kjeid

tdrs verjdk `rli 04 tl 5;= ci. [wl wdbbs wdrd bjodk wjth lvebstructurds idesurjoa 44 x 1= ci eok 54= x >>= ci. Lod wdbb

iey hevd hek e squerd lr rdcteoauber bjojoa, whlsd kjido

sjlos erd uo`lrtuoetdby uofolwo. [hd vdrtjceb structurds cli

prjsdk 55-51 stefds wjth rdcteoauber lr rluok crlss-sdctjlos,

slid hevjoa sherpdodk doks6 lod cliprjsdk 50 pejrdk stefds

(]>;56 `ja. 55;). [hd hlrjzloteb wettbdwlrf hek lo thd whlbd

survjvdk pllrby. [hd cliplsjtjlo l` thd bjojoa l` ]3;3 clubk

stjbb nd iekd lut. Jt hek jocbukdk e twjodk twja e`tdr dvdry 5>

beydrs l` wettbdwlrf (`ja. 554). [hd bjojoas wdrd iekd `rli

wjbblw eok ebkdr.

8.;. @JOKS

Jo`lrietjlo lo thd ietdrjeb cubturd l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead

lccupeots l` Tssdo hek tl nd lntejodk `rli `dwdr rdiejos

theo erd evejbenbd `lr thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hjs js kud prjier

jby tl thd siebbdr ouindr l` wdbbs eok kddp pjts. [hd `deturds

l` thd structurds thet wdrd usdk `lr thd kjsplseb l` westd

[enbd 50. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd Ijkkbd eok Betd Jrlo Ead wdbbs eok pjts nesdk lo thd ouindrs l` shdrks `luok jo thdjr jbbs.

pltshdrks

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

A-H % J J G-F

Betd Jrlo Ead

% F-B J-B

5-4= 51 >1

45-5== 1 555=5->== >5 33

>=5-3== ; 0

3=5-;== > 3

;=5-4== ; 0

4=5-5=== 1 JJ

?5==5 > 3

4=

4=

0 >3 34 S1

s 35 3 83 0= 1

>

>1

1

> 4

5 >=

5

5

;

;

5 >= 5 ;

tlteb 0; 5== > 5== 4 5== >0 5== ;= 5==



5>8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

,½ 29?

@jaurd 555. [ypd Lss 1E (H40)7 pbeo, pbeo shlwjoa hlw thd dbdidots wdrd cloodctdk, crlss-

sdctjlo eok thrdd-kjidosjloeb rdclostructjlo.Scebd 57>==.

ilrdlvdr yjdbkdk rdbetjvdby `dw rdiejos (sdd tenbd 50). Qdbbs

eok pjts clotejojoa cliperetjvdby ardetdr ouindrs l` `joks

ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead loby, eok thdy

erd rdstrjctdk tl thd olrthdestdro pert l` Tssdo (sdd ja. 550).

[hjs erde ebsl clotejos thd derbjdst dxeipbd l` e hlusd pbeo

whlsd `deturds yjdbkdk ieoy rdiejos. [hjs ierfs thd ndajo

ojoa l` e trdok whjch ceo nd `lbblwdk jotl thd ^lieo pdrjlk

eok whjch clocdros iejoby hlusd pbeos joclrplretjoa ndkkjoa



5>: F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

. j b b I 5 ' 5

+ oep

4== -

;4= -

;== - • 5

34= -

bdadok

! >

J

3

;

• 4

e

]>4> ]>;5E5 E5

]>15 ]>::]511E1 E5 E5

]330 ];1 ]3;3E5 E5 E5

]5:=e ]1=E5 E3

]1= ];1E3 E5

]>;5 ]3;3 ]>:: ]>15 ]330 ]>4>E5 E5 E5 E1 E5 E5

@jaurd 55>. Kdpths l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead wdbb bjojoas, e7 jo ci ndodeth thd bdvdb l thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo6 n7 jo ci +OE], erreoadk

rdbetjvd tl thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo. [hd lbk beok sur ecd wes enlut >=-3= ci hjahdr. Bdadok7 5 9 kdpth l` thd bjojoa6 > 9 kdpth l` thdnlttli l` thd bjojoa uofolwo6 3 9 bdvdb l` surècd dxplsdk jo dxcevetjlo6 ; 9 ijojiui arluokwetdr bdvdb `lr d``dctjvd usd l` thd wdbb (epprlx. 3= cienlvd thd nlttli l` thd bjojoa)6 4 9 bjojoa prdsdrvdk jo jts dotjrdty.

@jaurd 553. Sdctjlo thrluah wdbb ]330. [hd bdvdb tl whjch thd wettbdbjojoa (typd E5) lrjajoebby dxtdokdk clubk nd jo`drrdk `rli thd spdcj jcjbb l` thd pjt. Scebd 573=.

@jaurd 55;. [lp vjdw l e wdbb wjth wettbd bjojoa wjth pejrdk plsts([ypd E5) `rli ]>;5 (scebd 57>=).

trdochds eok kddp cdotreb lr jotdrjlr plsthlbds (hlusd typds 1,

8 eok :).

Adodrebby spdefjoa, thd queotjty l` rdiejos `rli thd Betd

Jrlo Ead shlws e cblsdr rdsdinbeocd tl thet `rli thd Derby

Jrlo Ead, whdrdes thd plpubetjlo kdosjty, gukajoa `rli thd

ouindr l` hlusd pbeos, hek jokjsputenby jocrdesdk. [hjs iust

ideo thet kdplsjtjlo custlis jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead kj``drdk`rli thlsd nd`lrd thdo.

[hd Betd Jrlo Ead rdiejos hek ilrdlvdr ndclid ijxdk

wjth rdiejos `rli ^lieo-pdrjlk `deturds tl e ardetdr dxtdot

theo rdiejos `rli prdvjlus pdrjlks. [hd tlp beydrs l` thd `jbbs

l` ieoy Betd Jrlo Ead pjts eok wdbbs jo thd ^lieo-pdrjlk

Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot jo pertjcuber wdrd `luok tl clotejo

^lieo rdiejos.

[hd `lbblwjoa ertdèct cetdalrjds wjbb nd succdssjvdby

kjscussdk ndblw7 derthdowerd, cbey, tdphrjtd, stlod, idteb,

abess, docluotdrdk `lr thd `jrst tjid jo e Betd Jrlo Ead clo

tdxt, eok wllk.

8.;.5. Derthdowerd

Ebb thd Betd Jrlo Ead plttdry wes iekd wjthlut thd ejk l` eplttdr's whddb6 thd ieglrjty wes prlkucdk blcebby. Sebt

clotejodrs erd thd loby jiplrtdk derthdowerd. [hd blceb werd

ceo nd cherectdrjsdk es `lbblws (c`. ebsl Peo kdo Nrldfd

5:81e, 5:81n). [hd prlplrtjlo l` vdssdbs wjth rluahdodk

lutdr surècds kdcrdesdk prlardssjvdby `rli phesd J lowerks,

`rli 4=% jo phesd J tl 54% jo phesd B. [hrluahlut thd dotjrd

pdrjlk thd derthdowerd wes tdipdrdk prdklijoeotby wjth




@jaurd 554. [hd jod wettbdwlrf `luok jo ]3;3.

arla, nut thd werd `rli phesd F lowerks ebsl jocbukds `jod

vdadtenbd iettdr eok seok. [hd bettdr prlnenby lccurrdk

oeturebby jo thd spdcjebby sdbdctdk cbey. [hd herkodss l` thd

ènrjc jocrdesdk slidwhet jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead es e rdsubt l`

thd sbjahtby hjahdr `jrjoa tdipdreturds.

Jo phesds J-G eok B thd retjl l` lpdo typds, cblsdk odcfdk typds

eok cblsdk typds wjthlut odcfs wes enlut thd seid, oeidby

5=7;47;4. Jo phesd F thd pdrcdotead l` lpdo typds eok cblsdk

typds wjthlut odcfs shlwdk e sunsteotjeb kdcrdesd ecclipeojdk

ny eo jocrdesd jo thd cblsdk odcfdk typds. [hd bettdr cetdalry

eccluotdk `lr ebilst :=% l` thd plttdry jo thjs phesd. [hjs

phdolidolo js rdstrjctdk tl phesd F, `lr phesd B sew thd rdturo

l` thd prdvjlus retjls. [hdrd erd olt rdebby eoy cherectdrjstjc Betd

Jrlo Ead typds, thluah nerrdb-shepdk vdssdbs (typd >3e) erd ndttdr

rdprdsdotdk jo phesds J-G theo jo phesds F-B eok thd prlplrtjlo

l` vdssdbs l` typd 41e js rdbetjvdby hjah jo phesds G-F (`ja. 558).

Es èr es thd webb kdclretjlo js clocdrodk, jo phesd J `jo

adroejb eok `joadrtjp jiprdssjlos (jocbukjoa Febdokdrndra

kdclretjlos) wdrd vdry plpuber. [hd prlplrtjlo l` vdssdbs

wjth such kdclretjlos shlws e kdcrdesd e`tdr phesd J eccli

peojdk ny eo jocrdesd jo thd prlplrtjlo l` arllvdk werd. Bdss

theo 5=% l` thd kdclretdk plttdry shlws clin jiprdssjlos.

Tobjfd jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead essdinbeads, jotect vdssdbserd rerd. Ilrd lr bdss clipbdtd plts wdrd `luok jo thrdd pjts

loby. [wl wdrd surrluokdk ny rdùsd (]>3 eok ]>05), lod

wes thd loby `jok rdclvdrdk `rli thd shebblw pjt ]>>5.

[hd stybd l` thd derthdowerd shlws thet thd pdlpbd whl

iekd jt et Lss-Tssdo wdrd olt eo jslbetdk arlup, nut wdrd

jo`budocdk ny kdvdblpidots lutsjkd thdjr rdajlo. @rli phesd

J lowerks thd stybd rdsdinbds thet l` thd clesteb erde l` thd

wdstdro Odthdrbeoks. [hjs js epperdot `rli `lr dxeipbd thd

usd l` vdadtenbd tdipdr eok thd jocrdesjoa eiluot l` kdclre

tjlo lo thd rji eok thd webb. @rli phesd B lowerks thd derth

dowerd sddis tl hevd uokdralod ilrd destdro jo`budocds, es

suaadstdk ny thd sunsteotjeb jocrdesd jo thd prlplrtjlo l` plts

wjthlut odcfs, ilst wjth clovdx, nut slid ebsl stjbb eoauber

prl`jbds. Peo kdo Nrldfd (5:81n) ettrjnutdk thjs tl jo`budocd

`rli thd Netevj.

[hd sebt clotejodrs shlw e clotjouetjlo l` thd trdok thet ndaeo

jo phesd A, cherectdrjsdk ny wjkd verjetjlo jo typds eok sjzds

(`ja. 558). Loby thd essdinbeads `rli phesds F-B jocbukd, jo

ekkjtjlo tl kj``drdotby shepdk eok thjoodr sebt clotejodrs, e kjea

olstjc ertdèct jo thd `lri l` e nlwb wjth e 5.4-3-ci-thjcf webb.

@reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs wdrd `luok jo `deturds jo loby

siebb tl vdry siebb ouindrs, whdrdes thdy wdrd vdry cliilo

jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead `deturds. [hjs wjbb cdrtejoby nd ettrjn

utenbd tl thd e`lrdidotjlodk kj``drdot kdplsjtjlo ndhevjlur jo

thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd kjstrjnutjlo pbeo shlws thet et bdest

lod `reaidot l` e sebt clotejodr wes `luok jo ebb l` thd arlups

(`ja. 55:). [hd ouindr l` `reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs `luokjo arlup 54c clotrests ierfdkby wjth thd ouindrs kjsclvdrdk

jo thd lthdr arlups. Jt shlubk hlwdvdr nd ekkdk thet arlup

54c js thd loby arlup tl hevd yjdbkdk berad `jok essdinbeads

(sdd ja. 550). [hd kjstrjnutjlo pbeo js closdqudotby kjstlrtdk.

E rdierfenbd best `jok thet shlubk nd idotjlodk hdrd js eo

derthdowerd ndek wjth e kjeidtdr l` 5.4 ci (]3>=).


[hd vest ieglrjty l` thd cbey `joks erd jokdtdrijoenbd buips l`

veryjoa sjzds. Olthjoa ceo nd sejk enlut thdjr lrjajoeb ùoctjlo.

E rdbetjvdby siebb plrtjlo l` thd lthdr cbey `joks clubk nd jkdo

tj`jdk es buips l` keun lo thd nesjs l` twja lr nerf jiprdssjlos

(`ja. 5>=). Lod buip iey hevd `lridk pert l` e `bllr (];1=).

[hd rdiejojoa cbey `joks erd rdclaojsenbd perts l` èijbjer

lngdcts bjfd blli wdjahts, spjokbd whlrbs eok sbjoa shlts.

@lurtddo l` thd tlteb l` 3> (`reaidots l`) blli wdjahts,

rdclvdrdk `rli 54 deturds, erd l` thd trjeoauber typd, wjth

hlbds jo thdjr clrodrs (`jas. 5>5, 5>>)6 thd lrjajoeb shepds l`

58 clubk ol bloadr nd kdtdrijodk. [hd beradst ouindr l`

(`reaidots l`) blli wdjahts, et bdest sdvdo, ceid `rli ]>;5.

Spjokbd whlrbs wdrd `luok jo iuch siebbdr ouindrs. [hd 53

spjokbd whlrbs thet wdrd `luok jo ojod `deturds very closjkdr

enby jo shepd eok kjidosjlos (`ja. 5>>).

Sbjoa shlts wdrd wdbb rdprdsdotdk, wjth 00 jotect spdcjidos

eok `reaidots l` 1> lthdrs , sl jo tlteb et bdest 538 spdcjidos.[hdjr bdoaths very `rli 3.4 tl 4.> ci, thdjr wdjahts `rli 50

tl 3: a. Ndsjkds thd sbjoa shlts l` e 'olrieb' sjzd, lod ijoje

turd sbjoa shlt wjth e bdoath l` >.4 ci eok e wdjaht l` loby

`jvd areis wes `luok (]>15) (`ja. 5>3). 5>;, jocbukjoa 48

clipbdtd eok 00 joclipbdtd spdcjidos, l` thd 538 folwo

(`reaidots l`) sbjoa shlts wdrd `luok jo eok erluok H85 jo

arlup 54c. Ilst, 45, jocbukjoa e `dw sbjahtby sjotdrdk




[ 5 r

@jaurd 550. Survdy l` thd ouindrs l` shdrks `luok jo thd jbbs l` Betd Jrlo Ead `deturds. Bdadok7 e 9 Betd Jrlo Ead6 n 9 jrst heb` (phesds b-G)6 c 9phesds G-F6 k 9 sdclok heb` (phesds F-B)6 5 9 5-5== shdrks6 > 9 5=5-;== shdrks6 3 9 ?;== shdrks.

spdcjidos, ceid `rli e siebb, shebblw pjt 4 i tl thd wdst l` sbjoa shlts eok sbjoa shlt reaidots wdrd ebilst dquebby l`tdoH8J (];01). Eolthdr >4 wdrd `luok jo wdbb ]>15, 1 i tl thd rdclvdrdk `rli thd seid `deturds, suaadst thet H85 wes thdsluth l` thd hlusd. [hd lthdr sbjoa shlts ceid ilstby `rli teradt l` eo dodiy ettecf (sdd Pdwdrs (5:1>7 55;) lr e qultd

plsthlbds jo thd wdstdro shlrt ndkkjoa trdoch l` H85 (`ja. `rli Cedser rdbetjoa tl thd usd l` sbjoa shlts). [hd sdcloker-

5>;). [hjs spdcj`jc kjstrjnutjlo, eok thd èct thet clipbdtd jby nurodk shdrks thet wdrd `luok jo tdo `deturds ilrdlvdr




@jaurd 551. @reaidots l` Betd Jrlo Ead sebt clo- (tejodrs. Scebd 57; (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 P R R@jaurd 5;). R . . .

suaadst thet thdrd wes e `jrd jo H85. [hdsd shdrks clostjtutdloby e siebb pdrcdotead l` thd tlteb ouindr l` shdrks rdclv

drdk `rli H85. [hd njaadst prlnbdi wjth thjs jotdrprdtetjlo,

hlwdvdr, js thet jt js olt folwo `rli whjch perts l` thd `jbbs

l` thd `deturds thdsd shdrks eok sbjoa shlts wdrd rdclvdrdk.

Eolthdr dxpbeoetjlo clubk nd thet sbjoa shlts wdrd prl

kucdk jo lr oder H85. Jo thjs cesd thd `reaidots rdclvdrdk

`rli thd wdbb eok thd pjt clubk nd jotdrprdtdk es prlkuctjlo

westd, nut thd prdsdocd l` clipbdtd sbjoa shlts jo thd `deturds,

dspdcjebby thlsd l` thd hlusd, js thdo kj``jcubt tl dxpbejo, sl e

kd`jojtjvd eoswdr ceoolt nd ajvdo hdrd.

E `joeb arlup l` cbey lngdcts whlsd ùoctjlos erd olt folwo

closjsts l` eo 8-ci-hjah clojceb lngdct, e nebb wjth lod `bet sjkdidesurjoa 5.0 ci, e `reaidot l` e 4-ci-thjcf cbey kjsf whlsd

lrjajoeb kjeidtdr wes >1 ci (H446 `ja. 5>0) eok e `reaidot wjth

e >-ci-berad hlbd. [hd bettdr lngdct, `rli ]>05, iey nd e `rea

idot l` e fjbo arjk (`ja. 5>0). E buip l` cbey nderjoa `joadr

jiprdssjlos `rli ]>5 js pdrheps tl nd jotdrprdtdk es plttdr's cbey.

Es ebrdeky idotjlodk enlvd wjth rd`drdocd tl thd sebt

clotejodrs, wd shlubk olt ettech tll iuch sjaoj`jceocd tl thd

pbeo shlwjoa thd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd cbey lngdcts (`jas. 55: eok

5>4). Ol clocbusjlos ceo `lr dxeipbd nd krewo `rli thd

ensdocd l` cdrtejo lngdcts `rli thd erde lutsjkd arlup 54c.

[hd clocdotretjlo l` sbjoa shlts jo eok erluok hlusd H85 js

hlwdvdr rdierfenbd.


[dphrjtd wes jo cliilo usd et Tssdo jo thd `lri l` qudros,

es tdstj`jdk ny thd èct thet thjs ietdrjeb wes `luok jo 45

`deturds jo ebb l` thd arlups. Jo loby tdo cesds ceo slidthjoa

nd sejk enlut thd qudro's lrjajoeb shepd.

Lod `reaidot wjth e survjvjoa hdjaht l` 4.8 ci wlubk

eppder tl kdrjvd `rli e qudro l` typd n. Jt wes `luok jo thd

`jbb l` ];3>. Nut thjs pjt's ketd jo phesds F-B shdks slid

klunt lo thjs jotdrprdtetjlo ndceusd, ecclrkjoa tl Peo Hddrjo-

ado (5:84), qudros l` thjs typd wdrd vjrtuebby olt usdk e`tdr

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Closjkdrjoa jt js e `reaidot loby, jt iey

ebsl hevd `lridk pert l` e 'clcfdk het' shepdk qudro (typd c).Uudros l` thjs typd erd thluaht tl hevd nddo usdk uotjb jo

phesd F.

[wl `reaidots kd`jojtdby, eok thrdd plssjnby ndbloadk tl

'clcfdk het' shepdk qudros. [hd survjvjoa hdjahts l` thd `lr

idr erd 8.4 eok 58 ci. [hd pjts jo whjch thdsd `jvd `reaidots

wdrd `luok, ]>>0 eok ]3>=, eok ]1=, ]>;5 eok ]>15, rdspdc

tjvdby, wdrd ketdk tl phesds G-B. Lod, plssjnby clipbdtd, pjdcd

l` tdphrjtd wes jotdrprdtdk es thd runnjoa stlod l` e 'clcfdkhet' shepdk qudro lo thd nesjs l` jts shepd eok kjidosjlos7 jt

hes e trjeoauber crlss sdctjlo eok idesurds 53 x 5> x 4.4 ci

(5 x w x h) (`ja. 5>1e).

Jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, erluok thd ndajoojoa l` thd sdclok

cdotury NC, e odw - plrtenbd - typd l` qudro, thd rltery qudro

(typd k), wes jotrlkucdk nlth jo thd Odthdrbeoks eok jo thd

tdphrjtd's erde l` lrjajo, thd Adrieo Dj`db (Peo Hddrjoado

5:84). Jt cliprjsdk twl rluok, cdotrebby pdr`lretdk stlods, thd

nlttli stlod hevjoa e clovdx surècd eok thd tlp stlod e

clocevd surècd. @reaidots l` twl tlp stlods l` rltery qudros

wdrd `luok jo ]>54, ketdk tl phesds H-G, eok H85 `rli phesd

F. [hdjr lrjajoeb kjeidtdrs wdrd >1 eok ;= ci, rdspdctjvdby.[hd rji wes jo nlth cesds 0 ci hjah. [hd rji l` thd spdcjido

`rli H85 hek vdrtjceb arllvds. E thjrk `reaidot, `rli ]>15

(phesd F), lrjajoebby `lridk pert l` e 3>-ci-berad nlttli

stlod wjth e 0-ci-hjah rji (`ja. 5>1n).


Buips l` stlod wdrd `luok jo ieoy `deturds, nut loby e siebb

ouindr clubk nd jotdrprdtdk es (`reaidots l`) utjbjterjeo

lngdcts. Uudros clostjtutd thd beradst arlup, wjth 5;, ilstby

`reaidotery, spdcjidos. [hdy jocbukd twl runnjoa stlods

idesurjoa 54 x 8.4 x 4.4 ci (]5:=e6 `ja. 5>8) eok 8.4 x 55 x

; ci (]>;5). Ilst l` thd qudros wdrd iekd `rli `jod- tl

clersd-arejodk seokstlod6 twl wdrd l` Nurolt cloablidretd.

[hrdd qudro `reaidots wdrd `luok jo hlusd pbeos (H40, H85

eok H5=3). Lod `reaidot l` seokstlod iey hevd ndbloadk tl

e qudro lr e arjokstlod, nut whjch l` thd twl clubk olt nd

prdcjsdby kdtdrijodk.

Sjx `reaidots l` quertzjtjc arjokstlods wdrd `luok. Qlrthy

l` idotjlo erd eo dbloaetdk arjokstlod idesurjoa 0 x ;.4 x

5.4 ci eok lod arjokstlod wjth thrdd `bet sjkds idesurjoa

5 > x 1 x 8 c i .

Lod clipbdtd heiidr lr runnjoa stlod wes `luok. Jt ide

surds 4.1 x ;.> x 0 ci eok wes rdclvdrdk `rli H44 (`ja. 5>8).

8.;.4. Idteb lngdcts[hd idteb `joks closjst l` jrlo eok nrlozd `jnubed, oejbs,

verjlus lthdr lngdcts eok jrlo sbeas. Djaht (perts l`) nrlozd

eok jrlo `jnubed erd folwo `rli thd `deturds kjscussdk hdrd.

[hrdd kd`jojtdby ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead, vjz. twl nrlozd

ijkkbd Be [èod wjrd `jnubed (HJ>3 eok H85), eok lod jrlo,

betd Be [èod Oeuhdji `jnube (]1=) (`ja. 5>:e). [wl ilrd

spdcjidos, e nrlozd wjrd jnube eok e sjbvdr-pbetdk nrlozd




@jaurd 551. Sdbdctjlo l` Betd Jrlo Ead plttdry `rli Lss-Tssdo (`rli7 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 @jaurd :)




G 5 J J ' ' B

@jaurd 55:. Kjstrjnutjlo l` `reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs (5) eok sbjoa shlts (>) rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

hjoadk jnube, iust lo typlblajceb arluoks nd ketdk tl thd nlw l` eo 'wlo `jnube (]>45) eok thd pjo l` e nrlozd `jnube

^lieo pdrjlk, ilrd prdcjsdby thd `jrst cdotury EK (`ja. (]>::) (`ja. 5>:c).

5>:n). [hdsd nrllchds wdrd `luok jo thd tlp perts l` thd `jbbs Jrlo oejbs wdrd `luok loby wjthjo thd erde l` thd betdr Qdst-

l` wdbb ]330 eok pjt ]334 eok iey hdocd nd rdaerkdk es betdr drvdbk sdttbdidot (`ja. 53;). E tlteb l` 58 (`reaidots l`) oejbs

cloteijoeots. L` uocdrtejo ketd - j.d. Betd Jrlo Ead lr wdrd rdclrkdk, `rli djaht `deturds. Jt js hlwdvdr adodrebby

^lieo pdrjlk - erd eo jrlo hllf jnube (]>15), thd sprjoa eok essuidk thet oejbs stertdk tl nd usdk `lr èstdojoa thjoas loby




@jaurd 5>=. Buips l` keun. Scebd 57>.

@jaurd 5>5. Betd Jrlo Ead trjeoauber blli wdjahts. Scebd 57>.

@jaurd 5>>. Betd Jrlo Ead blli wdjaht eok spjokbd whlrbs. Scebd 57>.




@jaurd 5>3. Betd Jrlo Ead sbjoa shlts.Scebd 37;.

@jaurd 5>;. Kjstrjnutjlo l` sbjoa shlts (e 9 5-5= spdcjidos, n 9 ?5= spdcjidos) eoksdclokerjby nurodk plttdry (c) `luok jo eokerluok hlusd H85. Scebd 57>==.




@jaurd 5>4. Kjstrjnutjlo l` blli wdjahts (5) eok spjokbd whlrbs (>) `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Ilst oejbs `luok et Tssdo jokddk ceid kd`jojtdby ketd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead locd eaejo shlws hlw

`rli `deturds ketdk tl phesd B lr thd ^lieo pdrjlk (]330, H8=, cerdùbby rdùsd essdinbeads iust nd eoebysdk.

NJL) lr `rli thd tlp perts l` thd `jbbs l` wdbbs eok pjts ketdk tl Ieoy l thd lthdr nrlozd eok jrlo lngdcts wdrd ebsl luok

thd Betd Jrlo Ead (]>;5, ]>4>, ]>::, ]3>=). L` lod `reaidot jo thd tlp perts l` thd `jbbs l` Betd Jrlo Ead `deturds lr `de-

thd plsjtjlo jo thd `jbb wes olt rdclrkdk. [hd ensdocd l` oejbs turds ketdk erluok thd treosjt jlo rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead tl thd

`rli thd plsthlbds l` hlusds, lutnujbkjoas eok areoerjds thet ^lieo pdrjlk. [hd nrlozd lngdcts cliprjsd e ;-ii-thjcf




@jaurd 5>0. @reaidot l` e cbey kjsf eok thd arjk l` e fjbo (<) `rli thd Betd

`reaidot l` whet iey hevd nddo e cljo (]3>=), e curvdk

lngdct wjth e clovdx crlss-sdctjlo (]3>=), thd cup l` eo

eclro, whjch iey hevd `lridk pert l` chdst `jttjoas (H5=8),

eok eo dbloaetdk lngdct wjth e pljotdk dok eok e sbjahtbyclovdx crlss-sdctjlo (];>4) (`ja. 53=). Loby l` thd bettdr

lngdct js jt ebilst cdrtejo thet jt js olt e ^lieo-pdrjlk jotru

sjlo. [hd jrlo lngdcts cliprjsd thrdd siebb pbetds wjth whet

iey nd thd rdiejos l` rjvdts (]>05, ]>15, ]3>=), lod `rea

idot l` e foj`d (]>15), e siebb 'exd' wjth e bdoath l` :.4 ci

eok e 3-ci-wjkd, èo-shepdk cuttjoa dkad (]>15), e

@jaurd 5>1. Betd Jrlo Ead tdphrjtd qudros, e7 runnjoa stlod l` e qudro l`

Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>.

5=.1-ci-bloa hllf wjth eo dyd (]>15), e 3.1-ci-bloa

wdkad-shepdk pjo (]3>=), e hllf idesurjoa ;.= x =.0 x =.;

ci (]3>=), e 'nucfbd' (]>::) eok twl jokdtdrijoenbd lngdcts

(]3>= eok ]330) (`ja. 53>). [hd lngdcts `rli ]>::, ]3>= eok]330 ceoolt nd ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty jo

vjdw l` thd èct thet thdy wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd tlp perts l`

thd `deturds' `jbbs. [hd plsjtjlos jo thd `jbbs l` thd lngdcts `rli

]>05 eok ]>15 wdrd olt rdclrkdk.

[hd best idteb lngdct tl nd idotjlodk js e cljo `rli thd

rdjao l` Euaustus (`ja. 533). Jt js e sjbvdr kdoerjus (^JC 34=)

c6 n7 nlttli stlod l` e rltery qudro l` typd k. Scebd 573.



53: F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D

`luok jo H5=8, whjch wes ketdk tl phesd B lr thd ^lieo

pdrjlk.

Sbeas wdrd `luok jo >4 `deturds, `jvd l` whjch iey ketd

`rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Ilst `joksplts bjd jo arlup 54c, e

`dw jo arlups 51 eok 58 (`ja. 535).

8.;.0. Abess lngdcts

Jo Tssdo thd lbkdst abess nrecdbdts eok rjoas ketd `rli phesd Glowerks (`ja. 534). Jo tlteb 3> `reaidots eok lod clipbdtd

spdcjido wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli 51 deturds - `lur hlusd pbeos

(H>>, H44, H85, H88), lod areoery (S;5>) eok wdbbs eok pjts.

]jt ]3>= eok wdbb ]>15 yjdbkdk thd beradst ouindrs l` abess

`joks, vjz. sdvdo eok sjx, rdspdctjvdby.

@reaidots l` nrecdbdts erd thd ilst ouidrlus abess `joks.

Sdvdo l` thd >8 spdcjidos hevd K-shepdk crlss-sdctjlos (Hedv-

drojcf J:0=7 typd 3e), thjrtddo erd K-shepdk eok erd kdclretdk

wjth lvdrbejk ydbblw abess `jbeidot (typd 3n), sdvdo erd `jvd-

rjnndk (typd 1e) eok lod `reaidot js olw ijssjoa. @lur rjoas

wdrd `luok, ebb l` whjch hevd K-shepdk crlss-sdctjlos. Lod js e

clipbdtd spdcjido wjth eo lutsjkd kjeidtdr l` 3= ii whjchwes `luok jo thd hlbd l` lod l` thd cdotreb plsts l` H>>. Eolthdr

js kdclretdk wjth lvdrbejk ydbblw abess `jbeidot. Jo ekkjtjlo, twl

abess `reaidots wdrd `luok l` whjch jt wes ol bloadr plssjnbd tl

kdtdrijod tl whet typd l` lngdct thdy hek ndbloadk. [hd abess js

nbud, vjlbdt, pebd arddo eok hlody clblurdk (sdd tenjc 51).

[hd pbeo jbbustretjoa thd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd abess shlws e

clocdotretjlo jo thd olrthdestdro pert l` Tssdo wjth jts ieoy

wdbbs eok pjts, nut abess wes ebsl `luok jo lthdr perts, j` loby

splrekjcebby (`ja. 53;).


Qllkdo lngdcts wdrd `luok jo `lur wdbbs eok kddp pjts.

Qhet eppdebs ilst tl thd jieajoetjlo js e :=-ci-bloa lef

pbeof jo thd shepd l` e hjahby stybjsdk eothrlplilrphjc

`jaurd `rli ]>;5 (`ja. 530). [hjs cervdk pjdcd l` wllk hes

ebrdeky nddo dxtdosjvdby kjscussdk dbsdwhdrd (Peo kdr

Seokdo 5:80). Jo thd euthlr's lpjojlo thd jotdrprdtetjlo l`

thjs `jaurd es e tutdbery kdjty l` wetdr js thd bdest uobjfdby.

[hjs seid wdbb ebsl yjdbkdk thd nlttli 8= ci l` e 5=-ci-

thjcf pjdcd l` lef wjth e sherpdodk dok eok whet iey hevd

nddo lod 4-ci-kddp stdp hecfdk jotl jt (`ja. 531e). E sdclok

`reaidot l` e pjdcd l` wllk thet iey hevd hek hecfdk-lut

stdps wes `luok jo kddp pjt ]>13 (`ja. 531n). Jts survjvjoa

bdoath js 0= ci. L` thjs `reaidot, tll, loby lod stdp(<) hek

survjvdk.E nlttlibdss nesfdt iekd `rli thjo wjbblw lsjdrs wes

`luok byjoa et eo eoabd josjkd thd bjojoa l` ]J:=e. [hd nesfdt,

whjch hes e ndeutjùbby nrejkdk rji (`ja. 538), js lveb eok

idesurds ;= x 8= ci. Jts survjvjoa hdjaht js 34 ci. [hd

nesfdt wes prlnenby rluok lrjajoebby. Es èr es clubk nd

clocbukdk `rli thd `jok clotdxt, thd nesfdt kjk olt hevd eoy

ùoctjlo jo thd bjojoa.

EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 5>8. Stlod lngdcts `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. e7 runnjoa stlod l` qudro iekd `rli quertzjtjc seokstlod whlsd tlp sjkd wes sclrchdk(scebd 573)6 n7 runnjoa stlod/heiidrstlod iekd `rli quertzjtd7 `rloteok nlttli vjdws (scebd 57>).

[endb 51. Survdy l` typd eok clblur l` Betd Jrlo Ead abess nrecdbdtseok rjoas.

typd nbud vjlbdt bjaht arddo hlody clblurdk tlteb

3e 4 4 5=

3n 0 1 5 5;

1e 4 > 1< 5 5 >

tlteb 50 53 3 5 33

E nlttlibdss nucfdt iekd `rli thd hlbblwdk-lut truof l`

eo ebkdr wes usdk, prdsuienby sdclokerjby, es (pert l`) e

bjojoa jo ]1=. Jt hek nddo pbecdk upsjkd klwo et thd nlttli l`

thd pjt eok hek survjvdk jo jts dotjrdty (up tl thd tjid l` dxce

vetjlo, e`tdr whjch jt kjseppderdk). [hd nucfdt hek twl pdr`l

retdk buas, e kjeidtdr l` 3= ci eok e hdjaht l` 34 ci6 jts webb

wes > ci thjcf.

8.4. DXCHEOADClotects wjth lthdr rdajlos wdrd jiplrteot `lr thd lccupeot

l` Tssdo jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, tll, `lr lntejojoa rew ietdrj

ebs eok prlkucts thet wdrd blcebby uoevejbenbd. [hd ieglrjty

l` thd jiplrts wdrd allks thet hek nddo jiplrtdk `rli

dbsdwhdrd sjocd thd Derby Jrlo Ead ebrdeky, such es sebt, jo

derthdowerd sebt clotejodrs, tdphrjtd, seokstlod, quertzjtd

eok clppdr eok tjo (nrlozd). Lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l`



5;= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

`.rj )

a

_

@jaurd 5>:. Betd Jrlo Ead `jnubed, e7 nrlozd ijkkbd Be [èod wjrd `jnube6 n7 jk.6 c6 sprjoa eok nlw l` eo jrlo betd Be [èod Oeuhdji `jnube. ^lieo-pdrjlk `jnubed, k 9 nlw l` e nrlozd wjrd `jnube6 d7 sjbvdr-pbetdk nrlozd hjoadk `jnube. @jnubedTli thd Betd Jrlo Ead/^lieo pdrjlk, `7 jrlo hllf`jnube6 a7 sprjoa eok nlw l` eo jrlo `jnube6 h7 pjo l` e nrlozd `jnube. Ebb krewjoas scebd 57>.

@jaurd 53=. Nrlozd lngdcts `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead/^lieo pdrjlk, e7 `reaidot l` e cljo (<)(scebd 575)6 n7 curvdk lngdct (scebd 57>)6 c7 eclro cup(scebd 575)6 k7 thjo pljotdk lngdct (scebd 57>).



5;5 F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

@jaurd 535. Kjstrjnutjlo l` sbeas (5) eok idteb lngdcts (>), jocbukjoa `jnubed (3), `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

crucjnbds eiloa thd `joks jt js olt cbder whdthdr thd nrlozd Abess nrecdbdts eok rjoas erd odw phdolidoe jo thd Betd

lngdcts wdrd prlkucdk blcebby lr lntejodk vje dxcheoad. [hd Jrlo Ead. [hdy wdrd prlnenby lntejodk vje dxcheoad. [hd

ieoy sbeas thet wdrd `luok et Tssdo prlvd thet jrlo wes ieglrjty l` thdsd lngdcts, dspdcjebby thlsd wjth e K-shepdk

prlcdssdk blcebby. Nut thet js olt tl sey thet cdrtejo lngdcts, crlss-sdctjlo thet erd kdclretdk wjth lvdrbejk ydbblw abess

such es jnubed, iey olt hevd nddo lntejodk thrluah `jbeidot (typd 3n), erd thluaht tl hevd clid `rli oder

dxcheoad. Qjgchdo, whjch js rdbetjvdby cblsd ny (]dkkdilrs 5:14).



5;> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

: 2$

k)

%Sj

@jaurd 53>. Jrlo lngdcts `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead/^lieo pdrjlk , e7 pbetds wjth thd rdiejos l` rjvdts6 n7 `reaidot l` e foj`d6 c7 siebb exd6 k7 hllf wjtheo dydbdt6 d7 wdkad-shepdk pjo6 `7 hllf6 a7 nucfbd (<)6 h7 uojkdotj`jenbd lngdct. Scebd 57>.

@jaurd 533. Sjbvdr kdoerjus (^JC 34=) `rli thd rdjao l`thd dipdrlr Euaustus. Scebd >7 5.




@jaurd 53;. Kjstrjnutjlo l oejbs (5) eok abess rjoas eok nrecdbdts (>) `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

[hd lthdr typds iey hevd nddo jiplrtdk `rli erdes ùrthdr wdrd `luok jo thd `jbbs l` wdbbs eok pjts eok thd plsthlbds l`

dest. areoerjds eok èris. Seipbds wdrd tefdo `rli >1 `deturds.

[hd cubtjvetdk spdcjds cliprjsdk nerbdy, ijbbdt, diidr, spdbt,

8.0. NL[EOJCEB EOK WLLBLAJCEB DPJKDOCD `bex (bjosddk), albk l` pbdesurd eok repdsddk. @rujts thet iey

8.0.5. Crlp cubtjvetjlo hevd nddo aethdrdk erd rdprdsdotdk ny rdiejos l` nreinbd,

Lur slurcds `lr rdclostructjoa crlp cubtjvetjlo et Tssdo jo thd hezdbout, dbkdrndrry eok sbld (sdd Nefdbs, thjs vlbuid). [hd

Betd Jrlo Ead erd thd cernlojsdk eok uocernlojsdk sddks thet rdbetjvd `rdqudocjds l thd jokjvjkueb spdcjds shlw e cblsd



5;; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

L

_ _

@jaurd 534. Abess rjoa eok `reaidots l` abess nrecdbdts `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. e7 typd 3e (K-shepdk)6 n7 typd 3n (K-shepdk, kdclretdk wjth abess`jbeidot)6 c7 typd 1e (`jvd-rjnndk). Scebd 575,

rdsdinbeocd tl thlsd lntejodk `lr thd seipbds `rli Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead clotdxts.

Ekkjtjloeb jo`lrietjlo lo crlp cubtjvetjlo wes lntejodk

`rli arejo jiprdssjlos jo thd blceb heok-iekd plttdry. [hrdd

such jiprdssjlos wdrd escrjnenbd tl nerbdy, lod tl diidr eok

lod tl nrlek ndeo.


Nlods, nlth nurodk eok uonurodk, wdrd `luok jo 3; wdbbs,

pjts eok plsthlbds. Cettbd js thd ndst rdprdsdotdk eojieb

spdcjds, `lbblwdk ny hlrsd, pja eok shddp/alet. Nlods l` kla

wdrd `luok loby locd. ^dk kddr wes rdprdsdotdk twjcd. Jts

nlods erd thd loby dvjkdocd `lr huotjoa jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead

(sdc ebsl Beuwdrjdr/JGzdrdd , thjs vlbuid).

Eolthdr pltdotjeb slurcd l` jo`lrietjlo lo thd jiplrteocd l`

stlcf fddpjoa, ndsjkds nlods, erd hlusd pbeos. Ebthluah ol stebbs

clubk nd jkdotj`jdk wjth cdrtejoty, jt js bjfdby thet thd hlusds l`

typds ;E, ;N eok 1E, whjch cbderby closjstdk l` twl perts,

clotejodk e nyrd. [hd seid prlnenby hlbks `lr thd bloadr hlusds

l` typd 4E, nut jt js uobjfdby thet thd shlrtdr hlusds l` thjs typd

eok thd hlusds l` typd 0 clotejodk nlth bjvjoa erdes eok stebbs `lreojiebs. [hjs verjetjlo js cherectdrjstjc l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Es

èr es thdjr kjidosjlos erd clocdrodk, thd hlusds l` typd 8C

clubk desjby hevd eccliilketdk nlth huieos eok eojiebs, nut

thdy kjk olt cliprjsd twl cbderby kjstjoct perts ndceusd thdjr

dotreocds wdrd olt sjtuetdk heb`wey klwo thd bloa webbs.

E phlsphetd eoebysjs wes cerrjdk lut jo lod Betd Jrlo Ead

hlusd pbeo, HJ== l` typd ;E, wjth thd eji l` kdtdrijojoa




@jaurd 530. @rlot eok necf l` e wllkdo, hjahby stybjsdk eothrlplilrphjc jaurd. Scebd 575=.

thd plsjtjlo l` thd nyrd. To`lrtuoetdby thd rdsubts clubk olt

nd uoeinjaulusby jotdrprdtdk lwjoa tl rdcdot dorjchidot l`

thd sljb (Peo kd Qdtdrjoa/Qeosbddndo 5:81).

cbder, dxcdpt jo thd wdst eok thd olrth, whdrd thd 'nluokerjds'

cljocjkd wjth thd bjijts l` thd dxcevetjlo. Jo thd olrth jt js olt

cbder whdthdr H3: eok H;5 ebsl ndbloa tl sdttbdidot XPJ.

[hdsd hlusds prlnenby ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. [hd ketds l` pjts ]>3, ]34 eok ]4= jokjcetd thet thd

cdotrd l` sdttbdidot XPJ iust thdo hevd nddo sjtuetdk jo thd

dest. Sl jo vjdw l` thd sunsteotjeb kjsteocd ndtwddo thdsd hlusds

eok thd cdotrd, thdy hevd olt nddo cbessdk wjth thjs sdttbdidot.Sdttbdidot XPJ closdqudotby closjsts l` 55 hlusd pbeos

ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty eok eolthdr `jvd thet

iey ketd `rli thjs pdrjlk. [hdy erd l` typds ;E (HJ; eok

HJ1), ;N (HJ:) eok 4E (ebb thd lthdr hlusds) eok erd lrjdotdk

rluahby sluthwdst-olrthdest. [hd hlusds l` typd 4 E jo pertjc

uber jocbukdk nlth bloa eok shlrt nujbkjoas. [hd kjsteocds

ndtwddo odjahnlurjoa pbeos very `rli e `dw idtrds tl 544 i.

Lccupetjlo wes clocdotretdk jo thd destdro pert l` thd sdttbd

idot. Hdrd, ebb thd hlusds dxcdpt H5: erd l` typd 4 E. Sdvdreb

bjd jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr lr lvdrbep. [hdy prdsuienby

rdprdsdot twl succdssjvd lccupetjlo phesds wjthjo thd seid

yerk. Lod erde idesurjoa 0= x >= i, plssjnby e sjoabd yerk,

dvdo clotejos thd pbeos l` `lur èris, whjch iey hevd suc

cddkdk lod eolthdr. Ndtwddo thdsd pbeos bjd thd ketdk kddp pjt

]3> eok areoerjds S;0 eok S;1 eok e `dw uoketdk areoerjds.

Qdbb ]4= bjds 14 i `rli thjs arlup l` `deturds. [hd yerks

surrluokjoa thd lthdr hlusds clotejodk iejoby areoerjds6

wdbbs eok kddp pjts wdrd `luok oder e `dw hlusds loby

(]1= oder H>:, ];1 oder H33 eok ]>5 oder HJ>).

8.1. SZO[HDSJS

Jo thjs sdctjlo jokjvjkueb `deturds such es hlusd pbeos, wdbbs,

areoerjds, dtc. wjbb nd closjkdrdk jo rdbetjlo tl lod eolthdr `lr

thd purplsd l` lntejojoa eo uokdrsteokjoa l` spetjeb structurds jo

thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd `deturds wjbb nd jotdrprdtdk prdklijoeotby

lo e sdttbdidot bdvdb eok, whdrd plssjnbd, e èriyerk bdvdb.

Ilst l` thd sdttbdidot `deturds clubk nd ketdk tl thd Betd

Jrlo Ead loby, wjthlut ùrthdr kjstjoctjlo wjthjo thet pdrjlk l`

>4= yders. [hd ieglrjty l` thd `deturds thet clubk nd ketdk

ilrd eccuretdby wdrd ketdk tl thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead. E berad ouindr l` thd lthdrs prlnenby ketd `rli thd `jrst

heb` l` thjs pdrjlk. [hd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd hlusd pbeos, `lr

dxeipbd l` arlups 50 eok 58, sddis tl suaadst clotjoujty l`

sdttbdidot blcetjlo `rli sdttbdidots XJJJ eok XP `rli phesds

A-H (sdd 8.1.>). [hjs js hlwdvdr olt clo`jridk ny ebb thd

`deturds ketdk tl phesds J-G. Jo thd `lbblwjoa kjscussjlo ol

kjstjoctjlo wjbb thdrd`lrd nd iekd ndtwddo phesds J-G eok F-B. Jostdek, thd thrdd kjstjoaujshdk sdttbdidots wjbb nd rdaerkdk

es rdprdsdotjoa thd dotjrd Betd Jrlo Ead.


8.1.5.5. Sdttbdidot XPJ

Sdttbdidot XPJ clrrdsploks jo sjzd tl arlup 58, idesurjoa 4==

x 34= i (`ja. 53:). [hd sdttbdidot's nluokerjds erd ilrd lr bdss

8.1.5.>. Sdttbdidot XPJJ

Sdttbdidot XPJJ cliprjsds thd whlbd l` arlup 51 eok thd

sluthdro pert l` arlup 54w eok idesurds 43= x 3:= i (`ja.

5;=). Loby thd sdttbdidot's sluthdestdro nluokery js cbderby

kjstjoaujshenbd. Jts olrthdro, wdstdro eok sluthdro nluokerjds

wdrd kdtdrijodk lo thd nesjs l` lnsdrvetjlos lutsjkd thd

dxcevetjlo pjts. [hd destdro nluokery cljocjkds wjth e wjkd

uodxcevetdk strjp l` beok.

Sdttbdidot XPJJ closjsts l` ojod hlusd pbeos l` typds ;/;E

(H0= eok H00), ;N (H44 eok H03), 4 E (H0;), 0 (H;5), 0/:

(H3:) eok 1E (H4; eok H40). [hdjr lrjdotetjlos very

ndtwddo wdst-dest eok sluthwdst-olrthdest. [hd lbkdst `de

turds bjd jo thd olrthdest eok olrthwdst. Jo thd olrthdest thdy

erd hlusd H00 `rli phesd G eok e ouindr l` sjx-plst are

oerjds eok kddp pjt ]>>0. Hlusd H0= bjds 5== i tl thd sluth

l` thjs, surrluokdk ny twl shebblw pjts eok e ouindr l`

uoketdk areoerjds. Jo thd olrthdest loby pjt ]>54 pljots tlectjvjtjds jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

[hd cdotrd l` thd sdttbdidot closjsts l` `jvd hlusd pbeos l`

thrdd kj``drdot typds byjoa cblsd tladthdr wjthjo eo erde l

0= x 04 i. [hd hlusds wdrd prlnenby olt lccupjdk et thd

seid tjid, es suaadstdk ny `lr dxeipbd thd èct thet H44 js

jotdrsdctdk ny H40. Es jo sdttbdidot XPJ, thd pbeos very closjk

drenby jo bdoath. Qdbb ]5:=e, shebblw pjt ]>>5 eok e `dw



5;0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

areoerjds ceo nd sejk tl hevd bejo jo thd yerks l` thdsd `jvd

hlusds. Ilrd wdbbs eok pjts wdrd `luok et ardetdr kjsteocds `rli

thd hlusd pbeos jo thd erde thet wes olt systdietjcebby dxcevetdk.

Hdrd, tll, bjd hlusds H3: eok H;5 wjth ndkkjoa trdochds, whjch

ceid tl bjaht >0= i sluthwdst l` thd e`lrdidotjlodk cdotrd. [hd

twl pbeos bjd 5== i epert. Ol lthdr `deturds wdrd `luok jo thd

jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` thdsd hlusds. Hlusd pbeos iey hevd

rdiejodk uolnsdrvdk jo thd erde tl thd (sluth)wdst l` thd cdotrd.

2i?

ÌG

5

e

@jaurd 531. [wl pjdcds l` wllk wjth stdps cervdk jotl thdi ketjoa `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. e7 ]>;5 (scebd 575=)6 n7 ]>13 (scebd 57;, kdtejb 57>).

@jaurd 538. [wl `reaidots l` thd rji l e wjbblw nesfdt `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead (tlp eok `rlot vjdws). Scebd >73.






5;8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 53:. Sdttbdidot XPJ `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.

8.1.5.3. Sdttbdidot XPJJJ

[hd thjrk Betd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidot cliprjsds thd ardetdr pert l`

arlup 54 eok thd whlbd l` arlup 50 eok clvdrs eo erde l`

44= x 1== i (`ja. 5;5). [hd cdotrd l` thd sdttbdidot js hlwdvdr

iuch siebbdr, idesurjoa enlut ;4= x 34= i. Dxcdpt jo thd

sluth, thd sdttbdidot's nluokerjds cljocjkd wjth thd bjijts l`thd dxcevetjlo. Sdttbdidot XPJJJ cliprjsds >1 hlusd pbeos l`

typds ;E (H;4, H81, H:>, H:1 eok H5==), 4/4E (H38, H4=,

H05, H01, H13, H11, H83, H88, H:3, H5=>, H5=3, H5=1,

HJ 53, HJ 5;, H5>>, H5>3 eok H5>;), 8C (H10, H8=eok H85)

eok plssjnby : (HJ=8). Ojodtddo l` thdsd pbeos kd`jojtdby ketd

`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead eok eolthdr djaht erd plssjnby ketenbd

tl thjs pdrjlk. ]beos wjth ndkkjoa trdochds (typds 8C eok :)

wdrd `luok loby jo thd cdotrd l` thd sdttbdidot, thd pbeos l` thd

lthdr typds nlth wjthjo eok lutsjkd thd cdotrd.

[hd hlusd pbeos very olt loby jo typd, nut ebsl jo lrjdote

tjlo. Jo sdttbdidots XPJ eok XPJJ ebb thd pbeos shlw ilrd lr

bdss thd seid lrjdotetjlo, ndtwddo wdst-dest eok sluthwdst-

olrthdest. Hlusd pbeos wjth such eo lrjdotetjlo wdrd `luok josdttbdidot XPJJJ, tll, nut prdklijoeotby jo thd sluth. Jo thd

cdotrd eok jo thd olrth, lrjdotetjlos ndtwddo wdst-dest eok

wdstolrthwdst-destsluthdest eok strjctby wdst-dest lrjdotetjlo

klijoetd (`ja. 5;>). [hdsd kj``drdocds erd prlnenby chrlol

blajcebby sjaoj`jceot. [hd sluthwdst-olrthdest lrjdotetjlos erd

esslcjetdk wjth thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, thd wdst-dest lrjdote

tjlos wjth thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Jo thd ^lieo-pdrjlk Qdstdrvdbk



5;') F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

sdttbdidot, thd succdsslr l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ, wdst-dest eok

olrth-sluth lrjdotetjlos klijoetd. [hd derbjdst dxeipbd l` e

pbeo wjth such eo lrjdotetjlo js H85 l` typd 8C `rli phesd F.

[hd olrthwdst-sluthdest lrjdotetjlos erd tl nd ketdk ndtwddo

thdi, thluah ol sherp bjods ceo nd krewo. [hd wdstolrth-

wdst-destsluthdest lrjdotdk hlusd pbeo wjth thd derbjdst ketd js

H:1 `rli phesd(s) (J-)G eok thd betdst erd HJ>3 eok HJ>;

`rli phesd(s) F(-B). [hd kdvdblpidot lutbjodk hdrd wes

lnsdrvdk jo sdttbdidot XPJJJ loby.

[hd sluthdro pert l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ shlws e scettdrdk

beylut, cliprjsjoa thrdd hlusd pbeos byjoa èr epert (H38.

H;4 eok H4=). @jvd uoketdk areoerjds erd thd loby `deturds

thet wdrd `luok jo thd vjcjojty l` H38. Ol yerk `deturd

whetsldvdr wes `luok erluok H4=. [hd oderdst `deturd, `luok

14 i `rli thd hlusd, js wdbb ]J11 `rli phesd(s) F(-B). Jt js

ny ol ideos cdrtejo thet thjs wdbb js esslcjetdk wjth H4=.

Erluok H;4 bjd e ojod-plst areoery ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo

Ead, e `dw uoketdk areoerjds eok eo uoketdk shebblw pjt.

4= i `rli thd hlusd bjds shebblw pjt ]J08 ketdk tl phesds F-

^p, whjch js ebilst cdrtejoby olt esslcjetdk wjth thd lccupe

tjlo l` H;4.

[hd sdttbdidot's cdotrd cliprjsds `jvd hlusd pbeos l` typds

; eok 4 byjoa cblsd tladthdr wjthjo eo erde l` 0= x 34 i

(H81, H88, H:1, H5=> eok H5=3), thd lbkdst l` whjch ketds

`rli phesd(s) (J-)G. [hd `jrst thrdd bjd jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr,

thd lthdr twl lvdrbep. [hd loby `deturds thet ceo nd esslcjetdk






B45 F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

wjth thd hlusds' lccupetjlo erd verjlus areoerjds (S3;5,

S34>, S34:, S;5>, S;5; eok S;54) eok lod kddp pjt (]3>=).

[hd loby lthdr `deturd wjth eo derby ketd js wdbb ]>4>, whjch

wes `luok 5(X) i tl thd sluthwdst l` H:1. [l thd dest eok

sluthwdst l` thd wdbb bjd thrdd hlusd pbeos l` typd 4/4E (H05,

H01 eok H13). Loby uoketdk areoerjds wdrd `luok jo thd

jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` thdsd hlusds. Eolthdr `lur hlusd

pbeos, l` typds ;E eok 4E, ceid tl bjaht et kjsteocds l` 4=-5>= i `rli thd cdotrd7 HJ== tl thd olrth, HJ=1 tl thd dest,

H83 tl thd sluth eok H11 tl thd wdst. Loby e vdry siebb

ouindr l` `deturds ceo nd sejk tl hevd bejo jo thd yerks sur

rluokjoa thdsd hlusds.

[hd `jrst hlusds wjth webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds wdrd

nujbt et thd cdotrd l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ jo phesd F (H10, H8=,

J JF 5. H80 eok H5=8). [hdy bjd >4-5>4 i epert. E wdbb (]>15),

et bdest lod sjx-plst areoery, e shebblw pjt (];01) eok, et e

kjsteocd l` >4 i `rli thd hlusd, eo lutnujbkjoa whlsd webbs

wdrd ebsl sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds (N1) bey jo thd yerk sur

rluokjoa H85. N1 js thd derbjdst dxeipbd l` eo lutnujbkjoa6

ilst ketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Jt iey ebsl hevd nddo usdkny thd lccupeots l` H10, es iey areoery S3>= eok shebblw

pjts ]>45 eok ];4>. [hd Betd Jrlo Ead olrth-sluth lrjdotdk

pebjsekds @3:-;> nujbt `rli wjkdby specdk stefds prlnenby

`lridk pert l` e `docd docblsjoa thd yerk(s) l` H85 eok/lr

H10. Ebb thet wes `luok jo thd vjcjojty l` H80 js kddp pjt

]>13. [l thd olrth l` H5=8 bjds e cbustdr l` wdbbs eok pjts,

slid, nut cdrtejoby olt ebb, l` whjch wjbb hevd nddo usdk ny

thd lccupeots l` H5=8. E sjijber clocdotretjlo l` pjts eok

wdbbs wes `luok tl thd olrthwdst l` H10. [hdsd twl clocdo

tretjlos iey rdprdsdot erdes whdrd lccupeots l` kj``drdot

hlusds pdr`lridk verjlus ectjvjtjds `lr pert l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead. Eo jiplrteot erauidot supplrtjoa thjs js thd ensdocd l`

pjts eok wdbbs jo thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` ieoy l` thdhlusds.

Lccupetjlo rdiejos wdrd `luok jo thrdd pbecds jo thd olrth

wdst l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ, et kjsteocds l` 51=-3== i `rli thd

cdotrd. Hdrd thd hlusd pbeos wdrd olt jslbetdk, nut wdrd

ebweys `luok tl nd rdbetdk tl lod lr twl lthdr hlusd pbeos7

H:> eok H:3 bjd jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr, HJ 53 eok HJ 5;

lvdrbep eok HJ>>, HJ>3 eok HJ>; bjd perebbdb tl lod eolthdr.

E `dw uoketdk areoerjds wdrd `luok jo thd surrluokjoas l`

H:> eok H:3 eok 4= i tl thd olrth bjd thd Betd Jrlo Ead

shebblw pjt ];:: eok areoery S;33. [hd loby kddp pjt js ]308,

whjch wes `luok oder H553 eok H55; ebloa wjth e `dw

shebblw pjts eok areoerjds. E `dw areoerjds eok pebjsekdswdrd `luok oder hlusds HJ>>, HJ>3 eok HJ>;.

8.1.5.; Suiiery l` sdttbdidots XPJ, XPJJ eok XPJJJ

[hrdd berad sdttbdidots erd folwo `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead,

whjch, bjfd thlsd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead, erd kj``jcubt tl kjstjoaujsh spetjebby (`ja. 5;3). [hd oui

ndr l` hlusd pbeos pdr sdttbdidot verjds `rli : tl >1. [hjs

verjetjlo js pertby thd rdsubt l` kj``drdocds jo thd erdes dxce

vetdk. E beradr erde l` beok wes structurebby jovdstjaetdk et

thd sjtd l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ, whdrd thd beradst ouindr l`

pbeos wes `luok, theo et thd sjtds l` thd lthdr twl sdttbdidots.

Jo e `dw blcetjlos whdrd thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` thd

hlusd pbeos wdrd dxcevetdk loby e siebb ouindr l` yerkstructurds wdrd `luok. Ilst l` thlsd `deturds erd areoerjds.

Lutsjkd thd yerks twl clocdotretjlos l` wdbbs eok pjts `rli

thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead wdrd `luok oder thd

nluokery l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ7 lod jo thd wdst eok lod jo thd

dest. [hdy iey dxpbejo thd ebilst clipbdtd ensdocd l` such

`deturds oder thd jokjvjkueb hlusd pbeos. [hdrd js ol dvjkdocd

jo thd `lri l` wdbbs wjth ieoy `joks lr pjts `jbbdk wjth sdttbd

idot rdùsd suaadstjoa thet Betd Jrlo Ead hlusd pbeos wdrd

ijssdk jo thd dxcevetjlo. [enbd 58 prdsdots e suiiery l` thd

ketjoa dvjkdocd pdr sdttbdidot.

[hd thrdd clotdiplrery sdttbdidots kjstjoaujshdk shlwdk

vdry `dw kj``drdocds jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hdilst clospjculus kj``drdocds erd thd ardetdr plpubetjlo kdo

sjty l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ eok thd cheoad jo thd hlusds' lrjdote

tjlo. [hdrd js ebsl e kj``drdocd ndtwddo sdttbdidots XPJJ eok

XPJJJ lo thd lod heok eok sdttbdidot XPJ lo thd lthdr jo thet

thd `lridr twl jocbukdk derby hlusds wjth webbs sdt jo ndk

kjoa trdochds, whjch wdrd ensdot jo thd bettdr. [hd ideojoa l`

thjs js olt ydt cbder. Qhet iey nd sjaoj`jceot js thet thd loby

sdttbdidot wjthlut such hlusds shlwdk ol clotjoujty l`

lccupetjlo jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Es èr es kj``drdocds jo ietdrjeb cub turd erd clocdrodk, jt

shlubk nd oltdk thet sdttbdidot XPJJJ eppders tl hevd nddo

'rjchdr', nut thjs js thd rdsubt l` kjstlrtjlo es thjs sdttbdidot

clotejos èr ilrd pjts `jbbdk wjth rdùsd theo thd lthdr twl.

Ebthluah loby vdry `dw rdiejos l` slid ietdrjebs wdrd

`luok jo sdttbdidots XPJ eok XPJJ, ol ietdrjeb cetdalry wes

rdprdsdotdk dxcbusjvdby jo eoy lod l` thd sdttbdidots.


Sdttbdidots XPJ eok XPJJJ lvdrbep sdttbdidots XP eok XJJJ

`rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (`ja. 5;;). Qd

iey essuid clotjoujty l` lccupetjlo, dspdcjebby ebsl jo vjdw

l` thd vdry `dw cheoads jo thd blcetjlos l` thd èris. Loby

sdttbdidot XPJJ becfs hlusd pbeos thet ceo nd ketdk tl thd

derby phesd l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd beyluts l` thd sdttbd

idots suaadst thet sdttbdidot XJP js thd prdkdcdsslr l` sdttbdidot XPJJ, whjch sddis tl gustj`y thd essuiptjlo thet hlusd

pbeos ketenbd tl thd derby phesd l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead wdrd

ijssdk jo thd dxcevetjlo, thluah thjs js olt dotjrdby cdrtejo.

Cheoads wdrd tl tefd pbecd jo dech l` thd sdttbdidots loby jo

phesd G, thd ilst rjalrlus ndjoa thlsd jo sdttbdidots XPJJ eok

@jaurd 5;=. Sdttbdidot XPJJ `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Scebd 57>4==.



EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=




@jaurd 5;5. Sdttbdidot XPJJJ`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead.Scebd 57>4==.




[enbd 58. Schdietjc survdy l` thd ketds l` thd structurds eok `deturds `luok jo sdttbdidots XPJ, XPJJ eok XPJJJ `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. ]bdesd olthet slid thd ketds l` slid `deturds iey dxtdok jotl thd ^lieo ]drjlk.

phesd

Sdttbdidot XPJ

J G phesd

Sdttbdidot XPJJ

J G F

Sdttbdidot XPJJJ

phesd J G F

]>3

]4=

]34

]3>

];1

ketdk tl phesd J-B7

H1. HJ 5. H5>, H58, H5:, H>=,

H>5.H>>, H>:

S;0, S;1, S05, S18

]1=

essjaodk tl phesd J-B7

H5=, HJ;, HJ1, H>3, H>4, H>0

]>=, ]>5

]>54

H00

]>>0

];1=

]J 3:

]>50

]518

H40

]5;5

]J :=e

]>=4

];0=

ketdk tl phesd J-B7

H3:, H;5, H4;, H44, H0=, H0;

S>1;.S>81, S>:5, S>:4

]J 5;, ]544


H03

]J 53, ]5;;, ]543, ]>>5.];0:

H:1

]>4>

H81

H88

]3>=

]344

];>4

]>::

H85

S;11

]>;5

]>45

]>05

]>15

]>:3

H5>3

H5>;N1

]511

];3>

H80

S331

]>;>

5=

S3>=

]J 08

H8=

]3>3e

]3;3

]343

H5=8

]>13

]334

]330

S;18

]>;4

]335

];;:

ketdk tl phesd J-B7

H11, H83, H:3, H5==, H5=>, H5=3,

HJ 53, HJ 5;, H5>>

S>=3, S3;5, S3;4, S34>, S34:, S305,

S3:4, S;5>, S;5;, S;54, S;>5, S;33,S;3:

]J31, ]J10, ]>81, ]>:8, ]3;;, ]34=

]345, ]34, ]308, ];8>, ];:5, ];::


H38, H;4, H4=, H05, H01, H13,

H10, H:>, H5=1, ]504, ]3>8, ]305,

];01, ];13



V44 F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

jr-,,- R

• / /

P9 3

wR R

typd ;/;Etypd 4/4*

typd 8C/:

@jaurd 5;>. Sdttbdidot XPJJJ7 survdy l` thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd hlusds, e7 sluthwdst-olrthdest6 n7 wdstolrthwdst-destsluthdest6 c7 wdst-dest.

XPJJJ, whdrd pdlpbd rdturodk tl thd blcetjlos thet hek nddo

lccupjdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead eok thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead. [hd sdttbdidots thdo eaejo bey ebloa e olrthdest-

sluthwdst erch ruoojoa perebbdb tl thd clotlur bjods. [hd cdo

trds l` sdttbdidots XPJ eok XPJJ bjd 1== i epert, whjbd thd

cdotrd l` thd bettdr sdttbdidot bjds ;== i `rli sdttbdidot

XP555. Ol `deturds lthdr theo nurjebs ketenbd tl thd Betd Jrlo

Ead wdrd `luok jo thd erde docblsdk ny thd thrdd sdttbdidots.

[hd 50 hlusd pbeos l sdttbdidot XPJ prlnenby rdprdsdot

twl clotdiplrery, `rdqudotby rdblcetdk èris. J` wd tefd thd

dok l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead lccupetjlo es thd ndajoojoa l` thd

kdvdblpidot l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead lccupetjlo, wd sdd thet

lccupetjlo arekuebby shj`tdk `rli thd wdst tl thd dest thrluah

tjid. [wl typds l` hlusds prlnenby dxjstdk sjkd ny sjkd jo

thjs erde `rli thd dok l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead lowerks. Jt js

bjfdby thet twl clotdiplrery èris, lod l` typd ;E/N (H>:,

H5;, H51 eok H5:) eok lod l` typd 4E, wdrd rdauberby

rdblcetdk (`ja. 5;4). Erluok thd ndajoojoa l` thd sdclok heb`

l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead thd èris wdrd prlnenby nlth l` typd 4 E.Jt js uobjfdby thet lod èijby wjbb hevd fdpt ilvjoa tl e èri

l` e kj``drdot typd, `lr dxeipbd `rli typd ;E vje typd 4 E tl

typd ;N. Sl thd `lur èris l` typd ;E/N iey wdbb nd dech

lthdr's succdsslrs, wjth H>: ndjoa thd derbjdst. [hjs hlusd's

plsjtjlo jo bjod wjth H>8, ebsl l` typd ;E, `rli thd dok l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, suaadsts thet jt js thd bettdr's jiidkjetd

succdsslr. H5; eok H51 l` typd ;E eok H5: l` typd ;N iey

hevd nddo lccupjdk odxt. Ol kj``drdotjetjlo jo hlusd typd js

lnsdrvenbd e`tdr thet, eok jt ndclids spdcubetjvd tl clotjoud

thjs spetjeb kdvdblpidot eoy ùrthdr. Jt js hlwdvdr bjfdby thet

thd hlusds l` typd 4E whlsd pbeos wdrd `luok jo thd jiidkj

etd surrluokjoas l` H5:, thet js, H58, H>= eok H>5, erd thd

succdsslrs l` thjs hlusd. Lccupetjlo iey thdo hevd clotjoudk

jo H>3 eok H>;, whjch ebsl bjd jo bjod wjth lod eolthdr.

[hd sdclok èri jo sdttbdidot XPJ wes prlnenby thd suc

cdsslr l` lod l` thd twl èris l` typd 4 E jo sdttbdidot XP

(HJ4 lr H>8), whjch erd ebsl thd derbjdst dxeipbds l` thjs

typd et Tssdo. [hd succdsslr l` thd lthdr èri - jt js olt cbder

whjch l` thd twl js thd yluoadr - iust hevd nddo lod l` thd

èris jo thd wdstdro pert l` sdttbdidot XPJ, `lr dxeipbd H>0

lr H33, nlth l` whjch erd l` typd 4E. E`tdr thet, lccupetjlo

wjbb hdrd tll hevd shj`tdk tl thd sluthdest, `lr dxeipbd vje H1

tlHJL, Hb b ,H5 >eokH >4.

[hd lccupetjlo l` sdttbdidot XPJ dokdk jo thd `jrst heb` l`

thd `jrst cdotury EK, wjth whet wes prlnenby thd best hlusd l`

typd 4E, H>;, jo thd destdro pert l` thd sdttbdidot. [hjs erdewes rdlccupjdk loby et thd ndajoojoa l` thd sdclok cdotury

EK (Wlidrhl` sdttbdidot).

[hd enlvd ilkdb ajvds lod plssjnbd kdscrjptjlo l` thd

kdvdblpidot l` sdttbdidot XPJ, nesdk lo twl clotdiplrery

èris. Jo thd ensdocd l` wdbb-ketdk hlusd pbeos e blajceb

kdvdblpidot wes chlsdo jo sdttjoa up thjs ilkdb. Nut thdrd js

e plssjnjbjty thet olt ebb thd pbeos l` èris thet iey locd hevd



540 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BD5KDOSJE 3=

j j 5‛ -

@jaurd 5;3. Survdy l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots kjstjoaujshdk et Lss-Tssdo. Bdadok7 e 9 sdttbdidot6 n 9 nurjebs6 c 9 yerks6 k 9 cubt sjtd6

d 9 lbkdr nurjebs.

stllk et thjs blcetjlo hevd nddo kjsclvdrdk, sl thdrd iey hevd [hdrd js ol dvjkdocd `lr clotjoujty lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l

nddo thrdd èris, jo pertjcuber jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd pbeos ketenbd tl phesd J. Such pbeos iey hevd dscepdk kjsclv

Jrlo Ead, nut kd`jojtdby olt ilrd. dry jo thd erde ndtwddo sdttbdidots XJP eok XPJJ. [hd ojod

Es ebrdeky idotjlodk enlvd, sdttbdidot XPJJ wes prlnenby uoderthdk hlusd pbeos wlubk jipby thet olt ilrd theo lod

`luokdk ny pdlpbd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidot XJP. èri wes rdblcetdk `lr thd ardetdr pert l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead.




@jaurd 5;;. Survdy l` thd sdttbdidots `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (e 9 sdttbdidot6 n 9 yerk6 c 9 plssjnbd yerk) eok thd Betd Jrlo

Ead (k 9 sdttbdidot6 d 9 yerk6 a • cdidtdry)6 ` 9 lbkdr nurjebs (Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead).

[hd derbjdst dvjkdocd lr e sdclok shj tjoa èri ketds rli thd XPJJ prlnenby ndaeo wjth H0= l` typd ; (`ja. 5;4). Jts succds

dok l` thjs pdrjlk. [hd pbeos l` thjs sdclok èri bjd lutsjkd slr wes prlnenby H00 l` typd ;E, ketdk tl phesd G. Closjkdr-

thd systdietjcebby dxcevetdk erde, sl jt clubk nd thet thd joa thd lrjdotetjlo l` thd hlusds eok e blajceb kdvdblpidot l`

nujbkjoas jo qudstjlo wdrd prdcdkdk ny lthdrs, whlsd pbeos typds, jt js bjfdby thet lccupetjlo shj tdk jo e wdstdrby kjrdc-

hevd olt nddo kjsclvdrdk. [hd kdvdblpidot l` sdttbdidot tjlo e`tdr H00. Jt js l` clursd plssjnbd thet jt ilvdk tl thd




35>35>>

£&55;

5==

: > _ 3

5=1D3

XPJJ

03

R=0=

5=3 5=8

08 1 0 = 8pX88

05_81 K 1 3 ( ] _ L e 0C-5 83

,;0

-.;1

;5

31

.38

l3>

34_ 3 0

>0

50

54_ , _ 4 >=/>5C _ ð _ >3

>>,2<

12<

_?

5>C3

> 9

;c9?

@jaurd 5;4. Kjstrjnutjlo eok lrjdotetjlo l` èris jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

olrth, nut thd olrthdro hlusds, H:> eok H:3, hevd e kj``drdot

lrjdotetjlo, ilrd jo fddpjoa wjth sdttbdidot XPJJJ tl nd

kjscussdk ndblw. E bjof ndtwddo thdsd hlusds eok lccupetjlo

jo thd wdst (H44 lr H03) wlubk ilrdlvdr jipby e cheoad jo

hlusd typd7 `rli H:> l` typd ;E vje H:3 l` typd 4E tl H44

lr H03, nlth l` typd ;N. @lr thdsd rdeslos jt js prlnenby ilrd

bjfdby thet H44 lr H03 js thd succdsslr l` H00.

Qd thus errjvd et e cbustdr l` hlusd pbeos thet iey rdprd

sdot thd clotjoulus kdvdblpidot l` e sjoabd èri wjthjo e

siebb erde. E`tdr H44 eok H03, lccupetjlo prlnenby clotjo

udk jo H0; l` typd 4E. [hjs wes ecclipeojdk ny e cheoad jo

lrjdotetjlo. Hlusd H40 l` typd 1 E, ketdk tl phesds F-B, bjds



54: F. SCHJOFDB - BE[D J^LO EAD SD[[BDIDO[S

perebbdb tl H0;, whjch suaadsts thet jt js thd bettdr's succdsslr.

Nut thjs wlubk jipby e krestjc cheoad jo kdsjao, l` whjch jt js

olt cbder whdthdr jt wlubk hevd nddo e purdby blceb kdvdblp

idot. Sl jt js olt cdrtejo whdthdr thd èri's lccupeots nujbt e

odw nujbkjoa et thjs blcetjlo. [hd spetjeb kjstrjnutjlo l` thd

hlusd pbeos eok thd rdiejos rdclvdrdk `rli thdi kl olt jipby

eo enrupt dok eok e odw ndajoojoa. [hd ilst bjfdby succdsslr

l` H40 js H4;, ebsl l` typd 1 E, ketdk tl phesds F-B.[hd derbjdst jokjcetjlos l` thd dxjstdocd l` e sdclok èri jo

sdttbdidot XPJJ, jo thd `lri l` twl hlusd pbeos, ketd `rli

phesds F-B. [hdsd pbeos, thd kunjlus H3: l` typd 0 lr : eok

H;5 l` typd 0, bjd lutsjkd thd systdietjcebby dxcevetdk erde.

[hd qudstjlo es tl thd lrjajo l` thd odw kdsjao erjsds wjth

thdsd pbeos wjth ndkkjoa trdochds, tll. Qd ceoolt sjipby

essuid thet thdsd hlusd typds dvlbvdk jiidkjetdby `rli typd

4E. Nut ol erde whdrd thdy iey hevd lrjajoetdk js folwo

lutsjkd Lss djthdr, sl jo`budocd `rli dbsdwhdrd rdiejos e

hyplthdsjs loby.

Sdttbdidot XPJJJ wes `luokdk ny pdlpbd `rli thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead sdttbdidot XJJJ. [hrdd perts sddi tl hevd nddoclotjoulusby lccupjdk, vjz. thd sluthdestdro, sluthwdstdro

eok wdstdro perts. [hd >1 pbeos thet wdrd `luok hdrd iey

rdprdsdot thrdd clotdiplrery èris whjch wdrd rdblcetdk jo

thd clursd l` tjid. [hd clotjoulus kdvdblpidot l` loby lod

èri ceo nd lutbjodk `rli thd ndajoojoa tl thd dok l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. [hd kdvdblpidots l` thd lthdr twl shlw kjsclotj

oujtjds.

Jo thd sluthdestdroilst clrodr l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ bjds pbeo

H38 l` typd 4 E, whjch sddis tl nd thd kjrdct succdsslr l`

H31 l` typd ; `rli thd dok l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, closjkdr

joa thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd twl pbeos eok thd èct thet thdy bjd

loby >4 i epert (`ja. 5;4). [hd odxt èri l` typd 4 E, H4=,

bjds >== i tl thd olrth l` H38. J` H4= js thd succdsslr l` H38,

thjs wlubk ideo thet lccupetjlo arekuebby shj`tdk jo e

olrthdrby kjrdctjlo, es ebsl essuidk jo sdttbdidot XPJJ. [hd

succdsslr l` H4= prlnenby bey jo thd cdotrd l` sdttbdidot

XPJJJ. nut jt js olt cdrtejo ny whjch l` thd pbeos jt js rdprd

sdotdk.

[hd sdclok erde thet wes prlnenby clotjoulusby lccupjdk js

thd sluthwdstdro pert l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ, whdrd hlusd H;4

l` typd ;E ceo nd rdaerkdk es thd kjrdct succdsslr l` lod l`

thd èris jo thd cdotrd l` sdttbdidot XJJJ. [hd ilst bjfdby es

èr es lrjdotetjlo js clocdrodk js H;0 lr H;8, whjch bjd 0=

eok ;= i `rli H;4, rdspdctjvdby. [hd succdsslr l` H;4 iust

hevd nddo sjtuetdk jo thd cdotrd l` thd sdttbdidot. [hd ilstbjfdby pbeo lo typlblajceb arluoks wlubk nd HJ==, H:1 lr

H81 l` typd ;E. [hd bettdr ceo hlwdvdr nd rubdk lut es jt wes

ketdk tl phesds G-F. H81, ketdk tl phesd(s) (J-)G clubk nd thd

succdsslr, nut H5== js prd`drrdk hdrd, slbdby lo eccluot l` thd

èct thet o bjes thd seid lrjdotetjlo es 55;4.

[hd ilst bjfdby succdsslr l` HJ== js H:1, ebsl l` typd

;E. [hd cheoad jo lrjdotetjlo ceoolt nd dxpbejodk lo

erchedlblajcebby rdclaojsenbd prectjceb arluoks. Ol such e

cheoad wes lnsdrvdk jo eoy l` thd lthdr Betd Jrlo Ead sdttbd

idots. [hd rdblcetjlo l` èris lvdr bloa kjsteocds ilrd lr

bdss ceid tl eo dok wjth thd lccupetjlo l` H:16 thd pbeos l`

thd succdsslrs l` thjs hlusd bjd jo bjod wjth lr perebbdb tl jt.

[hd hlusds wdrd prlnenby lccupjdk jo thd `lbblwjoa lrkdr7

H:1 l` typd ;E, H81 l` typd ;E, H5=>, H88 eok HJ=3 l`

typd 4E.Es èr es jts ketd eok plsjtjlo erd clocdrodk, H85 l` typd

8C, ketdk tl phesd F, js thd ilst bjfdby succdsslr l` thd best

l` thd hlusds l` thd arlup kjscussdk enlvd. Es jo thd cesd l`

sdttbdidot XPJJ wd iey esf whdthdr wd erd hdrd kdebjoa wjth

e blceb kdvdblpidot lr jo`budocd `rli lutsjkd. ]ertjcuberby

qudstjloenbd js whdthdr thd blceb plpubetjlo wes rdsplosjnbd

`lr thd verjlus joolvetjlos jo kdsjao. [hd lrjdotetjlo ilrd

lvdr cheoadk tl wdst-dest wjth H85 eok ol such cheoad wes

lnsdrvdk jo sdttbdidot XPJJ. Jo thd ensdocd l` cbder perebbdbs

l` thd derby hlusds wjth webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds, jo

pertjcuber l` typds 1E eok 8C, lutsjkd Lss, clotjoulus kdvdb

lpidot l` thd blceb lccupetjlo sddis tl nd thd ndst jotdrprdte

tjlo. E`tdr H85 lccupetjlo sddis tl hevd clotjoudk jo H10 lr

H8=, nlth l` whjch erd l` typd 8C. Jo vjdw l` jts ketd jo

phesds F-^p, H10 js ilrd bjfdby theo H8=, whjch wes ketdk

tl phesds B-^p. [hd kdvdblpidot lutbjodk hdrd cliprjsds tdo

hlusds, plssjnby rdprdsdotjoa tdo lccupetjlo phesds, dinrec

joa thd dotjrd Betd Jrlo Ead.

Es jo sdttbdidot XPJJ, thdrd erd jokjcetjlos l` thd dxjstdocd

l` e sdclok shj`tjoa èri, closjstjoa l` thd pbeos l` nujbkjoas

wjth webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds, et thd dok l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead. [hdy erd thd joclipbdtd pbeo H80 l` typd 1/8/: eok

H5=8l`typd:.

[hd thjrk lccupetjlo cdotrd thet iey rdprdsdot kjrdct clo

tjouetjlo l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead lccupetjlo bjds jo thd wdst

dro pert l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ. H01 l` typd 4E js prlnenby thd

succdsslr l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead H08 l` typd ;E, closjkdrjoa

jts lrjdotetjlo eok plsjtjlo cblsd tl thd bettdr. Enlut >4 i tl

thd sluth l` H01 bjds H05, ebsl l` typd 4 E. [hjs hlusd hes thd

seid lrjdotetjlo es H01, whlsd succdsslr jt iey nd. [hd

ùrthdr kdvdblpidot l` thjs èri js olt cbder. Et thd cdotrd l`

sdttbdidot XPJJJ erd `lur pbeos l` typd 4 E (H13, H11, H83

eok HJ=1) whjch hevd olt ydt nddo bjofdk wjth lthdr hlusds,

nut jt js olt cdrtejo whdthdr thdy rdprdsdot thd clotjouetjlo l`

thd lccupetjlo l` H05. [hdjr lrjdotetjlos erd olt sluthwdst-

olrthdest, nut wdstolrthwdst-destsluthdest (H11 eok H83)

eok wdst-dest (H13 eok HJ=1).Jo thd olrthwdstdro pert l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ erd eolthdr

sdvdo èris thet iey hevd nddo lccupjdk jo e sjoabd cycbd.

H:> l` typd ;E js thd lbkdst pbeo `rli e typlblajceb vjdw

pljot. Jt js olt cbder whdrd jts lccupeots ceid `rli. [hd

hlusd hes thd wdstolrthwdst-destsluthdest lrjdotetjlo typjceb

l` sdttbdidot XPJJJ. [hd plsjtjlo l` H:3 l` typd 4E jo bjod

wjth H:> iefds jt thd bettdr's ilst bjfdby succdsslr. [hd




/ "L

"• ``½^0G | ^3

K@jaurd 5;0. Arlup l` Betd Jrlo Ead nurjebs (^3-^8). Scebd 57>==.

succdsslr l` H:3 iey hevd nddo sjtuetdk 4= i tl thd olrth l`

jt. [hd odxt hlusds lccupjdk iey hevd nddo thd lvdrbeppjoa

HJ 53 eok HJ 5; lr H5>>, H5>3 eok H5>; byjoa perebbdb tl

lod eolthdr. Jo whet lrkdr thdsd hlusds wdrd lccupjdk js

olt cbder6 loby H5>3 eok H5>; hevd nddo ketdk, tl phesd(s)

F(-B). [hd wdst-dest lrjdotetjlo l` HJ 5; clubk ideo thet thjs

js lod l` thd best lccupjdk jo thd cycbd. Hdrd, tll, jt js olt

cbder whdthdr, eok j` sl, hlw, thd lccupetjlo clotjoudk.

J` thd ilst bjfdby succdssjlo l` hlusds lutbjodk enlvd js

clrrdct, thd èris l` sdttbdidot XPJ wdrd shj`tdk lvdr kjs

teocds l` et ilst >== i eok et bdest e `dw idtrds. Jo thd cesd

l` sdttbdidot XPJJ thjs wes 514 i eok e `dw idtrds eok jo

sdttbdidot XPJJJ 314 i eok e `dw idtrds. [hd adodreb trdok

lnsdrvenbd jo ebb thrdd sdttbdidots js thet thd kjsteocd lvdr

whjch thd èris wdrd ilvdk kdcrdesdk `rli phesd G lowerks,

uotjb thd èris wdrd dvdotuebby rdnujbt lo thd seid splt lr jo

bjod wjth thdjr prdkdcdsslr. Et thd dok l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead

thd kjsteocds ndtwddo thd èris eok thdjr ilst bjfdby succds

slrs jocrdesdk eaejo tl sdvdreb klzdo idtrds.

Qhdrd thd `jdbks eok pesturds wdrd sjtuetdk jo thd Betd Jrlo

Ead js eaejo olt folwo6 thdy wjbb uokluntdkby hevd bejo oder

thd sdttbdidots.Ebb ut thd ùodrery ilouidots thet hevd nddo ketdk tl thd

Betd Jrlo Ead bjd jo thd erde docblsdk ny thd thrdd sdttbdidots

(`ja. 5;3). [hd tlteb l` 5; ilouidots wjbb rdprdsdot loby e

`dw pdrcdot l` thd lrjajoeb ouindr l` nurjebs. Sdvdo erd

rdcteoauber kjtchdk docblsurds (^0, ^8, ^JL<, ^4=, nurjeb

54;, nurjeb 548 eok nurjeb 58=), `jvd erd rjoa kjtchds (^3, ^;,

^4, ^45 eok nurjeb >=;), lod js e `bet arevd (^1) eok l` lod

`deturd jt js olt cdrtejo whdthdr jt js e ùodrery ilouidot lr e

vltjvd kdplsjt (^5>)(sdd ebsl Peo kdr Seokdo, thjs vlbuid).

Nurjebs 54;, 548, 58= eok >=; bjd jo thd sluthdro pert l` thd

berad cdidtdry `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk6 thdy wdrd prdsuienb

thd `jrst arevds kua jo thjs cdidtdry. [hdy wjbb olt nd kjs

cussdk eoy ùrthdr hdrd (sdd Hdssjoa, jo prdp.). [hd lthdr

nurjebs erd scettdrdk ecrlss eo erde l` 44= x 3== i, wjth e

clocdotretjlo l` sjx jo thd sluthwdst (^3, ^;, ^4, ^0, ^1 eok^86 `ja. 5;0). Jt js olt rdebby plssjnbd tl sey wjth whjch sdttbd

idots thd nurjebs erd tl nd esslcjetdk lthdr theo lo thd nesjs

l` thd kjsteocds ndtwddo thd nurjebs eok thd sdttbdidots, jo

whjch cesd wd errjvd et7 ^3-8 wjth sdttbdidot XPJ, ^JL eok

^5> wjth sdttbdidot XPJJ eok ^4= eok ^45 wjth sdttbdidot

XPJJJ. Qhet js jiplrteot js thet thd nurjebs bey et slid kjs

teocd `rli thd sdttbdidots eok thet thdrd wes kd`jojtdby ol

cdotreb cdidtdry jo thd dxcevetdk erde.

Cubt sjtd ^41, `joebby, js thd loby rjtueb ilouidot thet js

cblsdby bjofdk wjth e sdttbdidot. ^41 bjds josjkd thd kjtch

docblsjoa thd ^lieo-pdrjlk Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot, nut jt wes

usdk `lr loby e `dw kdcekds wjthjo thet sdttbdidot (sddPeo kdr Seokdo, thjs vlbuid). [hd ilouidot wes prlnenby

drdctdk jo thd `jrst cdotury NC ebrdeky, ny thd lccupeots l`

sdttbdidot XPJJJ. [hd cubt sjtd's wdst-dest lrjdotetjlo iefds

jt ilst bjfdby thet jt wes nujbt ny thd lccupeots l` thd hlusds

wjth webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds, `lr thd `jrst hlusd l` thjs

typd (H85) thet wes nujbt jo sdttbdidot XPJJJ et thd dok l`

phesd F rdprdsdots e treosjtjlo tl e odw, wdst-dest hlusd

lrjdotetjlo. Nut thjs js olt cdrtejo6 thd cubt sjtd iey ebsl hevd

nddo clostructdk jo e betdr lccupetjlo phesd (ny thd lccupeots

l`H10lrH8=).

8.1.3. Kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Ijkkbd eok thd Betd Jrlo

Ead

[hdrd erd sdvdreb clospjculus kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd Ijkkbd

eok thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd `jrst js thd jocrdesd jo thd ouindr

l` hlusd pbeos, whjch js uokluntdkby rdbetdk tl plpubetjlo

arlwth. Eolthdr odw phdolidolo, ndsjkds thd ardetdr oui

ndr l` hlusds, js thd ardetdr verjetjlo jo thdi. [hjs js lnsdrv

enbd olt loby jo thd kj``drdot typds l` hlusd pbeos, nut ebsl jo

thd bdoaths l` pbeos thet erd tl nd rdaerkdk es ndbloajoa tl thd

seid typd. Nut hlw thjs kj``drdotjetjlo js tl nd jotdrprdtdk js

olt cbder. [hd ietdrjeb rdiejos `lr dxeipbd shlw ol jokjce

tjlos l` eoy spdcjebjsetjlo.

Eolthdr kj``drdocd js thd rdkuctjlo jo thd sjzd l` thd tdrrj

tlry, es jokjcetdk ny thd oucbdetjlo l` hlusd pbeos. @rliphesd G lowerks hlusds wdrd jocrdesjoaby l`tdo rdnujbt jo thd

seid yerk, whjch js erchedlblajcebby vjsjnbd jo thd jotdrsdct

joa hlusd pbeos eok jo thd pbeos byjoa vdry cblsd tl lod

eolthdr.

[hd ouindr l` wdbbs eok pjts `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead,

dspdcjebby thd `jrst heb`, js iuch siebbdr theo thet `rli thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Jt clubk nd thet pdlpbd jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead



V05 F. SCHJOFD B - SZO[HDSJ S

lntejodk wetdr jo e kj``drdot wey theo ny kjaajoa pjts tl

arluokwetdr bdvdb. [hd wdbbs thet hevd nddo ketdk tl thd Betd

Jrlo Ead ilrdlvdr shlw e hjah kdardd l` steokerkjsetjlo7 ebb

nut lod wdrd bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf.

Cblsdby cloodctdk wjth thjs kj``drdocd jo thd ouindr l

wdbbs eok pjts js thd kj``drdocd lnsdrvenbd jo kdplsjtjlo cus

tlis. Loby `dw ietdrjeb rdiejos wdrd `luok jo rdbetjlo tl thd

ouindr l` hlusd pbeos. [hd `joks kl olt kj` dr ùokeidotebby`rli thlsd `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead jo tdris l` cherectdr,

dxcdpt `lr thd `jnubed eok thd abess nrecdbdts eok rjoas, nut

thdy kl kj``dr jo queotjty. Jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead pdlpbd eaejo ndaeo tl kja wdbbs eok pjts, sl `rli thjs

phesd rdùsd hes eaejo survjvdk. [hd kdplsjtjlo l` rdùsd jo

pbecds lthdr theo wdbbs eok pjts wes closdqudotby e tdiplrery

phdolidolo. Jt hlwdvdr hek jiplrteot closdqudocds es èr es

thd ketjoa l` `deturds js clocdrodk7 loby e `dw `deturds clubk

nd ketdk tl thd `jrst heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty.

:. Syothdsjs: . 5 . JO[^LKTC[JLO

Jo thd prdcdkjoa cheptdrs thd sdttbdidots, crlp cubtjvetjlo,

stlcf fddpjoa eok rjtueb structurds hevd nddo kdscrjndk, nut

loby e pertjeb ettdipt hes nddo iekd tl jotdrprdt thd jkdotj`jdk

kdvdblpidots jo tdris l` huieo ndhevjlur. E prdrdqujsjtd `lr

such eo jotdrprdtetjlo js eo jotdaretdk survdy l` thd kdvdblp

idots jo thd bloa tdri. Sdclokby, thd sdttbdidots l` Tssdo

hevd olt ydt nddo cliperdk wjth thd rdsubts l` rdsderch et

lthdr sdttbdidot sjtds. Jt js hlwdvdr jiplssjnbd tl aejo e

prlpdr uokdrsteokjoa l` thd kdvdblpidots thet lccurrdk et

Tssdo wjthlut pbecjoa thd sjtd jo e wjkdr clotdxt. Jo thd prd

sdot cheptdr J wjbb thdrd`lrd `jrst lutbjod thd bloa-tdri

kjechrlojc trdoks lo e èriyerk eok sdttbdidot bdvdb, whdrd

odcdssery wjth rd`drdocd tl lthdr rdsderch rdsubts, e`tdr whjchJ wjbb prlplsd jotdrprdtetjlos `lr thd lnsdrvdk kdvdblpidots. J

wlubk bjfd tl diphesjsd et thjs pljot ebrdeky thet thd jotdrprd

tetjlo wjbb `lcus prjierjby lo thd sdttbdidots.

: .> . @EÎZE^KS JO [HD N^LOWD EAD EOK [HD J^LO EAD

Jo thd `lbblwjoa kjscussjlo thd tdri 'èriyerk' wjbb nd uokdr

stllk tl nd thd beok jo e èri's jiidkjetd surrluokjoas. Such e

yerk iey hevd clotejodk stlread lr lthdr shdks, wdbbs eok pjts.

Jt js jiplssjnbd tl qultd thd dxect sjzds l` thd èriyerks l`

Tssdo, es thdrd wdrd ol kjtchds lr lthdr structurds ierfjoa

thdjr bjijts. [hd èriyerks erd tl nd sddo es cdotreb erdes whdrd

ebb fjoks l` klidstjc eok cre`t ectjvjtjds wdrd cerrjdk lut.

:.>.5. Nrlozd Ead

Jo thd Nrlozd Ead, Lss-Tssdo wes loby jocjkdotebby lccupjdk.

[hd loby jokjsputenbd èriyerk, ketjoa `rli thd Ijkkbd

Nrlozd Ead, bjds jo sdttbdidot J. Jt clotejodk e bloahlusd wjth

e bdoath l` >: i, e pjt josjkd thd hlusd eok e ouindr l` wdbbs

bjodk wjth hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs. [hdrd sddi tl hevd nddo

ol areoerjds eok ol rdùsd wes `luok djthdr, sl wd erd uoenbd

tl jo`dr whet ectjvjtjds tllf pbecd jo thd yerk. [hd seid jocj

kdotebby hlbks `lr thd yerk thet wes dxcevetdk jo thd Ijffdb-

klof kjstrjct l` Lss, tl thd olrth l` Tssdo. [hjs yerk, whjch

wes nluokdk ny e njbbdt `docd lo lod sjkd, clotejodk e bloa-

hlusd l` thd seid typd pbus e siebbdr nujbkjoa (@lffdos

5::5n). Hdrd, tll, thdrd wdrd ol areoerjds thet clubk nd ketdk

tl thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead wjth cdrtejoty, eok pjts eok wdbbswdrd thd loby `deturds kjsclvdrdk jo thd vjcjojty l` thd hlusd.

Qhdo wd cliperd thd èriyerks l` Lss wjth Ijkkbd

Nrlozd Ead yerks dxcevetdk dbsdwhdrd wd oltd verjlus sjij

berjtjds, nut ebsl slid kj``drdocds. [hd bloa, thrdd-ejsbdk

bloahlusd nesdk lo e treosvdrsd kdsjao js thd cherectdrjstjc

hlusd l` thjs pdrjlk jo thd whlbd l` thd Odthdrbeoks (^ly-

ieos/@lffdos 5::5). Jo thd sdttbdidots tl thd olrth l` thd

rjvdr Qeeb thdsd hlusds wdrd usuebby surrluokdk ny eo lut

nujbkjoa lr e shdk eok e ouindr l` `lur-, sjx- lr ojod-plst

areoerjds (d.a. Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd (Hdssjoa 5::5), Wjgkdrvdbk

eok Klkdweerk (Hubst 5::5), Kdvdotdr (Ilkkdrieo 5:44)

eok Dbp (Qetdrnlbf 5:0;, 5:81)). Qd ebsl folw l rluok

structurds, whjch, bjfd thd e`lrdidotjlodk structurds, hevd

nddo `luok jo thjs olrthdro rdajlo loby (Wjgkdrvdbk eok Klkd

weerk (Nddx/Hubst 5:08), Wwlbbd (Cbdvjs/Pdrbjokd 5::=),

Spllbkd (Peo Nddf 5:88), Dbp (Peo Nddf 5::5), Kebdo (Fllj

5::5)), j wd bdevd thd kluntùb structurd l` Ojgosdb

(Nddx/Hubst 5:08) lut l` closjkdretjlo. Ilst yerks ebsl

clotejodk e `dw pjts (thet l` Bllo lp Weok ebsl eo jokllr

stlread pjt6 ^lyieos/Hjkkjof 5::5), nut vjrtuebby odvdr bjodk

wdbbs. Epert `rli et Lss, bjodk wdbbs hevd nddo `luok loby et

Nlvdoferspdb (Tzdrdd`/Peo ^datdrdo Ebtdoe 5::5). @deturds

l` `docds hevd survjvdk jo erdes wjth allk prdsdrvetjlo clo

kjtjlos. Ilst l` thd ectjvjtjds thet tllf pbecd josjkd eok

erluok thd hlusds dbukd us, es thd `joks l`tdo cliprjsd bjttbdilrd theo e `dw shdrks. Jt clubk nd thet thd ardetdr pert l` thd

rdùsd wes olt kdplsjtdk oder thd yerk, nut sprdek lut lo thd

beok lutsjkd jt (Tzdrdd 5:857 5;16 Flssecf dtet. 5:8;7 >41).

]jts eok wdbbs wdrd kd`jojtdby olt ydt systdietjcebby ndjoa

usdk sdclokerjby es rdùsd pjts jo thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead.

@rli eo erchedlblajceb vjdwpljot thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead

yerks erd olthjoa ilrd theo clocdotretjlos l` `deturds, thd

scercd `joks ndjoa l` usd ebilst dxcbusjvdby `lr ketjoa pur

plsds, eok prlvjkjoa vdry bjttbd josjaht jotl systdietjc espdcts

l` clotdiplrery slcjdty. [hd pbeos l` thd nujbkjoas kl hlw

dvdr tdbb us thet thd lccupeots prectjsdk ijxdk èrijoa wjth e

hdevy rdbjeocd lo cettbd fddpjoa. Nyrds wjth su``jcjdot rlli`lr ;= hdeks l` cettbd erd thd rubd rethdr theo thd dxcdptjlo.

Crlps wdrd stlrdk jo areoerjds jo thd yerk. Qhdrd ol such

structurds ceid tl bjaht, es et Lss eok Bllo lp Weok, thd

crlps wdrd prlnenby stlrdk jokllrs. Et nlth thdsd sjtds pjts

wdrd `luok josjkd thd hlusds, nut thdy wdrd jo whet wd

essuid wdrd thd nyrds, whjch wjbb olt hevd nddo thd ilst

jkdeb pbecds `lr thd stlread l` `llkstu``s. Jt js ilrd bjfdby thet




thd `llk wes stlrdk jo eo ettjc jo thd bjvjoa erde. [hd `deturds

l` dxtre plsts thet wdrd `luok jo thd bjvjoa erdes l` thd hlusds

et nlth sjtds suaadst thet thdsd hlusds jokddk hek eo ettjc.

]dlpbd iust hevd lntejodk thdjr wetdr `rli lpdo slurcds, es

ol wdbbs wdrd `luok jo ilst yerks. Jt clubk nd thet Lss js eo

dxcdptjlo jo thjs rdspdct ndceusd thjs sjtd bey èr ewey `rli

thd Idusd, et bdest >.4 fi, eok jt wes rdbetjvdby desy tl lntejo

wetdr `rli wdbbs lo eccluot l` thd hjah arluokwetdr bdvdb.Slidthjoa dbsd thet ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli thd pbeos l` thd

hlusds, oltenby thd bdoath l` thd bjvjoa erdes, js thd sjzd l` thd

hlusdhlbk. Jo thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead, thd bjvjoa erdes wdrd

l`tdo beradr theo jo thd sunsdqudot pdrjlks, suaadstjoa thet thd

hlusds wdrd lccupjdk ny dxtdokdk èijbjds cliprjsjoa 5=-54

jokjvjkuebs (^lyieos/@lffdos 5::56 @lffdos 5::5e7 545).

[het thjs wes hlwdvdr olt ebweys thd cesd js cbder `rli thd

pbeos l` Lss, whdrd thd essuidk bjvjoa erdes wdrd olt iuch

bloadr (lr wjkdr) theo thlsd jo thd Jrlo Ead7 enlut 0 i. [hdsd

erdes prlnenby eccliilketdk e oucbder èijby l` ;-0 jokjvjk

uebs.

Ol yerks lr jslbetdk `deturds ketenbd tl thd Betd Nrlozd

Ead wdrd `luok jo thd dxcevetdk erde l` Lss, nut thdy hevd

nddo `luok ùrthdr olrth (sdd @lffdos 5::5n). Tssdo wes

rdlccupjdk erluok thd ndajoojoa l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead, `rli

8== NC lowerks. [hjs lccupetjlo phesd bestdk `lr enlut 5===

yders. Ilrd theo 1= hlusd pbeos erd folwo `rli thd 8==

yders speoodk ny thd Jrlo Ead, whjch, wd iey wjth cdrtejoty

essuid, wdrd surrluokdk ny yerks. Hlw thdsd yerks kdvdb

lpdk eok whet ectjvjtjds wdrd cerrjdk lut jo thdi wjbb nd

kjscussdk jo thd `lbblwjoa sdctjlo.

:.>.>. Derby Jrlo Ead

[hrdd kd`jojtd eok tdo uocdrtejo èriyerks erd folwo `rli

thd Derby Jrlo Ead. Dech l` thdsd yerks clotejodk et bdest ebloahlusc. e bdw areoerjds eok lod lr ilrd uobjodk wdbbs. Jo

slid yerks thdrd wdrd ebsl shebblw pjts, wetdrjoa pbecds eok

bjodk wdbbs. Qjth thdjr bdoaths l` 51 i, thd Derby Jrlo Ead

bloahlusds erd sunsteotjebby shlrtdr theo thdjr Ijkkbd Nrlozd

Ead prdkdcdsslrs. Jt wes dspdcjebby thd nyrd thet wes shlrtdr,

ndjoa loby 8-: i bloa, wjth rlli `lr 50-58 hdeks l` cettbd.

[het js bdss theo heb` l` thd ouindr l` eojiebs jo thd Ijkkbd

Nrlozd Ead. J` thd eoodx thet wes nujbt lotl H41 wes usdk tl

stebb cettbd, thjs hlusd wjbb hevd hek su``jcjdot rlli `lr 3=

eojiebs. Eolthdr jiplrteot kj``drdocd, ndsjkds thd shlrtdr

bdoaths, js lnsdrvenbd jo thd hlusds' kdsjao. Et slid pljot jo

thd Betd Nrlozd Ead thd treosvdrsd kdsjao wes rdpbecdk ny e

bloajtukjoeb kdsjao, wjth e shj`t jo diphesjs `rli thd sjkd

ejsbds tl thd cdotreb ejsbd. [hjs cheoad wes prlnenby nrluaht

enlut ny e kdsjrd tl rdkucd thd ouindr l` plsts josjkd thd

hlusd. Jt ilrdlvdr jipbjdk e sunsteotjeb sevjoa jo thd eiluot

l` tjindr rdqujrdk `lr clostructjlo. [hd structurd l` thd webb

ebsl cheoadk. [hd hdevy webbs nujbt `rli stecfdk slks wdrd

rdpbecdk ny bjaht wettbd-eok-keun structurds.

Qettbdwlrf wdbb bjojoas ndceid plpuber loby et thd dok l`

thd Derby Jrlo Ead (phesd K). Nd`lrd thet tjid ilst wdbbs

wdrd bjodk wjth hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs lr uogljodk vdrtjceb

dbdidots. Lthdr structurds, ndsjkds wdbbs, wdrd usdk es

slurcds l` wetdr `lr huieos eok eojiebs, tll7 kddp uobjodk

pjts eok wetdrjoa pbecds. Jt clubk wdbb nd thet thd jotrlkuctjlo

l` wetdrjoa pbecds wes rdbetdk tl eo jocrdesdk jiplrteocd l`

siebb stlcf, such es pja eok shddp/alet, whjch wdrd olthdrkdk jo erdes enluokjoa jo wetdr. [hd nlod spdctrui js

jocjkdotebby stjbb klijoetdk ny cettbd, `lbblwdk ny hlrsd.

Ndsjkds `lr thdjr kuoa, dssdotjeb `lr crlp cubtjvetjlo jo thdsd

seoky erdes, thd eojiebs wdrd rejsdk `lr thdjr idet, sfjos,

ijbf, wllb eok trectjlo. Beuwdrjdr eok JGzdrdd` (thjs vlbuid)

eok ebsl ^lyieos (5::=7 55=) dxprdssdk thdjr klunts clo

cdrojoa thd closuiptjlo l` hlrsd idet jo thd Jrlo Ead, eok

suaadstdk thet hlrsds wdrd ebsl fdpt es stetus syinlbs eok `lr

pbdesurd, ndsjkds `lr rjkjoa, cerryjoa bleks eok pubbjoa certs l

pbluahs. [hjs wlubk jipby thet thd hlrsds wdrd olt nutchdrdk

e`tdr thdy hek kjdk, nut thet thdjr cerrjlos wdrd kjsplsdk l` jo

thdjr dotjrdty jo lod wey lr eolthdr. Jo Lss, thd `jok clotdxts

l` thd hlrsd nlods kl hlwdvdr olt kj``dr `rli thlsd l` thdcettbd, pja eok shddp nlods7 ebb thd nlods wdrd `luok ijxdk

wjth thd lrkjoery sdttbdidot rdùsd. Sl thdrd js e plssjnjbjty

thet hlrsd idet wes closuidk et Lss. Klas wdrd ebilst

cdrtejoby fdpt es pdts.

@llk crlps, such es cdrdebs, nut ebsl wjotdr `ddk `lr thd

cettbd, wdrd stlrdk jo areoerjds jo thd yerks. [hdy wdrd sup

plrtdk ny `lur, sjx lr djaht plsts. Cebcubetjlos hevd shlwo

thet e sjoabd areoery hek su``jcjdot cepecjty `lr stlrjoa thd

sddk `lr thd odxt crlp eok thd arejo jotdokdk `lr closuiptjlo

l` lod hlusdhlbk (Nefdbs 5:8:6 Sbl`stre 5::5e). Ebthluah wd

hevd ol dvjkdocd tl prlvd jt, slid allks wjbb hevd nddo

stlrdk jokllrs, tll. [hd lccupeots l` Lss iey hevd dxpdrjidotdk wjth uokdrarluok stlread, nut thdy odvdr prectjsdk jt

lo e berad scebd ndceusd l` thd hjah arluokwetdr bdvdb. Jo thd

Derby Jrlo Ead thdy ardw cdrdebs bjfd ijbbdt, nerbdy, diidr

eok spdbt, pbeots prlkucjoa ljb-nderjoa sddks such es bjosddk,

plppy eok albk-l`-pbdesurd eok `jnrd crlps such es `bex.

Sdvdreb crlps hek tl nd slwo tl hervdst `bex eok bjosddk.

ndceusd `bex `jnrds erd hervdstdk nd`lrd thd sddk hes ieturdk.

Jo ekkjtjlo, nbecfndrrjds, respndrrjds, hezdbouts eok dbkdrndr

rjds wdrd aethdrdk.

[hd ietdrjeb cubturd l` thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo

Ead jo pertjcuber prdsdots e ilrd verjdk eok hdocd rjchdr

pjcturd theo thet l` thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead. [hjs js prjierjbythd closdqudocd l` e kj``drdot `lri l` kdplsjtjlo - jo kddp

pjts eok wdbbs, whdrd prdsdrvetjlo clokjtjlos wdrd ilrd

èvlurenbd - sl jt wlubk nd joclrrdct tl krew eoy èr-rdechjoa

clocbusjlos `rli thd prdsdocd lr ensdocd l` pertjcuber ietdr

jeb cetdalrjds jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Derby Jrlo Ead. [hjs

hlbks `lr dxeipbd `lr thd sunsteotjeb jocrdesd jo thd ouindr l`

spjokbd whlrbs eok blli wdjahts lnsdrvdk ny ^lyieos eok



503 F. SCHJOFDB - SZO[HDSJS

]lffdos (5::57 5=) jo Derby Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots . [hd dvj

kdocd' `rli Lss suaadsts thet thjs kj``drdocd js prjierjby

ettrjnutenbd tl `lrietjlo prlcdssds. Es thjs `lri l` kdplsjtjlo

clotjoudk thrluahlut thd dotjrd Jrlo Ead (eok jotl thd ^lieo

pdrjlk), jt js plssjnbd tl cliperd thd dvjkdocd `rli thd jokj

vjkueb Jrlo Ead phesds. J` jt heko't nddo `lr thjs cheoad jo

kdplsjtjlo custlis jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead

thd chrlolblay l` thd sdttbdidot plttdry l` thd sluthdro pertl` thd Odthdrbeoks wlubk stjbb nd e iystdry tl us.

Qhet ceo thd survjvjoa rdùsd tdbb us enlut thd ectjvjtjds

thet tllf pbecd jo thd èriyerks< @jrst l` ebb jt shlws thet `llk

wes prdperdk jo thd yerks. [hjs `llk prdperetjlo jovlbvdk thd

usd l` sebt eok thd arjokjoa l` arejo wjth qudros iekd l`

tdphrjtd eok lthdr fjoks l` stlod. Cre`t ectjvjtjds cerrjdk lut jo

thd yerk cliprjsdk spjoojoa eok wdevjoa eok thd prlkuctjlo

l` jrlo. [hd bettdr ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli thd jrlo sbeas thet hevd

nddo `luok jo ebilst ebb thd yerks `rli phesd C lowerks.

Lkkby doluah, ol rdiejos l` eoy fjbos, `lr sidbtjoa jrlo lrd

lr `jrjoa plttdry, wdrd `luok et Lss. Jt clubk nd thet nrlozd

lngdcts wdrd ebsl prlkucdk lo e hlusdhlbk bdvdb, nut olcrucjnbds wdrd `luok eiloa thd rdiejos. [hd e`lrdidotjlodk

ectjvjtjds wdrd cerrjdk lut jo ebb thd èriyerks. [hjs ideos

thej thd rdqujrdk folw-hlw eok sfjbbs wdrd evejbenbd jo dech

hlusdhlbk, eok thet dech hlusdhlbk hek kjrdct lr jokjrdct

eccdss tl olo-blceb ietdrjebs bjfd sebt, tdphrjtd, stlod eok

plssjnby nrlozd.

Qjth thd dxcdptjlo l` thdjr bjodk eok uobjodk wdbbs, thd

Derby Jrlo Ead èriyerks l` Lss-Tssdo nder e cblsd rdsdi

nbeocd tl yerks dxcevetdk dbsdwhdrd. Ebb thd èriyerks `rli

thjs pdrjlk clotejodk e bloahlusd eok e `dw areoerjds lr

stlread pjts6 shdks eok shebblw pjts erd bdss cliilo. [hd

bloahlusds `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead erd iuch shlrtdr theo

thlsd ketjoa `rli thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead. [hd hlusds' bdoath

wes rdkucdk et ilrd lr bdss thd seid tjid, erluok :== NC,

jo nlth thd olrthdro eok thd sluthdro pert l` thd cluotry

(^lyieos/@lffdos 5::57 :). Lo thd nesjs l` thdjr bdoaths, thd

hlusds ceo nd kjvjkdk jotl twl arlups, whjch sddi tl nd

rdbetdk tl kj` drdot typds l` beokscepd. [hd beradst arlup js

thet l` hlusds wjth bdoaths l` bdss theo 54 i. [hdy hevd clid

tl bjaht jo thd cliperetjvdby hjah seoky erdes l` thd prlvjocds

l` Ollrk-Nreneot eok Lvdrjgssdb, `lr dxeipbd et St. Ldkdo-

rlkd, ^jdthlvdo eok Clbischetd (Peo Nlkdarevdo 5::56

Sbl`stre 5::5e6 Pdrbjokd 5::5). [hd hlusds l` thd sdclok

arlup, wjth ardetdr bdoaths, l` up tl >= i, erd clocdotretdk jo

thd rjvdrs erde eok thd ekgecdot clvdrseok erde. Ndsjkds etLss-Tssdo, hlusds l` thjs arlup hevd nddo dxcevetdk et `lr

dxeipbd Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd, Nddrs eok Lss-Ijffdbklof

(bbcssjoa 5::56 Hdjkjoae/Prddodallr 5::=6 @lffdos 5::5n).

[hjs kj``drdocd jo bdoath clubk jipby thet cettbd wdrd ilrd

jiplrteot jo thd wdttdr erdes, whdrd berad erdes l` allk pes-

turdbeok wdrd evejbenbd (^lyieos/@lffdos 5::57 53).

Allks wdrd stlrdk jo thd èriyerks, jo nlth areoerjds eok

stlread pjts, eok, thdrd whdrd thd arluokwetdr bdvdb wes olt

tll hjah, ebsl jokllrs, jo stlread eok cdbber pjts. [hd èct thet

nlth areoerjds eok stlread pjts hevd nddo `luok et ieoy

sdttbdidots lo thd hjahdr seoky sljbs, such es Clbischetd,

Bllo lp Weok, ^jdthlvdo eok St. Ldkdorlkd (Pdrbjokd 5::56

^lyieos/Hjkkjof 5::56 Sbl`stre 5::5e6 Peo Nlkdarevdo

5::5), suaadsts thet kj``drdot stlread stretdajds wdrd usdk7

arejo jotdokdk `lr closuiptjlo jo areoerjds, eok sddk `lrslwjoa jo pjts (Nefdbs 5:8:7 5=). Qhdrd ol stlread pjts wdrd

`luok, ebb thd arejo iust hevd nddo stlrdk jo areoerjds.

[hd pjcturd thet didrads `rli thd dxcevetdk Derby Jrlo

Ead èriyerks js lod l` èridrs wjth eo dcloliy nesdk lo

crlp cubtjvetjlo eok stlcf fddpjoa. [hdrd wdrd kj``drdocds

ndtwddo thd hjahdr eok blwdr perts l` thd cluotry, nut thdrd

wes ol qudstjlo l` eoy spdcjebjsetjlo jo crlp cubtjvetjlo lr

stlcf fddpjoa. Dvdry hlusdhlbk, whjch prdsuienby closjstdk

l` e oucbder èijby (@lffdos 5::5e7 5456 ^lyieos 5::57

546 ^lyieos/@lffdos 5::57 5=), wes ilrd lr bdss sdb`-

su``jcjdot eok oddkdk tl jiplrt loby `dw `lrdjao allks, such

es nrlozd, sebt eok qudros.

:.>.3. Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

Ieoy èriyerks erd folwo `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, eiloa

whjch erd >5 jokjsputenbd eok 53 uocdrtejo yerks, nut thjs js

olt tl sey thet thd cliplsjtjlo l` thd yerks js eoy cbderdr theo

jo thd prdcdkjoa pdrjlk. [hd jokjsputenbd yerks jo èct shlw e

hjah kdardd l` verjetjlo, dspdcjebby thlsd `rli thd sdclok heb`

l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. E ùrthdr clipbjcetjoa èctlr js thet

slid l` thd yerks pertby lvdrbep lod eolthdr. Jo thdsd cesds jt

js slidtjids jiplssjnbd tl sey whjch `deturds ndbloa tl

whjch yerk. Qhet wd kl folw `lr cdrtejo js thet dech yerk

clotejodk et bdest e bloahlusd eok e ouindr l` areoerjds. Bdss

theo heb` l` thd yerks ebsl clotejodk wdbbs eok/lr kddp pjts.

Shebblw pjts wdrd sbjahtby ilrd cliilo. Jo ilst cesds

wetdrjoa pbecds, nut ebsl wdbbs eok kddp pjts bey lutsjkd thd

prdsuidk yerks.

[hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead bloahlusds wdrd lo evdread sbjahtby

shlrtdr theo thdjr Derby Jrlo Ead prdkdcdsslrs. Jt wes thd nyrd

thet hek ndclid shlrtdr, reoajoa jo bdoath `rli ; tl 8 i wjth

eo evdread l` 4.4 i. [hjs ideos thet thd iexjiui ouindr l`

cettbd thet clubk nd stebbdk jo thdsd èris verjdk `rli djaht tl

sjxtddo. [hd èri's kdsjao rd`bdcts e clotjoujoa kdsjrd tl

rdkucd thd ouindr l` plsts jo thd jotdrjlr. [hd eji wjbb hevd

nddo tl jocrdesd thd eiluot l` specd jokllrs, nut prlnenby

ebsl tl rdkucd thd eiluot l` tjindr usdk jo clostructjlo eokplssjnby thd eiluot l` benlur, es suaadstdk ny thd èct thet

thd ouindr l` lutdr plsts js ebsl siebbdr theo jo thd Derby Jrlo

Ead hlusds7 thd re`tdrs wdrd olw supplrtdk clbbdctjvdby

jostdek l` jokjvjkuebby. [hd `rdd-steokjoa lutdr plsts wdrd

dvdo tltebby ensdot jo thd typd l` èri thet iekd jts eppder

eocd tlwerks thd dok l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, thdjr ùoctjlo

hevjoa nddo tefdo lvdr ny thd webb.




l

* * •@jaurd 5;1. Idppdo (K)7 yerk `rli thd Ijkkbd lr Betd Jrlo

Ead. Scebd 574== (`rli7 Wlbbdr 5:117 e`tdr >3:).

Qetdr `lr huieos eok eojiebs wes lntejodk `rli bjodk eok

uobjodk wdbbs eok wetdrjoa pbecds. [hd kdsjaos l` thd wdbbs

`rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead kl olt kj``dr `rli

thlsd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead. E clospjculus espdct l` thd

wdbbs `rli nlth phesds js hlwdvdr thd ensdocd l` wettbdwlrf

bjojoas, whjch js ebb thd ilrd surprjsjoa closjkdrjoa thet :=%

l` thd wdbbs `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wdrd

bjodk wjth wettbdwlrf. Es èr es thd uobjodk wdbbs erd clo

cdrodk, thdrd erd slid jokjcetjlos thet thdy wdrd ebsl usdk `lr

cllbjoa cdrtejo prlkucts clotejodk jo plts, prlnenby bjqujks

(Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 5=3).

Es nd`lrd, thd yerk wes thd cdotrd l` thd ijxdk èrijoa

ectjvjtjds. [hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead nlod spdctrui js stjbb klij

oetdk ny cettbd, `lbblwdk ny hlrsd eok et slid kjsteocd pja

eok shddp/alet. [hd cubtjvetdk cdrdebs wdrd ijbbdt, nerbdy,

diidr eok spdbt. Jo ekkjtjlo, pdlpbd ardw nrlek ndeo, bjo

sddk/`bex eok albk-l`-pbdesurd. [hd hervdstdk crlps wdrd

stlrdk jo areoerjds jo thd yerks. E odw typd l` areoery, sup

plrtdk ny ojod plsts, wes jotrlkucdk jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

E `jok cliprjsjoa thd cdotreb pert l` eo lef kjsf whddb shlws

thet thd èridrs usdk certs lr wealos.

[hd èriyerk ectjvjtjds thet ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli thd ietdr

jeb rdiejos kl olt kj``dr iuch `rli thlsd jo thd Derby Jrlo

Ead. E odw hlusdhlbk phdolidolo js thd plttdry thet js

thluaht tl hevd pbeydk e pert jo thd prlkuctjlo l` kejry prlk

ucts.

Cliperjoa thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead yerks l` Lss-Tssdo wjth

èriyerks dxcevetdk dbsdwhdrd jovlbvds e `dw prlnbdis

whjch wdrd iuch bdss et jssud jo thd cesd l` thd pdrjlks kjs

cussdk enlvd. [hd `jrst js thd uocdrtejoty l` thd yerks' ketds7

jo thd sjtd rdplrts ilst èriyerks erd kdscrjndk es ketjoa `rli

'thd Ijkkbd lr Betd Jrlo Ead'. Sdclokby, èjrby bjttbd jo`lrie

tjlo js evejbenbd lo ieoy l` thd sdttbdidots6 ilst rdplrts

kjscuss loby thd ilst jiplrteot `deturds, such hes hlusd

pbeos.

[hd twl-ejsbdk bloahlusds l` thd Heps typd shlw e wjkd

kjstrjnutjlo erde. [hd olrthdroilst `joksplts erd Kebdo jo thd

sluth l` thd prlvjocd l` Krdothd (Hersdie 5:817 55;) eok

Idppdo jo olrthdro Adrieoy (Wlbbdr 5:11), thd sluthdroilst

erd Hjbverdonddf (Pdrwdrs 5:14) eok Slo do Nrduadb (Peo

kdo Nrldfd 5:8=). Jo thd olrthdro eok wdstdro perts l` thd

Odthdrbeoks thd thrdd-ejsbdk nujbkjoa trekjtjlo clotjoudk. [hd

Heps hlusds very jo bdoath `rli 5=.4 tl >= i. Et Heps (Pdr

wdrs 5:1>) eok Lss-Tssdo nlth shlrt eok bloa hlusds wdrd

`luok wjthjo lod eok thd seid sdttbdidot. [hd loby lthdr

structurd lr structurds `luok jo ilst l` thd yerks clotejojoa e

Heps bloahlusd wes/wdrd lod lr e `dw areoerjds (Heps(Pdr-

wdrs 5:1>)6 Hdjgdo (Qjbdis 5:83)6 Idppdo (Wlbbdr 5:11)6

Qjgchdo (Pdrwdrs 5:1>)). [hd `jodst dxeipbd l` such e yerk

js thet whjch wes dxcevetdk et Idppdo. [hjs yerk clotejodk e

bloahlusd l` thd Heps typd wjth e hderth jo thd wdstdro pert

l` thd nujbkjoa eok whet iey hevd nddo trdochds sdperetjoa

stebbs jo thd destdro pert, lod sjx-plst areoery byjoa 50 i `rlithd hlusd eok pert l` e pebjsekd docblsjoa thd yerk byjoa 5; i

`rli thd wdstdro sjkd l` thd hlusd eok et ilst >0 i `rli thd

olrthdro sjkd (`ja. 5;1). [hjs yerk js dstjietdk tl hevd ide

surdk enlut 5>== i> et bdest. Ol `deturds l` yerk docblsurds

erd folwo `rli thd sluthdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks, nut thdy

hevd nddo `luok et `lr dxeipbd Hjgfdo (Hersdie 5:8=). Et

thjs sjtd thd `deturds l` thd `docd cljocjkdk wjth thd byochdts




lj 6j Cdbtjc `jdbk uok thd yerk wes closdqudotby l` enlut thd

seid sjzd es lod l` thd `jdbks jo thd systdi, whjch idesurdk

lo evdread 34 x 34 i (5>>4 i>). Ol shdks erd folwo `rli

thjs pdrjlk. [hdjr ùoctjlo hek prdsuienby nddo tefdo lvdr ny

siebbdr nujbkjoas l` thd seid sjzd es e areoery. Stlread pjts

wdrd ensdot jo ilst yerks, dxcdpt et Slo do Nrduadb, whdrd

lo thd clotrery e berad ouindr wdrd `luok, nut ol `deturds l`

areoerjds. Stlread pjts wdrd ebsl `luok et Kliidbdo eokHjbverdonddf, nut hdrd thd yerks clotejodk areoerjds, tll

(^lyieos 5:84n6 Pdrwdrs 5:14). Jo ekkjtjlo, uobjodk wdbbs

eok e bjodk wdbb, rdspdctjvdby, wdrd `luok et thdsd sjtds. [hd

loby lthdr sjtd whdrd e bjodk wdbb `rli thjs pdrjlk hes nddo

`luok js Buotdrdo (Peo Fbevdrdo .s.e.7 5=). [hd e`lrdido

tjlodk `deturds l` Hjbverdonddf eok Buotdrdo wdrd ketdk tl

thd Ijkkbd lr Betd Jrlo Ead.

[hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead yerks eppder tl hevd nddo èjrby

hliladodlus jo cliplsjtjlo. [hd yerks l` Tssdo kj``drdk

`rli thlsd dbsdwhdrd prjierjby jo thet thdy clotejodk uobjodk

eok bjodk wdbbs. Lthdrwjsd thd dvjkdocd uoeinjaulusby pljots

tl hlusdhlbks closjstjoa l beradby sdb`-su``jcjdot oucbderèijbjds.

:.>.;. Betd Jrlo Ead

Ilst l` thd 4> Betd Jrlo Ead èriyerks clotejodk bjttbd ilrd

theo e (bloa)hlusd eok e `dw areoerjds. Qdbbs, bjodk lr

uobjodk, eok shebblw pjts wdrd `luok jo e `dw yerks loby.

Clocdotretjlos l` such `deturds wdrd hlwdvdr `luok lutsjkd

thd yerks et slid sjtds6 thdy iey rdprdsdot slurcds l` wetdr

thet wdrd usdk lo e cliiuoeb nesjs jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd

Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd yerks kj``dr vdry bjttbd `rli lod eolthdr jo

tdris l` thd typd eok ouindr l` lutnujbkjoas, wdbbs eok pjts.

Qhet kl hlwdvdr kj``dr erd thd typds l` hlusds eok thdjr

bdoaths. [hd hlusds ketjoa `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo

Ead erd twl-ejsbdk, l` typds ;E (Heps), ;N eok 4E. [hlsd

`rli thd `jrst cdotury NC erd l` typds 4E, 1E (lod lr twl-

ejsbdk), 8C (twl-ejsbdk) eok plssjnby : (twl/thrdd-ejsbdk). [hd

hlusds ceo ol bloadr ebb nd cbessdk es jloahlusds', slid,

such es e `dw l` thd hlusds l` typd 4E, ndceusd thdy erd tll

shlrt, lthdrs, eaejo e `dw l` thd hlusds l` typd 4 E eok thd

[enbd 5:. Survdy l` thd bdoaths l` thd plssjnbd nyrds jo thd hlusds l`thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd bdoaths hevd nddo cubcubetdk ny suntrectjoa 8 i`rli thd tlteb bdoath `lr bjvjoa eok dotreocd. * • nyrd clubk olt ndrdclaojsdk.

hlusd typd ouindr nyrd ouindr l` cettbd ideo

: 4-1 i 5=-5; 5>

3 ;-1 i 8-5; 55

>5 >.4->= i 4-;= 51

7 0-5> i 5>->; JS

3 3-5> i* 0->; 5;

J 5; i< >8 >8

hlusds l` typd 8C, ndceusd thdy kjk olt cliprjsd twl kjs

tjoctby sdperetd perts. Sl es odvdrthdbdss tl lntejo eo jiprds

sjlo l` thd rlli evejbenbd `lr stebbjoa eojiebs jo hlusds l` thd

best cetdalry, e steokerk vebud l` 8 i hes nddo essuidk `lr

thd bdoath l` thd bjvjoa erde (0 i) pbus thd wjkth l` thd

dotreocd (> i). [hd rdiejojoa bdoath clubk rdprdsdot thd

bdoath l` thd nyrd.

Es ceo nd sddo jo [enbd 5:, thd hlusds l` typds 4-8 shlw e

hjah kdardd l` verjetjlo eok thd evdread sjzd l` thd nyrd js

ardetdr theo thet l` thdjr prdkdcdsslrs. Cettbd wdrd lo thd

whlbd sbjahtby ilrd jiplrteot jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead theo jo thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hd ieglr kj``drdocds lnsdrvenbd ndtwddo

jokjvjkueb èris, jo pertjcuber thlsd l` typd 4 E, erd l`tdo

thluaht tl rdprdsdot spdcjebjsetjlo jo shddp eok/lr pja fddp

joa, crlp cubtjvetjlo, cre`t ectjvjtjds such es jrlo wlrfjoa, lr

cettbd fddpjoa. [hjs hyplthdsjs js hlwdvdr olt supplrtdk ny

thd dclblajceb dvjkdocd `rli Lss. Eo ebtdroetjvd dxpbeoetjlo

`lr thd kj``drdocds jo thd bdoaths l` thd hlusds clubk nd thet

slid l` thd hlusdhlbks tladthdr clostjtutdk eo dclolijc uojt

eok `lr dxeipbd stebbdk thdjr cettbd cliiuoebby. Such cli-iuoebjty js jokddk ebsl suaadstdk ny thd wetdr slurcds.

[hd hlusds l` typds ;E, ;N eok 4E clostjtutd e sdrjds es

èr es thdjr kdsjaos erd clocdrodk. [hdy rd`bdct e rdkuctjlo jo

thd eiluot l` tjindr usdk tl nujbk e nesjc structurd thet lthdr

wjsd rdiejodk ilrd lr bdss thd seid. [hjs ideot thet thd

ouindr l` plsts jo thd jotdrjlr clubk olt ydt nd kdcrdesdk. [hd

bettdr wes rdebjsdk jo thd `jrst cdotury NC jo thd hlusds l`

typds 1E, 8C eok : ny usjoa e kj``drdot nesjc kdsjao.

[hd areoerjds `luok jo thd yerks erd l` thd seid typds es jo

thd prdcdkjoa pdrjlk. Lod yerk `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd

Betd Jrlo Ead clotejodk eo lutnujbkjoa whlsd pbeo rdsdinbds

thet l` thd iejo nujbkjoa (typd 8C). Jt js ilrd bjfdby thet thjs

nujbkjoa wes usdk `lr cre`t lr hlusdhlbk ectjvjtjds theo `lr

stlread, nut thjs clubk olt nd jo`drrdk `rli thd `joks rdclv

drdk `rli jts `deturd.

[hd dcloliy l` ilst hlusdhlbks wes stjbb nesdk lo ijxdk

èrijoa. [hd reoad l` crlps cubtjvetdk wes thd seid es jo thd

prdcdkjoa pdrjlks eok thd seid hlbks `lr thd cliplsjtjlo l`

thd stlcf. [hd aethdrdk outs eok `rujts jocbukdk hezdbout,

nbecfndrry, dbkdrndrry eok sbld. ^dk kddr wdrd fjbbdk `rli

tjid tl tjid. [hd ectjvjtjds cerrjdk lut jo thd yerks wdrd ebsl

beradby thd seid es jo thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, dxcdpt

thet ol plttdry esslcjetdk wjth kejryjoa hes sl èr nddo `luok

jo Betd Jrlo Ead èriyerks.

[hd Betd Jrlo Ead yerks dxcevetdk lutsjkd Lss-Tssdoclotejodk thd èijbjer dbdidots l` e iejo nujbkjoa, usuebby e

bloahlusd, eok e `dw areoerjds. Slid l` thd yerks ebsl clo

tejodk shdks, d.a. et Lss-Schebfsfeip, Kdo Kòoado, Qjgf njg

Kuurstdkd eok Clbischetd (@lffdos 5::5n6 Pdrwdrs/Peo

kdo Nrldfd 5:846 Peo Ds dt eb. 5:8;6 Pdrbjokd/Nujsieo

5:81), eok twl, et Heps eok Clbischetd, ebsl bjodk wdbbs

(Pdrwdrs 5:1>6 Pdrbjokd/Nujsieo 5:81). [hdsd wdbbs wdrd




bjodk wjth e structurd wjth e squerd crlss-sdctjlo cliplsdk l`

pbeofs wjthjo whjch wes e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof. Bjojoas l`

thjs typd erd folwo `rli Lss, tll, loby thdrd thdy ketd `rli

thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

[hd kdardd l` verjetjlo jo thd typds l` Jrlo Ead hlusds wes

ardetdst jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, nlth jo thd olrthdro pert l` thd

cluotry (Hujgts 5::>) eok jo thd sluthdro pert. Betd Jrlo Ead

bloahlusds l` thd Heps typd erd folwo `rli Heps eok Buo-tdrdo (Pdrwdrs 5:1>6 Peo Fbevdrdo s.e.) eok `rli Nrucf-

heusdo (Pdrwdrs 5:1>6 ^djchieoo 5:1:) eok Qdoasdb

(Ieschidydr 5:80) jo Adrieoy. Hlusds l` thd Lss 4 E typd

(whjch Sbl`stre (5::5n) cebbdk thd Lss-Tssdo typd) hevd nddo

`luok et ]uttdo (Ilkkdrieo/Ilot`lrts 5::5), Lss-Schebf-

sfeip (@lffdos 5::5n), Kdo Kuoado (Pdrwdrs/Peo kdo

Nrldfd 5:84), Ildradstdb (Hdokrjfs/Peo Oudodo 5:8:),

Hjbverdonddf (Pdrwdrs 5:14), Nddakdo (^lyieos 5:88) eok

Qjgodadi (Cuyt 5:81). [hd olrthdro bjijt l` thd kjstrjnutjlo

erde l` thdsd hlusds bjds ùrthdr sluth theo thet l` thd hlusds

l` thd Heps typd. Loby et ]uttdo eok Hjbverdonddf hevd hlusds

l` nlth typds nddo `luok byjoa cblsd tl lod eolthdr. [hd ardet

verjetjlo jo thd bdoaths l` thd hlusds l` typd 4 E js olt

rdstrjctdk tl Lss-Tssdo, ebthluah loby lod lthdr `joksplt

(Ildradstdb) js folwo whdrd shlrt eok slidwhet bloadr

hlusds wdrd `luok byjoa cblsd tl lod eolthdr. Hlusds wjth

bdoaths l` bdss theo 5= i erd ebsl folwo `rli Nddakdo eok

]uttdo. ^lyieos (5::=7 511) js l thd lpjojlo thet thd ensdocd

l` cettbd stebbs jo thdsd shlrt hlusds iey jipby thet thd diphe

sjs jo stlcf fddpjoa wes ilrd lo shddp lr pjas theo lo cettbd.

E odw hlusd typd, Lss 8 (whjch Sbl`stre (5::5n), `lbblwjoa

Kd Nld (5:88), cebbdk thd Ebphdo-Dfdrdo typd) iekd jts

eppdereocd jo thd `jrst cdotury NC. Qjth thd dxcdptjlo l` thlsd

et Nlxtdb (Pdrwdrs/Kd Heeo 5:8:) eok plssjnby thlsd et Qjgf

njg Kuurstdkd (Peo Ds 5:8>6 Peo Ds dtet. 5:8=, 5:8;), ebb l`

thd derbjdst rdprdsdotetjvds l` thjs typd ceid tl bjaht jo eo erde

jiidkjetdby tl thd sluth eok wdst l` thd Idusd, oltenby et

Lss-Tssdo, Lss-Schebfsfeip (@lffdos 5::5n), Lss-Idttdadu-

pdb (@lffdos 5::3), Nddrs (Pdrwdrs/Nddx 5:186 Pdrwdrs

5::=7 514), Aessdb (Pdrwdrs dt eb. 5::=7 1=-15) eok Oddr-

herdo-^dfdi (Kd Nld 5:81). Jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk thdjr kjstrj

nutjlo erde dxpeokdk jo e sluthdrby kjrdctjlo (Sbl`stre 5::5n).

E `lurth hlusd typd `rli thd dok l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead js

twl/thrdd-ejsbdk (typd Lss :). Jts hes nddo `luok ilst l`tdo

jiidkjetdby tl thd olrth eok sluth l` thd rjvdrs erde, d.a. et

Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd, Dkd, Clbischetd eok Kdo Kòoado (Peo

Ds 5:8>6 Qjbbdis 5:8;6 Pdrbjokd/Nujsieo 5:817 016 ^lyieos 5::=7 510). Ol pbeos l lrkjoery bloahlusds hevd es ydt

nddo jkdotj`jdk jo thd cbustdrs l` plsthlbds typjceb l` thd rjvdrs

erde jtsdb` (Qjbbdis 5:8;). Sl èr, ol perebbdbs l` thd lod/twl-

ejsbdk hlusds l` typd Lss 1E hevd nddo `luok. Jo thd olrthdro

pert l` thd cluotry hlusds l` thjs typd, wjth supplrts dxtdokjoa

`rli webb tl webb, iekd thdjr eppdereocd loby erluok EK >==

(typd ]ddbl E-Qjgstdr N6 Hujgts 5::>7 551). Jo thd Nrlozd Ead

eok thd derby phesds l` thd Jrlo Ead thd hlusd kdsjaos hek

ebweys uokdralod ilrd lr bdss thd seid cheoads erluok thd

seid tjid jo thd olrthdro eok sluthdro perts l` thd cluotry.

[hd treosjtjlo `rli typd Lss 4E, whjch ceo nd sejk tl nd

thd hlusd typd cherectdrjstjc l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead jo thd sluth

dro pert l` thd cluotry, tl typds Lss 1E, Lss 8 eok Lss : js

herk tl dxpbejo, pertby ndceusd loby e `dw sjtds wjth hlusd

pbeos l` nlth cetdalrjds hevd nddo dxcevetdk7 ndsjkds Lss-Tssdo loby Kdo Kòoado eok Nddakdo. Et Lss-Tssdo hlusds

l` nlth cetdalrjds wdrd nujbt sjiubteodlusby uotjb jo thd derby

^lieo pdrjlk, whdrdes et Nddakdo thd typds succddkdk lod

eolthdr erluok thd treosjtjlo `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead tl thd

^lieo pdrjlk. Et Kdo Kòoado hlusds l` typds Lss 4 E eok

Lss : wdrd uoderthdk, nut thd chrlolblajceb rdbetjloshjp

ndtwddo thdi js uofolwo. Ilst l` thd sjtds whdrd hlusds l`

thd betdr typds hevd nddo `luok, `lr dxeipbd Qjgf njg Kuurst

dkd, Nddrs eok Nlxtdb, wdrd `jrst lccupjdk slid tjid jo thd

`jrst cdotury NC, sl hdrd loby hlusds l` typds Lss 8 eok Lss :

wdrd uoderthdk. Sl wd erd kdebjoa wjth thrdd kj `drdot sjtue

tjlos7 e odw nujbkjoa trekjtjlo ebloasjkd eo lbk lod jo eodxjstjoa sdttbdidot, e odw nujbkjoa trekjtjlo thet succddkdk eo

lbk lod jo eo dxjstjoa sdttbdidot eok e odw nujbkjoa trekjtjlo

jo e odwby `luokdk sdttbdidot. Jt js tdiptjoa tl esslcjetd

thdsd kdvdblpidots wjth thd hjstlrjcebby ettdstdk errjveb l` thd

Netevj erluok thd ijkkbd l` thd `jrst cdotury NC (^lyieos/

PeokdrSeokdo 5:8=6 Qjbbdis 5:8;6 ^lyieos/Kdrfs 5::3).

J` thjs js clrrdct, thd sdttbdidot dvjkdocd jipbjds thet thjs

'clblojsetjlo' kjk olt prlcddk ecclrkjoa tl e sjoabd pbeo lr

stretday. [hd Netevj iey hevd `luokdk odw sdttbdidots lr

sdttbdk jo dxjstjoa lods, jotdaretjoa wjth lr rdpbecjoa thd blceb

plpubetjlo (2ƞ. Qjbbdis 5:8;7 >5 5, >53).

:.>.4. @eriyerks jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead7

e suiiery

Jt js jiplssjnbd tl kd`jod thd bjijts l` eoy l` thd èriyerks

l` Lss-Tssdo es ol `deturds l` eoy docblsjoa structurds wdrd

`luok. [hjs iey nd ettrjnutenbd tl plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds,

ndceusd such `deturds, jo pertjcuber thd shebblw plsthlbds l`

pebjsekds, kjk clid tl bjaht jo thd olrthdro pert l` Lss eok

thdy hevd ebsl nddo `luok dbsdwhdrd. [hd èriyerks hevd

thdrd`lrd nddo rdclostructdk jo rdbetjlo tl thd hlusds. @jaurd

54> shlws hlw ieoy wdbbs, kddp eok shebblw pjts, areoerjds

eok rjtueb structurds hevd clid tl bjaht jo rekjj l` >4 eok 4= i

erluok thd hlusds. [hdrd whdrd sdvdreb hlusds wdrd `luok

byjoa cblsd tladthdr jt wes olt cbder whjch l` thd e`lrdidotjlodk dbdidots ndbloadk tl whjch hlusd. [hd jslbetdk hlusds

yjdbkdk ilrd rdbjenbd dvjkdocd jo thjs rdspdct, nut hdrd thd

prlnbdi prdsdots jtsdb` thet loby siebb perts l` thd beok sur

rluokjoa ilst l` thdsd hlusds wdrd dxcevetdk. @rli whet hes

nddo sejk enlvd jt wjbb nd cbder thet ol kd`jojtjvd stetdidots

ceo nd iekd lo thd beylut l` thd èriyerks lvdr thd cdoturjds.

Qd ceo hlwdvdr jkdotj`y trdoks lo e ilrd adodreb bdvdb. E



501 F. SCHJOF DB - SZO[HD SJS

[enbd >=. Survdy l` thd sjzds l` thd bjvdstlcf pdr pdrjlk nesdk lo thdbdoaths l` thd nyrds jo thd bloahlusds `luok et Lss-Tssdo.

pdrjlk nyrd bdoath ouindr l` eojiebs ideo

INE >= i ;= ;=

DJE 8-54< i 50-3=< JS

IJE ;-8 i 8-50 JJ

BJE >.4->= i 4-;= 54

clospjculus `deturd l` thd sdttbdidots l` Lss js thd berad

ouindr l` bjodk wdbbs, ieoy l` whjch wdrd sjtuetdk lutsjkd

thd èriyerks. [hd èriyerks kjk hlwdvdr l`tdo clotejo kddp

pjts, whjch erd ebsl essuidk tl hevd nddo usdk tl lntejo wetdr.

Ieoy yerks ebsl clotejodk shebblw pjts eok ebb thd yerks `rli

thd Derby Jrlo Ead lowerks clotejodk e areoery.

Ilst l thd hlusds ceo nd cbessdk es typjceb bloahlusds -

hlusds cliprjsjoa e bjvjoa erde eok cettbd stebbs - lo thd nesjs

l` thdjr sjzd lr e spetjeb kjvjsjlo. [hd sjzd l` thd pert usdk `lr

stebbjoa thd eojiebs kdcrdesdk closjkdrenby e`tdr thd Ijkkbd

Nrlozd Ead, rdiejodk èjrby siebb lo evdread jo thd derby

phesds l` thd Jrlo Ead eok shlwdk e hjah kdardd l` verjetjlo

jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead (sdd tenbd >=). E sjijber kdvdblpidot hes

ebsl nddo lnsdrvdk jo thd perebbdbs kdscrjndk enlvd.

: . 3 . SD[[BDIDO[S JO [HD N^LOWD EAD EOK [HD J^LO

EAD

[hd tdri 'sdttbdidot' wjbb hdrd nd usdk es e tdchojceb-eoebytj

ceb tdri, tl rd`dr tl e chrlolblajcebby eok spetjebby rdbetdk

arlup l` `deturds tladthdr clostjtutjoa lod lr ilrd èriyerks

whjch js sdperetdk `rli lthdr arlups l` `deturds ny eo

'dipty' erde. 'Chrlolblajcebby rdbetdk' klds hdrd olt ideo

thet thd `deturds erd clotdiplrery, nut thet thdy ketd `rlidjthdr thd `jrst lr thd sdclok heb` l` e pertjcuber pdrjlk.

:.3.5. Nrlozd Ead

Jo thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead, lccupetjlo wes rdstrjctdk ebilst

dxcbusjvdby tl thd olrthdro pert l` Tssdo, rdbetjvdby cblsd tl

thd Idusd. [hrdd sdttbdidots ketenbd tl thjs pdrjlk wdrd `luok

byjoa lvdr 0== i epert. @eriyerks, lod jokjsputenbd eok lod

plssjnbd, wdrd jkdotj`jdk jo loby lod l` thdsd sdttbdidots.

[hdrd wes e `lurth sdttbdidot cliprjsjoa et bdest lod èriyerk

ndtwddo sdttbdidots J eok JJ (@lffdos 5::5n). [hdsd sdttbd

idots wdrd prlnenby olt ebb lccupjdk et thd seid tjid. Jt js

ilrd bjfdby thet thdy rdprdsdot lod, lr et ilst twl èristdeks

thet wdrd rdauberby rdblcetdk (sdd ebsl ^lyieos/@lffdos

5::57 55). [hd sdtt bdidots ' plsjtjlos, jo thd olrthdro pert l`

Tssdo, oder allk pesturds, iey nd esslcjetdk wjth thd ardet

jiplrteocd l` cettbd fddpjoa jo thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead. Qhdrd

thd `jdbks eok nurjebs wdrd sjtuetdk wd kl olt folw.

Ilst l` thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead sdttbdidots `luok jo lthdr

perts l` thd Odthdrbeoks cliprjsdk sdvdreb èriyerks,

clocdotretdk wjthjo siebbdr erdes theo et Lss-Tssdo. Dxei

pbds erd Dbp, Hjgfdo, Kdvdotdr, Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd,

Wjgkdrvdbk eok Klkd weerk (Qetdrnlbf 5:816 Hersdie 5::56

Ilkkdrieo 5:446 Hdssjoa 5::56 Hubst 5::56 jk.). Slid l`

thd èriyerks jo thd sdttbdidots et Dbp, Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd

eok Lss-Ijffdbklof (@lffdos 5::5n) wdrd lccupjdk jo

sdvdreb phesds. Jt js hlwdvdr olt cbder whdthdr thdsd phesds

succddkdk lod eolthdr wjthlut eoy aeps, lr whdthdr thdyerks wdrd eneoklodk `lr cdrtejo pdrjlks l` tjid, e`tdr whjch

e odw hlusd wes nujbt jo thdi. Qd ebsl folw l` sdttbdidots

cliprjsjoa loby lod èriyerk, such es Kdo Kòoado eok

Bllo lp Weok (Pdrwdrs 5::56 ^lyieos/Hjkkjof 5::5). Jo

slid pbecds e sdttbdidot wes `luok tl nd kjrdctby rdbetdk tl

lod lr ilrd nerrlws (^lyieos/@lffdos 5::57 `ja. 3). [hd

nerrlws iey hevd nddo rdblcetdk ebloa wjth thd èriyerks.

:.3.>. Derby Jrlo Ead

Sjx sdttbdidots ketjoa `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead hevd nddo

kjstjoaujshdk et Lss-Tssdo, thrdd `rli thd `jrst heb` (sdttbd

idots JP, P eok PJ) eok thrdd `rli thd sdclok heb` (sdttbdidots PJJ, PJJJ eok JX). Lccupetjlo hek shj`tdk jo e sluth

destdrby kjrdctjlo sjocd thd Nrlozd Ead. Jo thd sdclok heb` l`

thd Derby Jrlo Ead jt dxpeokdk tlwerks thd sluthwdst, tll.

Sdttbdidots JP, P eok PJ bjd 3== i epert wjthjo e trjeoabd

idesurjoa 4== x 0:= i6 sdttbdidots PJJ, PJJJ eok JX bjd

ebloa e olrthdest-sluthwdst bjod, specdk enlut 3== i epert

eok clvdrjoa e tlteb erde l` :4= x 34= i. Et thd ndajoojoa l`

thd Derby Jrlo Ead lod èri wes prlnenby rdblcetdk `rli tjid

tl tjid wjthjo thd e`lrdidotjlodk erde, eok jo thd clursd l`

thd Derby Jrlo Ead jt wes gljodk ny e sdclok èri. Sl whet

wd olw rdaerk es e sdttbdidot ectuebby rdprdsdots e ouindr l`

chrlolblajcebby sdperetdk lccupetjlo phesds. Es eo Derby Jrlo

Ead èijby kjk olt sdbdct e odw sdttbdidot sjtd et reokli, nutrdturodk tl prdvjlusby lccupjdk sjtds, wd iey spdef l` cycbjc

lccupetjlo. @ectlrs esslcjetdk wjth thd beokscepd, such es thd

blcetjlo l` thd `jdbks, wjbb hevd nddo jiplrteot jo thdsd cycbds,

nut ebsl slcjeb eok cubtureb èctlrs. L` jotdrdst jo thjs clotdxt

js thet thd `dw folwo nurjebs ebb bjd wjthjo thd sdttbdidots,

l`tdo jo kjrdct esslcjetjlo wjth sdttbdidot `deturds. Jo thjs

rdspdct Lss js eo dxcdptjlo jo e pdrjlk lthdrwjsd cherectdrjsdk

ny uro`jdbks sjtuetdk lutsjkd thd sdttbdidots. [hdrd iey jocj

kdotebby hevd nddo eo uro`jdbk lutsjkd thd dxcevetdk erde et

Lss, tll, ndceusd thd nurjebs rdprdsdot loby e siebb prlplrtjlo

l` thd kdcdesdk.

J` wd essuid thet eo evdread l` sjx pdrslos bjvdk jo dechèri, thd Derby Jrlo Ead plpubetjlo kdosjty l` Tssdo wjbb

hevd nddo thrdd tl sjx jokjvjkuebs pdr squerd fjblidtrd. [hjs

`jaurd eardds èjrby wdbb wjth plpubetjlo kdosjtjds cebcubetdk

lo thd nesjs l` sdttbdidot tdrrjtlrjds eok uro`jdbks jo thd

prlvjocds l` Ollrk-Nreneot, Lvdrjgssdb eok Krdothd (Sbl`stre

5::5e6 Pdrbjokd 5:846 Fllj 5:1:). Jo thdsd prlvjocds thdrd

wdrd lo evdread twl tl thrdd clotdiplrery èris pdr uro`jdbk




r«>4 i r¶4= i

hlusd wdbb kddppjtt

shebblw \ r e o e r v areoeryp j t t : r e oe ryr j=t ketdk a r e v d hlusd wdbb kddp

pjttshebblw ‟‟‟‟..,‟ areoery

pjtt :reoerPolt ketdk : r e v d

hujtor •INE OJ I5>4 " • *DJE OJP

O PJJ

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@jaurd 5;8. Survdy l` thd ouindrs l` sdttbdidot dbdidots ketdk tl thd seid pdrjlks jo rekjj l` >4 eok 4= i erluok hlusd pbeos et Lss-Tssdo.



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@jaurd 5;:. Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd-Kd Hlrkdo7 schdietjc survdy l` thd sdttbdidots `rli thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Derby Jrlo Ead. 5 9 kjtchds eok beradpjts6 > 9 Nrlozd Ead hlusds6 3 9 Derby Jrlo Ead hlusds (E-K)6 ; 9 uro`jdbk6 4 9 areoerjds eok luthlusds. Scebd 5 64=== (`rli7 Hdssjoa 5::57 ;3).

jo eo erde l` enlut ; fi>, whjch clrrdsploks tl e plpubetjlo

kdosjty l` 3-;.4 jokjvjkuebs/fi>.

Dxectby whdrd thd `jdbks, pesturds eok wllkbeok wdrd wd

kl olt folw. ]esturds `lr thd cettbd wdrd prlnenby tl nd `luok

slid kjsteocd tl thd olrth l` thd sdttbdidots, jo thd kjrdctjlo

l` thd Idusd. [hd quebjty l` thd sljb suaadsts thet thd `jdbks

bey oder thd sdttbdidots. [hdrd wjbb jokddk hevd nddo su``j

cjdot rlli `lr `jdbks erluok thd sdttbdidots, ndceusd e èijby

l` sjx pdrslos wjbb hevd rdqujrdk et ilst 0 he l` erenbd beok,

jocbukjoa èbblw (Nefdbs 5:8:6 Nrjoffdipdr 5::57 540). Es`lr wllkbeok, `rli whjch thd lccupeots clubk lntejo tjindr

eok `jrdwllk eok whdrd thdjr pjas clubk `lread, thjs iey hevd

nddo sjtuetdk jo thd rdbetjvdby hjah erde kdvljk l` sdttbdidot

`deturds eok `joks tl thd sluth l` thd sdttbdidots.

Dech hlusdhlbk hek kjrdct lr jokjrdct eccdss tl rew ietdrj

ebs eok prlkucts `rli lutsjkd thd rdajlo, such es sebt, tdphrjtd

`lr qudros, quertzjtd eok seokstlod `lr qudros eok arjokstlods,

eok clppdr eok tjo/nrlozd. [hdsd ietdrjebs iey hevd nddo

dxcheoadk `lr lraeojc allks thet erd olt erchedlblajcebby

kdtdctenbd7 bjvdstlcf such es cettbd eok hlrsds lr prlkucts bjfd

sfjos, wllb eok chddsd. ^lyieos (5::5) rd`drrdk tl thd jiplr

teot rlbd l` eo dbjtd jo such eo dxcheoad odtwlrf, nut ol dvj

kdocd `lr eoy dbjtd hes nddo `luok et Lss-Tssdo. Jo thd `jrst

pbecd thd jokjvjkueb yerks kl olt kj``dr iuch `rli lod eolthdr

eok, sdclokby, ebthluah thd kjidosjlos l` thd pdrjphdreb

structurds l` thd nurjebs kl very closjkdrenby, ol buxurjlus

arevd allks wdrd `luok jo thd nurjebs thdisdbvds. [hjs, eok

thd lvdrebb pjcturd thet didrads `rli thd sdttbdidots, suaadsts

thet thdrd wdrd ol ardet kj``drdocds jo stetus et Lss-Tssdo

(^lyieos/@lffdos 5::57 53). E `dw fjblidtrds sluthdest l

Tssdo, hlwdvdr, dxcevetlrs `luok thd nurjeb l` e pdrslo whl

dvjkdotby kjk ndbloa tl eo dbjtd7 thd 'prjocdby nurjeb' l` Lss

(Hlbwdrke 5:3;6 Ilkkdrieo 5:0;). Ilrd such rjch nurjebs

hevd nddo `luok ebloa thd Idusd eok thd ^hjod/Qeeb jo thd

sluthdestdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks. [hdy cbderby rd`bdct

kj``drdocds jo thd slcjeb systdi. [hdsd kj``drdocds wdrd prlne

nby nesdk lo clotrlb lvdr eo hjdrerchjceb dxcheoad odtwlrf jo

whjch thd sdttbdidots l` Lss rdprdsdotdk thd blwdst bdvdb. Ol

rdiejos l` whet iey hevd nddo thd kwdbbjoas l` eo dbjtd hevd

nddo `luok et Lss-Tssdo sl èr. [hd dxcevetdk sdttbdidotskjscussdk hdrd kl olt suaadst eoy ieglr slcjeb kj``drdocds.

[hdrd wes ol qudstjlo l` eoy hjdrerchy wjthjo thd sdttbdidots,

es dech sdttbdidot cliprjsdk loby e `dw èris et thd ilst.

[hdrd erd kj``drdocds jo thd bdoaths l` thd èris eok jo thd

ouindrs l` areoerjds pdr èri, nut thdy erd olt jokjcetjlos l`

slcjeb kj``drdotjetjlo.

Ndsjkds et Lss, thd pbeos l` èris byjoa rdbetjvdby èr epert

hevd ebsl nddo `luok et Kdo Kòoado, Bllo lp Weok eok

St.-Ldkdorlkd (Pdrwdrs 5::56 ^lyieos/Hjkkjof 5::56

Peo Nlkdarevdo 5::5). [hdy erd thluaht tl rd`bdct thd rdaube

rdblcetjlo l` sdttbdidots thet closjstdk l` e sjoabd èristdek.

Jiplrteot essuiptjlos jo thjs jotdrprdtetjlo erd thet e pertjcu

ber erde wes clotjoulusby lccupjdk, eok thet thd èris wdrd

olt ilvdk sdvdreb fjblidtrds et e tjid. @eris byjoa rdbetjvdby

cblsd tl lod eolthdr (et ilst 4= i epert) hevd nddo `luok et

Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd, Clbischetd eok ^jdthlvdo, nut jt js olt

cbder whdthdr thdy wdrd sjiubteodlusby lccupjdk (Hdssjoa

5::56 Pdrbjokd 5::56 Sbl`stre 5::5e). Et Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd-

Kd Hlrkdo, `lr dxeipbd, dxcevetlrs `luok twl cbustdrs l`

Derby Jrlo Ead `deturds whjch nlth cliprjsdk thd pbeos l`






thrdd sdttbdidots byjoa 3==-;== i epert ebloa e olrthdest-

sluthwdst bjod rdiejodk uocheoadk. [hd ndst jovdstjaetdk

sdttbdidot, whjch idesurds ;== x 33= i, cliprjsds `jvd

jokjsputenbd èris byjoa 3= tl 5;= i epert. [hdy wdrd prd

suienby lccupjdk succdssjvdby rethdr theo sjiubteodlusby.

()oby e `dw plssjnbd yerks wdrd jkdotj`jdk jo thd twl lthdr

sdttbdidots.

[hd ndajoojoa l` thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead,ndtwddo ;== eok 34= NC, sew e nrdef jo thjs pettdro. [hd

sdttbdidots wdrd eneoklodk, dxcdpt `lr thd sluthdroilst. [hd

èct thet loby thd sdttbdidot byjoa ùrthdst 'jobeok' rdiejodk

lccupjdk clubk jipby e ieglr jocrdesd jo thd jo`budocd l` thd

Idusd, nut thjs js olt cdrtejo lwjoa tl thd ensdocd l` allk

pebedlarephjc dvjkdocd lo thd Ieesfeot rdajlo. [hd lccu

peots l` thd eneoklodk sdttbdidots `luokdk twl odw sdttbd

idots 3==-4== i ewey, jo thd hjahdr, hjthdrtl uolccupjdk

erde tl thd sluthdest l` Tssdo. Sl jo thd pdrjlk ndtwddo

c. 314 eok >4= NC thdrd wdrd thrdd ekgljojoa sdttbdidots.

dech wjth `jvd tl sjx cdrtejo eok e ouindr l` uocdrtejo yerks.

[hd kjsteocds ndtwddo thd èris jo thd yerks verjdk `rli e

`dw idtrds tl >;= i. [hd sjzds l` thd sdttbdidots verjdk `rli

;:= x 51= i tl 14= x;4= i.

[hd ouindr l` yerks pdr sdttbdidot eok thd pdrjlk l` lccu

petjlo l` epprlxjietdby 5>4 yders bdek tl thd clocbusjlo thet

thdrd wdrd et bdest lod eok et ilst thrdd clotdiplrery èri

stdeks jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, eok et bdest

thrdd eok et ilst `jvd jo thd sdclok heb`. [hjs bdeks tl plpube

tjlo kdosjtjds l` 3-: jokjvjkuebs/fi> eok :-54

jokjvjkuebs/fi>, rdspdctjvdby. ]lpubetjlos l`thet sjzd wjbb

hevd oddkdk et ilst rluahby 58 eok 3= he l` erenbd beok. [het

js 5=-54% l` thd tlteb erde dxcevetdk et Tssdo, whjch ide

surds enlut >== he. Ol trecds l` eoy `jdbks wdrd `luok, nut

thdy iey wdbb hevd bejo oder thd sdttbdidots.

Pdry `dw nurjebs erd folwo `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, nut

thrdd, plssjnby `lur, cubt sjtds `rli thjs pdrjlk hevd nddo

dxcevetdk. Ilst ketd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead. E `dw lrkjoery nurjebs wdrd `luok oder thd beradst cubt

sjtd, ^>0. [hdy bey ilrd theo 5== i `rli thd oderdst sdttbd

idot. [hd rdiejos l` whet iey hevd nddo e cubt sjtd, wjthjo e

trepdzjui-shepdk kjtchdk docblsurd, ebsl bey ilrd theo 5== i

`rli thd oderdst sdttbdidot. [hd siebbdst cubt sjtd, wjthjo e

rdcteoauber kjtchdk docblsurd, js ebsl thd loby lod sjtuetdk jo

thd jiidkjetd vjcjojty l` clotdiplrery èris. [hd cdotreb

plsjtjlo l` thd `jrst-idotjlodk berad cubt sjtd eok jts esslcje

tjlo wjth thd nurjebs suaadst thet jt wes e cdotreb sjtd `lr rjtuebectjvjtjds. [hdrd sddis tl nd e bjof ndtwddo thdsd cubt sjtds

eok thd sluthwerk shj`t jo lccupetjlo. Jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead,

whdo lccupetjlo ilvdk olrthwerks eaejo, thdy ebb `dbb jotl

kjsusd. [hjs klds olt ideo thet cubt ectjvjtjds lr rjtuebs wdrd

ol bloadr pdr`lridk `rli thet tjid lowerks, nut loby thet

thdy wdrd pdr`lridk jo bdss kjstjoct eok bdss cerdùbby

kdsjaodk pbecds. [hjs rejsds thd qudstjlo why thdrd wes e

@jaurd 545. Hjgfdo7 sjzd l thd Cdbtjc `jdbk eok plsjtjlo l` thdIjkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidot (hetchdk) jo rdbetjlo tl thd byochdts l` thdCdbtjc `jdbk. [hd olo-hetchdk hlusds ketd `rli thd Nrlozd Ead(`rli7 Hersdie 5:8=7 >5, >>).

oddk `lr cbderby kdiercetdk cubt sjtds thet stllk lut `rli thdsurrluokjoa beokscepd loby jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead.

Ebthluah ol ilrd buxury allks wdrd dvjkdotby jiplrtdk

`rli thd Hebbstett erde jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, thd dxcheoad

odtwlrf clotjoudk tl ùoctjlo `lr lthdr allks, such es nrlozd,

sebt, tdphrjtd eok stlod. [hjs suaadsts thet thdrd wdrd kj``drdot

sphdrds l` jotdrectjlo, `lr dxeipbd ndtwddo dbjtds lo thd lod




@jaurd 54>. Peessdo7 sjzd l` thd Cdbtjc `jdbk. ]ert l` e hlusd pbeo wes dxcevetdk et thd sluthdro dkad (hetchdk) (`rli7 ^lyieos 5::=7 5==).

heok eok ndtwddo olo-dbjtds lo thd lthdr, `lr j` thdrd hek nddo

loby lod, dbjtd-clotrlbbdk dxcheoad odtwlrf cliprjsjoa nlth

buxurjlus eok cliilo allks, hlw erd wd tl dxpbejo thd èct

thet e ilrd lr bdss `jxdk reoad l` jiplrtdk cliilo allks

`luok thdjr wey tl thd èris l` Tssdo thrluahlut thd dotjrd

Jrlo Ead< Ndsjkds thdsd `jxdk clotects wjth thd wdstdro

Odthdrbeoks eok Adrieoy thdrd wdrd ebsl clotects, djthdr

kjrdct lr jokjrdct, wjth olrthdro @reocd, es ettdstdk ny thd

Ierod plttdry `luok jo Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead clotdxts.

[hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots `luok dbsdwhdrd, `lr

dxeipbd et Clbischetd, Idppdo eok Buotdrdo (Pdrbjokd

5:88, 5::56 Wlbbdr 5:116 Pdrwdrs 5:1>/Peo Fbevdrdo .s.l.),closjst l` loby e `dw scettdrdk èristdeks. Dxcdptjlos erd

Heps (Pdrwdrs 5:1>) eok Hjgfdo (Hersdie 5:8=). Et Heps

loby vdry bjttbd beok wes evejbenbd `lr lccupetjlo lo thd oer

rlw clvdrseok rjkad, es e rdsubt l` whjch thd dxcevetjlo pbeo

eppders vdry ùbb, cliprjsjoa thd `deturds l` èris byjoa cblsd

tladthdr lr lvdrbeppjoa (`ja. 54=). [hd dxcevetlr js l` thd

lpjojlo thet Heps wes lccupjdk `rli ;4= NC uotjb EK 54=,

nut rdcdot rdjotdrprdtetjlos, nesdk lo plttdry eok lthdr dvj

kdocd, suaadst thet thd sjtd wes lccupjdk `lr enlut >== yders

loby, `rli ;== uotjb >== NC (Peo kdr Seokdo 5::=7 thdsjs 1).

[hjs wlubk ideo thet thd sdttbdidot l` Heps cliprjsdk olt

ilrd theo thrdd clotdiplrery èris, lccupjdk jo sdvdo lr

djaht phesds. Et Hjgfdo, tll, slid l` thd èris prlvdk tl hevd

nddo rdnujbt jo thd seid yerk, dvdo thluah thd lccupetjlo erde

wes hdrd olt rdstrjctdk ny thd blceb beokscepd. [hdrd wdrd

hlwdvdr ebsl sdvdreb èris byjoa ùrthdr epert. Sl thd prectjcd

l` rdnujbkjoa e èri jo thd seid yerk wes ilrd eo dxcdptjlo

theo e rubd jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

Et slid sjtds thdrd prlvdk tl nd e bjof ndtwddo thd sdttbdidoteok thd `jdbks esslcjetdk wjth jt, jo pertjcuber et Hjgfdo

(Hersdie 5:8=), Buotdrdo (Nrloadrs 5:106 Peo Fbevdrdo s.e.),

Peesssdo (Nrloadrs 5:10) eok Wdjgdo (Qetdrnlbf 5:11). Et ebb

thdsd sjtds thd dxcevetdk èriyerks wdrd `luok tl bjd et thd

nluokery l` e 'Cdbtjc `jdbk' bejk lut lo blwdr arluok, et thd

treosjtjlo tl wdttdr sljb (`jas. 545, 54>, 543 eok 54;). Nut thdsd

sjtds hek prlnenby ebb nddo sdvdrdby kjsturndk, sl thd `jdbk




@jaurd 543. Buotdrdo7 pert l thd Cdbtjc `jdbk. Jokjcetdk erd thd plsjtjlos l` thd sdttbdidot (nlx) eok e wdbb (klt). [hd nlxdk erde rd`drs tl thddoberadidot jo jaurd 54;. Scebd 575=.===.

systdis iey hevd nddo beradr jo thd Jrlo Ead, eok thd sdttbd

idots iey hevd nddo sjtuetdk olt et thd nluokery l`, nut wjthjo

thd 'Cdbtjc `jdbk'. [hd plsjtjlo l` thd sdttbdidots jo rdbetjlo tl

thd blw-byjoa perts l` thd `jdbk systdi prlnenby rd`bdcts thd

prdhjstlrjc sjtuetjlo, es ilst l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots

bjd jo treosjtjloeb zlods. Jt js ilrd bjfdby thet thd `jdbks bey jo thd

hjahdr, kry perts l` thlsd zlods theo jo thd blwdr wdt perts,

whjch wjbb hevd nddo pertjcuberby sujtenbd `lr pesturjoa cettbd.




@jaurd 54;. Doberadk erde l thd Buotdrdo Cdbtjc @jdbk rdprdsdotjoa e survdy l` thd hlusd pbeos eok areoerjds jo thd sdttbdidot `rli thd Ijkkbd eokBetd Jrlo Ead jo rdbetjlo tl thd byochdts.

:.3.; Betd Jrlo Ead

[hd Betd Jrlo Ead lccupetjlo ceo nd spbjt up jotl phesds tl e

pljot loby. Odvdrthdbdss, et bdest twl l` thd thrdd sdttbdidots

sddi tl hevd nddo clotjoulusby lccupjdk. Jo ebb thrdd sdttbd

idots lccupetjlo sllo shj`tdk, thd pettdro èijbjer `rli thd

Derby Jrlo Ead eok thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, wjth

thrdd sdttbdidots byjoa ebloa e olrthdest-sluthwdst bjod,

ndclijoa vjsjnbd eaejo jo phesd G. Nut thet js thd loby thjoa

thdsd sdttbdidots hevd jo cliilo wjth thlsd `rli thd e`lrd

idotjlodk pdrjlks. [hd nluokerjds l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead

sdttbdidots erd iuch bdss sherp eok thd sdttbdidot pettdro js

iuch kdosdr, wjth hlusd pbeos byjoa cblsd tladthdr lr lvdr

beppjoa lod eolthdr. Ebb thd sdttbdidots jocbukd thd pbeos l`

hlusds thet sddi tl hevd nddo rdnujbt jo thd seid yerk. [hd

iexjiui ouindr l` lccupetjlo phesds kjstjoaujshdk jo e

sjoabd yerk js `lur tl `jvd. Sl thd kjsteocd ndtwddo odjahnlur

joa pbeos js jo ieoy cesds vdry siebb, thluah slid pbeos bjd

ùrthdr epert, sdperetdk ny kjsteocds l` up tl >4= i. [hd

sdttbdidots idesurd 4== x 34= tl 44= x 1== i. [hd sluth

wdstdro sdttbdidot cliprjsds 50 pbeos rdprdsdotjoa twl clo

tdiplrery èris thet arekuebby ilvdk `rli thd wdst tl thd

dest. [hd rdblcetjlo l` lod èri ceo nd `lbblwdk jo thd derbjdst

pbeos l` thd ijkkbd sdttbdidot, whjch cliprjsds e tlteb l`

ojod hlusd pbeos. E sdclok èristdek js kjstjoaujshenbd loby



J[S F. SCHJOFDB - SZO[HDSJS

@jaurd 544. Ilkdb jbbustretjoa thdsuccdssjlo l` sdttbdidots et Lss-Tssdo `rli thd Nrlozd Ead up tleok jocbukjoa thd ^lieo pdrjlk.5 9 rdblcetjlo l` yerks ndtwddosdttbdidots6 > 9 succdssjlo l`sdttbdidots eok `luoketjlo l` odwsdttbdidots6 3 9 jk., nut olt cdrtejo6; 9 kjsclotjoujty jo lccupetjlo.

pdrjlk

INE

E-N

DJE

C-K

@ @

IJE

A-H

b-G

BJE

F-B

^]

o

sw sdttbdidots OD

JJJ2£- -_.j

JP« • P

•-? jx * • P J J * - -•PJJJ

XJJ

XP XJP X

XPJ XPJJ XPJJJ

Wlidrhl` Pjgvdr Qdstdrvdbk

-* 5

• >

- - - *¶ 3

99999 ;

jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hd olrthdestdro

sdttbdidot wes thd beradst eok ilst kdosdby lccupjdk l` thd

thrdd, wjth plssjnby >1 pbeos rdprdsdotjoa thrdd tl `lur clo

tdiplrery èris. [hjs js thd loby sdttbdidot shlwjoa twl

clospjculus cheoads jo thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd pbeos. Erluok

>== NC thd sluthwdst-olrthdest lrjdotetjlo cheoadk tl wdst-

olrthwdst-destsluthdest eok thjs jo turo cheoadk tl wdst-dest

jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd `jrst cdotury NC. [hd best cheoad sddis

tl nd rdbetdk tl thd eppdereocd l` hlusds l` typd 8C wjth

webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds.

Lo thd nesjs l` thd enlvd dvjkdocd thd Betd Jrlo Ead plpube

tjlo l` Tssdo ceo nd dstjietdk tl hevd cliprjsdk sjx tl djaht

èijbjds, j.d. 58->; pdrslos pdr fi>. Such e plpubetjlo wjbb hevd

rdqujrdk eo dstjietdk eiluot l` erenbd beok, jocbukjoa èbblw, l`






@jaurd 541. Hyplthdtjceb ilkdb jbbustretjoa thd rdblcetjlo l` èris et Lss-Tssdo jo thd Nrlozd Ead, thd Derby Jrlo Ead (phesds C-K), Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead (phesds A-H) eok Betd Jrlo Ead (phesds F-B). Bdadok7 5 • yerk6 > 9 plssjnbd yerk6 3 9 clotdiplrery yerks ecclrkjoa tl thd ilkdb6 ; •ebtdroetjvd tl 4 (loby NE eok DJE)6 4 9 rdblcetjlo l` yerk.

lngdcts ceid tl bjaht jo thd olrthdestdro sdttbdidot. Es thjs

sdttbdidot js thd prdkdcdsslr l` thd berad docblsdk ^lieo-

pdrjlk Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot jt js tdiptjoa tl sdd thjs uodqueb

kjstrjnutjlo l` cdrtejo jiplrts es e `jrst sjao l` thd slcjeb

kj``drdotjetjlo ettdstdk jo betdr pdrjlks. Nut thjs wlubk nd

guipjoa tl clocbusjlos, es thd kj``drdocd jo kjstrjnutjlo js

prjierjby ettrjnutenbd tl e kj``drdocd jo kdplsjtjlo custlis.

Loby `dw Betd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots hevd sl èr nddo pun

bjshdk. @lur siebb hlusd pbeos wdrd `luok byjoa cblsd tladthdr

et Nddakdo (^lyieos 5:88). E beradr ouindr, slid l` whjch



J1S EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

Derby Jrlo Ead C_K Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead C_W) Betd Jrlo Ead

@jaurd 548. Schdietjc rdprdsdotetjlo l` thd erde lccupjdk jo thd Derby, Ijkkbd eok Betd Jrlo Ead et Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 575=,===.

hlwdvdr ketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk, wdrd dxcevetdk et

Ildradstdb (Hdokrjfs/Peo Oudodo 5:8:). [hdsd pbeosjotdrsdct lr bjd vdry cblsd tl lod eolthdr. [hrdd lr `lur hlusds

iey jo dech phesd hevd nddo lccupjdk sjiubteodlusby. Et

Clbischetd, tll, hlusds wdrd `luok tl bjd èjrby cblsd tl lod

eolthdr (Pdrbjokd/Nujsieo 5:817 01). Et Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd

thd hlusds wdrd scettdrdk ecrlss thd seoky rjkad, slid byjoa

qujtd èr epert (Peo Ds 5:8>). @urthdr olrth, wjkdby scettdrdk

èris hevd nddo `luok et ]ddbl (Fllj/Kd Beoado 5:81) eok

@bðadjo (Flssecf dt eb. 5:8;7 >>=). Jo thd `jrst cdotury NC, e

ouindr l` clotdiplrery èris wdrd `lr thd `jrst tjid nujbt jo erdauber beylut wjthjo e sjoabd docblsurd et Ollrknerad (Hersdie

5:8=). [hjs kdvdblpidot wes tl tefd pbecd loby e`tdr thd ndajo

ojoa l` thd Chrjstjeo dre et @bðadjo, whdrdes et ]ddbl thd lbk

pettdro clotjoudk uocheoadk. Jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead hlusds wdrd

ilrd eok ilrd l`tdo rdnujbt jo thd seid yerk eok sdttbdidots

wdrd closdqudotby rdblcetdk prlardssjvdby bdss. Nut thd retd et

whjch thjs prlcdss tllf pbecd verjdk `rli lod sjtd tl eolthdr.



51: F. SCHJOFDB - SZO[HDSJS

[enbd >5. Chrlolblajceb survdy l` thd iexjiui ouindrs l` clotdiplrery èris eok thd iexjiui ouindrs l` jokjvjkuebs. [hd cebcubetdk plpubetjlo kdosjty (ouindr l` jokjvjkuebs pdr fi>) hlbks `lr thd Tssdo ijcrlrdajlo, whjch idesurdk epprlxjietdby > fi>. [hd pdrcdotead l` thd tltebijcrlrdajlo js jokjcetdk ndtwddo nrecfdts ndhjok thd erde l` èribeok (jocbukjoa èbblw beok).

pdrjlk ouindr l` iex. ouindr l` iex. ouindr l` plpubetjlo- erde l`

sdttbdidots clotdip. yerks pdrslos kdosjty erenbd

INE 3 b 0 3 0 he (3%)

DJE E-N 3 J (j 3 0 he (3%)

DJE C-K 3 7 5> 0 5> he (0%)

IJE D-@ 3 3 JS : 58 he (:%)

IJE A-H 3 4 3= 54 3= he (54%)

BJE J-G 3 0 30 JS 30 he (58%)

BJE F-B 3 8 ;8 >; ;8 he (>;%)

Qhdrd thd nurjebs, `jdbks, pesturds eok wllkbeoks l` thdsd

sdttbdidots wdrd sjtuetdk js olt cbder. [hd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

sdttbdidot jo thd 'Cdbtjc `jdbk' l` Buotdrdo prlnenby clotjoudk

tl nd lccupjdk jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead (Peo Fbevdrdo s.e.). Et

@bðadjo thd sdttbdidot bey jo thd blwdr pert l` thd 'Cdbtjc

`jdbk' (Flssecfd è/. 5:8;7 >45).

:.3.4. Sdttbdidots jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead7

e suiiery

Et Lss-Tssdo, thdrd js dvjkdocd `lr clotjoujty l` lccupetjlo

jo thd Jrlo Ead (eok thd ^lieo pdrjlk), nut olt thd Nrlozd

Ead. E plssjnbd succdssjlo l` sdttbdidots js lutbjodk jo `ja

urds 544 eok 540. Eo jiplrteot kj``drdocd ndtwddo thd

Nrlozd Ead eok thd Derby Jrlo Ead lo thd lod heok eok thd

Ijkkbd eok Betd Jrlo Ead lo thd lthdr js thet èris wdrd `jrst

ilvdk ecrlss closjkdrenbd kjsteocds, `rli lod sdttbdidot tl

eolthdr, eok betdr ecrlss siebbdr kjsteocds, wjthjo sdttbdidots

(`ja. 541). [hd ouindr l` sdttbdidots folwo `rli thd Derby

Jrlo Ead js thd seid es thet `rli thd Ijkkbd eok Betd JrloEad. nut thd sdttbdidots wdrd usdk `lr iuch shlrtdr pdrjlks

l` tjid eok bdss jotdosjvdby. Es e rdsubt l` thd bloadr eok

ilrd jotdosjvd usd l` e pertjcuber sjtd, thd Ijkkbd eok Betd

Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots cljocjkd wjth thd erdes wjthjo whjch lod

lr e `dw èris ilvdk erluok `lr e èjrby bloa tjid.

@rli thd Nrlozd Ead lowerks lccupetjlo sprdek `rli thd

olrth tl thd sluth. [hd beradst kjstrjnutjlo erde js thet l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (`ja. 548)6 jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead thd lccupe

tjlo erde kdcrdesdk jo sjzd. Es thd plpubetjlo kjk olt kdcrdesd

(tenbd >5). lccupetjlo ndceid dvdr ilrd clocdotretdk. [hjs

jipbjds thet thd beok ilrd eok ilrd ecqujrdk e `jxdk beylut.

Totjb thd dok l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead e èriyerk wes usuebbyeneoklodk e`tdr lod lccupetjlo phesd eok e odw èri wes

nujbt slid kjsteocd ewey. Jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, hlwdvdr, e

èriyerk wes usdk `lr e ouindr l` lccupetjlo phesds,

dxprdssdk jo e clrrdsplokjoa ouindr l` èris. Jo thd ^lieo

pdrjlk thjs kdvdblpidot cubijoetdk jo pdrieodot sdttbdidots

clotejojoa pdrieodot èriyerks. Cdrtejo sjtds, dspdcjebby

ebloa thd olrthdest-sluthwdst bjod, wdrd dvjkdotby prd`drrdk

lvdr lthdrs. Kdvjetjlos `rli thjs pettdro erd lnsdrvenbd loby

jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

Jo thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead Tssdo wes olt eo

jsbeok jo eo lthdrwjsd uojohenjtdk erde, nut `lridk pert l` e

berad lccupetjlo erde whjch prdsuienby doclipessdk thd

dotjrd Ieesfeot rdajlo. [hd erchedlblajceb kjstrjnutjlo ieps(Peo Ds dt eb. 5:887 1:, 85, 84, 81) shlw e ardetdr clocdotre

tjlo l` `joksplts dspdcjebby `rli thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead

lowerks. Epperdotby thd cbey eok thd ekgecdot seoky sljbs

prdsdotdk jkdeb clokjtjlos `lr ijxdk èrijoa eok allk lpplr

tuojtjds `lr cliiuojcetjlo, `lr dxeipbd vje thd Idusd. Nut

whdthdr thd plpubetjlo kdosjtjds cebcubetdk `lr Tssdo erd

rdprdsdotetjvd l` thd dotjrd Ieesfeot rdajlo wd kl olt folw.

:.;. E 'CDB[JC @JDBK' E[ TSSDO<

[hd fdy qudstjlo hdrd js7 whet jo`lrietjlo kl thd sdttbdidots

prlvjkd `rli whjch thd `jdbk systdi ceo nd rdclostructdk<

Qdrd crlps closteotby arlwo jo thd seid `jdbks lr kjk pdlpbd

rdauberby rdcbeji odw beok< [hd derbjdst `jxdk `jdbk systdis,

lr 'Cdbtjc `jdbks', folwo lo thd seoky sljbs l` thd Odthdrbeoks

eok ekgecdot erdes ketd `rli thd Betd Nrlozd Ead, lr plssjnby

dvdo derbjdr (@lffdos 5::5e7 5>8). [hjs klds olt odcdsserjby

ideo thet crlps wdrd olt arlwo jo `jxdk `jdbks nd`lrd thet

tjid, nut j` thdy wdrd, thd `jdbks erd erchedlblajcebby jovjsjnbd.

[hd e`lrdidotjlodk `jdbks wdrd prlnenby olt odwby rdcbejidk,

nut thd rdsubts l` e odw wey l` lraeojsjoa thd beok (Bluwd

Flljgieos, jo prdp.). Ilst trecds l` 'Cdbtjc `jdbks' hevd sur

vjvdk lo thd Pdbuwd eok jo Krdothd6 loby lod 'Cdbtjc `jdbk' js

folwo jo Ollrk-Nreneot. Jo thd bettdr prlvjocd, ieoy 'Cdbtjc

`jdbks' hevd prdsuienby nddo kdstrlydk ny plst-kdplsjtjloeb

prlcdssds, such es pbluahjoa jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk eok thd

kdplsjtjlo l` rdùsd, kuoa eok slks tl crdetd erenbd beok

erluok vjbbeads jo thd Ijkkbd Eads. Dxcevetjlos hevd nddo

cerrjdk lut jo e `dw 'Cdbtjc `jdbks' (Hjgfdo, Buotdrdo, ]ddbl,

Peessdo eok Wdjgdo6 Hersdie 5:8=6 Nrloadrs 5:106 Fllj/Kd

Beoado 5:816 Peo Fbevdrdo s.e.6 Qetdrnlbf 5:11). Jt wes thdo

`luok thet thd sdttbdidots wdrd usuebby sjtuetdk et thd nluokery

l` thd blwdr pert l thd 'Cdbtjc `jdbk'. Jt js jocjkdotebby kluntùb




@jaurd 54:. Lrjdotetjlos l` thd hlusds et Hjgfdo eok Buotdrdo.

whdthdr thd èris eok thd `jdbks surrluokjoa thdi erd strjctby

clotdiplrery, es ieoy l` thd èri pbeos eok thd byochdts

lvdrbep. Nut thdrd whdrd thdy kl olt lvdrbep, thd kjsteocds

ndtwddo thd èriyerks eok thd `jdbks erd siebb7 5== i et ilst.

Ebb jo ebb, jt js qujtd bjfdby thet thd lccupeots l` Tssdo ebsl

ardw thdjr crlps jo e 'Cdbtjc `jdbk', nut whdthdr thd èris wdrd

ectuebby sjtuetdk wjthjo thd `jdbk systdi lr et slid kjsteocd

ewey `rli jt js olt cbder. [hd lrjdotetjlos l` thd hlusds l``drslid cbuds jo thjs rdspdct. Et Hjgfdo, Buotdrdo, Peessdo eok

Wdjgdo thd hlusds wdrd bejk lut jo rdbetjlo tl thd byochdts, wjth

e cdrtejo eiluot l` verjetjlo (`jas 545,543,54; eok 54:). Et

Hjgfdo thd 53 hlusds kj``drdk et ilst 3=½ jo lrjdotetjlo, whjbd

thd `jvd hlusds l` Buotdrdo kj``drdk et ilst 51½. Loby lod,

joclipbdtd hlusd pbeo wes dxcevetdk et Peessdo eok Wdjgdo. J`

thdrd wes e 'Cdbtjc `jdbk' et Tssdo, thd byochdts wjbb hevd nddo

lrjdotdk rluahby olrthwdst-sluthdest, thet js, pdrpdokjcuber tl

[enbd >>. Survdy l thd kj``drdocds jo thd lrjdotetjlo l` èris jo thd 3

sunrdajlos l` Tssdo pdr pdrjlk.

pdrjlk sluth-wdst cdotrd olrth-dest Tssdo tlteb

DJE < 1½ < 1"

IJE 31½ ;3½ 34" 0;½BJE ;4½ ;O" 0=½ 01½

^] 5=½ 3>" >=" ;3"

DJE-^] 4=" 18½ 00½ 84½

thd clotlur bjods. [hd hlusd pbeos iust thdo ebsl hevd nddo

lrjdotdk olrthwdst-sluthdest lr olrthdest-sluthwdst. J` wd

essuid thet thd `jdbks hek e rdauber beylut eok rdiejodk ste

tjloery `lr e bloa tjid, thdjr lrjdotetjlos clrrdsplok ilst tl

thlsd l` thd hlusds `rli thd verjlus pdrjlks jo thd sluthwdst

dro pert l` Tssdo (`ja. 50=). Dvdo thd ^lieo-pdrjlk hlusds jo

thjs erde hevd thd seid lrjdotetjlos. Jt shlubk hlwdvdr nd

ekkdk thet ol Derby Jrlo Ead hlusds wdrd `luok hdrd. [hdsdiey vdry wdbb hevd hek kj``drdot lrjdotetjlos, closjkdrjoa thd

lrjdotetjlos l` thd dxcevetdk Derby Jrlo Ead hlusds jo lthdr

perts l` Tssdo. [hd lrjdotetjlos l` thd hlusds et thd cdotrd eok

jo thd olrthdestdro pert l` Tssdo shlw e ardetdr kdardd l`

verjetjlo, whjch js beradby pdrjlk-nluok (`jas. 50=). Jo slid

josteocds, hlwdvdr, thd lrjdotetjlos l` hlusds wjthjo lod

pdrjlk ebsl very closjkdrenby. [hjs klds olt hlbk `lr thd

hlusds `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead eok thd ^lieo pdrjlk (`ja.

505, tenbd >>). Jo ebb thrdd perts l` Tssdo thdrd wdrd hlwdvdr

hlusds whlsd lrjdotetjlos kj``drdk ny ilrd theo 4=½, sl thdrd

js cdrtejoby slid klunt es tl whdthdr thd èris bey wjthjo e

'Cdbtjc `jdbk' wjth e rdauber beylut thet rdiejodk uocheoadk `lr

e bloa tjid. Dxcdpt jo thd sluthwdst l` Tssdo, thd lrjdotetjlos

l` thd hlusds sddi tl hevd nddo kdtdrijodk ny èctlrs lthdr

theo thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd byochdts l` e 'Cdbtjc `jdbk'.

[hd sdttbdidot pettdro suaadsts thet thd `jdbks wdrd tl nd

`luok tl thd sluthdest l` thd zlod clotejojoa ilst l` thd

sdttbdidots. [hdrd iey hevd nddo sdvdreb 'Cdbtjc `jdbk' sys

tdis jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead, whjch jo thd clursd l` thd betdr

phesds l` thd Jrlo Ead dxpeokdk eok idradk jotl e sjoabd,

uojotdrruptdk systdi, dxcbukjoa thd cdotreb cdidtdry wjth jts

Derby, Ijkkbd eok Betd Jrlo Ead nurjebs. J` thjs js clrrdct, thd

èris iey hevd nddo sjtuetdk et thd olrthdro nluokery l` thd

`jdbk systdi. [hd èris thet ilvdk jo e sluthdestdrby kjrdctjlo

jo thd sdclok heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead iey hevd nddo

sjtuetdk ebloa thd hjahdr sluthdro nluokery. Jo ebb thd Jrlo

Ead pdrjlks thdrd wjbb hevd nddo su``jcjdot rlli `lr odw

`jdbks j` rdqujrdk. Jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, `lr dxeipbd, 50 he l`

erenbd beok wjbb hevd nddo oddkdk tl `ddk djaht èijbjds. Sl j`

thd beok wes bd`t èbblw `lr twl yders, thd lvdrebb erde l`

erenbd beok wjbb hevd cliprjsdk ;8 he, dxcbukjoa thd wjkth l`

thd byochdts. J` wd essuid thet thdjr lrjajoeb wjkth wes ; i,

wd errjvd et 0= he l` beok, enlut 3=% l` thd Tssdo ijcrlrd-

ajlo. Ilst cebcubetjlos essuid thet cdrdebs wdrd thd loby

crlps arlwo jo thd `jdbks. Slid beok wjbb hlwdvdr hevd nddo

usdk tl arlw pbeots wjth ljb-nderjoa sddks, such es bjosddk eok

albk-l`-pbdesurd, eok `bex. [hdsd crlps clubk prlnenby hevdnddo arlwo lo èbblw beok, whjch wlubk ideo thet ol dxtre

beok wes rdqujrdk. E èbblw pdrjlk l` twl yders wlubk prlne

nby hevd nddo su `jcjdot tl prdvdot dxheustjlo l` thd sljb,

dspdcjebby j` thd sljb wes rdauberby ieourdk. [hd sljb iey hevd

nddo ieourdk kjrdctby, ny cettbd put lut tl rlei thd `jdbks, lr

jokjrdctby, jo whjch cesd thd eojiebs' kuoa hek tl nd clbbdctdk

jo thd nyrds lr dbsdwhdrd eok thdo sprdek lvdr thd beok.



JSJ F. SCHJOFDB - SZO[HDSJS

5 5 5 5 5 5

R R R R

R bu ji

5 5

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r ‛g !

R

R R

R % *•-2Cdotreb _ _ g

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@jaurd 50=. Survdy l` thd hlusds et Lss-Tssdo `rli thd Nrlozd Ead up tl eok jocbukjoa thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Tobjfd thd `jdbks eok thd cdidtdry, whjch ecqujrdk pdrie

odot plsjtjlos jo thd Betd Nrlozd Ead eok Derby Jrlo Ead

ebrdeky, thd èris clotjoudk tl nd rdblcetdk `lr sdvdreb huo

krdks l` yders. [hjs js herk tl dxpbejo. Jo iy lpjojlo thd

èris wdrd olt rdblcetdk lo e rdauber nesjs lwjoa tl eoy

dxheustjlo l` thd sljb. [hd whlbd jkde l` thd 'Cdbtjc `jdbk'

systdi wes tl prdvdot such dxheustjlo. [hd èris wdrd ilvdk

prlardssjvdby bdss l`tdo jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eok thd Betd

Jrlo Ead nut thdy wdrd olt tl ndclid clipbdtdby stetjloery

uotjb jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hdrd wes prlnenby e trekjtjlo

ecclrkjoa tl whjch odw hlusds wdrd tl nd nujbt jo odw, cbdeo

yerks. [hjs prdsdotdk thd prectjceb ekveotead thet pdlpbd clubk





583 F. SCHJOFDB -

clotjoud tl bjvd jo thdjr lbk hlusd whjbd thd odw lod wes ndjoa

nujbt. Nut thd trekjtjlo iey ebsl hevd nddo kdtdrijodk ny cub

tureb rubds eok tenlls. [hdrd whdrd e hlusd wes rdnujbt jo thd

seid yerk, thd lbk hlusd l`tdo hek tl nd kdilbjshdk nd`lrd

wlrf lo thd odw nujbkjoa clubk ndajo. [hjs wes l` clursd e

ilrd clipbjcetdk prlcdss theo nujbkjoa e odw hlusd dbsdwhdrd.

Ny thd tjid pdlpbd stertdk rdnujbkjoa thdjr hlusds jo thd seid

yerks ebb thd dbdidots jo thd beokscepd, such es sdttbdidots,cdidtdrjds eok `jdbks, iust hevd ecqujrdk `jxdk plsjtjlos. [hjs

lraeojsetjlo l` thd beokscepd wjbb hevd nddo e vdry arekueb

prlcdss, whjch kjk prlnenby olt jovlbvd eoy clotrlbbjoa plwdr,

- SZO[HDSJS

et bdest olt jo thd Jrlo Ead. Jt js prlnenby tl nd sddo ilrd es e

closdqudocd l` thd dxpeosjlo l` thd plpubetjlo eok thd rdcbe

ietjlo l` dvdr ilrd erdes l` beok. [hjs js ebsl suaadstdk ny thd

ensdocd l` slcjeb kj``drdotjetjlo jo ilst phesds l` thd Jrlo Ead.

[hd Jrlo Ead lccupetjlo l` Lss-Tssdo js e cbessjc dxeipbd l` e

'closdrvjoa slcjdty'7 e slcjdty thet hes echjdvdk eo ebilst

stenbd dqujbjnrjui jo whjch vdry `dw cheoads lccur (Cuobj` d

5::57 4>3). [hd cheoads thet kjk lccur dinrecdk sdvdreb adodretjlos, eok wjbb hevd nddo ebilst jipdrcdptjnbd tl e sjoabd

adodretjlo. [hjs sjtuetjlo wes tl clid tl eo dok loby erluok

thd ijkkbd l` thd `jrst cdotury NC.




]ert > Ceteblauds l` `deturds

5= [yplblay eok ceteblaud l` hlusd pbeos5=.5 JO[^LKTC[JLO LO [HD CE[EBLATDS

]ert twl l` thjs ertjcbd jocbukds ebb thd hlusds, lutnujbkjoas,

areoerjds, wdbbs, pjts, pebjsekds eok kjtchdsthet wdrd dxce

vetdk et Lss-Tssdo ndtwddo 5:10 eok 5:80. [hd ùodrery eok

rdbetdk structurds erd kjscussdk ny Peo kdr Seokdo (thjs vlbuid). Jo thd typlblajceb sdctjlo ebsl thd ^lieo ]drjlk js

jocbukdk ndceusd thd typlblajds wdrd clostuctdk `lr thd whlbd

prdhjstlrjc pdrjlk jocbukjoa thd ^lieo ]drjlk. [hd ceteblaud

l` hlusds `rli thet pdrjlk wes pert l` thd lrjajloeb kjssdrte

tjlo, nut wjbb olw nd punbjshdk ny Qdssdbjoah (jo prdp.) Ebsl

olt jocbukdk erd thd nurjebs ketdk tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hdy

wjbb nd kdebt wjth jo e sdperetd stuky ny Hdssjoa (jo prdp.).

Ilst cheptdrs hevd nddo wrjttdo es eooltetdk ceteblauds.

[hd tdxt hes nddo fdpt nrjd`, eok ilst l` thd jo`lrietjlo js

prdsdotdk jo `jaurds eok tenbds. [hd structurds eok `deturds erd

jo dech cheptdr `jrst cbessj`jdk lo typlblajceb arluoks eok

thdo kjscussdk pdr typd. Ilst l` thd rdbdveot kete lo thdjokjvjkueb structurds eok `deturds erd prdsdotdk jo tenbds. Dech

cheptdr js cblsdk wjth e tenbd jo whjch thd jo`lrietjlo js

suiierjsdk. [hd loby cheptdr jo whjch e kj``drdot epprlech

hes nddo chlsdo js cheptdrs 55, lo thd lutnujbkjoas. Hdrd dech

jokjvjkueb structurd js kjscussdk sdperetdby.

[hd jbbustretjlos prdsdotdk jo ilst l` thd cheptdrs wdrd

sdbdctdk `rli thd evejbenbd sdctjlo krewjoas eok dxcevetjlo

pbeos. Loby jo thd cesd l` thd hlusds eok thd lutnujbkjoas erd

ebb thd dxcevetdk pbeos jbbustretdk. [hd siebb `jaurds vjsjnbd jo

thd pbeos erd `jok ouindrs, thd berad `jaurds rd`dr tl thd jbbus

tretdk plsthlbd lr ndkkjoa trdoch sdctjlos. Ebb thd kdpths erd

rdbetjvd tl thd dxcevetdk surècd.

5=.>. JO[^LKTC[JLO LO [HD [Z]LBLAZ

Jo thd yders up tl eok jocbukjoa 5:80, 5>1 deturds jkdotj`jdk

es (perts l`) hlusd pbeos wdrd uoderthdk et Lss-Tssdo. Slid

wdrd jkdotj`jdk es such thrluah cliperjslo wjth perebbdbs,

lthdrs dxcbusjvdby lo thd nesjs l` thdjr kjidosjlos. Ebb thd

pbeos hek nddo pertby kjsturndk, thet js, deturds l` vdry sheb

blw dbdidots lr dbdidots thet hek olt nddo kua jotl thd lbk

beok surècd, such es `bllrs, hderths eok pertjtjlos jo bjvjoa

erdes eok nyrds, hek, wjth thd lkk dxcdptjlo, nddo kdstrlydk

ny pbluahjoa. Ndceusd l` thjs, thd hlusds hek tl nd kjvjkdk

jotl e bjvjoa erde eok e pert usdk `lr stebbjoa cettbd - e kjvjsjlo

[enbd >3. Survdy l thd ouindrs l hlusds pdr (sun)typd.

typd 5E >N ; ;E ;N 4E 0 0E 0N 1E 1N

ouindr 5 3 0 >3 3 3; 5 5 3 8 4

tlteb 5 3 3> 3; 4 5;

whjch iey cdrtejoby nd essuidk jo thd berad prdhjstlrjc eok

oetjvd ^lieo hlusds - lo thd nesjs l` èctlrs bdss rdbjenbd

theo `lr dxeipbd thd plsjtjlos l` hderths eok cettbd stebbs.

Ieoy l` thd pbeos (8: 9 1=%) wdrd ilrdlvdr `luok tl nd

joclipbdtd eok uordbjenbd jo cdrtejo rdspdcts es e rdsubt l`

lthdr èctlrs, tll. Slid `deturds, nlth kddp eok shebblw, hek

nddo kjsturndk ny thd kjaajoa l` betdr structurds such es

kjtchds, trdochds lr pjts. Jo ieoy cesds thd lbk `deturds wdrdhlwdvdr `luok ndodeth thlsd l` thd betdr structurds.

1 [hd èct

thet dspdcjebby thd bdoaths l` ieoy pbeos erd joclipbdtd js e

kjrdct closdqudocd l` thd lrjdotetjlos l` ilst l` thd hlusds

(wdst-dest lr sluthwdst-olrthdest) eok thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd

plst-^lieo kjtchds eok trdochds (epprlxjietdby olrth-sluth)

Slid shebblw `deturds iey hevd nddo kdstrlydk ndceusd wd

kua klwo e bjttbd tll kddp jo dxplsjoa thd lbk beok surècd jo

thd dxcevetjlos. Ilrdlvdr, ieoy l` thd kd`jojtjvd pbeos wdrd

cliplsdk et thd krewjoa tenbd, whdrd kdtejbdk qudstjlos

clocdrojoa thd ettrjnutjlo l` `deturds hek tl nd slbvdk. [hd

iejo crjtdrjlo dipblydk jo slbvjoa thdsd qudstjlos wes rdau

berjty. Tsd wes ebsl iekd l` thd jo`lrietjlo rdclrkdk lo thd

kdpths eok, whdrd evejbenbd, thd clblurs l` thd `deturds. [hjs

ideot thet ieoy pbeos clubk ol bloadr nd chdcfdk, eok whdrd

odcdssery ekgustdk, jo thd `jdbk.

E clbbdctjlo l` hlusd pbeos l` whjch ieoy erd joclipbdtd

js olt eo jkdeb nesjs `lr sdttjoa up e sluok typlblajceb

sdqudocd. Lur eji hes nddo tl ijojijsd thd ouindr l`

(sun)typds kjstjoaujshdk ny peyjoa ardetdr ettdotjlo tl sjij

berjtjds theo tl kj``drdocds. [hd kj``drdocds wjbb hlwdvdr nd

kdebt wjth jo thd kjscussjlos l` thd verjlus typds.

[hd iejo crjtdrjlo usdk jo cbessj`yjoa thd hlusds wes thd

ouindr l` ejsbds, es thjs js thd ilst kjstjoaujshjoa `deturd l`

thd hlusds' nesjc kdsjao. Lthdr espdcts closjkdrdk erd thd wey

jo whjch thd webbs wdrd `luokdk eok thd prdsdocd lr ensdocd

l` plsts sdt lutsjkd thd webbs. [hd bettdr plsts, whjch sup

plrtdk thd dkad l` thd rll`, wjbb nd cebbdk lutdr plsts ndblw. E

`joeb crjtdrjlo, rdbdveot loby jo thd cesd l` hlusds l` typds 8

eok :, wes thd plsjtjlo l` thd cdotreb rll` supplrts rdbetjvd tl

thd shlrt webbs. Lo thd nesjs l` thdsd crjtdrje ojod nesjc typds

wdrd kjstjoaujshdk, ecclrkjoa tl whjch 5>3 pbeos clubk nd

cbessj`jdk. Loby `lur vdry joclipbdtd pbeos clubk olt nd

cbessj`jdk es ndbloajoa tl eoy l` thdsd typds (tenbd >3).

Jo thd cesd l` ilst l` thdsd nesjc typds, lod, twl lr thrdd

suntypds (E, N eok C) wdrd kjstjoaujshdk (sdd tenbd >3). ]beos

whjch clubk olt nd cbessj`jdk es ndbloajoa tl e pertjcuber

1C 8 8E 8N 8C : :E :N :C < tlteb

5 5 3 4 1 ; 5= > > ; 5>1

50 58 ; 5>1



js< F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

VHE JJE

E N C K

IJE

D @ A H

ketdk jo 3 lr ; èsds

ketdk jo > èsds

ketdk jo 5 èsd

JJE

J G F B E N E N

@jaurd 50>. Chrlolblajceb kjstrjnutjlo l` ebb thd hlusdpbeos ketdk lo thd nesjs l` joks et Lss-Tssdo.




suntypd wjth cdrtejoty ndceusd thdy erd tll joclipbdtd, nut

whjch kl shlw thd cherectdrjstjcs l` thd nesjc typd jo qudstjlo,

wdrd cbessj`jdk sjipby es ndbloajoa tl thet nesjc typd6 ebb thd

lthdrs wdrd cbessj`jdk tl suntypd bdvdb. [hd iejo cherectdrjstjcs

l` thd kj``drdot typds eok suntypds erd nrjd`by lutbjodk ndblw.8

[ypd Lss 57

[ypdLss >7

[ypd Lss 37

[ypd Lss ;7

thrdd-ejsbdk, webb plsts, ol lutdr plsts

5 E7 webb plsts specdk èr epert, jo bjodwjth thd joodr plsts

pertby `lur-ejsbdk, webb plsts eok lutdr plsts

>E7 webb plsts sdt et shlrt jotdrvebs, lutdr

plsts specdk èr epert

>N7 ndkkjoa trdoch, lutdr plsts sdt et

shlrt jotdrvebs

thrdd-ejsbdk, webb plsts eok lutdr plsts

3E7 webb plsts sdt et shlrt jotdrvebs, lutdr

plsts specdk èr epert

twl-ejsbdk, webb plsts eok lutdr plsts

;E7 Heps typd, ebtdroetjoa webb plsts eok

lutdr plsts;N7 cherectdrjstjcs l` nlth typd ;E

(sjoabd webb plsts eok lutdr plsts) eok

typd 4E (pejrdk webb plsts)

twl-ejsbdk, webb plsts, ol lutdr plsts

4E7 pejrdk webb plsts

lod-ejsbdk, ndkkjoa trdoch

0E7 ol lutdr plsts

0N7 lutdr plsts

pertby lod-ejsbdk, pertby twl-ejsbdk, ndkkjoa

trdoch

1E7 ol lutdr plsts

1N7 lutdr plsts

1C7 lod-ejsbdk pert sdt ndtwddo twl t

wl-ejsbdk perts, lutdr plsts

twl-ejsbdk, ndkkjoa trdoch, lutdr plsts

8E7 ol cdotreb rll` supplrts joclrplretdk

jo shlrt webbs

8N7 lod cdotreb rll` supplrt joclrplretdk

jo shlrt webb

8C7 cdotreb rll` supplrts joclrplretdk jo

nlth shlrt webbs

pertby twl-ejsbdk, pertby thrdd-ejsbdk, ndkkjoa

trdoch, lutdr plsts

:E7 lod twl-ejsbdk eok lod thrdd-ejsbdk pert

:N7 thrdd-ejsbdk pert sdt ndtwddo twltwl-ejsbdk perts

:C7 thrdd-ejsbdk pert sdt ndtwddo twl

twl-ejsbdk perts, lod cdotreb rll` supplrt

joclrplretdk jo shlrt webb

[hd enlvd typlblajceb sdqudocd js beradby chrlolblajceb7

typd 5 js thd lbkdst eok typd : thd yluoadst docluotdrdk jo thd

[ypd Lss 47

[ypd Lss 07

[ypd Lss 17

[ypd Lss 87

[ypd Lss :7

dxcevetjlo. Ilst l` thd pbeos (5=>) wdrd ketdk prdklijoeotby

lo thd nesjs l` `joks rdclvdrdk `rli `deturds whjch jokjs

putenby `lridk pert l` thd hlusd pbeo (tenbd >;). E `dw clubk

nd ketdk thrluah kdokrlchrlolblajceb eoebysjs l` structureb

dbdidots.

@jaurd 50> shlws thd chrlolblajceb sprdek l` thd kj``drdot

typds. Es ceo nd sddo jo thjs `jaurd, thd sdqudocd l` rdclrkdk

eok ketdk pbeos shlws e `dw hjetusds. Ol pbeos clubk nd ketdtl thd Betd Nrlozd Ead wjth cdrtejoty, olr tl thd sdclok heb`

l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead (phesds C-K) lr thd `jrst heb` l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (phesds D-@). [hdsd phesds erd jocjkdotebby

rdprdsdotdk ny lccupetjlo rdiejos jo thd `lri l` rdùsd-`jbbdk

wdbbs, pjts eok thd plsthlbds l` areoerjds. [hd kj``drdot typds

ceo nd chrlolblajcebby lrkdrdk es `lbblws7

Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead7

Derby Jrlo Ead7

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead7

4E

Betd Jrlo Ead7

^lieo pdrjlk7

typd 5E

typd >N

typd ;E klijoeot, eppdereocd l` typd

typd 4E klijoeot, ebloasjkd typds ;Eeok ;N. Hlusds l` typds 8C, 1E, 0 eok

plssjnby : stertdk tl nd nujbt hdrd eok

thdrd `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead lowerks

hlusds wjth webbs sdt jo ndkkjoa

trdochds erd klijoeot, thet js, typds 0-:

wjth loby twl rdprdsdotetjvds l`

typd 4E.

[hd hlusd typds shlw e rdierfenbd clotjoujty `rli thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead jotl thd Betd Jrlo Ead eok `rli thd Betd

Jrlo Ead jotl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Qjth sl ieoy l` thd pbeos ndjoa joclipbdtd, thd bdoaths eok

wjkths l` thd hlusds ceo nd cliperdk tl e pljot loby (sdd tenjc

>4). Gust uokdr heb` l` thd tlteb ouindr l` pbeos js clipbdtd jo

thd sdosd thet thdjr bdoaths eok wjkths erd folwo. L` 04 pbeos

djthdr thd bdoath lr thd wjkth lr nlth erd uofolwo. Odvdrthd

bdss, slid clocbusjlos ceo nd krewo wjth kud ceutjlo. [hd

`jrst js thet thd pbeos l` thd jokjvjkueb typds shlw e clospjcu

lus verjetjlo jo bdoath (`ja. 503). Loby thlsd l` typds ;E, ;N,

:N eok :C shlw cliperetjvdby bjttbd verjetjlo. Jt shlubk hlw

dvdr nd ekkdk thet, wjth thd dxcdptjlo l` ;E, ebb thdsd typds

wdrd rdprdsdotdk ny loby siebb ouindrs l` pbeos. Dvdo ilrd

clospjculus js thd verjetjlo jo thd wjkths l` thd hlusds, whjch

hek closdqudocds `lr thdjr kdsjao. [hd wjkths l` thd pbeos lèbb l` thd typds dxcdpt >N, 8E eok :N shlw rdbetjvdby berad

kj``drdocds. [hd typds `lr whjch thjs klds olt hlbk erd eaejo

rdprdsdotdk ny loby siebb ouindrs l` pbeos. [hd pbeos l` typd

4 very closjkdrenby jo bdoath, nut bjttbd jo wjkth.

@jaurd > ebsl shlws thd bdoath7wjkth retjls. Jo thd cesd l`

typds ;E, 0N, 1E, 1N, 8N, :E eok :C thd bdoath eok thd wjkth

l` thd pbeos prlvd tl nd bjofdk, jo thd sdosd thet whdo thd



JS1 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

[enbd >;. Ouindrs l` hlusds ketdk lo thd nesjs l` joks pdr pdrjlk.

pdrjlk Nrlozd Ead

Ijkkbd Betd

Jrlo Ead

Derby Ijkkbd Betd

Betd Jrlo Ead/

^lieo ]drjlk

^lieo ]drjlk

tlteb

ouindr 5 > 54 33 3 ;F 5=>

[enbd >4. Survdy l` thd clipbdtdodss l` thd hlusd pbeos pdr typd.

typd bdoath + wjkth bdoath wjkth bdoath+wjkth tlteb

folwo uofolwo uofolwo uofolwo

5 5 5

> 3 3

; 5> 50 5 3 3>

4 8 >4 5 3;

0 3 5 5 4

1 : 3 > 5;

8 53 J 5 5 50: 53 > > 5 58

1 > > ;

tlteb 0> 4= ; 55 5>1

bdoath bdoattvwjkth

i j N_i

.G.

J .

of B _ r r j T ] o o ^ o o o C3\_F-Bo\o\

t.,6E

1* o1N1C \ .

• E N B

, 55

@jaurd 503. Bdoath (jo i), wjkth (jo i) eok bdoath7wjkth l` thd hlusd pbeos luok et Lss-Tssdo erreoadk ecclrkjoa tl typd. Dech nblcf rdprdsdotslod hlusd pbeo. Nbecf 9 bdoath eok wjkth nlth folwo6 whjtd 9 bdoath eok/lr wjkth uofolwo.



588 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^5CE BDJKDOS5E 3=

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+

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9 e . _ ‛ 6 IJE+

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+

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+

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+

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+

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+

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-

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•" 5"" [ _ r _ _ -

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^]8N •" 5"" [ _ r _ _ -

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: - • - • - • - ¶ - d -

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- • - • - • - ¶ - d -

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- • - • - • - ¶ - d -

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5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

@jaurd 50;. @bllr erdes (jo i4) l thd hlusd pbeos `luok et Lss-Tssdo. Qhjtd cjrcbds 9 Betd Jrlo Ead/ lieo pdrjlk6 nbecf cjrcbds 9 ^lieo pdrjlk60 9.ectueb bllr erde wes beradr6 1 9 ectueb bllr erde wes siebbdr.

bdoath cheoads, thd wjkth cheoads tll, eok vjcd vdrse. [hd

ardetdst kdardd l` verjetjlo js lnsdrvenbd jo thd pbeos l` typd

4E. [hjs js ettrjnutenbd tl thd èct thet thd bdoaths l` thdsd

pbeos very whdrdes thd wjkth js jo dech cesd thd seid.

[hd erde l` thd hlusd pbeos (idesurdk josjkd thd webbs)

arekuebby kdcrdesdk e`tdr typd 5E (`ja. 50;). Ilst l` thd pbeos

l` typds ; eok 4 hevd erdes l` ndtwddo 4= eok 5== i>. Jo thd

Jrlo Ead thd erde vjrtuebby odvdr dxcddkdk 54= i>. Jo thd

^lieo pdrjlk thd erde jocrdesdk tl e iexjiui l` 3>= i>.

Ilst l` thd hlusd typds `rli thd bettdr pdrjlk shlw e hjah

kdardd l` verjetjlo jo thdjr erdes.

Ilst l` thd hlusd pbeos erd lrjdotdk dest-wdst (tenbds >0

eok >1). Slid erd lrjdotdk olrthdest-sluthwdst, olrth-sluth lr

sluthdest-olrthwdst. Olrth-sluth lrjdotetjlos wdrd lnsdrvdk

loby eiloa thd pbeos l` typds 1, 8 eok :, thd ieglrjty l`whjch ketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk, eok olrthwdst-sluthdest

lrjdotetjlos loby eiloa thlsd l` typd > `rli thd Derby Jrlo

Ead eok jo lod pbeo l` typd 0. [hd ilst jiplrteot clocbusjlo

[enbd >0. Survdy l thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd hlusd pbeos erreoadk ecclrkjoa tl typd.

typd Rj 7 sw D-Q SD-OQ S-O tlteb reoad ideo

>>.4-01.4½ 01.4-55>.4½ 55>.4-541.4½ 541.4->=>.4½

5 5 5 :=½

> 5 > 3 555-558½ 55;½

; 5; 58 3> 3;-5=8½ 1>½4 5> >> 3; ;=-5=8½ 10

0 3 5 5 4 ;8-544½ sl1 ; 8 > 5; ;>-58=½ :=½

8 53 3 50 0:-58=½ 5=3½

: 3 53 > 58 0>-58=½ :>½

< 3 5 ; 1=-58=½ 5=;½

tlteb 30 8= 3 8 5>1



58: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

[enbd >1. Survdy l` thd lrjdotetjlos l` thd hlusd pbeos erreoadk ecclrkjoa tl ketd.

^.]. JJ

^.].

kN

c

B.J.E.

ketd OD-SQ j--w SL-OQ S-O tlteb reoad ideo

>>.4-01.4½ 01.4-55>.4½ 55>.4-541.4½ 541.4->=>.4½

Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead 5 5 :=½

Derby Jrlo Ead > > 553-558½ 550½

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead 8 1 54 3;-:1½ 00½

Betd Jrlo Ead 5> >5 33 ;>-5=8½ 8=½Betd Jrlo Ead/

^lieo ]drjlk 3 3 88-:=½ 8:½

^lieo ]drjlk 8 3> s ;8 ;S JSL :0½

tlteb >8 0; > 8 5=>

4E 4E 4E 1E

h>=>5

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h55355;

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h>5>=

h5=35=>

h55;553

h44

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1E

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@jaurd 504. Survdy l jotdrsdctjoa hlusd pbeos. [hd keshdk bjods jokjcetd thet thd chrlolblajceb lrkdr l` thd jotdrsdctjoa pbeos js olt folwo. [hdouindrs l` thd bdadok rd`dr tl thd kj``drdot hlusd typds.

thet ceo nd krewo `rli tenbds >0 eok >1 js thet thd lrjdotetjlo

js beradby kdpdokdot olt lo thd typd l` hlusd nut lo thd pdrjlk.

@jaurd jk< sbuis whjch pbeos jotdrsdcb lr erc jotdrsdctdk

ny lthdr pbeos. Qd oltd thet odw hlusds wdrd clostructdk et e

prdvjlusby nujbt-lvdr sjtd loby `rli thd Betd Jrlo Eadlowerks eok dspdcjebby jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hjs iey hevd

nddo klod ny cheocd lr kdbjndretdby, kdpdokjoa lo thd eiluot

l` tjid thej hek dbepsdk sjocd thd prdvjlus nujbkjoa wes

eneoklodk, nut thjs clubk olt nd jo`drrdk `rli thd evejbenbd

dvjkdocd. ^dbetjvdby shlrt jotdrvebs ndtwddo thd eneokloidot

l` thd lbk hlusd eok thd clostructjlo l` thd odw lod iey nd

essuidk jo thd succdssjlos l` H1=, H15 eok H0:, H j b b eok

HJ 54, eok Hb/> eok H3. Jo thdsd cesds thd lbk nujbkjoa wes

prlnenby jiidkjetdby rdpbecdk ny e odw structurd.

Ol systdi js rdclaojsenbd jo thd lrkdr l` thd jotdrsdctjlos es

èr es thd typds erd clocdrodk. Jotdrsdctjoa pbeos l` hlusds l`

thd seid typd wdrd lnsdrvdk (H>=/>5, H5=>/5=3, HJ 53/55;(typd 4E), H14/10 (typd 8C) eok HJ=4/5=0 (typd :E)), nut ebsl

jotdrsdctjoa pbeos l` hlusds l` kj``drdot typds, dspdcjebby `rli

thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Odjthdr js thd lrkdr l` thd typds ebweys thd

seid jo thd cesd l` thdsd jotdrsdctjlos. Qjth H;, H4 eok H0,

`lr dxeipbd, thd lrkdr js typd 1E, `lbblwdk ny typd :E eok

typd 8E6 wjth H0:, H1= eok H15 jt js thd dxect rdvdrsd.

[hd jokjvjkueb typds wjbb nd kjscussdk sdperetdby ndblw.



5:= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

• •

7l •l

;4= •

@jaurd 500. [ypd Lss 5E7 H5>4. Scebd 57>== (`rli7 Pesnjokdr/@lffdos 5:817 @jaurd >).

@jaurd 501. [ypd Lss >E 7 H53=. Scebd 57>== (`rli7@lffdos 5::57 @jaurd 8).

553:4

* ... •553::

ç

l• i o 553:; =

- . ` «• . - * « * . .=. ½½*#=I .* . .G538: L Uy l ='

G * L

¶ 553:= 553:5

¶

•••

L

5538; ¶

55383-r`1 •

L

L

* =

• • • • • • • • '553:> ~ =

= *

• 7l ½ 't*

= "3:0 = G .

30: l l

` ¶ 5 5 3 :

553:0 *I

L l + l,

55381

@jaurd 508. [ypd Lss >N7 H55>. Scebd 57>==.

_ ‛ - 5=158

5=1=¶

| J]/tl 55=;13 | jU/le |tl ¶l |jl1jd



5:5 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

5=.3. [Z]D LSS 5

5=.3.5. [ypdLssbe

Sdvdreb pbeos l` thjs typd, whjch hes nddo ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd

Nrlozd Ead, hevd nddo `luok et Lss (@lffdos 5::5n), nut

loby lod jo thd pert l` thd dxcevetjlo kjscussdk hdrd (`ja. 500).

Jbjjs pbeo bjes ebrdeky nddo kjscussdk dbsdwhdrd

(Pesnjokdr/@lffdos 5:81), sl loby jts chjd` cherectdrjstjcs

wjbb nd idotjlodk hdrd.[ypd 5E js thrdd-ejsbdk, wjth e nrlek cdotreb ejsbd eok

oerrlw sjkd ejsbds (3.> eok 5.> i wjkd, rdspdctjvdby6 tlteb

wjkth et ilst 4.8 i). [hd pbeos erd >: i bloa. [hd webb plsts

bjd epprlxjietdby jo bjod wjth thd joodr plsts. [hd ensdocd l`

lutdr plsts jipbjds thet thd webb plsts nlrd pert l` thd wdjaht

l` thd rll`, ndsjkds supplrtjoa thd webb. Lod plsthlbd wes

lnsdrvdk jo thd wdstdro shlrt sjkd, nut ol trecds l` e webb

wdrd `luok jo thd destdro sjkd. Lod heb` l` eo dccdotrjc plrch,

whjch kjvjkdk thd hlusd jotl twl perts l` vdry uodqueb

bdoaths, wes jkdotj`jdk ebloa thd sluthdro bloa sjkd. [hd `lur-

plst structurd jo thd wdstdro pert l` thd hlusd iey hevd sup

plrtdk eo ettjc (Pesnjokdr/@lffdos 5:817 533).'½

5=.;. [Z]D lss >

Ebb l` thd hlusds l` thjs typd wdrd pertby `lur-ejsbdk eok hek

lutdr plsts whjch iust hevd supplrtdk thd dkad l` thd rll`.

Lthdr typjceb cherectdrjstjcs erd twl dotreocds sdt lpplsjtd

lod eolthdr et dccdotrjc plsjtjlos jo thd bloa webbs. [wl

suntypds ceo nd kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` thd wey jo

whjch thd webbs wdrd `luokdk eok thd jotdrvebs ndtwddo thd

lutdr plsts.

5=.;.5. [ypd Lss >E

Loby lod dxeipbd l` thjs typd l` hlusd js folwo eok jts pbeoceid tl bjaht loby e tdr 5:80 (`ja. 5016 @lffdos 5::5n). [hjs

hlusd hek e pertby `lur-ejsbdk pbeo, webb plsts sdt et shlrt

jotdrvebs eok lutdr plsts specdk èr epert. Dotreocds wdrd

`luok jo thd bloa webbs, eok ebsl jo thd destdro shlrt webb. [hd

`joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd pbeo suaadst thet jt ketds `rli thd

Betd Nrlozd Ead.

5=.;.>. [ypd Lss >N

[hd hlusds l` thjs typd kj``dr `rli thd bettdr jo thet thdjr pbeos

cliprjsd e shebblw ndkkjoa trdoch (3->= ci) eok lutdr plsts

sdt et shlrt jotdrvebs (`ja. 508). [hd ndst dxeipbd js thd ebilst

clipbdtd pbeo l` HJ 5>. [hd pbeos l` H;3 eok H41 erd èr bdss

clipbdtd, nut bjfd HJ 5> thdy tll hevd closjkdrenbd wjkths, l`

enlut 8 i, eok thd plsjtjlos l` thd `jrst `lur joodr plsts eok

rll` supplrts eok thlsd l` thd dotreocds (vjdwdk `rli thd

olrthwdst) erd thd seid. [hd wjkths l` thd sjkd ejsbds l` ebb l`

@jaurd 50:. [ypd Lss 3E7 H53>. Scebd 57>== (`rli7 @lffdos 5::5@jaurd 5>).

2 • #

? ¶-..,. ;5544=

* # # -5548>

•

* • ' =

L

•• - 5 5 4 4 5 #

•544;

E - E B !

••# t 2

• • / . / • % d‟‟ ` * - -

@jaurd 51=. [ypd Lss ;E7 H>1. Scebd 57>==.



5:> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOS5E 3=

@jaurd 515. [ypdLss;N7 H03. Scebd 57>==.

l.Snt t l l

23ÇL'

• j l *

@jaurd 51>. [ypd Lss 4E7 H58. Scebd 57>==.

thd pbeos erd sbjahtby ardetdr theo thlsd l` thd cdotreb ejsbds7

5.1->.> ieok 5.4-5.8 i, rdspdctjvdby. H;3 eok HJ 5> ebsl

hevd sjijber bdoaths (51.5 eok 51.; i, rdspdctjvdby), nut H41

js iuch bloadr (>;.; i). H;3 becfs thd (shebblw) ndkkjoa

trdoch eok slid l` thd `deturds l` thd joodr plsts eok cdotreb

rll` supplrts. Qhdthdr H41 cliprjsdk lutdr plsts sdt et shlrt

jotdrvebs js olt cdrtejo. [recds l` thd shlrt webbs l` H41 eok

HJ 5> wdrd cbderby lnsdrvenbd jo thd olrthwdst loby6 ol trecdsl` webbs jo thd `lri l` ndkkjoa trdochds wdrd lnsdrvdk jo thd

sluthdest.

[hd dccdotrjc dotreocds jo thd bloa webbs kjvjkd thd pbeos

jotl e shlrt olrthwdstdro pert eok e bloadr sluthdestdro pert.

Jo thd bloadr pert thd joodr plsts eok rll` supplrts wdrd sdt

cblsdr tladthdr theo jo thd shlrt pert. [hjs typd js ketenbd tl

thd (`jrst heb` l` thd) Derby Jrlo Ead."

5=.4. [Z]D lss 3

5=.4.5. [ypd Lss 3E

Bjfd typd >E, thjs hlusd typd wes `luok loby e`tdr 5:80

(@lffdos 5::5n). Jt, tll, js rdprdsdotdk ny e sjoabd pbeo.

whjch js dotjrdby thrdd-ejsbdk, wjth e wjkd cdotreb ejsbd eok

oerrlw sjkd ejsbds (`ja. 50:). [hd plsjtjlos l` thd webbs erd

jokjcetdk ny thd `deturds l` webb plsts sdt vdry cblsd tladthdr,

lutsjkd whjch thd dkad l` thd rll` wes supplrtdk ny rdbetjvdbyhdevy lutdr plsts sdt èr epert. E klunbd rlw l` steaadrdk

lutdr plsts wes lnsdrvdk jo thd wdst. [hd wdstdro shlrt webb

wes strejaht, thd destdro webb wes rluokdk eok iey hevd

clotejodk eo dotreocd. [hd lthdr twl dotreocds bey lpplsjtd

lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs, heb`wey klwo thd hlusd. Ol

ketd clubk nd jo`drrdk `rli thd `joks esslcjetdk wjth thjs

hlusd.




5=.0. [Z]D LSS ;

[hd hlusds l` thjs typd hevd twl-ejsbdk pbeos, lutdr plsts sdt

èr epert, webb plsts sdt slidwhet bdss èr epert, plrchds thet

wdrd cbderby sdt josjkd thd hlusd, et sbjahtby dccdotrjc plsj

tjlos lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs, wjth thd

dotreocds jo bjod wjth thd sdclok rll` supplrt (vjdwdk `rli

thd sluthwdst). Hlwdvdr, es wjbb ndclid cbder jo thd `lbblw

joa kjscussjlo, loby `dw l` thd pbeos l` thjs typd shlw ebb

thdsd cherectdrjstjcs, ndceusd >1 l` thd 3> pbeos wdrd `luok tl

nd joclipbdtd tl veryjoa kdardds.

[wl suntypds hevd nddo kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` thd

plsjtjlos l` thd webb plsts rdbetjvd tl thd lutdr plsts.

5=.0.5. [ypdLss;E

[hd >3 hlusds l` thjs typd erd ebb dxplodots l` whet Pdrwdrs

(5:1>) kdscrjndk es thd Heps typd, whlsd iejo cherectdrjstjcs

erd e twl-ejsbdk pbeo eok steaadrdk webb eok lutdr plsts sdt

èr epert (`ja. 51=). [hd pbeos very jo bdoath `rli 55.= tl

?58.; i eok jo wjkth `rli 4.3 tl 8.= i. [hd hlusds hek thrdd,

`lur lr `jvd cdotreb rll` supplrts, twl l` whjch wdrd sjtuetdktl thd sluthwdst l` thd dotreocd, dxcdpt jo e `dw cesds.

Hlusds l` thjs typd wdrd nujbt jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (5=,

plssjnby 55 hlusds) eok thd Betd Jrlo Ead (4, plssjnby 1) . [hd

yluoadst hlusds erd olt wjkdr theo 1.= i (dxcbukjoa H:>, l`

kluntùb Betd Jrlo Ead ketd) eok erd lo evdread e bjttbd bloadr

theo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead hlusds. E fjok l` steokerkjsetjlo js

lnsdrvenbd jo thd kdsjao l` thd plrch, whjch jo thd betdr pbeos

ebweys hes e cbderby eoauber arluokpbeo (sdd `lr dxeipbd H00

eok H:1). E plrch l` such e shepd wes lnsdrvdk jo loby lod

l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead pbeos l` thjs typd (H>1).

[hd dotreocds jo thd bloa webbs kjvjkd thd pbeos jotl ebilst

dqueb perts. Ol dotreocds wdrd lnsdrvdk jo thd shlrt webbs.

]ertjtjlos ceo, wjth slid klunt, nd rdclostructdk jo slid l`

thd hlusds (H;0, H;1, H:1). [hdjr `deturds closjst l` rlws l`

thrdd plsthlbds sdt et rjaht eoabds tl thd webb jo thd

(sluth)wdstdro pert l` thd hlusd.

Lod pbeo (H>1) shlwdk dvjkdocd l` rdolvetjlo wlrf. [hd

plrchds eok thd thrdd cdotreb rll` supplrts l` thjs hlusd sddi

tl hevd nddo rdpbecdk, thd plrch jo thd sluthdest ny e odw lod

hevjoa thd eoauber arluokpbeo kdscrjndk enlvd.

Jt js kj``jcubt tl jkdotj`y systdietjc kdvjetjlos `rli thd

nesjc pbeo kdscrjndk enlvd es sl ieoy l` thd pbeos erd jocli

pbdtd. Lod cbder dxeipbd l` e kj``drdot pbeo js thet l` H4>,

whjch hes klunbd webb plsts (lr slid et bdest erd klunbd).5>

5=.0.>. [ypdLss;N

[hd kjstjoaujshjoa cherectdrjstjc l` thjs suntypd js thet slid

l` thd webb eok lutdr plsts wdrd erreoadk jo pejrs (`ja. 515).

nut olt ebloa thd dotjrd bdoath l` thd webbs, es jo thd hlusds l`

typd 4 E. Slid perts l` thd webbs shlw cbder cherectdrjstjcs l`

typd ;E, es kl thd plrchds l` H44 eok H03.

[hd bdoaths eok wjkths l` thd thrdd pbeos l` thjs typd clrrd

splok tl thlsd l` typd ;E6 thdy erd 55.;-51.1 i eok 4.8-0.8

i, rdspdctjvdby. Ebb thd pbeos wdrd ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

[hjs ketd ideos thet typd ;N ceoolt nd jotdrprdtdk es e treosj

tjloeb typd ndtwddo typds ;E eok 4E, ndceusd thd `jrst rdprdsdotetjvds l` typd 4 E erd lbkdr theo thd pbeos l` typd ;N.

[hd dotreocds jo thd bloa webbs wdrd plsjtjlodk ilrd lr bdss

cdotrebby jo H5: eok H44, nut cbderby dccdotrjcebby jo H03. [hd

bettdr iey nd kud tl thd èct thet thjs hlusd wes dxtdokdk jo eo

destdrby kjrdctjlo whjbd thd plsjtjlo l` thd dotreocd rdiejodk

uocheoadk. Loby H44 hek eo dotreocd jo thd destdro shlrt webb.

H03 wes `luok tl nd surrluokdk ny e kjtchdk docblsurd, whlsd

shepd suaadsts jt ndbloadk tl thd hlusd. Et thd pljot whdrd thd

kjtch dokdk thd dxcevetlrs `luok thd ndajoojoa l` e pebjsekd

cliprjsjoa e sjoabd rlw l` plsts whjch reo perebbdb tl thd sluth-

di bloa webb. [hdrd iey hevd nddo e pebjsekd jo thd kjtch, tll.53

5=.1. [Z]D lss 4

5=.1.5. [ypd Lss 4E

[hd 3; hlusds thet ceo nd cbessdk es ndbloajoa tl thjs typd

hevd et bdest twl thjoas jo cliilo7 e twl-ejsbdk pbeo eok

@jaurd 513. [ypd Lss 0E7 H;>. Scebd 57>==.

_



5:; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 51;. [ypd Lss 0N7 H53. Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 514. [ypd Lss 1E7 H40. Scebd 57>==.

pejrdk webb plsts (`ja. 51>). Es ieoy (>:) l` thd pbeos erd

joclipbdtd, lthdr kjstjoaujshjoa cherectdrjstjcs, such es thd

dccdotrjc plsjtjlo l` thd dotreocd eok thd kdsjao l` thd plrch

wjth plsts sdt lutsjkd thd webb (sdd H58 eok H>>), erd lnsdrv

enbd jo loby thd ndst prdsdrvdk pbeos.

[hd pbeos shlw e rdierfenbd verjetjlo jo bdoath. [hd

siebbdst js 4.: i bloa, thd beradst et bdest 35.4 i. [hd wjkths

l` thd pbeos very bdss, `rli ;.5 tl 0.> i. [hd pbeos clvdr e

vdry bloa tjidspeo7 twl ketd `rli thd dok l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead, thd ieglrjty `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead eok twl `rli thd

^lieo pdrjlk.

[het wd shlubk nd cerdùb jo iefjoa adodrebjsetjlos wjth

rdspdct tl thdsd rdbetjvdby sjipbd pbeos js ebsl epperdot `rli

thd verjetjlo jo thd `deturds l` thd shlrt webbs, whjch cliprjsd

e sjoabd rlw l` plsthlbds (H54<, H88<), e klunbd pejr l`

plsthlbds (H05, H0;, HJ=>, H5=3) eok e sjoabd pejr l` plst-

hlbds (HJ 8, H38, HJ 53). Ol trecds l` thd shlrt webbs wdrd

lnsdrvdk jo thd `lur siebbdst pbeos l` typd 4E (25=.; i). [hd`deturds l` thd cdotreb rll` supplrts iey hdrd ierf thd plsj

tjlos l` thd shlrt webbs.

[hd loby structurd jokjcetjvd l` eo jotdroeb kjvjsjlo l` thd

hlusds js thd klunbd rlw l` plsthlbds lnsdrvdk et thd cdotrd

l` H5=>. [wl pbeos (H55, H>=/>5) shlw sjaos l` rdolvetjlo

eok/lr rdpejr wlrf lo thd rll` supplrts eok plssjnby ebsl thd

dotreocds.5;

5=.8. [Z]D lss 0

[hd `jvd pbeos l` thjs typd erd lod-ejsbdk eok hevd ndkkjoa

trdochds. [wl suntypds hevd nddo kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs

l` thd prdsdocd lr ensdocd l` lutdr plsts.

5=.1.5. [ypd Lss 0E

[hjs typd js rdprdsdotdk ny loby lod pbeo, l` whjch ilrdlvdr

loby thd sluthdestdro heb`, wjth twl dotreocds sdt lpplsjtd lod

eolthdr, hes survjvdk (`ja. 53). [hd pbeo's survjvjoa bdoath js

5=.> i, jts lvdrebb wjkth 0.> i. To`lrtuoetdby ol jo`lrietjlo

js evejbenbd lo thd kdpth l` thd ndkkjoa trdoch, nut jo thd

cliperenbd H;5 (typd 0) jt wes et ilst >4 ci kddp. [hd pbeo

prdsuienby ketds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

5=.8.>. [ypd Lss 0N

Jo ekkjtjlo tl thd adodreb cherectdrjstjcs l` typd 0, thd thrdd

pbeos l` typd 0N shlw e rlw l` lutdr hlbds whjch hdbk thd

plsts thet supplrtdk thd dkad l` thd rll` (`ja. 51;). Eolthdrkj``drdocd wjth rdspdct tl thd pbeos l` typd 0E js `lridk ny

thd hdevy plsts thet wdrd sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd

ndkkjoa trdochds l` thd bloa webbs. [hdsd trdochds wdrd 4-3=

ci kddp.

[hd bdoaths l` thd pbeos very `rli 5=.4 tl >=.3 i, thdjr

wjkths `rli 1.> tl 8.1 i. [hd dotreocds kjvjkd thd pbeos jotl

ebilst dqueb perts. [hd pbeos ketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.




[enbd >8. [ypd Lss 17 bdoath (jo i) l` thd kj``drdot perts l` thd hlusds

(dxcbukjoa thd plrchds).' 9 bdoaths l` thd wdstdro eok destdro twl-ejsbdk perts, rdspdctjvdby.

hlusd typd bdoath bdoath

lod-ejsbdk pert twl-ejsbdk pert

3 1E< ?; .4 1.>

; 1E 1.=< 8.4

4; 1E< 55.3 55.4

40 1E 0.= 1.4

0> 1E< 1 0.8

0: 1E< 1 1

1') 1E 55.0 0.3

5>5 1E< 1 <

b? 1N< 1.; 8.4

45 1N< 1.= 0.0

1>E 1N 5>.1 ?8.=

JJJ 1N ?1.4 ?:.4

550 1N< 0.4 1.4

1>N 1C >=.4 ? 3.4/? 8.=*

Dxcdpt jo thd sluthwdstdro pert l` H8, ol trecds l` thd shlrt

webbs wdrd lnsdrvdk. [hdy iust hevd bejo jo bjod wjth thd

hdevy clrodr plsts sdt jo thd ndkkjoa trdoch, rethdr theo wjth

thd lutdr plsts, thdrd whdrd thd bettdr's `deturds wdrd `luok. Jo

thd cesd l` H;; thjoas erd bdss cbder, es thd lutdr plsts iey

hevd nddo sdt jo e trdoch jo thd olrthdest. Nut j` thjs js clrrdct,

jt js herk tl dxpbejo why thd lutdr plsts shlubk hevd nddo sdt

et such e ardet kjsteocd `rli thd shlrt webbs. Eolthdr plssjnjb

jty js thet thd lutdr trdoch hdbk e pebjsekd, tl prltdct thd rll`

(2ƞ. H03 l` typd ;N). [hd pbeo l` H8, `joebby, shlws eo eoodx

jo thd sluthwdst.

5=.:. [Z]D lss 1

[hd 5; pbeos l` thjs typd erd pertby lod-ejsbdk eok pertby twl-

ejsbdk eok hevd ndkkjoa trdochds whlsd kdpth verjds `rli e

`dw cdotjidtrds tl et ilst 34 ci. [hd dotreocds wdrd usuebby

sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs.

Suntypds 1E eok 1N wdrd kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` thd

ensdocd eok prdsdocd l` lutdr plsts, eok suntypd 1C lo thd nesjs

l` thd trjpertjtd beylut l` lod l` thd pbeos (twl-lod-twl-ejsbdk).

5=.:.5. [ypd Lss 1E

Djaht pbeos l` thjs hlusd typd erd folwo, whjch shlw thd adodrebcherectdrjstjcs kdscrjndk enlvd wjthlut thd lutdr plsts (`ja. 514).

[hdjr bdoaths very `rli 54.1 tl >4.; i, thdjr wjkths `rli 0.= tl

1.1 i. [hd pbeos clvdr e tjidspeo reoajoa `rli phesds F-B l`

thd Betd Jrlo Ead jotl phesd JJE l` thd ^lieo pdrjlk

Jo `jvd hlusds thd twl-ejsbdk pert wes jo thd (sluth)wdst eok

jo twl jo thd olrth. Jt wes rdclaojsenbd jo thd pbeos ny e sjoabd

cdotreb rll` supplrt plsjtjlodk jo bjod wjth thd dotreocd (dxcdpt

jo H; eok H4;). [hd dotreocds wdrd ilrd lr bdss heb` wey

klwo thd bloa webbs. Loby jo H1: wdrd thd dotreocds cbderby

dccdotrjcebby plsjtjlodk eok kjk thdy kjvjkd thd hlusd jotl e

shlrt twl-ejsbdk eok e bloa lod-ejsbdk pert (tenbd >8). [hd

hdevy plsts sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd ndkkjoa trdochds

rdsdinbjoa thlsd lnsdrvdk jo thd pbeos l` typd 0N ceo nd sddo

es joodr plsts thet wdrd joclrplretdk jo thd webb. [hd hlbds l`

hdevy plsts lnsdrvenbd et shlrt kjsteocds lutsjkd thd webbs ierfthd clrodrs l` thd hlusds. [hd shlrt webbs erd usuebby jokjcetdk

ny e ndkkjoa trdoch, dxcdpt thd olrthdestdro eok olrthdro webbs

l` H40 eok H1:, rdspdctjvdby. Jo loby lod cesd wes eo dotreocd

lnsdrvdk jo e shlrt webb, oeidby jo thd olrthdestdro webb l`

H4;. [hjs hlusd ilrdlvdr hek klunbd webb plsts.

[hd rdiejos l` nujbkjoa ietdrjeb wdrd `luok et thd nlttli

l` thd hlbd thet hdbk thd cdotreb rll` supplrt l` H1:, oltenby e

curvdk pbeof whjch ilst prlnenby supplrtdk thd rll` supplrt

(`ja. /10e).54

5=.:.>. [ypd Lss 1N

@jvd pbeos l` thjs hlusd typd erd folwo. [hdy kj``dr `rli thd

pbeos l` thd enlvd typd jo thet thdy cliprjsd lutdr plsts, es

cbderby lnsdrvenbd jo H1>E eok H j b b (`ja. 511). Jo thd cesd l`

pbeo H45 thd blnds prltrukjoa `rli thd sjkds l` thd trdoch

ierf thd plsjtjlos l` thd lutdr plsts. [hd `deturds l` thdsd

plsts hevd idradk wjth thet l` thd ndkkjoa trdoch ndceusd thd

bettdr wes sl vdry wjkd. Eolthdr kj``drdocd ndtwddo thd pbeos

l` typd 1N eok thlsd l` typd 1E js thd ensdocd l` hdevy clr

odr plsts. [hd `lridr kjk hlwdvdr cliprjsd hdevy plsts sdt

lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs. [hd bdoaths l` thd

pbeos very `rli 54.: tl ?>;.= i, thdjr wjkths `rli 0.: tl ?:.5

i. Ebb thd pbeos wdrd ketdk tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

[hd dotreocds bey lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs

eok kjvjkdk thd hlusds jotl ebilst dqueb perts (tenbd >8). [hdpbeos ebb shlw thd `deturds l` twl cdotreb rll` supplrts,

dxcdpt thd joclipbdtd pbeos H j b b eok H550. Jo thd bettdr pbeo

thd `deturd l` thd cdotreb rll` supplrt whjch wd iey essuid

bey jo bjod wjth thd dotreocd wes ilst prlnenby kjsturndk ny

thd betdr kjaajoa l` thd pjt wjth `jok ouindr :>55. Eo eoodx

wes nujbt lotl thd wdstdro pert l` thjs hlusd.

Qllk wes `luok jo twl hlusds. E pbeof sdcurdk wjth e siebb

stefd wes `luok et thd nlttli l` thd hlbd thet hdbk thd cdotreb

rll` supplrt l` H555. [hd hlbd thet clotejodk thd cdotreb rll`

supplrt l` H45 yjdbkdk e cliperenbd, nut ilrd clipbdx struc

turd. Et thd nlttli l` thjs hlbd wdrd thrdd siebb pbeofs thet hek

nddo erreoadk et rjaht eoabds tl thd bloa webbs, lo tlp l` whjch

thrdd pbeofs hek nddo pbecdk perebbdb tl thd webbs. E stuip l`

thd rll` supplrt hek survjvdk enlvd thjs structurd (`ja. 510n).

5=.:.3. [ypd Lss 1C

[hd loby rdprdsdotetjvd l` thjs typd js eo dbloaetdk vdrsjlo l`

H1>E l` typd 1N (`ja. 518). [hd pbeo ectuebby cliprjsds twl

pbeos l` typd 1N, wjth thd lod-ejsbdk perts ècjoa lod eolthdr.



5:0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 510. ]lsthlbds l` hlusd pbeos jo whjch tjindr (nbecf) hek survjvdk, e 9 H1:7 pbeof ndodeth cdotreb rll` supplrt6 n 9 H457 cdotreb rll`supplrt eok pbet`lri6 c 9 H8=7 cdotreb rll` supplrts6 k 9 H55=7 cdotreb rll` supplrt (5) eok webb plsts (>, 3)6 d 9 H:07 cdotreb rll` supplrt (;) eokjoodr plst (3). Scebd 573=.

@jaurd 511. [ypd Lss 1N7 H1>E. Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 518. [ypd Lss 1C7 H1>N. Scebd 57>==.




=

J * -

L

ce



5:8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

L ½½@jaurd 51:. [ypd Lss 8E7 H1=. Scebd 57>==.

, ½ U _ n ½ l

@jaurd 58=. [ypd Lss 8N7 H::. Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 585. [ypd Lss 8C7 H85. Scebd 57>==.



J Q F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

[hd rdsubt js e twl-lod-twl-ejsbdk pbeo wjth e bdoath l` ilrd

theo 34.1 i eok e iexjiui wjkth l` :.5 i. [wl pejrs l`

dotreocds sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa webbs ierf thd

treosjtjlos `rli thd lod-ejsbdk pert tl thd twl-ejsbdk perts.

[hd pbeo ketds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

5=.5=. [Z]D lss 8

[hjs typd js rdprdsdotdk ny 50 pbeos wjth eo dotjrdby twl-ejsbdk pbeo, e ndkkjoa trdoch eok lutdr plsts. Loby H84 klds

olt clipbdtdby `jt thjs kdscrjptjlo, es jt becfs e ndkkjoa trdoch

eok lutdr plsts ebloa thd bloa webbs. [hd sjzd l` thd `deturds

l` thd cdotreb rll` supplrts hlwdvdr cblsdby rdsdinbds thet l`

thd `deturds l` typd 8C, eok thdrd`lrd thjs pbeo hes nddo

cbessdk es ndbloajoa tl typd 8, tll. [hd ndkkjoa trdoch eok

lutdr plsthlbds iey hevd nddo vdry shebblw eok closdqudotby

clipbdtdby kdstrlydk ny pbluahjoa jo betdr tjids.

[hrdd suntypds hevd nddo kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` thd

plsjtjlo(s) l` thd cdotreb rll` supplrt(s) rdbetjvd tl thd shlrt

webb(s).

5=.5=.5. [ypd Lss 8E

[hd thrdd pbeos l` thjs suntypd (`ja. 51:), ebb l` whjch wdrd

ketdk tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk, hevd thd e`lrdidotjlodk

cherectdrjstjcs nut kj``dr sunsteotjebby `rli lod eolthdr jo

bdoath (`rli 5>.= tl >:.0 i). [hdjr wjkths erd ?1.=-1.; i.

[hd lutdr cdotreb rll` supplrts wdrd sdt et qujtd e kjsteocd

josjkd thd shlrt webbs. [hd ndkkjoa trdoch wes 4 tl ;4 ci

kddp.

[hd dotreocds, whjch wdrd uoeinjaulusby jkdotj`jdk loby

jo H0 eok H55:, wdrd sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa

webbs, jo bjod wjth thd sdclok rll` supplrt. Ndjoa plsjtjlodk

sbjahtby dccdotrjcebby, thdy kjvjkdk thd hlusds jotl e beradr eok

e siebbdr pert, wjth twl eok lod rll` supplrt(s), rdspdctjvdby.

Jo H1=, whjch becfdk dotreocds eok cliprjsdk sjx cdotreb rll`

supplrts, thd kjsteocd ndtwddo thd `jrst twl rll` supplrts

(vjdwdk `rli thd sluth) wes ardetdr theo thet ndtwddo thd

lthdrs. Eo lpdojoa jo thd olrthdro shlrt webb suaadsts thet

thjs wes eo dotreocd, nut ol trecds l` e plrch wdrd `luok.

Qllk, jo thjs cesd thd rdiejos l` rll` supplrts, wes `luok jo

thd twl olrthdroilst hlbds thet hdbk thd rll` supplrts l` H55:.

5=.5=.>. [ypd Lss 8N

[hd `jvd pbeos l` thjs typd, ebb l` whjch ketd `rli thd ^lieo

pdrjlk, kj``dr `rli thlsd l` typd 8E prdklijoeotby jo thet lodl` thd cdotreb rll` supplrts wes joclrplretdk jo thd shlrt webb

(`lur tjids jo thd wdstdro eok locd (H::) jo thd destdro shlrt

webb) (`j`?. 5==). [hd pbeos very closjkdrenby jo bdoath eok

wjkth, vjz. `rli :.; tl 35.4 i eok `rli 0.3 tl :.> i, rdspdc

tjvdby.

[hd webbs l` thd hlusds l` thjs typd wdrd `luokdk slid

whet ilrd sluokby theo thlsd l` typd 8E. [hjs js epperdot

`rli thd kdpth l` thd ndkkjoa trdoch, whjch verjdk `rli 4 tl

1= ci, nut ebsl `rli thd èct thet thd webb plsts wdrd erreoadk

jo pejrs, dspdcjebby jo thd bloa webbs. Eolthdr kj``drdocd,

whjch js uo`lrtuoetdby bdss vjsjnbd jo slid pbeos, clocdros thd

plsjtjlo l` thd dotreocds. [hdy stjbb bjd jo bjod wjth thd sdclok

cdotreb rll` supplrt (vjdwdk `rli thd (olrth)dest) eok lppl

sjtd lod eolthdr (dxcdpt jo H5=5), nut olw jo vdry dccdotrjc

plsjtjlos (H;=, H5=5, H5=;E). Jo thd siebbdst pert l` thdhlusd thd kjsteocd `rli thd shlrt webb tl thd dotreocd wes et

ilst >.4 i. Jo thd vdry joclipbdtd pbeo H:= thd dotreocd

clubk olt nd blcetdk6 ol lutdr plsts wdrd jocjkdotebby rdcla

ojsenbd jo thjs pbeo djthdr. [hd loby dxcdptjlo js H::, whdrd

thd kluntùb dotreocd jo thd bloa webb wes plsjtjlodk loby

sbjahtby dccdotrjcebby. ]ert l` eo dotreocd wes `luok jo thd

shlrt wdstdro webb l` HJ =5 . [hd pbeo l` thjs hlusd ebsl shlws

whet iey hevd nddo eo jotdroeb pertjtjlo, rdprdsdotdk ny e

trdoch sdt et rjaht eoabds tl thd bloa webb.

^diejos l` rll` supplrts wdrd `luok jo H::, H5=5 eok

H5=;E.

5=.5=.3. [ypd Lss 8C

E kjstjoctjvd cherectdrjstjc l` thd sdvdo pbeos l` thjs typd js

thd prdsdocd l` rll` supplrts jo lr jiidkjetdby ebloasjkd

nlth l` thd shlrt webbs (`ja. 585). Eolthdr clospjculus espdct

js thd ardet sjzd, eok enlvd ebb kdpth (up tl 5>= ci) l` thd

`deturds l` thd rll` supplrts, jo whjch wllk hek closdqudotby

`rdqudotby survjvdk. [hd ndkkjoa trdoch eok thd plsthlbds jt

clotejodk wdrd bjfdwjsd lo thd whlbd rdbetjvdby kddp

(>=-1= ci). [hd hlusds l` typd 8C wdrd nujbt `rli phesd F l`

thd Betd Jrlo Ead uotjb jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

[hd pbeos erd olt dxcdptjloebby bloa (54.8 tl >5.8 i), nut

thdy erd vdry wjkd (8.3 tl ?5=.4 i). [hd loby dxcdptjlos erd

twl pbeos whjch kj``dr `rli thd nesjc pbeo jo lthdr rdspdcts,

tll, j.d. H10 eok HJ 58. [hdy erd nlth shlrt eok oerrlw eok

shlw ol lutdr plsthlbds (thd bettdr hlbks `lr H8=, tll). [hd

ardetdr pert l` thd ndkkjoa trdoch wes ebsl ensdot jo HJ 58.

[hdsd pbeos iey odvdrthdbdss nd cbessdk es ndbloajoa tl thjs

suntypd lo eccluot l` thd cherectdrjstjc plsjtjlos l` thdjr

cdotreb rll` supplrts. [hdsd twl hlusds hek et ilst thrdd rll`

supplrts, whdrdes thd lthdrs hek `lur.

[hd dotreocds wdrd sdt jo thd seid, vdry dccdotrjc plsjtjlos

es jo thd pbeos l` typd 8N, nut thd dotreocds jo thd wdstdro

strdtch l` thd sluthdro bloa webb wdrd sbjahtby oerrlwdr

(H18, H8=, H85). [wl pertjtjlos byjoa jo bjod wjth thd twl

plrchds cblsdk l`` eo erde l` et ilst >.4 i jo H85.H18 (`ja. 58>) kdsdrvds sdperetd idotjlo hdrd es jt cli

prjsdk trdochds wjth e nlwb-shepdk crlss-sdctjlo eok e iexj

iui kdpth l` 1= ci jostdek l` thd usueb lutdr plsthlbds. [hd

kddpdst pljots jo thdsd trdochds bey 5.0= i `rli thd bloa

webbs eok >.0=->.8= i `rli thd shlrt webbs. [hdsd trdochds

hdbk plsts whjch prdsuienby clostjtutdk slid fjok l` plrtj-

cus. [hjs structurd js uojqud tl Lss-Tssdo. [hd `reaidots l`



>== EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

?*½« S ; ( 1 S;SN N;3= N;JJ

0;>= =;5>

@jaurd 58>. [ypd Lss 8C7 H18. Scebd 57>==.

l.

@jaurd 583. [ypd Lss :E 7 H1;. Scebd 57>==.



>=5 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

rll` tjbds thet wdrd `luok jo thd `deturds l` thd hlusd suaadst

thet (pert l`) thd rll` wes tjbdk. ]drheps loby thd rll` l` thd

plrtjcl wes tjbdk. [hjs hlusd kj``drdk `rli thd lthdrs ilrd jo

jts uousueb kdsjao theo jo jts bdoath.

Es ebrdeky idotjlodk enlvd, berad queotjtjds l` wllk hek

survjvdk jo thd kddp hlbds thet hdbk thd cdotreb rll` supplrts

(`ja. 510c). [hdsd rdiejos erd ebb thd nlttli doks l` thd rll`

supplrts pbus e pbeof, whjch wes `luok ndodeth thd stuip l`

e rll` supplrt jo H18.50

5=.55. [Z]D lss :

[hd 58 pbeos l` thjs best typd cliprjsd lod lr twl twl-ejsbdk

perts eok e thrdd-ejsbdk pert, ndkkjoa trdochds eok lutdr plsts,

ebthluah thd bettdr wdrd olt lnsdrvdk jo ebb l` thd pbeos.

[hrdd suntypds hevd nddo kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l` thd

ouindr l` perts jotl whjch thd pbeos wdrd kjvjkdk (:E7 njper

tjtd, :N eok :C7 trjpertjtd) eok thd plsjtjlo l` thd cdotreb rll`

supplrt rdbetjvd tl thd shlrt webb.

5=.55.5. [ypd Lss : E[hd pbeos l` typd :E erd pertby twl- eok pertby thrdd-ejsbdk,

thd twl-ejsbdk pert byjoa jo thd (sluth)wdst eok thd thrdd-

ejsbdk pert jo thd (olrth)dest (`ja. 583). Djaht l` thd tdo hlusds

hek twl cdotreb rll` supplrts jo thd twl-ejsbdk pert, whjbd thd

thrdd-ejsbdk pert clotejodk lod (HJ), twl (H4, H15, H8>,

H55=) lr thrdd (H1;, H5=4, H5=0) pejrs l` joodr plsts. [hd

twl dxcdptjlos erd pbeos l` hlusds whjch uokdrwdot rdolve

tjlos. H> js eo dbloaetdk vdrsjlo l` HJ, whlsd twl-ejsbdk pert

wes dxpeokdk wjth lod ilrd cdotreb rll` supplrt. Jo ekkjtjlo,

e lod-ejsbdk eoodx wjth e hdevy clidr structurd cliperenbd

wjth thet l` thd hlusds l` typd 1E wes nujbt lotl H>. [hd

lthdr dxcdptjlo, H5=;N, js thd rdsubt l` thd dxtdosjlo l`

H5=;E (typd 8N) jo nlth e wdstdrby eok eo destdrby kjrdctjlo.E twl-ejsbdk pert wjth lod cdotreb rll` supplrt eok e thrdd-

ejsbdk pert wjth twl pejrs l` joodr plsts wdrd nujbt lotl whet

wes lrjajoebby e twl-ejsbdk hlusd wjth thrdd cdotreb rll`

supplrts. E shdbtdrdk, rll`dk (wlrfjoa) erde whjch wes lpdo

ebloa thd destdro sjkd loby wes crdetdk ny plsjtjlojoa thd

destdro shlrt webb josjkd thd bloa webbs.

[hd bdoaths l` thd pbeos very `rli 58.3 tl 3>.4 i, thdjr

wjkths `rli 1.> tl :.> i. [hd twl-ejsbdk eoodx l` H5=;N hes

e clospjculusby siebbdr wjkth. [hd wjkths l` thd sjkd ejsbds

l` thd thrdd-ejsbdk perts very `rli 5.0 tl >.1 i eok thlsd l`

thd cdotreb ejsbds `rli >.= tl 3.3 i. [hd pbeos ebb ketd `rli

thd ^lieo pdrjlk, nlth thd `jrst eok thd sdclok cdotury EK.[hd dotreocds wdrd sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr jo thd bloa

webbs, et thd treosjtjlo `rli thd twl-ejsbdk tl thd thrdd-ejsbdk

pert (dxcdpt jo H5=;N eok HJ=4) eok jo bjod wjth thd sdclok

cdotreb rll` supplrt (vjdwdk `rli thd (sluth)wdst). Ol cbder

dotreocds wdrd lnsdrvdk jo H5=4, eok jo H5=;N twl pejrs l`

dotreocds wdrd `luok ndtwddo thd `jrst eok thd sdclok eok

ndtwddo thd thjrk eok thd `lurth cdotreb rll` supplrts. Dxtre

dotreocds jo thd bloa webbs wdrd ebsl lnsdrvdk jo HJ (jo thd

sluthdro strdtch l` thd sluthdestdro webb), H> (twl(<)

dotreocds sdt lpplsjtd lod eolthdr tl thd sluthwdst l` thd `jrst

cdotreb rll` supplrt eok eo dotreocd jo thd olrthwdstdro webb

l` thd eoodx) eok H55= (lod dotreocd jo thd destdro strdtch l`

thd olrthdro webb). Dotreocds wdrd ebsl l`tdo lnsdrvdk jo thd

shlrt webbs l` thd thrdd-ejsbdk perts (H1;, H8>, H5=;N, HJ 5=).

[hd dxect nluokery ndtwddo thd twl-ejsbdk eok thd thrdd-ejsbdk pert clubk nd kdtdrijodk loby locd (H5=4) lo thd nesjs l`

e ndkkjoa trdoch thet hdbk e pertjtjlo. [hjs pertjtjlo bey jo bjod

wjth thd destdro plsts l` thd plrch. [hd lthdr pbeos wjth

dotreocds wdrd idesurdk ny eoeblay wjth thjs pbeo. [hdrd whdrd

ol dotreocds wdrd lnsdrvdk, thd pert l` thd hlusd ndtwddo thd

best cdotreb rll` supplrt eok thd ekgecdot joodr plsts wes kjvjkdk

ndtwddo thd twl-ejsbdk pert eok thd thrdd-ejsbdk pert.

Lo thd whlbd, thd twl perts kj``drdk loby bjttbd jo bdoath, wjth

thd dxcdptjlo l` HJ eok thd rdolvetdk H> eok H5=;N, whlsd

twl-ejsbdk perts wdrd twjcd tl thrdd tjids thd sjzd l` thd thrdd-

ejsbdk perts. Jo thd lthdr hlusds thd thrdd-ejsbdk pert wes ebweys

sdvdreb idtrds bloadr theo thd twl-ejsbdk pert. [hd bdoaths l`thd twl-ejsbdk perts l` thdsd sdvdo hlusds verjdk `rli 0.> tl 8.3

i, thlsd l` thd thrdd-ejsbdk perts `rli 8.: tl 53.; i.

[hd webbs wdrd sdt jo ndkkjoa trdochds wjth kdpths l`

5=-0= ci. [hdrd wdrd ebsl plsts lo djthdr sjkd l` thd trdoch,

slid l` whjch sdrvdk tl supplrt thd webb, whjbd lthdrs `lridk

pert l` jotdrjlr pertjtjlos.

Tojqud tl Lss-Tssdo erd thd oerrlw trdochds sdperetjoa cettbd

stebbs lnsdrvdk jo thd thrdd-ejsbdk pert l` H5=4. [hdsd trdochds,

whjch wdrd loby e `dw cdotjidtrds kddp, wdrd sdt 5.0-5.: i epert.

[hd prdsdrvdk wllk cliprjsds thd stuips l` cdotreb rll`

supplrts (HJ, H>, H15, H5=;N, H5=4, H5=0, HJ 5=), thd

stuips l` joodr plsts (H15, H55=) eok thd rdiejos l` webb

plsts (HJ 5=) eok plrch plsts (H15, HJ 5=). Jo twl hlusds

pbeofs lo whjch thd cdotreb rll` supplrt hek rdstdk hek sur

vjvdk (H15, HR=4)(`ja. 510k).

5=.55.>. [ypd Lss :N

[hd twl pbeos l` thjs typd erd thd seid es thd pbeos l` typd :E

wjth thrdd pejrs l` joodr plsts, dxcdpt thet eo ekkjtjloeb twl-

ejsbdk pert hes nddo ekkdk, jocbukjoa dotreocds et thd treosjtjlo

`rli thd twl-ejsbdk pert tl thd thrdd-ejsbdk pert

(`ja. 58;). [hd tlteb bdoaths l` thd pbeos erd gust lvdr 30 i, thd

twl-ejsbdk perts dech ndjoa enlut 8 i bloa eok thd thrdd-ejsbdk

pert gust lvdr 5; i. [hdsd bdoaths erd cliperenbd wjth thlsd l`

thd perts l` thd hlusds kjscussdk enlvd. [hd seid hlbks `lr thdtlteb wjkths l` thd pbeos (1.1-1.: i) eok thd wjkths l` thdjr sjkd

ejsbds (5.1->.= i). Nlth pbeos wdrd ketdk tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Qllk wes `luok loby jo thrdd l` thd joodr plsthlbds l` H551.

5=.55.3. [ypd Lss :C

[hdsd twl pbeos bjfdwjsd sddi tl nd clotjouetjlos l` typd :E,

nut thdy, tll, shlw cbder kj``drdocds, thd ilst clospjculus l`



>=> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

k<

@jaurd 58;. [ypd Lss :N7 H5>=. Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 584. [ypd Lss :C7 H:8. Scebd 57>==.¶••




@jaurd 580. ^diejos l` cdotreb rll` supplrts rdclvdrdk `rli hlusd pbeos, e 9 H5=07 `rlot, sjkd eok nlttli vjdws l` e cdotreb rll` supplrt wjth erdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlo shlwjoa tllb ierfs6 n 9 H55:7 nlttli vjdw l` e cdotreb rll` supplrt wjth e rluok crlss-sdctjlo shlwjoa tllb ierfs6c 9 H5=;E7 `rlot vjdw l` e ndvdbdk cdotreb rll` supplrt wjth e rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlo. Scebd 57;.



>=; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

whjch clocdro thd plsjtjlo l` thd cdotreb rll` supplrt jo thd

destdro shlrt webb eok thd plsjtjlos l` thd destdro dotreocds

(`ja. 584). [hd bettdr stjbb bjd lpplsjtd lod eolthdr, nut ol

bloadr et thd treosjtjlo `rli thd twl-ejsbdk tl thd thrdd-ejsbdk

pert, nut jo bjod wjth thd sdclok cdotreb rll` supplrt jo thd

twl-ejsbdk pert (vjdwdk `rli thd dest). Eolthdr kj``drdocd js

lnsdrvenbd jo thd thrdd-ejsbdk kdsjao, whjch js jo nlth hlusds

`lridk ny loby lod pejr l` joodr plsts.

[hd stuips l` cdotreb rll` supplrts hek survjvdk jo nlth

H:0 eok H:8. Jo lod cesd eo dxtre supplrtjoa pbeof hek ebsl

survjvdk (H:8). Lod stuip l` eo joodr plst hek survjvdk jo

H:0 (`ja. 510d).

5=.5 >. TOCBESSJ@JENBD ]BEOS

[hd survjvjoa perts l` thd uocbessj`jenbd pbeos wdrd sl siebb

eok shlwdk sl `dw kjeaolstjc cherectdrjstjcs thet jt js jipls

sjnbd tl sey tl whjch typd thd pbeos ndbloa. [hd ilst bjfdby

lptjlos erd jokjcetdk jo tenbd :n.

5=.53. QLLK ^DCLPD^DK @^LI [HD @DE[T^DS L@ HLTSDSIlst l` thd wllk wes rdclvdrdk `rli thd kddp plsthlbds l`

thd cdotreb rll` supplrts eok joodr plsts6 siebbdr queotjtjds

ceid `rli thd shebblwdr hlbds l` plrch plsts eok webb plsts.

[hd lbkdst pjdcd l` wllk ceid `rli H85, whjch wes ketdk tl

phesd F l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead6 ebb thd lthdr pjdcds erd yluoadr.

[hjs js kud tl thd èct thet hlusds whlsd ilst jiplrteot struc

tureb dbdidots wdrd lo thd whlbd `luokdk jo rdbetjvdby kddp

pjts, j.d. thd hlusds l` typds 1, 8 eok :, wdrd olt nujbt uotjb thd

dok l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead eok jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Ndsjkds thd rdiejos l` plsts, pbeofs wdrd l`tdo `luok et thd

nlttli l` thd hlbds thet hdbk thd cdotreb rll` supplrts. [hd)

iust hevd supplrtdk thd rll` supplrts eok wdrd prdsuienby

jotdokdk tl prdvdot thd rjsf l` thd supplrts sjofjoa jotl thd

arluok, ebthluah thdrd wjbb ilst prlnenby hevd nddo vjrtuebby

ol rjsf l` thjs heppdojoa jo seoky sljb.

Ilst l` thd survjvjoa nlttli perts l` thd cdotreb rll` sup

plrts hevd rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlos wjth kjidosjlos

ndtwddo >; x 5= ci eok 4= x 3= ci (`ja. 580e). [hd lthdrs

hevd rluok crlss-sdctjlos wjth kjeidtdrs l` 51-;= ci

(`ja. 580n). [hd bdoath7wjkth retjl js erluok >75 (`ja. 581).

[hd clipbdtd crlss-sdctjlos l` loby thrdd joodr plsts erd

folwo. [hdy erd ebb rluok, wjth kjeidtdrs l` 50-58 ci. [hd

plrch plsts eok lod webb plst hevd squerd crlss-sdctjlos6

thdjr kjidosjlos erd 5= x 5=, 5> x 5> ci eok 8 x 8 ci,

rdspdctjvdby. Lod lthdr webb plst hes e rluok crlss-sdctjlo

wjth e kjeidtdr l` 3 ci. Jt js cbder `rli `jaurd >0 thet thd

cdotreb rll` supplrts hek thd beradst cjrcui`drdocd, `lbblwdk

ny thd joodr plsts, thd plrch plsts eok thd webb plsts.

[hd crlsscut dok l` thd plsts wes djthdr `bet (`ja. 580n) lr

pertby ndvdbbdk (`ja. 580c) Ilst l` thd plsts wdrd shepdk wjth

eo exd lr eo ekzd, es clubk nd jo`drrdk `rli thd tllb ierfs

(`jas. 580e,n), eok, jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk, ebsl wjth e sew.

Ebb thd plsts whlsd wllk wes eoebysdk wdrd wjthlut

dxcdptjlo iekd `rli lef. [hjs eardds wjth thd trdok lnsdrvdk

jo thd bjodk wdbbs, shlwjoa thet ilrd usd wes iekd l` lef `lr

clostructjlo purplsds jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

5=.5;. CE[EBLATD L@ [HD HLTSD ]BEOS

[hd `lbblwjoa ceteblaud clotejos ebb Nrlozd Ead eok Jrlo

Ead hlusd pbeos thet wdrd dxcevetdk et Lss-Tssdo ndtwddo

5:10 eok 5:80. Ndsjkds thd pbeos thdisdbvds, thd kdpths l`

thd plsthlbds eok e siebb sdbdctjlo l` thd sdctjlos l` plsthlbds

eok ndkkjoa trdochds erd prdsdotdk. [hd hlusd pbeos hevd

nddo erreoadk ecclrkjoa tl typd eok, wjthjo dech typd, jo

ouidrjceb lrkdr. Sl, whdo sderchjoa `lr thd jbbustretjlo l` e

pertjcuber pbeo, thd rdekdr iust `jrst closubt tenbd >: tl `jok

thd typd.

Jo thd ceptjlos tl thd `jaurds thd `joks thet `lri thd nesjs

`lr thd ketjoa l` thd hlusd erd jokjcetdk. [hd krewjoas

jocbukdk jo thjs sdctjlo hevd ebb nddo krewo tl thd `lbblwjoa

scebds7 hlusd pbeos 57>==, plsthlbd kdpths 575==, plsthlbd

eok ndkkjoa trdoch sdctjlos 573=. [hd hetchdk `deturds clubk

olt nd esslcjetdk wjth e hlusd pbeo wjth cdrtejoty. [hd cjrcbdk

hetchdk `deturds iey rdprdsdot betdr rdolvetjlos.




;=

3=

>=

5=

@jaurd 581. Survdy l` thd idesurdidots(jo ci) l` survjvjoa cdotreb rll` supplrts eokjoodr, plrch eok webb plsts `rli hlusds etLss-Tssdo. [hd syinlbs ebloa thd bloajtukjoeb exjs jokjcetd thet loby lod idesurdidotjs folwo `lr thd plsts jo qudstjlo.

5 •> •3 E; [

_5 *‛* -5= >= 3= -5= 4=

[Z]D LSS 5E

l;4= + ."l •

•

• •

JJ

J •

JJ J ¥ [

J• 5 • J

• ¶ ¥ *

@jaurd 588. Hlusd 5>4. @joks75 plttdry shdrk.



>=0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDIS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[Z]D LSS >N

J ‛r*£ w‛•

@jaurd 58:. Hlusd ;3. @joks7 30 plttdry shdrks.




¥ Q - ì -

5 Q Ì

@jaurd 5:=. Hlusd 41. Ol joks.



>=8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

_ _ _ b - b 5=155

lol |jl*re | ' = 'LN hlrjl

•¶ b ì _ ì b

J

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R tb - w- | Ì J ¥ ¥ b b @ J ¥ [ Ì • | | j | - • • Q

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[Z]D LSS ;

• * • • 5 ½J

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¶.‟

j w w w - ¶ ¥«¶- QC



>=: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

[ [ J ì *

@jaurd 5:3. Hlusd 3>. @joks7 >: plttdry shdrks.

« :

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L L

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>5= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

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>55 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

[ [ ¥ ¥

5 5 J [

@jaurd 5:1. Hlusd 04. @joks7 3 plttdry shdrks.

[Z]D LSS ;E

J J

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J

J

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>5> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

-* o FS •

j

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>5; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[ [

u -@ j@jaurd >=>. Hlusd >:. @joks7 >= plttdry shdrks.

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F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

J

b

J

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¥ [ [

, ' ! `@jaurd >=;. Hlusd 34. @joks7 > plttdry shdrks.




• gr - J

@jaurd >=4. Hlusd 30. @joks7 >8 plttdry shdrks.

• i •

ujlL L4.51

• c,= = ½

4.=2 l

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@jaurd >=8. Hlusd ;1. @joks7 4: plttdry shdrks.

KG.. .

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>5: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

« Q Q , . | r` * «

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@jaurd >5=. Hlusd ;:. @joks7 4: plttdry shdrks6 > `reaidots l` sebt clotejodrs.



>>= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

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@jaurd >55. Hlusd 4>. @joks7 : plttdry shdrks.

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w w w ¥@jaurd >5>. Hlusd 48. @joks7 8 plttdry shdrks.



>>5 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

K

• L

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>>> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

dl

G`c \ 81=1 L S883 Q

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j ½'=l .... vv% •••• c<

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¥ ¶

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l •

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S.L.= L

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>>; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[ ¥ ` ¥ [

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F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

¥ *

¥

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t`

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@jaurd >>3. Hlusd 03. @joks7 3 plttdry shdrks.




# -

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@jaurd >>;. Hlusd 1. @joks7 31 plttdry shdrks.

@jaurd >>4. Hlusd 5=. @joks7 ; plttdry shdrks.



>>8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

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>>; F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

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>30 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

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>3: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

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>;= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

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>;5 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

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= =ð c* •

¶~J w P`@jaurd >0>. Hlusd 53. @joks7 >:(30) plttdry shdrks, >>(>4) l` whjch erd jiplrtdk '^lieo' plttdry6 j jrlo oejb.



>;: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ HLTSD ]BEOS

‛ ¥

@jaurd >03. Hlusd ;;. @joks7 55 plttdry shdrks, 5 l` whjch js jiplrtdk ' lieo' plttdry.



>4= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd >:. Ceteblaud l` thd hlusd pbeos `luok et Lss-Tssdo erreoadk joouidrjceb lrkdr. [hd bdoath eok wjkth js idesurdk lvdr thd cdotrds l`thd lutdrilst deturds. INE 9 Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead, DJE, IJE, BJE 9 Derby,Ijkkbd, Betd Jrlo Ead, ^] 9 ^lieo pdrjlk (b/bb 9 jrst / sdclok cdot. EK6E/N 9 jrst / sdclok heb 6 e/n/c/k 9 jrst / sdclok / thjrk / `lurth quertdr).

hlusd typd bdoath

(i)

wjkth

(i)

lrjdotetjlo ketd

5 :E >5.5 1.8 SQ-OD ^]> :E 3>.; 1.S SQ-OD ^]5JE

3 1E< 50.1 0.: SQ-OD ^]JJE

; 1E 58.> 0.= Q-D ^]

4 :E 58.3 1.> SQ-OD ^]JJ

0 8E ?51.4 ?1.= Q-D ^]

1 4E ?;.0 4.> SQ-OD BJES 0N 51.= 1.; SQ-OD ^]

: 1N< 58.= 1.3 SQ-OD ^]JJ

5= 4E ?58.1 4.; Q-D BJE<

JJ 4E ?54.; 3.3 Q-D BJE

5> 4E ?50.; 0.= Q-D BJE

53 0N 5=.4 1.> Q-D ^]5; JE ?8.= 4.S Q-D <

54 4E ?5:.8 4.1 Q-D IJ E A-H

50 ;E ?50.= 1.0 SQ- OD IJE A-H

51 ;E ?53.> 0.> SQ-OD BJE<

JS 4E ?>;.3 4.4 SQ -O D BJE

5') ;N 55.; 0.8 SQ-OD BJE

>= 4E ?>5.51 4.; SQ- OD BJE

>5 4E 1.3 4.0 SQ-OD BJE

>=/>5 4E ?>4.=< 4.0 SQ-OD BJE

>> 4E ?55.1 4.1 SQ-OD BJE

>3 4E ?4.= 4.5 SQ-OD <

>; 4E 1.1 4.; Q-D ^ ] ( K

>4 4E 5=.; 4.1 SQ-OD <

>0 4E ?8.3 (-.> SQ-OD Z[

>1 JE 54.3 8.= SQ-OD IJE>S 4E ?5;.5 4.1 Q- D IJE A-H

>¶ JE 51.: 1.= Q- D BJE

5= ; ?5;.8 8.= Q-D IJE A-H

o JE 53.4 0.3 SQ -O D IJE A-H

3> ; ?53.5 ?0.= SQ- OD IJE A-H

33 4E ?1.4 4.8 SQ-OD <

I 554 ; 51.= ?3.; Q-D

34 H4 ;E 50.4 1.> Q-D

30 JE ?53.8 ?0.: SQ-OD IJE A-H

31 ; ?5>.8 ?0.0 SQ-OD IJE A-H

38 4E 55.5 ;.5 SQ-OD BJE<

3:< 0/: ?4.3 4.0 Q-D BJE

;= SJ! :.; 0.3 Q-D <

;5 0 ?5;.: ?1.5< SQ-OD BJE;> 0E ?5=.> 0.> OQ-SD ^]<

;3 >N< 51.5 8.= OQ-SD DJEN;; 0N >=.3 8.1 SQ-OD ^];3 JE ?51.3 1.S Q-D <

;0 ;E 53.> 0.S Q-D IJE A-H

;1 JE ?5>.0 1.> SQ-OD IJE A-HJS JE 50.5 1.> Q-D IJE A-H

hlusd typd bdoath

(i)

wjkth

(i)lrjdotetjlr j ketd

;: ;E ?54.; 0.8-1.0 SQ-OD IJ E A-H

4= 4E ?5=.= 4.3 Q-D BJE<

45 1N< 54.: 1.= Q-D ^] JN/JJE

4> ;E ?:.3 0.4 Q-D IJE<

43 4E ?35.4 4.: SQ-OD ^] J(E)

4; 1E< >4.; 1.1 SQ-OD BJE44 ;N 51.1 0.4 Q-D BJE

40 1E 54.1 0.; SQ-OD BJE F-B

41 >N< >;.; 1.;-8.= Q-D <

48 ;E 53.5 0.5 Q-D <

4: ;.R ?5>.8 0.S SQ-OD Z[

0= ; ?5=.= 4.3 Q-D BJE

05 4E ?50.3 4.1 Q-D <

0> 1E < ?8.: ?3.1 Q-D ^] JN/JJE

03 ;N 53.8 4.S Q-D BJE<

0; 4E ?8.; ?3.3 SQ-OD BJE

04 ;< ?54.> 0.; SQ-OD :

00 JE ?5=.4 0.1 SQ-OD BJEG

01 4E< ?1.; 4.3 Q-D 1

08 ;E 55.= 4.3 Q-D IJE A-H0: 1E< >=.4 0.4 O-S ^] J(N)

1= SE >:.0 1.; O-S ^]J15 :E >>.= 1.: Q-D ^]J

1>E 1N ?>;.= :.5 Q-D ^] 5

1>N 1C ?34.1 8.4-:.5 Q-D ^]Jk

13 4E 4.: ;.0 Q-D 1

1; :E >0.= 8.> Q- D ^] ijkj14 8C 5:.= ?5=.4 Q-D ^] J(N)10 8C< ?55.> 4.8 Q-D BJE/^] JE

11 4E ?5>.1 0.> Q-D BJE1S 8C >5.; 5=.4 Q-D ^] J(c)k/JJE

1: 1E >=.5 0.: O-S ^] JN`bJE

SL 8C >5.8 8.3 Q-D BJE B/^] JESJ SC 54.8 :.5 Q-D BJE FS> :E >5.3 ?1.3 Q-D ^]JN

83 4E ?1.= 4.4 Q-D BJE

S; 8C 5:.8 :.S Q-D ^]JJ

84 8 >5.; 4.5 Q-D ^] Jk/JJE80 1/8/: ?5.; 0.5 Q-D BJE F-B

S1 ; ?50.3 1.= Q-D BJE G-FSS 4E< >>.0< 0.=-0.1 Q-D BJE G-F

8: 0/1/8/: ?3.= ?;.: Q-D ^]J:= 8N< 35.4 1.1 Q-D ^]JN:5 ;E 53.4 1.> Q-D IJE A-H

:> ;E ?bb.1 1.: Q-D BJE<

:3 4E ?4.> 4.; Q-D BJE

:; : ?5=.> ?0.: O-S ^]J:4 1/8/: ?4.3 ?4.4 O-S ^]

:0 :C 30.= 8.= Q-D ^]JN

:1 ;E ? 58.;< 1.= Q-D BJE (J-)G

:8 :C ;>.3 :.> Q-D ^]JN:: SN >4.0 :.= Q-D ^] JN/JJE5== ;E ?53.8 0.= SQ-OD BJE

5=5 8N< >0.3 :.> Q-D ^] Jn



>45 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ LT[NTJBKJOAS

hlusd typd bdoath

(i)

wjkth

(i)

lrjdotetjlo ketd

5=> 4E >:.4 0.= Q-D BJE

5=3 4E >>.5 0.> Q-D BJEFIE 8N 5>.1 8.3 Q-D ^] Jk/bbe

5=;N :E 3>.4 1.;-8.3 Q-D ^]

5=4 :E< >4.8 :.> Q-D ^] Jk(/JJe)

5=0 :E >3.8 8.; Q-D ^]JJ5=1 4E ?:.5 0.= Q-D 1

5=S : 33.4 ?0.8 Q-D BJE B/^] 5/

5=: :< ?>1.1 8.5 O-S ^]J55= :E >5.> 8.3 Q-D ^]JJo j 1N ?58.4 ?:.5 Q-D ^]J JE

55> >N 51.; 1.: OQ-SD DJE55 ) 4E ?>3.3 4.0 Q-D BJE55; 4E ?51.4 4.; Q-D BJE

5 5< : ?35.0 8.3 Q-D ^] Jk/JJE550 1N< 51.= 0.1 Q-D ^]551 :N< 30.3 1.;-8.> Q-D ^]JJ5S 8C< 53.1 4.> O-S ^] JN

55: SE 5>.= 1.; O-S ^] Jk/JJE

5>= :N 30.> 1¶ Q-D ^] J(N)5>5 1E< ?;.4 1.< Q-D ^]

5>> 4E ?55.0 4.0 Q-D BJE5>3 4E ?:.4 4.; Q-D BJE F(-B)5>; 4E ?5>.4 4.4 Q-D BJE F(-B)5>< JE >:.= 4.5-4.8 Q-D INE

55. Ceteblaud l` lutnujbkjoas (N)Ndsjkds 5>1 hlusd pbeos, 5> rdauberby shepdk `deturds wdrddxcevetdk, whjch erd essuidk tl rdprdsdot lutnujbkjoas. [hdcrjtdrje dipblydk jo jkdotj`yjoa `deturds es lutnujbkjoas wdrd

e kdsjao kj``drjoa trli thet l` thd hlusd pbeos eok/lr e siebbsjzd. Ilst l` thd ketdk `deturds l` lutnujbkjoas ketd `rli thd^lieo pdrjlk (sjx. plssjnby sdvdo). Loby lod kdbìojtdby ketds`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead, lod iey nd l` Betd brlo Ead ketd eok`lur lthdrs erd l` uocdrtejo ketd.

[hd adodreb tdri 'lutnujbkjoas' hes nddo usdk tl kdscrjndthdsd structurds ndceusd jt js olt folwo dxectby whet ectjvj-tjds wdrd cerrjdk lut jo thdi. [hdy iey hevd nddo usdk `lrstlrjoa allks (prlnenby olt crlps) lr `lr cre`t lr hlusdhlbkecjjvjtjds. [hdrd sddidk tl nd ol sdosd jo ettdiptjoa tllrkdr thjs siebb, nut vdry verjdk arlup l` nujbkjoas jo etyplblajceb sdqudocd, sl thd structurds wjbb ebb nd kjscussdksdperetdby ndblw. Slid lutnujbkjoas wdrd `luok tl kj``dr`rli e pertjcuber typd l` hlusd pbeo loby jo sjzd eok olt jokdsjao. Jo thdsd cesds thd hlusd typd jo qudstjlo wjbb ndjokjcetdk ndblw.

Ebb thd krewjoas jo thjs cheptdr hevd nddo krewo tl thd`lbblwjoa scebds7 pbeos 57>==, plsthlbd kdpths 575==, plst-hlbd sdctjlos7 573=. [hd hetchdk `deturds clubk olt nd uoei-njaulusby esslcjetdk wjth thd pbeo l` eo lutnujbkjoa.

NJ (`ja. >0;)

Lutnujbkjoa N5 hek e twl-ejsbdk pbeo. bts bloa webbs wdrdierfdk ny pejrdk webb plsts, sdt lo djthdr sjkd l` e ndkkjoatrdoch. Ol trecds l` e webb wdrd `luok ebloa thd shlrt sjkds. Jothd sluthwdst thd trdoch thet hdbk thd webb iey hevd nddokjsturndk ny thd kjaajoa l` pjt >>3;. J` sl, thd lutdrilst cdotreb rll` supplrt wes joclrplretdk jo thd webb (c`. hlusd typd

8N). Qhdrd thd dotreocd(s) wdrd js ebsl uocdrtejo6 lod ieyhevd nddo sjtuetdk jo bjod wjth thd destdroilst rll` supplrt.[hd lutnujbkjoa idesurdk et bdest 5> x 4.> i6 jt wes lrjdotdksluthwdst-olrthdest. [hd hlbd thet hdbk thd cdotreb rll` supplrtyjdbkdk e clipbdtd ^lieo vdssdb l` typd Stuert >5=E, whjch jsprdsuienby tl nd jotdrprdtdk es e nujbkjoa l``dr. [do pjdcds l`^lieo plttdry (jocbukjoa lod jotect vdssdb eok lod `reaidotl` Stuert >5=E) eok lod `reaidot l` oetjvd plttdry shlw thetthd `deturd ketds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk (Jk/JJ).

N> (`ja. >04)

N> js e twl-ejsbdk pbeo wjth rll` supplrts joclrplretdk jo thdshlrt webbs, e ndkkjoa trdoch eok lutdr plsts (c`. hlusd typd 8C).Lod dotreocd wes cbderby vjsjnbd jo bjod wjth thd cdotreb rll`supplrt. [hd nujbkjoa idesurdk :.> x ;.: i eok wes lrjdotdksluthwdst-olrthdest. [hd `joks, sjx `reaicots l` ^lieo eok lod`reaidot l` oetjvd plttdry, ketd thd pbeo tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

N3 (`ja. >00)

[hd jrrdauber, twl-ejsbdk pbeo l` lutnujbkjoa N3 jotdrsdcts thdpbeo l` lutnujbkjoa N>. Ndkkjoa trdochds (lr perts l` thdi)ierfdk thd plsjtjlos l` thd webbs lo thrdd sjkds. [hd olrth-destdro shlrt webb ilrdlvdr joclrplretdk e rll` supplrt ((ƞ.hlusd typd 8N). Ol ndkkjoa trdoch wes lnsdrvdk ebloa thdsluthwdstdro shlrt sjkd. [hd nujbkjoa wes et bdest 5= i bloa

eok ;.4 i wjkd6 jt wes lrjdotdk sluthwdst-olrthdest. [hd`joks, thrdd `reaidots l` ^lieo eok lod `reaidot l` oetjvdwerd, ketd thd pbeo tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

N; (`ja. >01e)

[hd `deturd l` lutnujbkjoa N; cliprjsds e rdcteoauber trdochwhjch wes 3-54 ci kddp, et bdest 5.8 i bloa eok 5.0 i wjkd.Jo thd erde docblsdk ny thd trdoch wes e ;4-ci-kddp pjt. [hdnujbkjoa wes lrjdotdk olrthwdst-sluthdest. Ol `joks wdrdrdclvdrdk `rli thjs `deturd.

N4 (`ja. >01n)

[hd `deturd l` lutnujbkjoa N4 ebsl cliprjsds loby e rdcteoauber trdoch. [hjs trdoch wes ;-: ci kddp. [hdrd wes eo jotdr-ruptjlo jo thd sluth, whjch iey rdprdsdot eo dotreocd. [hdnujbkjoa idesurdk 3.4 x et bdest 3.= i eok wes lrjdotdk olrthwdst-sluthdest. Ol `joks wdrd docluotdrdk jo thd trdoch.

N0 (`ja. >01c)

Lutnujbkjoa N0 hek e lod-ejsbdk pbeo, e ndkkjoa trdoch eok



>4> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

&*;*-;-%*-t- l- l

@jaurd >0;. Lutnujbkjoa N5

¶ Ir

•J

*ìì'Q i

@jaurd >04. Lutnujbkjoa N>

@jaurd >00. Lutnujbkjoa N3






J

JJ

J

¥

@jaurd >0:. Lutnujbkjoa N8

@jaurd >1=. Lutnujbkjoa N: (e) eok N5= (n)

•

J

Q ì [ "* ¥

@jaurd >15. Lutnujbkjoa N55 (e) eok N5> (n)



>44 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ AÊOE JDS

eok lod `reaidot l` eo jrlo oejb thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli jts

`deturd.

Njb (`jo. >15e)

Lutnujbkjoa NJ J hek e lod-ejsbdk pbeo wjth e ndkkjoa trdochjo whjch cbder plsthlbds wdrd lnsdrvdk (2ƞ. hlusd typd 0E).[hdrd wes e oerrlw lpdojoa jo thd wdstdro bloa webb. N55

RR es et bdest 8.8 i bloa eok 4.= i wjkd. Jt wes lrjdotdk olrth-sluth. [hd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli jts `deturd cliprjsd thrdd`reaidots l` oetjvd plttdry (eiloa whjch js lod `reaidot lè sebb clotejodr) eok `lur `reaidots l` ^lieo plttdry (jocbuk-joa lod `reaidot l` ardyjsh whjtd clersd werd). [hdy ketd thdpbeo tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk (5N/JJ).

N5>(/??. >1//?)Loby pert l` thd pbeo l` lutnujbkjoa N5>, closjstjoa l` e nrlekndkkjoa trdoch, hek survjvdk. [hd nujbkjoa wes ;.= i bloaeok et bdest 3.= i wjkd. Jt wes lrjdotdk olrth-sluth. [wl`reaidots l` ^lieo eok thjrtddo `reaidots l` oetjvd werd

suaadst thet thd pbeo ketds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

5>. [yplblay eok ceteblaud l` areoerjds (S)[hjs sdctjlo kjscussds thd `deturds l` structurds thet erd cli-iloby essuidk tl hevd nddo usdk `lr stlread (Iòbbdr-Qjbbd5:116 Adot 5:836 Pjbbds 5:84). Jo thd erchedlblajceb bjtdre-turd thdy erd usuebby rd`drrdk tl es 'areoerjds'6 rdbetjvdbysiebY structurds wjth e squerd lr rdcteoauber pbeo. ;80 l` suchpbeos wdrd jkdotj`jdk et Lss-Tssdo (tenbd 35), 0= (4:) l`whjch clubk nc ketdk tl thd Jrlo Ead eok 51 (58) tl thd^lieo pdrjlk lo thd nesjs l` `joks (tenbd 3=). [hd lthdr ;=:hevd olt nddo ketdk.

Es èr es thd ouindr l` areoerjds js clocdrodk, dspdcjebby

thd sjipbd structurds, jt shlubk nd ekkdk thet loby e clipere-tjvdby siebb prlplrtjlo wes ectuebby rdclaojsdk es such jo thd`jdbk. [hd ieglrjty l` thd pbeos wdrd rdclostructdk et thdkrewjoa tenbd. [hjs epprlech js l` clursd lpdo tl lngdctjlo,ndceusd jt js rdbetjvdby desy tl 'rdclostruct'areoerjds jouoclblurdk `jdbk krewjoas (57;=). Jo thd `jdbkthd seid sdt l``lur plsthlbds whjch erd erreoadk jo e squerd ijaht shlwcbder kj``drdocds jo clblur eok wlubk thdrd`lrd pdrheps olt ndjkdotj`jdk es thd `deturd l` e areoery.

Ardet ceutjlo wes hlwdvdr dxdrcjsdk jo jkdotj`yjoa areoerjds jo thd krewjoas, dspdcjebby jo erdes clotejojoa kdosdcbustdrs l` plsthlbds. Jo jkdotj`yjoa whet erd jo thjs rdspdct thd

ilst kj``jcubt typds l` areoerjds, thd `lur- eok sjx-plst structurds, loby pbeos whlsd lpplsjtd sjkds kj``drdk ny olt ilrdtheo epprlx. 5=% eok whlsd plsthlbds kj``drdk loby bjttbd jokdpth wdrd cbessdk es areoerjds. Loby thdrd whdrd `lur lr sjxplsthlbds wdrd `luok jo jslbetjlo eok thdsd plsthlbds uoijs-tefenby rdprdsdotdk e areoery wdrd thdsd crjtdrje bdss strjctbydipblydk. [hdrd whdrd e krewjoa shlwdk e rlw l` thrddplsthlbds byjoa odxt tl thd dkad l` e pjt eok thdsd plsthlbds

eppderdk tl rdprdsdot lod sjkd l` e sjx-plst structurd jt weskdcjkdk olt tl jocbukd thd `deturd eiloa thd areoerjds. Sl joebb prlnenjbjty ilrd areoerjds wdrd dxcevetdk theo prdsdotdkhdrd.

[hrdd iejo typds l` stlread structurds wdrd kjstjoaujshdk etLss-Tssdo, dech cliprjsjoa sdvdreb suntypds7J7 structurds supplrtdk ny twl rlws l` plsts, wjthjo whjch

thd `lbblwjoa suntypds wdrd kjstjoaujshdk7E7 ;-plst structurds, slid wjth klunbê clrodr plsts51

(`ja. >1>)6N7 oerrlw 0-plst structurds7 bdoath ? wjkth6 slid wjthklunbê clrodr plsts (`ja. >13)6

C7 wjkd 0-plst structurds7 bdoath 2 wjkth6 slid wjthklunbê clrodr plsts (`ja. >1;, >14).

K7 structurds supplrtdk ny ilrd theo 0 plsts (`ja. >10)6

D7 lthdrs (`ja. >11).

JJ7 structurds supplrtdk ny thrdd rlws l` plsts6 thrdd

suntypds wdrd kjstjoaujshdk wjthjo thjs arlup, thd `jrsttwl l` whjch ceo nd tdridk 'twl-ejsbdk' eok thd thjrk

'lod-ejsbdk'7E7 :-plst structurds (`ja. >18)6

N7 structurds supplrtdk ny 5> lr ilrd plsts (`ja. >1:)6

C7 structurds whlsd ijkkbd 'rl w' closjstdk l` loby plstsjoclrplretdk jo thd shlrt webbs (`ja. >8=)6

JJJ7 structurds closjstjoa l` e `bllr surrluokdk ny webbs(hlrrde). [wl suntypds wdrd kjstjoaujshdk lo thd nesjs l`

thd ouindr l` plsts thet supplrtdk thd `bllr7E7 :-plst `bllr (`ja. >85)6

N7 5>-plst `bllr (`ja. >8>).

Es ceo nd sddo jo tenbd 3=, thd sjipbdst typds, thd ;- eok 0-plst areoerjds, erd klijoeot. [hd areoerjds hevd ebsl nddo

erreoadk jo chrlolblajceb lrkdr. Ebthluah jt js kj``jcubt tljotdrprdt thd chrlolblajceb sdqudocd ndceusd ilst l` thd areoerjds clubk olt nd ketdk, jt js dvjkdot thet typds JE-JC wdrdusdk prdklijoeotby jo thd Jrlo Ead eok typds TJE eok JJJNdxcbusjvdby jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Es ceo nd sddo jo thd tenbd,typd JJE wes usdk `rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead jotl thd ^lieopdrjlk. [ypd JJN clubk olt nd ketdk kjrdctby, nut cdrtejo dvj-kdocd suaadsts thet thjs typd wes usdk jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead.58

@jaurd >8; shlws thd `rdqudocjds l` thd erdes l` thd structurds. [hd typds l` areoerjds whjch wdrd ketdk prdklijoeotbytl thd Jrlo Ead eok whjch erd rdprdsdotdk jo èjrby beradouindrs (typds JE, JN, JC, JK eok JJE) prlvd tl hevd ideo

erdes l` ndtwddo 3.4 eok 0.4 i>

eok thlsd `rli thd ^lieopdrjlk (TJE eok JJJN) ideo erdes l` ndtwddo 30.8 eok 10.=i>. E `dw structurds wjth berad `bllr erdes wdrd nujbt jo thdJrlo Ead tll, nut jt js olt cdrtejo whdthdr thdsd structurdswdrd usdk `lr thd seid purplsd es thd siebbdr areoerjds.

Jt js cliiloby essuidk thet areoerjds hek e rejsdk `bllr.[hd `bllrs l` typds JE-JD eok JJC wdrd olt supplrtdk ny lodlr ilrd plsts kua jotl thd arluok, whdrdes thlsd l` thd lthdrs



>40 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^5CE BD5KDOSJE 3=

[enbd 3=. Survdy l` thd ketds eok ouindrs l areoerjds `luok et Lss-Tssdo pdr typd (ado. - adodreb).

typd Derby Jrlo Ead

ado. E-N C-K

Ijkkbd Ead

ado. D-@ A-H

Betd Jrlo Ead

ado. J-G F-B

^lieo

]drjlk

olt ketdk tlteb tlteb

pdr typd

J7EN

CKD

5 34

55

; 1> 5 >

5 5

1 - >5= 5

; b(-)

35

-k)>

>4083

;88>

>835=4

4055

> ;41

JJ7

ENC

- - - > 5 > 3 1>5

54

>

>

JJ7

ENC - - - 5 - - - -

1>5

54

>

> 5:

5557E

N

4

3

4

3

5557E

N - - - \ - - -4

3 -4

3 8

< \ - - - \ - > > >

tlteb 8 3 8 ; 5= >3 ;(3) 51(58) ;=: ;80

pdr pdrjlk 55 >> >1(>0) 51(58)

•

•

5 JJ [

e n

@jaurd >1>. Areoerjds l typd JE7 e7 S5:6 c 9 S51>7 n7 S3:8. Scebd7 pbeo 57>==, plsthlbd kdpths 575==.

[ [

[ [[ [

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@jaurd >14. Areoerjds l` typd JC7 S3>= wjth rdiejos l` wllk stjbb jo pbecd. Scebd7 pbeo 57>==,sdctjlos 573=.

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@jaurd >10. Areoerjds l` typd JK7 e7 S>::6 n7 S;40. Scebd7 pbeo 57>==, plsthlbd kdpths 575==.

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@jaurd >1:. Areoery l` typd JJN7 S;44. Scebd7 pbeo 57>==, plsthlbd kdpths 575==.

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>4: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ A EOE^JDS

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@jaurd >8>. Areoery S;0;. Scebd7 pbeo 57>==, plsthlbd kdpths 575==, kjtch sdctjlos 573=.

(JJE, JJN. TJE eok JJJN) wdrd. [hd cdotreb `bllr-supplrtjoaplsts l` thd areoerjds l` typd JJN wdrd `luokdk tl thd seid

kdpth es thd lutdr supplrts, whdrdes thd cdotreb supplrts l`thd areoerjds l` typd JJE wdrd `luokdk bdss kddp jo thd cesd l`heb` l` thd tlteb ouindr l` areoerjds l` thjs typd. Jo twl cesdsthd plsts l` thd dotjrd cdotreb rlw wdrd `luokdk bdss kddp(S>=3 eok S>3S6 `ja. >18e). [hd cdotreb supplrts l` thd areoerjds l` typds TJE eok JJJN wdrd `luokdk kddpdr theo thdlutdr plsts jo `jvd cesds lut l` djaht, tl thd seid kdpth jo lodcesd eok bdss kddp jo twl cesds.

Jo lod areoery thd `bllr supplrts hek nddo `luokdk jondkkjoa trdochds (S;0;6 ƞ/#. >8>d). [hdsd ;-i-bloa trdochdswdrd kddpdr thdrd whdrd thd plsts hek stllk, es e rdsubt l`whjch thdjr kdpths verjdk `rli ;0 tl := ci. [hd kjsteocdndtwddo thd trdochds wes >5= ci, whjbd thd trdochds eok thdlutdr plsts bey >== eok 54= ci epert (idesurdk ecrlss thd O-S eok D-Q exds, rdspdctjvdby). [hd kjsteocd ndtwddo thdsurvjvjoa doks l` thd plsts jo thd trdochds wes 50= ci.

[hd kjsteocds ndtwddo thd supplrts l` thd lthdr hlrrde

wdrd 5;=-58= eok 50=->3= ci (typd TJE, idesurdk ecrlssthd O-S eok D-Q exds, rdspdctjvdby) eok 5;=->;= eok 51=->>= ci (typd JJJN). [hd kjsteocds ndtwddo thd lutdr eok

cdotreb supplrts verjdk `rli 1= tl 55= ci jo thd areoerjds l`typd TJE eok `rli 5;= tl >>= ci jo thlsd l` typd JJJN.

Lod areoery (S;6 `ja. >8>n) hek e kj``drdot pbeo. E ndkkjoatrdoch docblsjoa eo erde l` ;.4 x >.4 i wes cloodctdk tl thdolrthdestdro sjkd l` thd usueb TJE pbeo. Ol ndkkjoa trdochwes lnsdrvdk jo thd olrthwdst, whdrd thdrd sddis tl hevdnddo eo dotreocd. Jo thd olrthdest thd ndkkjoa trdoch wes`beofdk lo thd lutsjkd ny thrdd kddp plsthlbds. Es ol lthdr`deturds wdrd `luok ndsjkds thdsd thrdd plsthlbds eok thdndkkjoa trdoch wd iey essuid thet eo eoodx wjthlut e rejsdk`bllr wes nujbt lotl thjs areoery.

^diejos l` clostructjlo tjindr hek survjvdk jo thd `deturdsl` lod hlrrdui eok twl siebb areoerjds. [hd rdiejos rdclv-drdk `rli S;0; hevd ilrd lr bdss rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjloseok idesurd 50 x >= tl >; x >8 ci (`ja. >8>d)6 slid shlwtllj ierfs et thd nlttli (`ja. >84). Jo slid hlbds siebbpbeofs wjth lod lr twl ndvdbbdk sjkds eok evdread kjidosjlosl` 58 x 8 x > ci wdrd `luok ndodeth thd doks l` thd plsts(`ja. >84). Loby lod lthdr hlrrdui (S>) yjdbkdk wllk, oltenbythd pljotdk nlttli dok l` e stefd. [hd kddp plsthlbds l` thdareoery S3>= clotejodk thd stuns l` plsts eok thd pbeofs lowhjch thd plsts hek rdstdk (`ja. >14). [hd stuns hevd squerd tl




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>05 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ AÊOE^JDS

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rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlos eok idesurd 51.4 x 51.4 ci tl >4 x erd 3-4 ci thjcf. Ebb thd rdiejos l` plsts eok pbeofs thet>1 ci. [hd pbeofs very `rli 34 x 5; ci tl 43 x 34 ci eok wdrd eoebysdk wdrd `luok tl nd l` lef.



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541 JN 00=/>:= IJE A-H >5> JE >5=/>== -548 JE >3=/51= - >53 JE 51=/50= -54: JE* 50=/54= - >5; JE" >==/5:= IJE A-H



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;8= JE >3=/>5= -;85 JE 54=/54= -;8> JE 51=/5>= -;83 JE >==/>== -;8; JN >;=/58= -;84 JE >;=/>3= -;80 b R 5>=/55= \



>01 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]J[S

53. [yplblay eok ceteblaud l` wdbbs eok pjts (])53.5. JO[^LKTC[JLO

']jts' erd hdrd uokdrstllk tl cliprjsd ebb olo-bjoder `deturdsthet ceoolt nd jotdrprdtdk es e plsthlbd lr e nurjeb. Olt ebb thdpjts docluotdrdk jo thd dxcevetjlo hevd hlwdvdr nddojocbukdk jo thjs ceteblaud. Qd hevd iekd e cbder sdbdctjlo,dipblyjoa es crjtdrje e sunsteotjeb kdpth, e cherectdrjstjc

sdctjlo lr rdierfenbd `joks (e berad ouindr, typjceb lr wdbb-ketenbd). Sl ebthluah olt dvdry uoderthdk pjt wjbb nd closjk-drdk ncblw, thd 45> pjts thet hevd nddo jocbukdk jo thjs ceteblaud erd jo lur lpjojlo kd`jojtdby thd ieglrjty eok thd ilstjiplrteot `luok jo thd dxcevetjlo (tenbd 34).

[hd pjts kjsclvdrdk et Lss-Tssdo rdprdsdot dvdry pdrjlk`rli thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead lowerks, dxcdpt thd Betd NrlozdEad (`ja. >806 tenbd 3>). [hdy very closjkdrenby jo shepd - jonlth thdjr hlrjzloteb eok thdjr vdrtjceb sdctjlos - eok clotdots.Jt js tdiptjoa tl jotdrprdt thjs verjetjlo jo tdris l` kj``drdocdsjo ùoctjlo, nut thdrd js loby lod arlup l` pjts, thd bjodk wdbbs,whlsd ùoctjlo js cbder tl us. Es èr es thd lthdrs erd clo-

cdrodk wd hevd tl rdby lo thd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thdjr `ìbbs,eok thdy l``dr tll `dw cbuds tl doenbd us tl cbessj`y thd pjtsecclrkjoa tl thdjr ùoctjlo. Ieoy ectjvjtjds, such es thd stlr-ead eok prlcdssjoa l` lraeojc prlkucts (`llk eok lthdr crlps,eojieY prlkucts), bdevd ol trecds ndhjok, dxcdpt j` rdiejosheppdo tl ndclid cernlojsdk lr dok up ndodeth arluokwetdrbdvd!. Es `lr ectjvjtjds thet kl l`tdo bdevd trecds jo thd erched-lblajceb rdclrk, such es thd stlread l` olo-lraeojc prlkucts,ectjvjtjds esslcjetdk wjth `jrd, spjoojoa, wdevjoa, jrlo wlrf-joa, dtc, jt js l`tdo olt cbder whdthdr such ectjvjtjds wdrdcerrjdk lut jo lr oder e pjt, es e rdsubt l` thd prjiery rdiejosl` thd ectjvjtjds hevjoa ndclid ijxdk wjth sdttbdidot rdùsd.[hd kdcp pjts jo sdttbdidots jo pertjcuber wdrd l`tdo sdcloker-

jby usdk es rdùsd pjts (`ja. >816 sdd ebsl Peo kdo Nrldfd5:8=7 >46 Peo Ds dt eb. 5:847 4146 Fojaht 5:8;7 55=6^lsdostlcf 5:1:7 588).''' Jo thdsd pjts rdùsd wes `luokthrluahlut thd dotjrd `jbb lr jo cbderby kjstjoct beydrs. Ieoy l`thdsd pjts wdrd ketdk lo thd nesjs l` thdsd rdiejos, whjchhdocd yjdbkdk e tdrijous eotd qudi `lr thd pjts' prjiery usd.

[hd kj``drdot typds l` pjts wdrd kjstjoaujshdk prjierjby lothd nesjs l` thd kdpths l` thd pjts (`ja. >88).>= @jrst l` ebb ekjstjoctjlo wes iekd lo thd nesjs l` thd plsjtjlo l` thd `bllrl` thd pjt rdbetjvd tl thd lrjajoeb arluokwetdr bdvdb7 pjts wjth`bllrs ndodeth arluokwetdr bdvdb wdrd tdridk kddp, thlsdwjth `bllrs enlvd thjs bdvdb ndjoa tdridk shebblw.>5 [hd kddp

pjts wdrd thdo ùrthdr cbessj`jdk lo thd nesjs l` thd prdsdocd lrensdocd l` e bjojoa structurd lr e stefd krjvdo jotl thd `bllr l`thd pjt. Odxt. thd `bllrs l` thd shebblw eok kddp uobjodk pjtswdrd closjkdrdk, eok e kjstjoctjlo wes iekd ndtwddo `bet`bllrs eok lthdr `bllrs. [hd odxt crjtdrjlo jo thd cesd l` thdshebblw pjts wjthlut e `bet `bllr wes thd shepd l` thd pjt'svdrtjceb sdctjlo. Es èr es thjs crjtdrjlo js clocdrodk, wd hektl nder jo ijok thet thd sdctjlo rdclrkdk jo thd `jdbk wes olt

odcdsserjby thd lrjajoeb sdctjlo, whjch clubk hevd nddoe``dctdk ny e whlbd sdrjds l` usd eok plst-usd prlcdssds(Fojaht 5:8;7 5=;). Drlsjlo lccurs iejoby et thd tlp l e pjteok thd drlkdk pert l` thd pjt webb js kdplsjtdk et thd nlttlil` thd pjt, whdrd thd sdctjlo `rli thd best phesd l` usd jsclosdqudotby prdsdrvdk. Jo lur lpjojlo jt js olt clrrdct tl seythet thd ensdocd l` thd tlp >=-3= ci l` thd lrjajoeb sdctjlo l`

e pjt jipbjds thd blss l` jiplrteot jo`lrietjlo lo thd pjt'slrjajoeb shepd eok ùoctjlo, es js slidtjids cbejidk (Peo Dsdt eb. 5:847 414)6 thet jo`lrietjlo js tl nd `luok prdklij-oeotby et thd nlttli l` thd pjt. Loby thdrd whdrd e pjt wesrdusdk e`tdr jt hek ndclid pertby `jbbdk wjth rdùsd iey jo`lrietjlo hevd nddo kdstrlydk jo betdr pbluahjoa.

[hd enlvd crjtdrje bdk tl thd `lbblwjoa typlblajceb cbessj`j-cetjlo7E kddp pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk, nlwb-shepdk lr esyiidt-

rjceb vdrtjceb sdctjlo, whjch wdrd (lrjajoebby) bjodk. [hdbjojoa iey hevd nddo l` thd `lbblwjoa fjoks7E5 rluok/lveb crlss-sdctjlo, wettbdwlrf

E> rluok/lveb crlss-sdctjlo, vdrtjcebby erreoadk dbdidotsE3 hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofE; (wjod) cesfE4 squerd/rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlo, hlrjzlotebby erreoadkdbdidotsE0 squerd crlss-sdctjlo, vdrtjcebby erreoadk dbdidotsE1 kua lut lr kjsturndkSlid pjts wdrd bjodk wjth clinjoetjlos l` thd enlvd

N kddp pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk, nlwb-shepdk lr esyiidt-rjceb sdctjlo

C kddp pjts wjth e uoodb- lr nlwb-shepdk sdctjlo wjth estefd krjvdo jotl thd `bllr

K kddp pjts wjth e ùoodb-shepdk lr esyiidtrjceb sdctjlo

wjth e `bet `bllrD shebblw pjts wjth e ùoodb- lr nlwb-shepdk sdctjlo@ shebblw pjts wjth eo esyiidtrjceb sdctjloA shebblw pjts wjth e cybjokrjceb sdctjloH vdry shebblw pjts wjth e `bet `bllrJ shebblw pjts wjth eo jrrdauber sdctjlo

[hdrd erd ebsl e `dw pjts whjch clubk olt nd cbessj`jdk esndbloajoa tl eoy l` thd enlvd typds7E-J pjts `lr whjch ol jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd lo thdjr kdpths

lr sdctjlosN-K kddp pjts `lr whjch ol jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd lo thdjr

sdctjlosD-J shebblw pjts `lr whjch ol jo`lrietjlo js evejbenbd lo

thdjr sdctjlos@jaurd >8: shlws thd ouindrs pdr typd. Loby thd `jaurds l`

thd kddp pjts (typds E-K) ajvd rdbjenbd jiprdssjlos l` thdlrjajoeb ouindrs dxcevetdk. [hd `jaurds l` thd shebblw pjts(typds D-J) erd ilst prlnenby tll blw es e rdsubt l` thddipblydk sdbdctjlo crjtdrje. Jo tlteb, :> pjts (9 58% l` thd




58=

50=

5;=

5>=

5==

8=

0=

•5=

> = - 5;

503

5=5

0>

5

;4

5>

38

51

4=

NE NE/DJE DJE DJE/IJE IJE IJE/BJE BJE BJE/^[ JE

@jaurd >80. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd pjts pdr pdrjlk.

^[ OK

5>=

55=

5==

:= -

8=

1= -

0= -

4= -

;=

3=

>=

5= -|

=E

@jaurd >81.

_ _ N rd usd

J j ol rdùsd

5 ol kete

o B GJ G5 j jhjbN C K D @ A H J E-b N-K D-b

Survdy l` thd ouindrs l` pjts l` dech typd thet wdrd (olt) sdclokerjby usdk es rdùsd pjts.

tlteb ouindr) clubk olt nd cbessj`jdk (typds E-J, N-K eok D-J).[enbds 5> eok 53 suiierjsd thd ketds eok thd ilst jiplrteotkjidosjlos l` thd jokjvjkueb typds, whjch wjbb nd kjscussdksdperetdby ndblw (sdd ebsl jas. >:=e, n eok c).

53 .> . KDD] BJODK ]J[S ([Z]D E)

Ilst l` thd 508 kddp bjodk pjts lr wdbbs hevd e ùoodb-shepdkvdrtjceb sdctjlo eok e rluok tl lveb crlss-sdctjlo. [hdjr kdpthsvery `rli 1= tl >0= ci, wjth eo evdread l` 53= ci6 thdjr

kjeidtdrs `rli 53= tl 55>= ci, wjth eo evdread l` enlut 3==ci. Closjkdrjoa thet thd kdpths wdrd idesurdk `rli thd surècddxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo, thd kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd evdreadkdpths jo thd kj``drdot pdrjlks erd olt sjaoj`jceot (tenbd 3;).

Slid l` thd wdbbs wjth kjeidtdrs l` ilrd theo 4== ci (sdd `ja. 355) eok sblpjoa sjkds (]>4, ]15, ]538, ]>;5, ]>15) ceond jotdrprdtdk es bjodk wetdrjoa pbecds `lr cettbd (Hdjkjoae5:817 5=1) (`ja. >:5). [hdy sddi tl ketd `rli thd Jrlo Eadloby (sdd ebsl typd N).



>0: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]J[S

kdpth

clostructjlo

nlttli

sdctjlo

bjodk stefd wjthlut bjojoa

olt bet `bet

ùoodbnlwb

esyi.

ùoodbnlwb

ùoodbnlwb

esyi.

ùoodb

esyi.

typd

@jaurd >88. Schdietjc survdy l` thd crjtdrje usdk tl kjvjkd thd pjts jo typds.

shebblw

ùoodb esyi. cybjokdr jrrdaubernlwb

51= 508

50=-

54= -

5;=-53=

5>=

55= -

5==

:=

8=1> 15

1=0=

4= 4=

;=

3= • >8

55

GWB>>

55

GWB>3 •je

>= bð JÐ

55

GWB5> 55

GWB5==

55

GWBE N C K D @ A H j E-b N-K D-b

@jaur d >8: @rdqud JF y kjst jnjGtjlo c thd pjts `l uok e Css-Tssd o pdr ypd.



>1= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDH5S[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd 3>. Chrlolblajceb kjstrjnutjlo l` thd verjlus typds l` pjts. E* 9 cliplsjtd bjojoa cliprjsjoa sdvdreb structurds6 NE 9 Nrlozd Ead6 DJE 9 DerbyJrlo Ead6 IJE 9 Ijkkjd Jrlo Ead6 BJE9 Betd Jrlo Ead6 JE 9 Jrlo Ead6 ^p 9 ^lieo pdrjlk.

typd NE BNE/ DJE DJE/ IJE IJE/ BJE BJE/ JE ^] olt ketdk tltebDJE IJE BJE ^]

E > 3 5 0 5>

Eb ; 5 >5 : ; 1 ;') 3 :8

E> 3 > 5 5 1 E3 4 ; > 5 5 ; 51

Et > >

E4 51 51

E0 5 5

E1 4 > 5 > 5=

P 5 3 ;

N 5 5: > >4 5 1 > 3 s ; 1>

C > X > 3 3 58

5) ; 5= 3 5 58

V•7 b 0 > 1 3 4 3 : >> 53 15

@ > 5 ; 5 > 5 S 3 >>

A > b > > 3 > 5>

55 5 5 5 3 3 5> 1 >8

J > > 5 5 > 5 > JJ E 5 5 1 5 > ; > (j >3

N-K 5 > ; > > 5 4 > 5')

D-J 5 3 1 > 3 3 1 54 : 4=

tlteb 5; 5 0> : 5=5 5> ;4 51 38 503 4= 45>

[enbd 33. Survdy l` thd kete evejbenbd lo thd pjts pdr typd (kjidosjlos jo ci).

typd ouindr kdpth kjeidtdr pjt kjeidtdr bjojoaijo. iex. ideo ijo. iex. ideo ijo. iex. ideo

Eb 'JS 1(5 5:4 5>5 53= 55>= 3>3 ;= >>= 5==

R> 1 5=4 5S= J;S JSL ;4= >10 ;= 54= :=

E3 51 sl >>= 530 53= 4;= 3=4 3= 55= ;:

Eb > 504 >0= >53 >== 3== >4= 04 :4 8=

E4 51 5== JS4 5;3 >>= ;== 3=> 34x1= 53=x5;= 5==x5=1

E0 5 5>= 3>= 44x0=

E1 5= 1= 5>= 5== 544 04= 3S>

H 1> 4= 504 5== := 8== 341

(' JS 4= 5>= :3 5;4 04= 3=0

5) JS 1= 5>= 5== >>4 0>= Ih

!•7 15 >= := 41 3= ;5= 5:=

j >> >4 := ;: SL 33= 514

Cj 5> >= 5== 0= 0= 3== 534

JJ >S 4 4= >; 0=x8= 5;=x3== :5x518

5 JJ 5= 4= >; 55= 5=== 33=

[hd ilst cliilo typd l` bjojoa js e wettbdwlrf structurd, rdvdebs e chrlolblajceb trdok cliprjsjoa e rdbetjvd kdcrdesd jowhjch wes usdk jo 48% l` thd bjodk wdbbs (`ja. >:3). @jaurd thd usd l` hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs, e rdbetjvd jocrdesd jo thd>:>, whjch prdsdots e survdy l thd typds l` bjojoa pdr pdrjlk, usd l` wettbdwlrf, e vdry strloa jocrdesd jo thd usd l` bjojoas




E•

>;=

• •

>==

50=

5>=

Dc 8=

'j •• . 5 . •

7 - o • .5 I G " • • "• • r

• • •• •

•

` ;=

=

>8=

=.> =.; =.0 =.8 5.=

(thluseoks)kjeidtdr jo ci

(thluseoks)kjeidtdr jo ci

>8=

(thluseoks)

kjeidtdr jo ci

@jaurd >:=. Kjeidtdrs eok kdpths l` pjts l` typd E (e), l typds N, Ceok K (n) eok l` typds D, @, A, H eok J (c). Loby thd pjts l` whjch nlth

idesurdidots erd folwo hevd nddo jocbukdk.

l` typd E4 jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk eok jo thjs seid pdrjlk thdjotrlkuctjlo l` twl odw typds l` bjojoa, oltenby (wjod) cesfs(typd E;) eok bjojoas l` typd E0.

Cblsdby rdbetdk tl thd bettdr kdvdblpidot erd thd eppdereocdl` thd `lrdjao typds l` wllk Ehjds eok ]jcde (usdk jo twlwjod cesfs) eok eo jocrdesd jo thd usd l` Uudrcus (d.a. `lr thdsquerd bjojoas) jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk (`jas. >:;t eok >:;n). Jothd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead thd ilst jiplrteot typd l`wllk wes Ebous, `lbjlwdk ny Uudrcus, Sebjx eok @rexjous.

Ndtuje wes `luok jo loby lod wdbb. Surprjsjoaby, Sebjx, whjchjs typjcebby usdk `lr wettbdwlrf, wes olt `luok jo Derby JrloEad clotdxts. Ebb thd e`lrdidotjlodk typds l` wllk wdrdblcebby evejbenbd. Olt ebb thd bjojoas wdrd iekd `rli `rdshwllk6 slid l` thd wllk wes `luok tl hevd nddo sdclokerjbyusdk (`ja. >:0).

Jo ilst wdbbs jt wes ol bloadr plssjnbd tl kdtdrijod thdloajoeb bdoath l` thd bjojoa ndceusd thd pert enlvd arluokwetdr

bdvdb hek rlttdk. Loby jo thd cesd l` thd wdbbs l` typd E4(`ja. 3=4) eok wdbbs ]51 (typd Eb), ]>4; (typd E36 `ja. 3=5),

]>40 (typd E;6 `ja. 3=3) eok ];5> (typd E>), ebb l` whjch ketd`rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk, iey wd essuid thet thd bjojoadxtdokdk up tl thd lbk beok surècd et bdest (sdd ebsl Peo Ds5:017 5=1). [hjs wes dvjkdot `rli thd wey jo whjch thd wdbbs

[enbd 3;. Evdread kdpths (ndblw thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxceve-

tjlo) l` thd wdbbs pdr pdrjlk.

pdrjlk ouindr kdpth (ci)

Nrlozd Ead > 554Derby Jrlo Ead 8 530Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead JF b ?:Betd Jrlo Ead S 55>

^lieo ]drjlk 44 5>0




J@jaurd >:5. Qdbb ]>4 (typd E5). [hjs wdbb wes prlnenby usdk es e wetdrjoa pbecd tlr thd cettbd. Scebd 574=.

hek jbbdk up, nut ebsl `rli thd stddp sjkds l` thd pjts jotlwhjch thd bjojoas wdrd josdrtdk, whjch wjbb hevd odcdssjtetdkhjah bjojoas. [hd ilrd arekueb eok/lr stdppdk sjkds l` thd pjtsl` thd lthdr typds l` wdbbs, eok thd wey jo whjch thdy hek `jbbdkup, sddi tl suaadst thet thdjr bjojoas kjk olt dxtdok thet èr up,eok thet thd wetdr wes krewo up `rli thd sblpjoa sjkd l` thd pjt

rethdr theo `rli thd lbk beok surècd (`jas. >:: eok 3=>). E `jodxeipbd l` e pjt l` thd bettdr fjok js e ^lieo wdbb thet wes`luok et Pdbsdo. Jt wes bjodk wjth e wjod cesf, erluok whlsdrji e `bllr hek nddo nujbt et e bdvdb ndblw thd lbk beok surècd(Schjiidr 5:117 >>;). Ol such pjt bjojoas wdrd `luok et Lss-Tssdo, nut slks iey wdbb hevd nddo usdk `lr thjs purplsd hdrd.

NE DJE DJE/IJE IJE BJE BJE/^] JE

@jaurd >:>. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd wdbbs pdr pdrjlk.tlp 9 typds E5, E> eok E36 nlttli 9 typds E;, E4 eok E0.

_ _ H typd E;

J | typd E0•so -

J J typdE0

; = -

3 = -

> = -51

5=

o>

•5

NE DJE DJE/IJE IJE BJE BJE/Ê JE Ê




@jaurd >:3. @rdqudocy kjstonutjlo l` thd wdbbs pdr typd.(E. + E. 9 cliplsjtd bjojoa cliprjsjoa bjojoas l` kj``drdot typds).

55=

5==

:=

8=

1=

0=

4=

;=

3=

>=

5=

=

:8

5>51

>j j

51

>j j

5=

>j j

5

E5 E> E3 E; E4 E0 E1 E.+E.

@jaurd >:;. @rdqudocy kjstonu tjlo l` thd fjoks l` wllk usdk jothd bjojoas pdr typd (tlp) eok pdrpdrjlk (nlttli). Eb 9 Ebous6Nd 9 Ndtuje6 @r 9 @rexjous6Uu 9 Ludrcus6 Se 9 Sebjx6En/]j 9 Enjds/]jcde.

EbNc@r

rzzj UuSe

| En/]j



>1; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd >:4. Qdbb ];54. Qllk wes rd-usdk `lr thjs bjojoa.Scebd 573=.

Cliplsjtd bjojoas wdrd `luok jo ieoy wdbbs. [hdy clo-sjstdk l` twl kj``drdot typds l` bjojoas lr l` twl bjojoas l` thdseid typd. Jo `lur wdbbs e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof hek nddoclinjodk wjth e kj``drdot typd l` bjojoa. Qhdthdr thd twl

bjojoas wdrd pbecdk jo thd wdbb eok usdk sjiubteodlusby wesolt ebweys cbder, dxcdpt jo slid l` thd wdbbs l` typd E4,whdrd thdy hek jokddk nddo usdk sjiubteodlusby. Jo thd lthdrcesds thd `joks suaadst thet thd bjojoas wdrd josdrtdk jotl thdwdbbs djthdr nlth et thd seid tjid lr shlrtby e`tdr lod eolthdr.

53.>.5. Qettbdwlrf bjojoas wjth rluokblveb crlss-sdctjlos

(typd Eb)

Ilst l` thd :8 wdbbs l` typd Eb wdrd bjodk wjth e sjoabdwettbdwlrf structurd wjth e rluok tl lveb crlss-sdctjlo,veryjoa jo kjeidtdr `rli ;= tl >>= ci, wjth eo evdread l`5== ci. Sdvdo wdbbs hek e cliplsjtd bjojoa, closjstjoa l` eojoodr eok eo lutdr wettbdwlrf rjoa (`ja. >:06 ]J;0, ]J4;,]J1 :, ]3;4, ]31>e), e rjoa wjth e wettbdwlrf bllp (]>6 `ja.

>:1e) eok e wettbdwlrf bjojoa clotejojoa e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof (];>>). Jo lod wdbb e stefd hek nddo krjvdo jotl thd`bllr josjkd thd wettbdwlrf (];>56 sdd ebsl typds E4 eok C)eok jo eolthdr thd wettbdwlrf bjojoa hek nddo sdt lo e squerd`reid l` pbeofs (]358e).

Ebilst ebb thd bjojoas hek nddo iekd ecclrkjoa tl thd seidtdchojqud, cliprjsjoa thd clostructjlo l` e nesjc structurd l`stefds (l` rluok tjindr lr, bdss l`tdo, pbeofs), whjch wdrdjotdrwlvdo wjth sbdokdr nreochds (`ja, >:8). Ilst l` thdwettbdwlrf wes clersd6 vdry `jod wettbdwlrf wes docluotdrdkjo loby lod wdbb (]3;3) (`ja. >:1n).

Slid bjojoas shlwdk sjaos l` rdpejr closjstjoa l` rluoktjindr usdk tl `jbb up hlbds jo wettbdwlrf (]585) eok sbetsjostebbdk tl rdjo`lrcd perts l` wettbdwlrf (]J 88).

53.>.>. Bjojoas wjth rluokblveb crlss-sdctjlos cliplsdk

l`vdrtjceb cbdidots (typd E>)

[hd bjojoas l` thjs typd (`ja. >::), l` whjch lod cliplsjtd(];>5, wjth e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof) eok sdvdo sjoabd

dxeipbds wdrd `luok, hevd rluok tl lveb crlss-sdctjlos. [hdjrkjeidtdrs reoad `rli ;= tl 54= ci, wjth eo evdread l` := ci.[hd structurds closjst l` pbeofs, slid cbd`t eok/lr wjth pljotdkdoks, eok (sdij-)rluok tjindr plsts, whjch wdrd krjvdo jotl

thd arluok wjthlut eoy `lri l` cloodctjlo ndtwddo thdi.

53.>.3. Hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs (typd E3)

[hjs typd js rdprdsdotdk ny 51 sjoabd structurds pbus e rdbe-tjvdby berad ouindr l` cliplsjtd bjojoas. Jo ekkjtjlo tl thde`lrdidotjlodk clinjoetjlos (Eb eok E3, E> eok E3), thdyerd7 eo joodr eok lutdr bjojoa l` twl hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truofs(]:3) eok e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof clinjodk wjth e bjojoa l`typd E4 (`ja. 3==6 ]:; eok ]>1>6 sdd ebsl Pdridubdo 5::>).Lod hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof wes `luok tl nd rdstjoa lo eoepprlxjietdby trjeoauber `reid l` pbeofs (]>446 c`. ]358e,typd Eb ). [hdsd bjojoas hevd siebb kjeidtdrs, `rli 3= tl 55=ci, wjth eo evdread l` ;: ci.

Ilst trdd-truof bjojoas wdrd clipbdtd et thd tjid whdo thdywdrd kua jotl thd arluok (`ja. 3=5)6 loby twl closjstdk l` perts(]>44, twl hebvds6 ]>1>, lod heb` eok twl quertdrs6 sdd ebslPeo Ds 5:017 5=56 Peo Ds dt eb. 5:847 4146 Hdjkjoae 5:8175=1). [hdsd perts wdrd ettechdk tl lod eolthdr wjth cbeips(`ja. 3==). Slid l` thd trdd-truofs shlwdk tllj ierfs lo thdlutsjkd, dspdcjebby et thd (ndvdbbdk) nlttli dok l` thd truof(]J 54, ]>4;, ];38). Lod truof hek e `bet sewo dok (]>3:).

[hd bjojoas l` ]1= eok ]J:: kdsdrvd spdcjeb idotjlo.Nlth hek jokjsputenby survjvdk jo thdjr dotjrdty. [het l` ]1=closjstdk l` e sdclokerjby usdk nlttlibdss nucfdt wjthheokbds, iekd `rli e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof (kjeidtdr

3= ci, hdjaht 34 ci), whjbd thet l` ]J:: cliprjsdk e wllkdocesf wjth buas, ebsl wjthlut e nesd (kjeidtdr ;4 ci, hdjaht:4 ci6 `ja. 3=>). [hd arllvd whjch hek hdbk thd nesd weslnsdrvenbd et thd nlttli l` thd cesf lo thd josjkd.

53.>.;. (Qjod)cesfs (typd E;)

Jo loby twl wdbbs cesfs hek nddo usdk es bjojoa, nlth l` whjchketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Loby thd stevds, whjch wdrd hdbk




@jaurd >:0. Qdbb l` typd E57 ]31>e (e) eok ]31>n (n). ]31>e wes bjodk wjth eo joodr eok eo lutdr bjojoa. Scebd 573=.

@jaurd >:1. e7 [lp vjdw l` thd wettbdwlrf bjojoa l` wdbb ]> (typd E5). Scebd 57>=6 n7tlp vjdw l` thd jod wettbdwlrf bjojoa l` wdbb ]3;3 (typd E5).Josjkd thd bjojoa wdrd thrdd thjo plsts. Scebd 57>=.




@jaurd >:8. @reaidot l thd wettbdwlrf bjojoa l` wdbb]3:3 (typd E5). Scebd 57>.

@jaurd >::. Qdbb l` typd E>7 ]>>:. Scebd 57;=.




@jaurd 3==. Qdbb l` typds E3 eok E47 ]>1>. [hd kj``drdot perts l` thd hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof wdrd cloodctdk tl lod eolthdr wjth thd ejk l` cbeips.Scebd 573=.




@jaurd 3=5. Qdbb l` typd E37 ]>4;. Lutsjkd thd bjojoa wdrd twl siebb ndeis, lod hlrjzloteb eok lod vdrtjceb. Scebd 573=.

@jaurd 3=>. Qdbb l` typd E37 ]5::. [hjs js lod l` thd `dw wdbbs whlsd bjojoas, jo thjs cesd e sdclokerjby usdk nerrdb, hek survjvdk jo thdjr dotjrdty.Scebd 573=, phltl 575=.



>1: F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]J[S

tladthdr ny neoks l` spbjt wjcfdr, hek survjvdk (`ja. 3=3).

Joscrjptjlos wdrd vjsjnbd lo thd stevds l` thd cesf `luok jo]3=0e, lo nlth thd lutsjkd eok thd josjkd (`ja. 3=;6 Nlaedrs5:81). [hd sdctjlo l` ]>40 suaadsts thet jt wes lrjajoebbybjodk wjth twl cesfs sdt lo tlp l` lod eolthdr (sdd ebslNbldidrs 5:187 >=8).

J` wd essuid thet thd hlbd vje whjch thd cesfs wdrd `jbbdk

wes heb` wey klwo thd cesfs, thd cesfs wjbb hevd nddo enlut:= ci (]>40) eok 58= ci (]3=0e) hjah lrjajoebby. [hdjrberadst kjeidtdrs wdrd 04 eok :4 ci, rdspdctjvdby.

53.>.4. Bjojoas wjth squerdbrdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlos

cliplsdk l` hlrjzloteb dbdidots(typd E4)

[hd bjojoas l` typd E4 hevd e squerd lr rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlo, wjth lutdr kjidosjlos reoajoa `rli 34 x 1= tl 53= x5;= ci. Jo ekkjtjlo tl thd twl wdbbs wjth e cliplsjtd bjojoaidotjlodk enlvd (`ja. 3==6 ]:; eok ]>1>), thdrd erd e `dwlthdr wdbbs whjch wdrd ebsl bjodk wjth eo joodr eok eo lutdrstructurd (`ja. 3=46 ]>;:, ]>:;, ]3=0n, ]3>;n, ]31;). Jo ]>;:

e squerd `reid iekd `rli pjeofs wes `luok ndodeth thd klunbê bjojoa (`ja. 3=0e6 c` ]>44 (typd E3) eok ]358e (typd Eb)).

Sdvdo l` thd sdvdotddo bjojoas closjst l` structurds nujbt`rli pjeofs bejk jo Kutch nlok, slidtjids wjth siebb rdjo-`lrcjoa plsts et thd joodr clrodrs eok/lr lo thd lutsjkd (`jas.

3=4 eok 3=1e6 ]5:>, ]>=1, ]>43, ]>:>, ]>:; lutdr structurd, ]3=0n lutdr structurd, ]3=:6 sdd ebsl Fojppdondra

5:047 107 typd 4e6 ]jdtdrs 5:817 51=). Sjx bjojoas hek clrodr plsts wjth vdrtjceb arllvds jotl whjch pjeofs, l`tdo wjthndvdbbdk tlp doks, hek nddo josdrtdk (`ja. 3=0e6 ]>;: joodr +lutdr structurds, ]>0;, ]3=4, ]3=1, ]31; lutdr structurd,]3836 sdd ebsl Fojppdondra 5:047 107 joodr bjojoa l` typd8). [hd hlbds thet wdrd krjbbdk jotl thd wllk tl iefd thdarllvds wdrd stjbb vjsjnbd jo slid l` thd clrodr plsts (`ja.

3=0n). [hd nlttli pjeofs hek nddo cloodctdk tl thd clrodrplsts ny ideos l` ilrtjcd eok tdolo gljots tl dosurd ardetdrstenjbjty.

E bjaht structurd iekd `rli uocloodctdk pjeofs hdbktladthdr ny e `dw siebb plsts hek jo ilst cesds nddo usdk `lr

@jaurd 3=3. Qdbb l` typd E;7 ]>40. Scebd 573=, phltl 57>=.




@jaurd 3=;. Joscrjptjlos lo stevds l thd wjod cesf thetwes sdclokerjby usdk tl bjod ]3=0e. e7 lo lutsjkd l` stevd7[EKV.Y[EE6 n7 lo josjkd l` stevd7 HLITBBJEA6 c7 lojosjkd l` stevd7 HLIV...YA. Scebd 575.



>S5 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]J[S

"WWW&P RXWW W5

@jaurd 3=4. Qdbb l` typd E47 ]>:;. [hd wdbb wes bjodk wjth eo joodr eok eo lutdr bjojoa. Scebd 573=. [hd dojeradk kdtejb (scebd 575=) shlws hlwwdkads wdrd usdk et thd clrodrs l` thd lutdr bjojoa.

e n

@jaurd 3=0. e7 [lp vjdw l` e cliplsjtd bjojoa l` typd E4 thet rdstdk lo e `reid nujbt `rli pbeofs jo wdbb ]>;:. Scebd 573=6 n7 Clrodr plst l` thdbjojoa l` typd E4 `rli wdbb ]383. [hd hlbds shlw thet thd arllvds wdrd krjbbdk lut. Loby thd nlttli pbeof l` thd bjojoa wes ettechdk tl thd clrodrplst ny ideos l` e ilrtjsd eok tdolo gljot. Scebd 57>=.

@jaurd 3=1. e7 [lp vjdw l` e cliplsjtd bjojoa l` typd E4 rli wdbb ]3=0n. Scebd 573=6 n7 Clrodr l` thd bjojoa l` typd E4 `rli wdbb ]3>;n.Scebd 57>=.

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s9_`c_

@jaurd 3=8. @rlot vjdw l thd bjojoa l` typd E4 `rli wdbb ]>1> (sdd @jaurd 3==) eok kdtejb (scebd "570) l` thd ilrtjsd eok tdolo gljot. Such gljots henddo usdk olt loby et thd clrodrs, nut ebsl lo thd sjkds.

thd joodr bjojoas, thd ieglrjty l` whjch wdrd shlrt (`jas. 3=4

eok 3=1e6 ]:;, ]5;>, ]>:; joodr structurd, ]3=0n joodrstructurd, ]31; joodr structurd, ];536 sdd ebsl Hdjkjoae 5:8175=1). Jo ekkjtjlo, twl wdbbs wdrd `luok tl nd bjodk wjth struc-turds cliplsdk l` uocloodctdk pbeofs sdt erluok e `reidclosjstjoa l` `lur clrodr plsts wjth treosvdrsd ndeis ndtwddothdi. [hd bettdr hek nddo josdrtdk jotl wjkd hlbds jo thd plsts(`ja. 3=1n6 ]3>;n, ];=16 sdd ebsl Peo Ds 5:017 5=0-5=1).Lod bjojoa, `joebby, closjstdk l` pbeofs wjth oltchdk doks(]>1>6 `ja. 3=8). Iuch usd wes iekd l` wdkads eok klwdbstl lntejo e sturkjdr structurd (`jas. 3=4, 3=0n eok 3=8).

Jo slid wdbbs aeps ndtwddo pbeofs hek nddo sdebdk wjthsbets lr cletdk wjth cbey. Jo ieoy e stefd hek nddo krjvdo jotlthd `bllr, plssjnby tl dosurd allk wdbbjoa l` thd wetdr (sddebsl typd C).

53.>.0. Bjojoas wjth quekreoauber crlss-sdctjlos

cliplsdk l`vdrtjceb dbdidots(typd E0)

Loby lod bjojoa (]3536 `ja. 3=:) ceo nd cbessj`jdk es ndbloa-joa tl typd E0 wjth cdrtejoty. [hd bjojoa, whjch idesurds 44x 0= ci, cliprjsds bdoaths l` rluok tjindr, sdij-rluoktjindr, trjeoauberby cbd`t plsts eok ndeis, ebb wjth pljotdkdoks, whjch wdrd krjvdo jotl thd `bllr l` thd pjt sjkd ny sjkd,

wjthlut wllkdo cloodctjlos ndtwddo thdi (sdd ebsl typd E>eok Peo Ds dt eb. 5:847 41;-414).

53.>.1. Bjojoas kua lut lr kjsturndk (typd E1)

[hd pjts cbessj`jdk jo thjs cetdalry erd essuidk tl hevd nddobjodk lrjajoebby lo eccluot l` thd èct thet thdjr `jbbs wdrd kjsturndk eok clotejodk wllk rdiejos, slid l` whjch hek nddoweshdk `rli thdjr lrjajoeb plsjtjlos. [hd ieglrjty l` thd bjojoas

thet wdrd weshdk ewey wjbb hevd nddo l` wettbdwlrf (];;, ];8,]15, ]55:, ]>55, ]>15, ]3>5), whdrdes thd kua-lut bjojoas wjbbhevd nddo l` thd lthdr, ilrd kurenbd typds (]14, ]3>3n, ]3:=).Bjojoas iey hevd nddo kua lut `lr dxeipbd ndceusd e wdbb hekkrjdk up lr ndclid nekby plbbutdk, lr ndceusd e sdttbdidot westl nd rdblcetdk. L` clursd loby bjojoas thet wdrd stjbb jo allkclokjtjlo, eok hek hdocd nddo jo usd `lr loby e shlrt pdrjlk l`tjid, wjbb hevd nddo kua lut (Hdjkjoae 5:817 5=0)

5 3 . 3 . KDD] ]J[S QJ[H E @TOODB-SHE]DK, NLQB-SHE]DK

L^ ESZIID[^JCEB SDC[JLO ([Z]D N)

Ilst l` thd 1> pjts l` thjs typd (`ja. 35=) hevd rluok tl lvebcrlss-sdctjlos. [hdjr kjeidtdrs erd shlwo jo `jaurd 355. [hdpjts wjth kjeidtdrs l` ilrd theo 4== ci sddi tl clostjtutd esdperetd arlup whlsd ilst kjstjoctjvd cliilo cherectdrjstjc,ndsjkds e berad kjeidtdr, js adotby sblpjoa sjkds. [hdy ceo ndjotdrprdtdk es uobjodk wetdrjoa pbecds (]10, ]J >=, ]5>8,]530, ]541, ]>==, ]>=3, ]>>0, ];>4, ];>1). Dxcdptjlos erd]3>=, ]30= eok ];14, whjch hevd berad kjeidtdrs, nut tll

@jaurd 3=:. [lp vjdw l` thd bjojoa l` typd E0 rli wdbb ]353.Scebd 57>=.




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@jaurd 35=. ]jts l` typd N7 e7 ];5;6 n 7 ]1:6 c7 ]380. Scebd 573=.

5== >== 3== ;== 4== 0== 1== 8== :== 5=== 55== 5>==

@jaurd 355. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd kjeidtdrs (jo ci) l` thd pjts l` typds E, N, C eok K.



>8; EOEb.JX[E b'ÊJ.HJS[LFJC'E BDJKDOSJE I)

@jaurd 35>. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd pjtsl` typds N, C eok K pdr pdrjlk. NE DJE DJE/IJE IJE IJE/BJE BJE BJE/^] JE

@jaurd 353. ]jts l` typd C7 tlp7 ]3;86 nlt tli7 ]:4. Scebd 573=.

stddp sjkds. [hd pjts' kdpths very `rli 4= tl 504 ci, wjth eoevdread l`' 5== ci. [hd ardetdr pert l` thd wllk thet wes`luok jo 3= l` thdsd pjts wes uowlrfdk (nreochds, truofs,aoerbs) eok kjk kd`jojtdby olt `lri pert l` eoy bjojoa.

[hd chrlolblajceb kjstrjnutjlo l` thdsd uobjodk wdbbs(`ja. 35>) shlws e pdef jo thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead eoke kjp jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Qhdo wd cliperd thjs kjstrjnutjlowjth `jaurd >:>, wd `jok thet thd retjl l` bjodk eok uobjodkwdbbs js enlut 575 jo thd Jrlo Ead eok 175 jo thd ^lieo

pdrjlk. [hd clocbusjlo thet ceo nd krewo `rli thjs iust ndrdbetdk tl thd pjts' ùoctjlo. J` thd pjts wdrd usdk prjierjby `lrlntejojoa krjofjoa wetdr `lr huieos eok eojiebs, wdbbs bjodkwjth kurenbd structurds wjbb jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk hevd nddoprd`drrdk tl uobjodk wdbbs, whjch rdekjby `jbbdk up wjth seok.Nut j` thd pjts wdrd usdk prdklijoeotby `lr ectjvjtjds `lrwhjch wetdr wes rdqujrdk (d.a. `lr prlcdssjoa cdrtejo crlps lrbdethdr lr `lr slefjoa cbey), thdo thd clocbusjlo iust nd thetthdsd ectjvjtjds wdrd ol bloadr cerrjdk lut jo thd ^lieo




pdrjlk, lr thet thdy wdrd cerrjdk lut jo tuns lr nesjos enlvd-arluok, lr jo lpdo wetdr, jostdek l` jo wetdr-`jbbdk pjts.

[hd rdiejos thet wdrd `luok jo thd `jbbs, usuebby sdclokeryrdùsd, prlvjkd ol jokjcetjlos l` thd purplsds `lr whjch thd

pjts iey hevd nddo usdk.>> Ol clocdotretjlos l` sddks lr

lthdr iecrlsclpjc rdiejos l` e sjoabd drlp whjch clubkjokjcetd thet crlps wdrd prlcdssdk jo wetdr-`jbbdk pjts wdrd

`luok jo thd sddk eoebysds l` thd seipbdk pjts. Qetdrjoa pbecd];>1 kjk yjdbk e `dw sddks eok whet iey hevd nddo stdi`reaidots l` tbex, ebloa wjth thd rdiejos l` ieoy lthdrspdcjds, nut thdy erd olt clovjocjoa dvjkdocd thet `bex wes

rdttdk jo thjs pjt (C. Nefdbs, pdrs. clii.).

[hd ebilst clipbdtd becf l` dvjkdocd `lr usd l` thd pjts `lr

cre`t-rdbetdk ectjvjtjds iefds jt bjfdby thet thdy wdrd prdklij-oeotby slurcds l` krjofjoa wetdr (sdd ebsl Peo Ds dt eb. 5:847

48;7 typd JJK).

53.;. KDD] ]J[S QJ[H E @TOODB- L NLQB-SHE]DK SDC[JLO

EOK E S[EFD K^JPDO JO[L [HD @BLL^ ([Z]D C)

Ebb l` thd djahtddo pjts l` thjs typd hevd rluok tl lveb crlss-sdctjlos eok kjeidtdrs reoajoa `rli 5;4 tl 04= ci, wjth eo

evdread l` 3=0 ci (`ja. 353). [hdjr kdpths very `rli 4= tl 5>=

ci, wjth eo evdread l` :3 ci. [hd pjts l` thjs typd ketd prd-

klijoeotby `rli thd Jrlo Ead, dspdcjebby thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead

(`ja. 35>). [hdy l` clursd rdsdinbd thd pjts l` typd N jo ieoyrdspdcts, nut thdy hevd odvdrthdbdss nddo arlupdk jo e sdperetdcetdalry lo eccluot l` thd stefds krjvdo jotl thdjr `bllrs.

Ieoy l` thd stefds hek pljotdk doks eok wdrd krjvdo jotlthd `bllr l` thd pjt et eo eoabd. [hdy prlnenby sdrvdk tl dosurdallk wdbbjoa l` thd wetdr, es ebsl suaadstdk `lr thd stefds`luok josjkd thd bjojoas l` typd E4.

[hd stefds l` twl pjts (]80 eok ]>01) hek cbderby nddordilvdk, e`tdr whjch thd rdiejojoa hlbds hek `jbbdk up wjthcbdeo seok wdbbdk up `rli ndodeth.

53.4.

K)

KDD] ]J[S QJ[H E @TOODB-SHE]DK L^

ESZIID[^JCEB SDC[JLO EOK E @BE[ @BLL^ ([Z]D

[hd kjeidtdrs l` thdsd pjts, whjch hevd rluok, lveb, rdcteoau-ber eok jrrdauber crlss-sdctjlos, very `rli >>4 tl 0>= ci, wjtheo evdread l` 340 ci6 thdjr kdpths reoad `rli 1= tl 5>= ci,

wjth eo evdread l` 5== ci (`ja. 35;). [hdsd pjts hevd iuch jo

cliilo wjth thlsd l` typd N, dxcdpt thet thdjr `bllrs sddi tl

nd slidwhet `bettdr, eok sl thdy hevd nddo arlupdk sdpe-retdby.

Ebb djahtddo l` thdsd pjts ketd `rli thd Jrlo Ead (`ja. 35>),

whjch clo`jris thd trdok suaadstdk ny thd pjts kjscussdkenlvd, oeidby thet wdbbs wdrd ebilst ebweys bjodk jo thd

^lieo pdrjlk, whdrdes thdy wdrd sbjahtby ilrd l`tdo uobjodktheo bjodk jo thd Jrlo Ead.

Es jo thd cesd l` typd N, thdrd erd ol sluok jokjcetjlos l`

thd pjts' ùoctjlos. Ilst l` thd pjts wdrd sdclokerjby usdk es

rdùsd pjts, es e rdsubt l` whjch jt js ol bloadr cbder whjchrdiejos erd prjiery eok whjch sdclokery. Ol cbuds tl thd

- ' .' • « j' j jPv , ' - . " " •'• 7 7-! 6td?...' , '

P- - " H P ,

I . . ~ " * ! ( ] * . - 7 . . *6•'"*"•••27*. ..••• •••••?* •, * « - y

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@jaurd35;. ]jts l typd K7 e7 ]5406 n7 ]51>. Scebd 573=.




@jaurd 354. ]jts l typd D7 e7 ]5=1 (scebd 573=)6 n7 ];58 (scebd 57>=).

@jaurd 350. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd pjts l` typds D, @ eok A pdr pdrjlk.

pjts' ùoctjlos wdrd `luok jo thd sddk eoebysds djthdr. [hd pjtsiey hevd nddo usdk es slurcds l` krjofjoa wetdr, nut j` sl,thd `bet `bllrs erd herk tl dxpbejo, es such pjts wjbb olt odcds-serjby hevd rdqujrdk e `bet `bllr.

53.0. SHEBBLQ ]J[S QJ[H E @TOODB- L NLQB-SHE]DK

SDC[JLO ([Z]D D)

[ypd D wes rdprdsdotdk ny 15 pjts wjth eo evdread kdpth l`41 ci, e ijojiui kdpth l` >= ci eok e iexjiui kdpth l`

:= ci. [hd pjts' kjeidtdrs very `rli 3= tl ;5= ci, wjth eoevdread l` 5:= ci (`ja. 354). [hd pjts hevd rluok tl lveb

crlss-sdctjlos. Es ceo nd sddo jo `jaurd 351, thd ieglrjty l`thdsd pjts ketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

[hd shepd eok clotdots - rdùsd jo slid cesds, ol cherclebet thd nlttli - prlvjkd ol cbuds tl thd pjts' ùoctjlos(c`. Peo Ds 5:017 55:-5>=7 typd D). Lod pjt (];;4) clotejodkeo jotect ndsidtdo plt.

53.1. SHEBBLQ ]J[S QJ[H ESZIID[ JCEB SDC[JLOS ([Z]D @)

[hd shebblw pjts l` typd @ hevd rluok, lveb lr rdcteoauber

crlss-sdctjlos6 thdjr kjeidtdrs reoad `rli 8= tl 33= ci, wjtheo evdread l` 514 ci. [hdy very jo kdpth `rli >4 tl := ci,

@jaurd 351. ]jts l` typd @7 e7 ]3046 n7 ];;8.Scebd 573=. NE DJE DJE/IJE IJE IJE/BJE BJE BJE/^] JE ^]




@jaurd 358. ]jt l` typd A7 ]5=4. Scebd 573=.

wjth eo evdread l` ;: ci (`ja. 350). ]jts l` thjs typd, l` whjch>> erd folwo, wdrd ebsl ilst cliilo jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk(`ja.351).

Et Qjgstdr eok Ndoodfli thd `jbbs l` pjts wjth esyiidtrj-ceb sdctjlos wdrd l`tdo `luok tl clotejo nurodk rdiejos, suches chercleb eok nurodk cbey, eok thdsd pjts wdrd closdqudotbyjotdrprdtdk es fjbo pjts (Peo Ds 5:017 5=:-55;7 typd E6 PeoDs dt eb. 5:847 41:-48=7 typd JE). E kjstjoct beydr l` cherclebwes `luok et thd nlttli l` loby twl l` thd >> pjts l` thjs typd

kjsclvdrdk et Lss-Tssdo (];;8, ];456 `ja. 350), sl thdy erdthd loby pjts thet iey hevd hek thjs ùoctjlo. @lr whet purplsd thd lthdrs wdrd usdk js uofolwo. [hd `bllr l` ]3;= wes`luok tl nd clvdrdk wjth e beydr l` clersd arevdb, nut whetpurplsd jt iey hevd sdrvdk wd kl olt folw.

53.8. SHEBBLQ ]J[S QJ[H CZBJOK JCEB SDC[JLOS ([Z]D A)

Loby twdbvd pjts l` typd A, whjch erd `rdqudotby kdscrjndk esstlread pjts jo thd jjtdreturd, wdrd `luok et Lss-Tssdo(`ja. 358). [hdy hevd e rluok, lveb lr rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlo eok kjeidtdrs veryjoa `rli 0= tl 3== ci, wjth eoevdread l` 534 ci. [hdjr kdpths very `rli >= tl 5== ci, wjth

eo evdread l` 0= ci. [hd pjts shlw e vdry rdauber chrlolblaj-ceb kjstrjnutjlo (`ja. 351).

Jo thd Jjtdreturd, such pjts erd usuebby jotdrprdtdk es (arejo)stlread pjts (d.a. Ndrsu 5:;=7 0=6 Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:8=7 >4->06 ^lyieos 5:84e7 :1-::6 PeokdrSeokdo 5:857 3>36Plat 5:807 3=:-35=) ndceusd l` thdjr spdcj`jc shepd, whjch jsfolwo `rli hjstlrjceb eok dtholarephjc clotdxts, nut slid-tjids ebsl lo eccluot l` thdjr clotdots, cliprjsjoa rdesloenbd

DJE DJE/IJE IJE IJE/BJE BJE BJE/^] JE

@jaurd 3>=. @rdqudocy kjstrjnutjlo l` thd pjts l` typds H eok J pdrpdrjlk.

eiluots l` cernlojsdk arejo. Loby lod l` thd pjts `luok etLss-Tssdo (]303) yjdbkdk cdrdeb rdiejos, oltenby lod heb` lè cernlojsdk arejo. [hjs js l` clursd ny ol ideos clocbusjvddvjkdocd thet thdsd pjts wdrd bjfdwjsd usdk `lr stlread(Nefdbs/Peo kdr Hei 5:8=7 53). [hd ouindr l` pjts l` thjsfjok (5>) js dxtrdidby siebb jo cliperjslo wjth thd vestouindr l` areoerjds (;80), shlwjoa thet pdlpbd iekd vdrybjttbd usd l` pjts `lr stlread. [hjs js ilst prlnenby ettrjnutenbdtl thd rdbetjvdby hjah arluokwetdr bdvdb et Lss-Tssdo.

53 .:. PD Z SHEBBLQ ]J[S QJ[H E @BE[ @BLL ([Z]D H)

[hd ieglrjty l` thd >8 pjts l` typd H hevd rdcteoauber crlss-

sdctjlos (`ja. 35:e). [hdjr bdoaths very `rli 8= tl 3== ci(evdread 518 ci) eok thdjr wjkths `rli 0= tl 5;= ci (evdread :5 ci). E `dw pjts hevd e rluok tl jrrdauber crlss-sdctjlo.[hdjr kjeidtdrs reoad `rli 5>= tl 33= ci, thdjr kdpths `rli4 tl 4= ci, wjth eo evdread l` >; ci. Ilst l` thdsd pjts ketd`rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk (`ja. 3>=).

Ebilst ebb thd pjts wdrd `luok tl clotejo e clocdotretjlo l`chercleb et thd nlttli, eok hdocd jo e prjiery clotdxt. [hdsd

• • • • • ' 6 * • * " • * R

@jaurd 35:. e7 ]jt l typd H7 ]4=>. Scebd 57>=6 n7 Cernlojsdk rdiejos l` e tjindr structurd `luok et thd nlttli l` pjt ];4> (typd H). Scebd 573=.




pjts iust thdrd`lrd hevd nddo hderths lr fjbo pjts. Ol rdiejoswdrd `luok l` eoy structurds enlvdarluok. [hrdd pjts (]35=,]3;1, ];1;) ebsl yjdbkdk jrlo sbeas ndsjkds chercleb, suaadst-joa thet slid l` thd pjts, et bdest, pbeydk e pert jo jrlo prlcdssjoa, es Eushdjzhdrkd, `lr sidbtjoa thd best rdiejos l` sbea`rli thd jrlo, lr es Schijdkdhdrkd, `lr `lrajoa thd jrlo(c`. Peo Ds dt eb. 5:847 48=-4837 typd JN).

Eo dxcdptjlo js ];4> (`ja. 35:n), jo whlsd `bllr wdrd`luok `j tddo siebb cernlojsdk plsts wjth e `dw cernlojsdkndeis ndtwddo thdi. [hdy iey nd thd rdiejos l` e wllkdostlread clotejodr. Slidthjoa sjijber, l` e sbjahtby kj `drdotshepd, wes ebsl `luok et Qjgstdr (Peo Ds 5:017 551-55:).

53.5=. SHEBBLQ ]J[S QJ[H J DATBE SDC[JLOS ([Z]D j)

[hjs arlup l` dbdvdo pjts cliprjsds e `dw siebb bjofdk pjts (eok/lr plsthlbds<6 ]>;, ]>45, ]>0=, ]30>, ]38:) eok kdprdssjlos lr

lbk lccupetjlo beydrs (];00, ];0:, ];1=). [hdy shlw e rdauberchrlolblajceb kjstrjnutjlo (`ja. 35:n). Jt js jiplssjnbd tl seywhet ùoctjlo thd pjts l` thd jrst cetdalry hek.

53.55. TOCBESSJ@JENBD ]J[S ([Z]DS E-J, N-K, D-b)

[hd uocbessj`jenbd pjts wdrd olt lptjiebby rdclrkdk, adodrebbyndceusd thdy hek tl nd dxcevetdk qujcfby nd`lrd thd repjkby

epprlechjoa kjaajoa iechjods rdechdk thdi. [hd clotdots l`thrdd pjts erd wlrthy l` idotjlo. ]4> clotejodk ieoy cernlojsdk eclros eok ];01 yjdbkdk e berad ouindr l` sbjoa shlts(>8 jotect spdcjidos eok 3= `reaidots). [hdsd allks ieyhevd nddo stlrdk jo thdsd pjts, nut tl whet typd thd pjtsndbloadk ceo olw ol bloadr nd kdtdrijodk. [hd thjrk pjt,]>:, l` typd N-K, yjdbkdk djaht jotect plts whjch hek prdsui-enby nddo pbecdk jo thd pjt kdjjndretdby, tl fddp thdjr clotdotscllb (Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e7 5=3).

[enbd 34. Ceteblaud l` thd wdbbs eok pjts `luok et Lss-Tssdo erreoadk jo ouidrjceb lrkdr. [hd kjidosjlos erd ajvdo jo cdotjidtdrs. Ennrdvjetjlos7

jo thd clbuio wllk thd bdttdrs E 9 Ebous (dbkdr), En 9 Enjds (`jr), N 9 Ndtuje (njrch), @ 9 @rexjous (esh), ] 9 ]jcde (sprucd-`jr), U9 Uudrcus (lef),S 9 Sebjx (wjbblw)6 jo thd clbuio plttdry7 - 9 bdss, + 9 ilrd theo 4= pltshdrks, x 9 ol kete6 jo thd clbuio ketd7 NE 9 Nrlozd Ead, INE 9 IjkkjdNrlozd Ead, JE 9 Jrlo Ead, DJE, IJE, BJE 9 Derby, Ijkkjd, Betd Jrlo Ead, ^] 9 ^lieo pdrjlk (b/bb 9 jrst / sdclok cdot. EK6 E/N 9 jrst / sdclok heb 6

e/n/c/k 9 jrst / sdclok / thjrk / `lurth quertdr).

pjt typd kdpth kjeidtdr kjeidtdr

l`' bjojoawllk plttdry ketd rdierfs

5 Eb >:=

> Eb 5>= 45=

3 Eb 53= ;==

; D-b 4= >3=

4 D 5 0= JSL

(? Eb 5;3 ;5=1 55 44 >4=

8 (j 04 5==: Eb

5= N-K 84 5:=

55 5. 5 4=j 7 Eb 5== >0=

53 N-K :4 58=

54 N 0= >==

50 !•7 0= 51=

51 Eb 33=

JS D 8= 5:=

5: R 5 3;=

>= H ;= 5;=

>5 (' 1= >0=

>> N 5== 3>=

>3 5! 55= 34=>; 5 4= 3:=

>4 Eb 5S= 80=

>0 j-7 j 5= JSL

>') N-K 33=

3= K 5== 34=

35 K 5== >4=3> N-K := >4=

sl5==5>=

:=

E SE S

E N US

8=x54=

SL E U

U S

>== E @ U

- ^]JJN+ IJEH+ IJE H

- ^]JJN- ^]+ ^]Jk

- ^]Jk

- ^]JJn- ^]JJk

- ^]+ ^]JJN- ^]Jk- BJE/^]

- IJE (A-)H

- ^]Jk+ ^]JJk

- ^]JJX

- JE

- IJE/B5E

- IJEH

+ BJEF+ IJEH+ IJEH

- IJE+ IJEH+ IJE (D-)@

- IJE+ BJE G-B

C5;ketdk

C5;ketdk

C5; ketdk6 wetdrjoa pjt

C5;ketdk



l.

5 ‛

T T £ L L

‛

l. ì _ ì2 2 > 2 7 2 J 2

wU • U

*?. w "• 2 >7 ‛• ‛7

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2 2> a T 2 T 3 w S \ j

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u w a a - S S S S S S

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+ 5 + + 5 + + 5 5 + 5 + + + + + + + 55 + + + j J + J 5 5 + + + 5 5 + 5 + + 5 5 5 + 5 + + + + + 5 + + 5

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t/3 2 L- 2

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l

l l l l ll ll ll ll [t X

jr U l l l L 3 c6 3 3 ‛d L l34 r«-, l* ts i i r2b -_ ì C ' 5 W _i (O ‛ - ` H i do - ` ‛ ‛ t*3 -' C b

¶[j w-, L L C L L L > § B[. 3 L 3 L - 3 37c 7r 7/c o i 2r. j r . -tI r b O ‛ •c ‛ sK ro

l i l l l l l l l l l l l l

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L L j/~, ?/-,

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2ll 2 U 2 cò_ ‛ r-

2 2 2U \ \. \ \.e e 2 2 t ò 2 2 2 2 2 2 c U

U 2. U \, CI i r- ‛ j -

2 2 2 c U K 3 l e K e t u 2 2 2 2 e l2 2 U S 2 U C = 2 = =

2O ‛

2 2 w 2 u w

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(O i _ - jr-, vc r- lct‛ r‛ t_ j‛• t‛- t‛ r‛



>:= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BD5KDOS5E ;=

pjb typd kdpth kjeidtdr

l` bjojoa

kjeidtdr wllk plttdry ketd rdierfs

OS 5! 55=

8: E b:= N-K 33=:5 N 554 3==b?> N-K 55= >14

:3 E3E3

5;4

:; EE

E4

514 ESL

:4 C 1= >>4

:0 C 1= >==

:1 N 1= >==

:8 b) :4 ;4=:: C 55= >3=

5== E5/>/0 j G= 50=5=5 Eb 5;4 >1=5=> D 3= 51=

5=3 Eb 5>= ;>=5=; 5) JF) >4=

FJS A := 5;45=0 Eb 5;4 34=5(51 D 1= >3=5=8 J' 5 SL >5=jb)" N-K 5>= 3==JF) D 0= 504

JJJ !•7 1= JSL55> H 1= 55=

553 D b ;4 5 5=

55; 5) 5== >8=5 54 EE JSL ;==550 N 5>= ;3=551 N 5== 3>=5 JS bj 5;= 4==55: E1 55= ;==5>= N 0= 0;=5>5 E5/>/0 :4 33=5>> K SL >>4

5>3 C' := ;==5>; K 554 ;4=

5>4 C 5== >0=5>0 E 5 38=5>1 5) 5>= 3>=J>S N 5== 4==5>') 5 0= 5:=

53= !•7 ;= 5E=

535 V•7 1= >54

53> D 4= >5=V33 N 55= E>453; H 55= >;=534 N 14 >==B30 N 53= 0==5;1 5- 4= 5:=5;S Eb 41=53: E 5

1=;=

;=

5;=

5==x5;=

44x8=

E

@U

UU

sEU

E

E @

E4

0=x53=

IJE H

DJE N-K

DJE

DJEN

5= U S

- IJE A-H- IJE A-H- JE+ IJEH

+ IJE H5 IJEH

+ DJE/IJE

- IJE/BJE

( IJE H+ IJEH

- JEt IJEH

+ IJE A-H- IJE A-H

- NE

\ NE+ DJE C-K- IJE/BJE

- BJE+ DJEN

+ DJEN

- IJE+ IJEH

+ IJEH

+ IJEH

- JE+ IJEH

- IJE/BJE

+ IJEH

+ IJE A-H+ IJE Ht IJE A-H+ IJE A-H- JE

- JE

\ IJE A-H* IJEH

+ IJEH

- IJE A-H+ IJEH

- BJE+ IJEH

+ BJEF

C5;ketdk

C5;ketdk

C5; ketdk

C5;ketdk

C5; ketdk

wetdrjoa pjt

wetdrjoa pjt

wetdrjoa pjt

C5; ketdk6 wetdrjoa pjt



tD

F

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W-3 JD Ò 3C

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jo l't i‛ r_

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O i r g rG rs r, ì RK [` r-

L u~. A L L L L L L L L L Li 2O _l [t c-* c-, r- c2 r_ l r*-, 2O lLG ‛' ‛ 2O [t jo ‛ o o (O v j r, ' t

l l c l l l l cr-, w-, ‛ i lc ‛ (O xO ' t ' t - r j ‛ ‛

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l ‛ cs Ð xj _ i vc2t * * 4 o -t t t ‛ ‛ ' t [` - ‛

u~, *l r- lc LOT_j !/" , " /" , Q~ ( Q~j r_ r_ r_



>:> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^5CE BDJKDOSJE 3=


l` bjojoa


5:=e Eb 54=x>>=

5:=n Eb 55=x5;=

5:5 Eb 54= 3;= 8=

B:> E4 584 34= 5==

5:3 Eb 534 >3= 8=

5:; E 5 >3=5:4 j7 j 4= 534

5:0 E b 31<

5:1 N := >4=

5:8 Eb 8= 5:= 8=V:: E3 50= 4;= ;4

>== N 554 48=

>=5 N 5;= 45=

>=> N 5== 34=

>=3 N 5 5= 0==

>=; E> >==

>=4 D 44 3>4

>=0 5) 84 3==

>=1 ES 5==x5==

>=8 5! 5;= 31=

>=: @ 8= >0=

>5= Eb >4=

>5 5 E1 := 35=

>5> N := 54=

>53 N 5) := 54=

>5; DJ

>54 E 5

>50 Eb 3>=

>51 5. 04 >>=

>JS Eb >;= 55=

>5: N sl >34

>>= D 5 44 5==

>>5b b >= 5==>>> Eb 53= 5==

55} H := >0=

>>; N := ;>=

>>4 Eb 55= 35= 4=x0=

>>0 N 55< 03=

>>1e C 5>=

>>1n C 5== 30=

>>8 5- 5 54

>>:e N 554

>>:n E> JSL ;4= :=x54=

>3= E J ;==

>35 Eb >8= 1=

>3> 5 := 3==

>33 D 44 514>3; D 1= 54=

>34 5- 5 3= 55=

>30 Eb 8= >>= 5>=

>31 !•7 84 584

> JF JJ >= >4=

>3: E3 5>= 54= ;=

>;= R > 5=4 JSL 1=

s

E U S

U S

E

@ U

@ U

E U

U

U

E

E

U

- BJE F-B

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+ ^]Jk

+ ^] Hc(-k)

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+ IJ E@

+ IJ E@

- ^]

+ IJ E@ C5; ketdk6 wllkdo nerrdb

+ IJE @(-A ) wetdrjoa pjt

+ DJE (C- )K

+ IJ E @-A

+ DJE C-K wetdrjoa pjt

+ DJE (C-)K

t BJE G-B

+ IJ E (D-)@(-A)

- ^]Jk

+ DJ EN

- DJE/BJE F-B

- ^]JJn

- DJE E-N C5; ketdk

X

- ^]

+ IJE D-@/BJE/^]

- IJ E H/BJE J-G

- BJE F

- DJE/IJE

+ IJE (A-)H

- IJE

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- JE- ^]JJn

- JE

- DJE E-N

- DJE

+ BJE G-F wetdrjoa pjt

+ IJ E D

+ IJ E D-@

+ IJE @-A

+ IJE D

+ IJ E D-@

- JE

- ^]

‛ ^] Jn(<)+ ^]JJ

- ^]Je

- JE

- ^]Jc

- ^]

- ^]JJN

+ ^]Je



>:3 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]J[S

pjt typd kdpth kjeidtdr

l` bjojoa


>;5 Eb 55>= 44x1=

>;> H 54 5>4x58=

>;3 Eb 5>= >3= 5==>;; FJ 14 JS4

>;4 D 84 35=

>;0 Eb 5>4 ;== 5==x53=>;1 N-K 5== >==>;8 E-J >>=>;: E4 JSL ;== 534>4= 5-5 sl >==>45 J 5= >1=>4> Eb 534 5==>43 E4 51(5 38= 5>=x5>=

>4; E3 >>= >8= 14>44 E3 50= >1= 55=

>40 Eb 504 >== 04

>41 N 5=4 3>=

>48 @ sl 5 54

>4: 5 sl 5:=

>0= 5 3= >>=>2?5 (J 5== 3==

>0> 5) :4 >1=>03 N 1= >=4

>0; E4 >3= 554x554

>04 Eb 55= 30= 8=>00 Eb 55= >1= SL>01 c 55= ;==>08 5.5 04 JSL>0: @ := 43=

>1= E 5

>15 E1 5=4 4>=>1> E3

E4

>>4 4>= sl53=

>13 N-K ;==>1; E 5 ;==>14 D 0= >1=>10 Eb 30= SL>11 D j 4= 4==

>1S j- 04 JSL>1') N := 3==>8= 5'. 5 SL >3=>SJ E> 50= 30= 55=x5>=

>S> D 14 >>4

>83 D 8= 3S4

>8; N 55=

>84 H-J ;= 50=

>80 5 5 0= 5>=>81 D 5 3= 51=>SS Eb >4= 14

>8: N 84 >5=>:= 5 b 04>:5 b b 4= 5;=

>:> E4 >>= 55=x554

>:3 JJ >= 5==x>;=

U

E U S

U

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UU

En]

U

s

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t BJEF C5; ketdk6 w6- BJE F-B+ ^]Jbe

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+ ^]JJn- ^]Jk

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X

+ BJEF

+ BJE (J-)G+ ^] JJN+ ^] Je+ ^]JJn

5 ^]JJN

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+ ^]Jbe

+ ^]Jn

+ BJE (G-)F(-B)

- DJE/BJE

t ^]Je

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- ^]Jk

+ DJ EN plbd rdilvdk

- ^]Jbe

+ ^]Jbe

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+ BJEF C5; ketdk6 w6+ ^]JJk

+ BJE (F-)BX

+ ^]JJN

X

- IJE D-@- IJE D-@X

` IJE D C5; ketdk

+ IJE (D-)@

+ IJE D- JE

- JE- BJE- ^]Jk

- ^]- ^]Jk

++

^]^]JJk

BJE (G-)F(-B)



>:; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L 5CE BDJKDOS5E 3=


l` bjojoa


>:; E4 5>= >;= 55=x55=

>:4 5 >= 5>=

>:0 F 1= 5:=

>:1 D 4= 54=

>:8 C 5== 0==

>:: Eb 554 ;>= 5==3== Eb 5== >4= 5==x5>=

3=5 DJ 34 5:=

5=> D ;= >14

3=3 JJ 3= >;4

3=; V•7 8= 5143=4 E4 5;= 35= 53=x53=

3=0e R; >0= 3== :43=0n E4 5;= 34= :=x55=

3=1 E4 30= 53=x5;=

3=8 N 5== >5=3=: E4 5>= >4= 8=x8=

35= jb 3= 8=x514

355 N 55= 3;=35> N 5=4 ;0=353 E0 5>= 3>= 44x0=

35; H 4= 33=354 D ;4 534

350 D-J351 @ 34 5>=

358e Eb 5:4 :=x5==

358n N 5>=

35: N 5== >4=3>= N 5>4 1;=3>5 E1 8= 5S=

3>> N 1= 5=4

3>3e N 5>=

3>3n E1 5==3>3c D 5 1=3>;e Eb >8= :=3>;n E4 >8= 5=>x5=0

3>4 N sl >;4

3>0 D b >4 50=3>1 D 4= >5=3>8 N-K 5==

3>: Eb 554 >8= 8=x55=

33= D 5 >= 4==335 K 8= JSL

33>e Eb >0= 5==

33>n D 14 >0=333 D 3= JSL

33; D ;= 5:=.534 C 4= 50=330 Eb := 5:= 1=331 E33S E :=

33: Eb 1= >5= 043;= 5 4= 3==Ib D >=

E SU

E U SEn]

U

U S

U

E S

+ ^]Jk

- NE+ ^]bn

- ^]t BJE

+ BJE (G-)F+ ^]Jc

\ ^]Je

+ ^]HN

+ ^]JJk

+ ^]Jk

+ ^]JN

+ ^] Jk(<)+ ^]JJk

+ ^]JJN

- ^b' bk

- ^]Jk

- DJE E+ DJE E-N+ ^]JJe

+ ^]Jk

- ^]Jk

- BJE/^]

- ^]JJE

+ ^]JJN

+ ^] JJN+ ^] bjk+ BJE G-F- ^]X

+ BJEB/^]

- ^]X

- ^]Jc

- ^]JJk

+ DJE N-C- ^]Jk

* ^]Jk

- DJE C-K/IJE/BJE

+ ^]JJN

+ ^]JJk

- BJE G-B/^]

- ^]

+ ^]JJN+ BJE B/^] JN+ BJE B/^] Je+ ^]Je

+ ^D JJ.j+ ^]JJE

- ^]Je<

joscoptjlos

433 a jrlo sbea

C5; kebej

arevdb `bllr



>:4 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]J[S

pj) typd kdpth kjeidtdrl` bjojoa


u7 5 >4 54=

3;3 Eb 'I) >== =4

3;; j-7 ;4 B04

G;4 Eb

Eb

5== >4= :=

1=

G;0 JJ 33 55=x>==

3;1 55 >(5 5==x54=

3;S c 2?(? >8=

3;: Eb 553 >1= 5==

34= @ >=

)45 C :4 >>4

34> N :4 51=

343 N '53 ;==

33; N 5>=

333 N V04 >>=

340 5 1= >>=

331 5 0= >5=

348 5 ;= 5;=

34: @ ;4 53(5

)0= N 55= 0==

505 D 8= 5:=

50> b >= 55=

«3 (j 34 514

30; d, >= 5==

303 @ 13

300 55 5= :=x5;=

301 R 5 >4=2(?F C (-3 504

30: @ SL >0=

31= D 13 5>=

315 N 55= >;=

31>e Eb

Eb

53= 30= 1=x:=

55=x5>=

31>n Eb 53= 30= 1=x:=

313 5 3= 53=

$1; E4 :3x:3

314 Eb 553 31= 8=x:=

310e c 5=3

310n R3 :4 3=

311 E 5

318 D 4= 5;=

31: D 3= 55=

38= 5. 5 ;; 54=

3SJ D 5 3= >>=

«> Rj 30= ;=

383 E4 5== :=x55=

38; j-7 j 3= 5:=384 N 'Hb 51=

?80 N 55= ;1=

381 E> >4= ;=x8=

388 5- ;= 5;=

38: b >3 >4=

?:= E1 5>=

3:5 j7 ;4 55=

U

E

E

@ U

- ^]

- BJE B/^]

- BJE

+ ^]J

+ ^]Jk

- ^]JJN 5>4= a jrlo sj

- BJE/^]

- ^]

- BJE

- BJE

- BJE+ BJE B

- IJE (A-)H/(BJE J)

+ BJE G-F

+

X

t

+

+

++

+

X

IJE D-@IJE @(-A)IJE/BJE

NE

DJEC

DJE C-K

DJEJE

BJE

^]Je^]JE^]

BJE/^]

^] 55^]JkDJEDJE

^]Jn

BJE/^]

JE

NE^]JJN

DJEDJE N-K

DJECDJE (N-)C(-K)DJE (N-)C(-K)

DJE C-K

DJEC

heb` l` e arejo

C5;ketdk



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r L K N K = ? J ? ? ? ? ‛ O? T T T T

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jr-, l w-. L L 2o L L L` _ r - [ ` ( O r _ ( O u o r _ l l

2 T b T b B B B . J b J . J \ \ e \2 u g d e 2 t ò t ò t ò j j , S C Ì T ¶ J - T T - - - Ì L Ì L Ì J L b N b j J N K L i j j j b b b ` c ` ` b L T J Ì 2 2 e j

r- > _ _ t ' t 5" [ . [« w- w. [ . "•« v . j o j r j j o s C s C ? c _ C s = _ c _ C s C v C s c _ - t _ - r _ - r ~ * r _ r _ r ~ - t _ r _ r - - l c l c l c l c l c l c l c l c l c e c e _ _ l s l _ e _ l _ l _ l __ ' t _ ' t ' t ' t ' t _ _ _ _ ' t ' t [ r _ _ ' t ' t ' t _ _ _ ' t ' t ' t _ _ ' t ' t _ ' t _ ' t [ t ' t ' t ' t ' t _ ' t [ t [ ` r t ' t ' t _ _ ' t _ ' t ' t ' t



3== EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

]33=

C

C @jaurd 3>3. ]ebjsekd l typd JN7 @>=. Scebd 57>==.

K

@ :1

t

L

@::

@:8

T T

_

= -n¶• •

@jaurd 3>;. ]ebjsekd l typd JJN7 @>3. Scebd 57>==.

2=

l

2 _

@jaurd 3>1. Kjtch l typd JJJN7 @05. Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 3>4. ]ebjsekds l` typd JE (@:1 eok @:8) eok kjtch l` typd TJE(@::). Scebd 57>==.



3=5 F. SCHJOFDB - CE[EBLATD L@ ]EBJSEKDS

P /l

@jaurd 3>8. Kjtchds l` typds TJE (@88) eok JJJC (@81). Scebd 57>==



3=> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

r

@jaurd 3>:. Kjtchds l` typds JJJE (@5>1-@534) eok JJJC (@5>4 eok @5>0) thet surrluokdk thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot. Scebd 573===.




l l L - Ll (l l = T = l U

½½77& _vc< _

l l½ c?G: A@jaurd 3>0. ]ebjsekds l typds JE (@8:) eok JJE (@38) eok kjtch l` typd TJE (@551). Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 33=. Dxeipbds l pebjsekds (@18, @1: eok @8=) thet bjodkùoodb-shepdk krlvdweys et wetdrjoa pbecds (]>=3). Scebd 57>==.

[enbd 30. [hd lrjdotetjlos l` pebjsekds eok kjtchds erreoadk pdr typd. [hd tlteb JJ jaurds ajvd thd suis l` thd ouindrs l` O-S eok D-Q eok l` thdouindrs l` OQ-SD eok OD-SQ lrjdotetjlos.

typd O-S D-Q O-S/D-Q OQ-SD OD-SQ OQ-SD/OD-SQ tlteb

JE

JHJJE

bbbj

TJE

JJJN

JJJC

>4 5; 5

7

51 >5 5

jo 5 7

b

s ; 4 (? > b

53

5 b

1')

>53

J

>03

;

tlteb ;3 5: 55 >4 >0 3 5 5>8

tlteb JJ 13 4;



3=; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd 31. Ceteblaud l` thd pebjsekds eok kjtchds `luok et Lss-Tssdo

erreoadk jo ouidrjceb lrkdr. JE 9 Jrlo Ead, BJE 9 Betd Jrlo Ead, ^] 9

^lieo pdrjlk.

pebjssekd typd bdoath wjkth lodotetjlo ketd

pebjssekd typd bdoath wjkth lodotetjlo ketd

5 b R 50.= D-Q

> JE 0.; OQ-SD

3 JE 8.= OQ-SD

; JE 3.4 O-S4 JE 4.> D-Q

0 JE J.S O-S

1 JJE >3.4 OD-SQ

S JE 0.> OD-SQ

: JE ;.> O-S

5= JE 5;.4 D-Q

55 JE 4.= OQ-SD

5> JP 3.> OD-SQ

53 JE 1.= O-S

5; JE >.0 D-Q

54 JJE 5;.= O-S

50 JE ;.8 OD-SQ

51 JE ;.= OD SPP

58 JE 4.4 O-S

5: JE 51.= OD-SQ

>= bbj 3.4x;.= O-S/D-Q

>5 JE 54.= OD-SQ JE

>> JE 51.= O-S

>3 JJJ', 4.=x?4.= OD-SQ/OQ-SD

>; JE 3.: OQ-SD

>4 JE 4.4 OD-SQ

>0 JE 1.4 D-Q

>1 JE 3.8 OD-SQ

>S JE >.1 OD-SQ

>') JE ;.= OD-SQ

3= JE 1.; OD-SQ

35 JE 0.> OD-SQ

3> JE 0.X OD-SQ

33 JE >;.4 O-S

T JE 3.0 O-S

34 JE 5>.= O-S

30 JE 5.4 O-S

31 JJE :.1 O-S

48 JJE 5;.0 O-S

¶: JJE 5>.0 O-S BJE

;= JJE 58.4 O- S BJE

;5 JJE 34.= O- S BJE

;> JJE 31. = O-S BJE

;3 HE 34.= O-S

;; JJE >;.4 O- S ^]

;4 JE 3.> D-Q50 JE >;.= D-Q

4= JE 53.0 OQ-SD

45 JE 8.> O-S

4> J J JN 34.4 >=/3= OQ-SD/D-Q

43 JE 4.1 OQ-SD

4; JE >.: OQ-SD

44 JJJE >0.8 ;=/0= OQ-SD

40 JJJE >5.8 >=/3= OQ- SD

41 JJJE 53.= 4= OQ-SD

48 JE 4.> OD-SQ

4: JE 58.1 OD-SQ/OQ-SD

0= JE 1.; OQ-SD

05 JJJN 8.> ;= OD-SQ

0> JE >.4 D-Q

03 JE 8.5 OD-SQ

0; JE 50.4 D-Q

04 JE 4.; OQ-SD

00 JE 54.4 OQ-SD

01 JJE :.8 OQ-SD

08 JE >.> OQ-SD

0: JJJE 5:.4 ;= OQ-SD

1= JJJE 4>.= 3=/8= OQ-SD/OD-SQ

15 JE >.8 OD-SQ

1> JJJN 1.; 34 D-Q

13 JJJE 3>.> 4= O-S

1; JE 1.= OQ-SD

14 JE 55.= O-S

11 JN 3.8x?;.1 O-S/D-Q

1X JE 5.1 OQ-SD

1') JE >.4 OQ-SD

SL JE 4.1 OD-SQ

SJ JE 0.4 OQ-SD

S> JE 4.: OQ-SD

83 JE >.S O-S

S; JE 58.4 D-Q

84 JJE 1.1 O-S

80 JE 1.8 O-S

S1 JJJC >:.=x>1.= 3=/;=. O-S/D-Q

SS JJJE 5=.> 5>= D-Q

SI JE >5.3 O-S

:5 JE 38.4 O-S/D-Q

:3 JE 5=.5 O- S

:; JE 5=.= O-S

:4 JJE 50.; OD-SQ

:0 JJJE 51.3 0=/55= OD-SQ

:1 JE 35.8 O-S

:8 JE 4.= D-Q:: JJJE 38.= 3=/5== O-S

5== JE ;.8 OD-SQ

5=5 JE :.= D-Q

5=> JE >.1 D-Q

5=3 JE 3.0 D-Q

5=; JE ;.= O-S

5=4 JE 3.= O-S

5=0 JE 4.0 O-S

5=1 JE >.3 OD-SQ5=8 JE 4.0 O-S

5=: JE >.S O-S

55= JE 3.: O-S

bjb JE ;.S O-S

55> JE 8.> OD-SQ

553 JE 5.; OQ-SD

55; JE >4.4 OD-SQ

550 JJJE 5=.0 j)= OD-SQ

^]<




pebjssekd typd bdoath wjkth lrjdotetjlo ketd

551 TJE 58.4 3=/:= O-Sbjs TJE 4.= 4= O-S/D-Q ^]

55: TJE 58.= 1=/54= OQ-SD FJ'

5>= ojE 51.= 1= OQ-SD ^]

5>5 JJJE 50.3 5==/54= D-Q ^]

5>> JJJE ;.> 1= O-S BJE

5>3 JJJE 4.8 0=/:= O-S BJE5>; J5JC jp 0.; 0= - ^]

5>4 id >33x358 5==/>4= O-S/D-Q ^]

5>0 id >;1x33= 5>=/;1= O-S/D-Q ^]

5>1 JJJE 53; 0=/54= O-S/D-Q ^]

5>8 JJJE 45.4 3=/14 O-S ^]

5>2? JJJE ;3.4 ;= O-S ^]

53= JJJE 41.= 5>=/>5= O-S ^]

535 JJJE 38.= 4= O-S/D-Q ^]

53> JJJE 00.4 ;=/5== O-S/D-Q ^]

533 JJJE 0=.= 0=/54= O-S/D-Q ^]

53; JJJE >4.4 54=/5:= D-Q ^]

534 JJJE 35.4 5== D-Q ^]

oltds

5 @lr e ilrd kdtejbdk survdy sdd Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81n eok 5:81j.

> Peo kdo Nrldfd wes eppljotdk ny thd OQL, thd Odthdrbeoks

()raeojsetjlo `lr thd Ekveocdidot l` Scjdotj`jc ^dsderch. Peo kdrSeokdo wes eppljotdk shlrt-tdri rdsderch essjsteot ny Bdjkdo Toj-vdrsjty uotjb Sdptdindr 5:80 eok ny thd OQL uotjb @dnruery 5:81.

3 @lr e kjscuss jlo l` thd beokscepd eok thd adlblay l` thd wjkdrsurrluokjoas sdd Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81e.

; Peo kdo Nrldfd (5::5) hes ketdk thd plttdry l` phesd E, whjch hdkjvjkdk jotl sunphesds Eb eok E>, tl thd dok l` thd Betd Nrlozd Eadeok thd ndajoojoa l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead (:==-1>4 NC). Jo thd prdsdotieouscrjpt thd `deturds `rli phesd E hevd hlwdvdr olt nddo sunkj-vjkdk eok erd ebb ketdk tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

4 Dxeipbds l` wdbbs eok pjts wjth jbbs clotejojoa ilrd yluoadrrdiejos jo thd uppdr beydrs theo jo thd blwdr beydrs erd folwo `rliderbjdr pdrjlks, tll. [hd uppdr beydrs l` wdbb ]38> `rli thd IjkkbdNrlozd Ead, `lr dxeipbd, clotejodk plttdry `rli phesd E l` thdDerby Jrlo Ead. Epperdotby thd sjtd l` thd `lridr wdbb rdiejodkvjsjnbd es e kdprdssjlo `lr qujtd slid tjid.

0 [hd cbustdr eoebysjs wes cerrjdk lut ny I. Qeosbddndo, @ecubty lÈrchedlblay l` Bdjkdo Tojvdrsjty.

1 [hdsd `deturds hevd nddo krewo jo thd kjtch, trdoch lr pjt jo quds-

tjlo tl iefd thdi ilrd cbderby vjsjnbd. [hdy thdrd`lrd sddi tljotdrsdct thd bettdr, nut thd rdvdrsd js truc.

8 Hlusd pbeos l` typds >E eok 3E wdrd `luok loby kurjoa thddxcevetjlos cerrjdk lut e`tdr 5:80 (@lffdos 5::5), nut thdy hevdhdrd ebrdeky nddo jocbukdk jo thd typlblajceb sdqudocd.

: [hd bdoaths eok wjkths wdrd idesurdk ecrlss thd lutdr `deturds,`rli cdotrd tl cdotrd.

5= @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 4.3.5.

55 @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 0.3.5.

5> @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 1.3.5.

53 @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 8.3.5.>.

5; @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 8.3.5.3.

54 @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 8.3.5.4.

50 @lr thd kdsjao l` thd hlusds, sdd sdctjlo 8.3.5.;.

51 ]beos wjth klunbê clrodr plsthlbds hevd hdrd nddo arlupdk tladthdrwjth thlsd wjth sjoabd plsthlbds es jt wes l`tdo olt cbder whdthdr thdklunbê plsthlbds rdprdsdotdk rdpejr wlrf lr dxtre rdjo`lrcdidot.

58 @jrst l` ebb thd pbeo l` e 54-plst structurd ket joa `rli thd DerbyJrlo Ead whjch wes dxcevetdk et Dcht-Ierjehllp (Qjbbdis 5:837>3;->38). [hjs `deturd wes jotdrprdtdk es e hlusd pbeo, nut jt shlws estrjfjoa rdsdinbeocd tl lurareoerjds l` typd JJN. E sjijber pbeo,whjch js ilst prlnenby tl nd ketdk tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead, wesuoderthdk jo 5:8: jo lod l` thd betdr dxcevetjlo ceipejaos et Lss-

Tssdo (H. @lffdos, pdrs. clii.).

5: [hd crjtdrjlo `lr essuijoa thet e pjt wes sdclokerjby usdk es erdùsd pjt wes thd prdsdocd l` ilrd theo 4= shdrks l` plttdry jo epjt's `jbb. Ilst l` thd pjts thet setjs`jdk thjs crjtdrjlo ebsl yjdbkdkrdiejos l` lthdr ietdrjeb cetdalrjds, such es stlod, cbey eok nlod.

>= Es thd tlp >=-3= ci l` thd lbk beok surècd wes kjsturndk ny betdpbluahjoa, thd qultdk kdpths eok kjeidtdrs l` thd pjts erd rdbetjvd tlthd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo. @lr kj``drdot rdeslos thd bettdrsurècd wes olt ebweys et thd seid bdvdb (9 jiidkjetdby ndodeth thdtlp cubtjvetdk beydr), sl ol sherp bjod clubk nd krewo ndtwddo 'kddp'eok 'shebblw' pjts. E pjt wjth e kdpth l` 0= ci iey closdqudotbyhevd nddo quebj`jdk es 'kddp' rethdr theo 'shebblw' lo thd nesjs l`lthdr kdpth jokjcetlrs.

>5 Qhdthdr e pjt's `bllr bey ndodeth lr enlvd t hd lrjajoeb arluok-wetdr bdvdb wes jo`drrdk `rli thd prdsdocd lr ensdocd l` wllk eok/lwesh beydrs et thd nlttli l` e pjt. Jo thd cesd l` pjts wjthlut suchdvjkdocd thd kdpth wes cliperdk wjth thet et whjch wllk heksurvjvdk jo lthdr pjts jo thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas.

>> ];;> clotejodk `lur rlbbs l` njrch nerf (3 idesurjoa 4 x 5.4 cieok 5 idesurjoa 5 = x 3 ci). Jt js folwo thet njrch nerf hes nddousdk `lr ieoy kj``drdot purplsds jo thd pest (jokustrjeb, idkjcjoeb6Cberf 5:4;7 500-501), nut, closjkdrjoa thd siebb ouindr l` rlbbs eokthdjr siebb kjidosjlos, jt js ilrd bjfdby thet thdsd rlbbs dokdk up jothd pjts oeturebby theo thet thdy wdrd kcbjndretdby kdplsjtdk hdrd nyhuieo ndjoas, `lr usd et e betdr stead.

>3 Slid pebjsekds shlw e sbjaht ndok et e nluokery ndtwddo twlpblts. [hdsd pebjsekds wdrd hlwdvdr strejaht jo thd `jdbk. [hd ndokswdrd `lridk whdo thd dxcevetjlo pbeos wdrd `jttdk tladthdr eok thdyshlubk thdrd`lrd nd kjsrdaerkdk.

Fdds SchjofdbBds Aenjes@->3;3= St. ]jdrrd-Chdrjaoet@reocd





wjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo ghd ùodrery eok rdbetdk structurds

5. Jotrlkuctjlo

[hjs cheptdr wjbb clocdotretd lo thd nurjeb ilouidots. Jo

ekkjtjlo, ettdotjlo wjbb nd pejk tl eolthdr cetdalry l` ilou

idots, oeidby structurds eok jslbetdk `deturds whjch kl olt

rdprdsdot ùodrery ilouidots, nut whjch ceo ilst prlnenby nd

esslcjetdk wjth rjtueb ndhevjlur. Sl nlth cetdalrjds hevd jo

cliilo thet thdy pbeydk slid rlbd jo e rdbjajlus clotdxt. Es

wjbb ndclid epperdot jo thd `lbblwjoa kjscussjlo, jt js olt

ebweys plssjnbd tl essjao e ilouidot tl djthdr lod l` thdsd

cetdalrjds. Jo sdvdreb cesds jt prlvdk jiplssjnbd tl kdtdrijod

whdthdr thd rdiejos docluotdrdk rdprdsdotdk e nurjeb, e plttdrykdplsjt lr e cubt sjtd. [hjs js kud pertby tl sjijberjtjds jo thd

shepds l` thd kj `drdot ilouidots eok pertby tl thd dipblydk

dxcevetjlo stretday eok plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds. [hd bettdr

twl èctlrs rdqujrd ùrthdr dxpbeoetjlo. Olt ebb thd `deturds tl nd

kjscussdk ndblw wdrd jo thd `jdbk rdclaojsdk es rjtueb structurds

(^) l` thd fjok jotdokdk hdrd. Jo sdvdreb cesds ol d``lrts wdrd

closdqudotby iekd tl uoderth jo thdjr dotjrdty ilouidots thet

hek nddo pertby dxplsdk jo trdochds kua `lr thd clostructjlo l`

rleks. Et bdest sjxtddo l` thd ^ ilouidots kjscussdk jo thd

ceteblaud wdrd dxcevetdk, eok hdocd rdclrkdk, jo pert loby. [hd

lthdr clipbjcetjoa èctlr js plst-kdplsjtjloeb cheoads, jo pertjc

uber thd kjsturneocd l` thd lbk beok surècd ceusdk ny (plst-)

idkjdveb pbluahjoa. Ieoy kjtchdk docblsurds wdrd `luok tl nd'dipty', thet js, ol nurjeb pjt wes `luok wjthjo thdi. Jo ieoy

cesds thd ensdocd l` e nurjeb pjt wjbb nd ettrjnutenbd tl thd e`lrd

idotjlodk cubtureb `lrietjlo prlcdssds, nut thdrd js ebweys thd

plssjnjbjty thet thdrd odvdr wes e nurjeb pjt. Ilouidots whlsd

cdotrds wdrd jo sunrdcdot tjids kjsturndk ny thd kjaajoa l`

kjtchds tl ierf thd nluokerjds l` `jdbks jovlbvd thd seid prln

bdi. Jo thdsd cesds jt js jiplssjnbd tl errjvd et e kd`jojtjvd jotdr

prdtetjlo.

@lur clocdotretjlos l` nurjebs eok rdbetdk structurds clubk nd

kjstjoaujshdk jo thd dxcevetdk erde (`ja. J)7

- E7 e siebb arlup jo thd olrthdestdro quekreot6

- N7 e berad arlup jo thd cdotreb pert6

- C7 e `dw ilouidots jo thd sluthwdstdro quekreot6

- K7 e vdry berad clocdotretjlo jo thd sluthdestdro quekreot.

Clocdotretjlo K clotejos thd ilst eok thd yluoadst nurjebs

(`ja. >). Ilrd theo >== nurjebs wdrd jovdstjaetdk jo thjs erde

ndtwddo 5:11 eok 5:1:. êkjlcernlo ketds lntejodk `lr

chercleb `rli `lur nurjebs jo thd sluthdro pert l` thjs

clocdotretjlo shlw thet thd `jrst arevds l` thjs odcrlplbjs,

whjch ketds prdklijoeotby `rli thd 5st eok >ok cdoturjds

EK, wdrd kua jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead, plssjnby dvdo thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead. [hdsd C5; ketds erd es `lbblws7

^joa kjtch >=; (53) >=1= µ 34 N]

(> e7 51= NC - EK 5=)

Squerd kjtchdk do k. 54; (5;) >=84 µ 3= N]

(>c7 518-3>/>=-0 NC)

>>:4 µ 04 N]

(>e7 458-58= NC)

Squerd kjtchdk dok . 548 (5;) >5>4 µ 34 N]

(>e7 3;=-3>8/>==-;; NC)

Squerd kjtchdk dok . 58= (5;) >534 µ 44 N]

(>e7 30>->8>/>48-3>/>=-0 NC).

[hjs cdidtdry wjbb olt nd kdscrjndk eoy ùrthdr hdrd lr jo thd

ceteblaud, es jt js ndjoa jovdstjaetdk jo e stuky cerrjdk lut jo e

kj``drdot clotdxt (Hdssjoa jo prdp.).

[ladthdr, thd thrdd lthdr clocdotretjlos cliprjsd olt ilrd

theo 48 ilouidots, 38 l` whjch hevd e pdrjphdreb structurd.

Nurodk huieo nlods, l`tdo loby ijoutd eiluots, wdrd `luok

jo loby >3 cesds. @rli thd prdsdocd l` pdrjphdreb structurds l`

'olrieb' sjzds wd folw thet ieoy l` thd lthdr ilouidots

wdrd ebsl nurjebs. Qhet rdiejos js e siebb ouindr l` ilouidots l` whjch jt js kluntùb, et bdest, thet thdy erd tl nd jotdr

prdtdk es nurjebs. Slid jokddk shlw such kdvjetjoa cherectdr

jstjcs, such es eo dxcdptjloeb sjzd eok/lr e berad queotjty l`

`joks, thet thdy erd ilrd bjfdby tl hevd nddo cubt sjtds.

]lttdry wes `luok jo 3; l` thd 48 ilouidots kjscussdk

hdrd. @lurtddo ilouidots clubk nd ketdk lo thd nesjs l` thjs

plttdry. @lur l` thd ketds nesdk lo plttdry cherectdrjstjcs

wdrd clo`jridk ny rekjlcernlo ketds. Perjlus lthdr ilou

idots clubk nd ketdk vje jotdrsdctjlos lr vje pdrjphdreb struc

turds cherectdrjstjc l` lod lr ilrd spdcj`jc pdrjlks. To`lrtu

oetdby e berad ouindr clubk olt nd ketdk et ebb.

Loby lod l` thd sljb seipbds thet wdrd tefdo jo sjx ilouidots wes `luok tl clotejo sddks (^>0), nut thd seipbd wes

tll siebb tl ebblw eoy clocbusjlos tl nd krewo.

>. Kdvdblpidots jo specd eok tjid

>.5. N^LOWD EAD( < ) EOK DE^BZ J LO EAD

Sjocd thd lbkdst sdttbdidot rdiejos `luok et Tssdo ketd `rli

thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead, j` olt derbjdr (sdd Schjofdb, thjs



3=8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd 5. Survdy l` thd kjstrjnutjlo l` nurjebs eok rdbetdk structurds `rli thd Nrlozd Ead, thd Jrlo Ead eok thd ^lieo ]drjlk et Lss-Tssdo.

vlbuid, sdctjlo 4), wd wlubk dxpdct nurjebs `rli thjs

pdrjlk, tll. Olod l` thd nurjeb ilouidots clubk hlwdvdr nd

ketdk tl thjs lccupetjlo phesd wjth cdrtejoty. [wl rjoa

kjtchds wjth berad kjeidtdrs cherectdrjstjc l` thjs pdrjlk

(51 i) wdrd `luok jo thd olrthdro cbustdr (E), et e rdbetjvdby

shlrt kjsteocd `rli thd loby hlusd pbeo ketenbd tl thjs pdrjlk

(HJ>4), nut thdy iey wdbb nd thd pdrjphdreb structurds l`

Derby Jrlo Ead nurjebs. [hd ilouidots jo qudstjlo erd ^;3

eok ^;4 (`ja. 3). Loby vdry siebb perts l` thd `jrst wdrd

dxcevetdk eok thd sdclok, jrrdauber, rjoa kjtch wes jotdr

sdctdk ny e hlusd pbeo `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk (H:8). [hd

ensdocd l` rdcteoauber nurjeb pjts et thd cdotrds l` thd ilou

idots eok, jo thd cesd l` ^;4, thd prdsdocd l` plsthlbds jo

thd kjtch suaadst yluoadr ketds `lr thdsd ilouidots. [hdrd



3=: Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC [T^DS

@jaurd >. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs jo cbustdr K. Ilst l`thd arevds ketd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Cdrtejoby `lur,thd ouindrdk lods, ceo nd ettrjnutdk tl thd Jrlo Ead.

sddis tl hevd nddo eo dotreocd jo nlth ilouidots, lod

sbjahtby oerrlwdr theo thd lthdr. [hd plttdry `rli ^;4 ebsl

pljots tl e ketd e`tdr thd Nrlozd Ead. [hd shdrk l`

thjcf-webbdk plttdry tdipdrdk wjth arluok quertz thet wes

`luok jo thd kjtch l` ^;3 js ilst prlnenby tl nd jotdrprdtdk

es cloteijoetjlo.




@jaurd 3. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs eok e cubt sjtd (^41) jo cbustdr E.

Scebd 57>===.

[hd lthdr thrdd ilouidots l` cbustdr E l``drdk ol cbuds tl

thdjr ketds. ^joa kjtch ^;; eok thd pjt wjth crdietdk rdiejos

^;0 clubk olt nd ketdk (thd `reaidot l` e tdaube `luok jo ^;0

js prdsuienby e betdr jotrusjlo) eok ^41 uokluntdkby ketds

`rli e iuch betdr pdrjlk, oeidby thd kdcekds erluok thd

ndajoojoa l` thd Chrjstjeo dre.

Cbustdr N yjdbkdk e cliperetjvdby ardetdr eiluot l` ketjoa

dvjkdocd. [hd lbkdst ilouidots sddi tl nd thlsd uoderthdk

jo thd olrthwdstdro pert l` thjs cbustdr (`ja. ;), thd ilst strjf

joa l` whjch js wjthlut klunt ^;=, cliprjsjoa eo lveb sdttjoa

l` plsthlbds idesurjoa 5;.>= x ;.SL i. Ol nurjebs wdrd

`luok. ^;= ndbloas tl whet Pdrwdrs kd`jodk es 'olo-cjrcuber

ilouidots' (Pdrwdrs 5:00e). Hd kjstjoaujshdk twl arlups l`

such ilouidots7 bloa/oerrlw kjtchdk docblsurds l` thd

Aljrbd typd eok shlrt/wjkd kjtchdk docblsurds l` thd

^jdthlvdo typd. [hd `lridr, whjch hd jocjkdotebby (joclr

rdctby) jotdrprdtdk olt es nurjeb ilouidots nut es rjtueb `jdbks

((ƞ. Beotjoa/Illf 5:117 531), erd jo hjs lpjojlo ketenbd

prdklijoeotby tl He N, thd bettdr tl He N eok He C/K

(Pdrwdrs 5:00e7 4;). [hd bdoath l` ^;= clids cblsd tl thd

evdread bdoath l` thd ^jdthlvdo ilouidots (50.0= i),

whdrdes jts wjkth js ilrd jo bjod wjth thd evdread wjkth l` thd

Aljrbd ilouidots (3.8= i). Jts bdoath/wjkth retjl hlwdvdr

kd`jojtdby pbecds jt jo thd ^jdthlvdo arlup.

Ilst bloa arevds erd surrluokdk ny e kjtch. ]ebjsekdkdocblsurds, es lnsdrvdk erluok ^;=, erd rerdr. Dxeipbds erd

folwo `rli sdvdreb pbecds jo thd Odthdrbeoks. Es ceo nd sddo

jo [enbd 5 (nesdk lo ^llsdos/Nddx 5:0>6 Pdrwdrs 5:00n6 jk.,

5:1>7 >>->;), thd lveb erreoadidot l` plsts `luok et Tssdo js

ilst prlnenby ketenbd tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

[hd oderny ilouidot ^;5 iey ebsl hevd nddo lveb. [hjs

wes et bdest suaadstdk ny thd dxcevetdk pert l` thjs ilou

idot, thluah jt js olt dotjrdby cdrtejo. [hd ilouidot's shepd

js tl slid dxtdot rdijojscdot l` thet l` twl lveb kjtchdk

docblsurds thet wdrd `luok jo thd olrthdro pert l` thd uro`jdbk

l` Pebfdosweerk (Nruostjoa/Pdrwdrs 5:147 05). ^;5 ceoolt

nd ketdk wjth eoy ardetdr eccurecy theo Betd Nrlozd Ead lr

Derby Jrlo Ead.

@deturds ^>:, ^31 eok ^38, whjch wdrd `luok tl thd wdst

l` ^;=, prlnenby ketd `rli thd seid pdrjlk, jo pertjcuber thd

Derby Jrlo Ead. [hdy closjst l` oerrlw, ilrd lr bdss cjrcuber

kjtchds whjch lrjajoebby clotejodk thjo plsts. Crdietdk

rdiejos wdrd `luok et thd cdotrd l` ^>: loby6 thd cdotrds l`

^31 eok ^38 wdrd 'dipty'. Nurjebs surrluokdk ny cjrcuber

plst sdttjoas erd folwo `rli Pdbkhlvdo (Ilkkdrieo/Bluwd

Flljgieos 5:00), Slidrdo (Ilkkdrieo 5:0>-03), Heilot

(^llsdos/Nddx 5:04), Fbdjo êvdbs (Eooedrt/Peo Jipd 5:84),

Lvdrpdbt (Geossdo/Peo Jipd 5:81), Feubjbbd (Doadbs/Peo Jipd

5:84) eok lthdr pbecds. [enbd > prdsdots e survdy.

Beotjoa eok Illf (5:117 538-53:) esslcjetdk thdsd structurds wjth thd Derby Jrlo Ead. [hd rekjlcernlo ketd lntejodk

`lr thd iluok l` Lvdrpdbt-Bjokdb (>;1= µ 14 N]7 Geossdo/

Peo Jipd 5:817 500) eok thd Schrëareokuro thet wes `luok

et thd cdotrd l` nerrlw PJ et Feubjbbd (Doadbs/Peo Jipd 5:847

34) eardd wdbb wjth such e ketd. Dvjkdocd lntejodk jo rdcdot

rdsderch et Slidrdo (^lyieos/Flrtbeoa 5::37 >16 Flrtbeoa

5::8) eok Ijdrbl-Hlut (^lyieos/[lb 5::37 ;16 [lb 5::8) js

olt jo clo`bjct wjth e ketd jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead `lr thd ner

rlws surrluokdk ny plst sdttjoas lr stefds sdt jo e kjtch. Jt

wlubk thdrd`lrd sddi thet thd Derby Jrlo Ead js thd ndst ketd

`lr thd thrdd plst structurds `luok et Tssdo. [hd loby uousueb

dbdidot js thd olrthdro dotreocd, es thd pdrjphdreb structurds

l` ilst Derby Jrlo Ead nurjebs hek eo dotreocd jo thd

(sluth)dest. [hd nerrlws wdrd prdsuienby ol bloadr rdclaojs

enbd es such ny thd Betd Jrlo Ead, es suaadstdk ny thd prds

docd l` ]J 44 jo ^>:. E hlusd wes ilrdlvdr nujbt et thd sjtd

l` ^31 eok ^38 jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk (H43).

^joa kjtch ^3: bjds ndtwddo thd enlvd arlup l` thrdd nurj

ebs eok thd lveb ilouidots ^;= eok ^;5. @rli thjs wd iey



355 Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T^DS

jo`dr thet thjs 5=-55-i-berad ilouidot, whjch yjdbkdk ol

`joks, wes prlnenby ebsl kua jo thjs pdrjlk.

E `dw ilrd nurjebs ketenbd tl thd Derby Jrlo Ead ceid tl

bjaht e huokrdk idtrds ùrthdr sluth. [hdy erd `jrst l` ebb e `dw

sjipbd pjts, ^54 eok ^51, l` whjch thd bettdr clotejodk ol

crdietdk rdiejos nut e berad pert l` e sdclokerjby nurodk

nlwb. [hd lthdr nurjebs erd e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 0-1

i eok eo lpdojoa jo thd sluthdest eok e rjoa kjtch wjth ekjeidtdr l` 58 i. Odjthdr ilouidot wes dxcevetdk jo jts

dotjrdty. [hd 3: shdrks thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd siebbdst

rjoa kjtch - ^35 - ketd `rli phesd N l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

[hd 51 shdrks `rli thd berad kjtch ^50 iey nd l` thd seid

ketd lr sbjahtby yluoadr (thdy clubk dvdo ketd `rli thd ndajo

ojoa l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead).

>.>. IJKKBD J LO EAD

Ol ilrd theo `lur ^ ilouidots clubk nd ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead (phesds D-H) lo thd nesjs l` plttdry cherectdrjstjcs.

Ilst l` thdsd ilouidots bjd jo cbustdr N (`jas 4 eok 0), lod

bjds jo cbustdr C (`ja. 1). [hdy erd twl berad squerd kjtchdk

[enbd 5. Kjidosjlos eok ketds l olo-cjrcuber ilouidots l` thd

^jdthlvdo eok Aljrbd typds surrluokdk ny e plst sdttjoa.

ilouidot typd kjidosjlos ketd

Heps (=>) ^ > = x 0 i Derby Jrlo Ead

Ndrahdi (JJ) ^ >8 x 1 i 08= µ 04 NC

Oddrpdbt(5=;) A 30 x 3.0= i Derby Jrlo Ead

Oddrpdbt (555) A >4.4= x 3 i Derby Jrlo Ead

docblsurds, lod wjth eo eoodx, lod trepdzjui-shepdk kjtchdk

docblsurd eok lod `bet arevd. [hd ilst jiprdssjvd erd thd

berad squerd kjtchdk docblsurds ^>0/>0e eok ^;:. Ebthluah

sjijber structurds wjth Derby Jrlo Ead ketds erd folwo `rli

@beokdrs (Kd Bedt dt eb. 5:80), thdy kjk olt iefd thdjr

eppdereocd jo thd sluthdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks uotjb jo thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. Derby dxeipbds erd folwo `rli Ojgosdb

(Hubst 5:0;) eok Heps (Pdrwdrs 5:1>). [hd docblsurds l`

Ojgosdb erd sbjahtby siebbdr theo thlsd l` Heps (3.4= x ;.3= i

- 1.5= x 8.;= i eok 5= x 5=.4= i, rdspdctjvdby). Et nlth

@jaurd ;. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs jo thd

olrthwdst l` cbustdr N. Scebd 57>===.




[enbd >. Survdy l thd structurds eok kjidosjlos l` cjrcuber plst sdttjoas surrluokjoa nurjebs.

sjtd ouindr structurd kjeidtdr

Pdbkhlvdo (5==) cjrcbd

Pdbkhlvdo (5=5) cjrcbd

Slidrdo cjrcbd

Fbdjo-êvdbs (JP) cjrcbd

(PJ) cjrcbd(JX) cjrcbd

Heilot (J) cjrcbd

Lvdrpdbt-Bjokd! cjrcbd

Feubjbbd (JP) cjrcbd

(PJ) cjrcbd

(X) cjrcbd

(XJ) cjrcbd

l` stefds sdt cblsd tladthdr

l` wjkdby sprdek plsts

l` plsts sdt jo pejrs

l` plsts sdt cblsd tladthdr

l` plsts sdt cblsd tladthdrl` plsts sdt cblsd tladthdr







5< jo

5= jo

5; i

0 jo

1 jo1 jo

8.4 jo

50 i

5< jo

5> jo

5= jo

Ojgosdb eok Heps squerd kjtchdk docblsurds wjth sjoabd es

wdbb es iubtjpbd nurjebs wdrd `luok. ]lttdry wes loby vdry

rerdby rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtchds (Ojgosdb, nurjeb 0). ]lsthlbds

wdrd vjrtuebby olt lnsdrvdk djthdr (loby jo Ojgosdb, nurjeb 8).Sdvdreb clospjculus kj``drdocds erd lnsdrvenbd ndtwddo thdsd

ilouidots eok thd squerd kjtchdk docblsurds l` Tssdo7 thd

bettdr erd iuch beradr, thdy erd ecclipeojdk ny plsthlbds eok

èr ilrd `joks wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thdjr kjtchds. Sl ebb jo ebb

thd Tssdo ilouidots erd qujtd uousueb.

^>0 js thd ilrd clipbdx (`ja. 4). Jt js jo èct e cliplsjtd

ilouidot, closjstjoa l` e cdotreb structurd idesurjoa 3>.4 x

33.4 i eok e wdstdro eoodx (^>0e) idesurjoa 50 x 54/50.4

i. [hd beradst docblsurd hek eo dotreocd jo thd dest, thd

siebbdst jo thd sluth. [hd èct thet ^>0 wes lo ebb `lur sjkds

[enbd 3. Survdy l` thd ouindrs l` plttdry `reaidots `luok jo thd kjtch

sdctjlos eok pjts l` ^>0.

pert l` thd kjtch ouindr l` shdrks

Olrth sdctjlo

Qdst sdctjlo

Sluth sdctjlo

Dest sdctjlo

515=> (]J 587 >83)

11:

355 (]:87 51:>)

[enbd ;. ]lttdry `rli phesd H (adodreb), `rli ^>0 eok ^;:, erreoadk

ecclrkjoa tl thd typd l` plt (c`. Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81e, 3>).

phesd/ plt shepd

ilouidot

J JJ JJJ

o % o % o %

phesd H 1J 5: 5>0 3; 51; ;1

^>0 4= >=.4 04 >0.4 53= 43

^;: 8 5= 5> 3= ;4 0=

surrluokdk ny e pebjsekd (34 x 34 i), j.d. ebsl lo thd sjkd lo

whjch ^>0e wes cloodctdk tl jt, suaadsts thet ^>0 wes nujbt

`jrst eok ^>0e wes ekkdk tl jt et e betdr ketd. [hd `joks `rli

thd `jbb l` thd kjtch l` F>(j ketd `rli phesd JJ . thej js. `rli jbf-`jrst heb` l` thd 3rk cdotury NC. E C5; ketd lntejodk `lr wllk

`rli ]:8 yjdbkdk e ketd l` 31=-51> NC (>e).

[hd siebbdr squerd kjtchdk docblsurd kd`jojtdby `lridk pert

l` e nurjeb ilouidot, es jokjcetdk ny thd crdietdk rdiejos

`luok gust l`` cdotrd l` thd docblsdk erde, surrluokdk ny thd

`deturds l` e ilrtuery hlusd. Jt js hlwdvdr èr `rli cdrtejo

thet thd berad squerd structurd hek thd seid ùoctjlo. [hd

cdotreb pert l` thjs ilouidot wes clipbdtdby kjsturndk jo

sunrdcdot tjids, sl wd wjbb odvdr folw `lr surd whdthdr

crdietdk rdiejos wdrd dvdr nurjdk hdrd.

Sdvdreb espdcts l` thjs dxcdptjloebby berad squerd hlwdvdr

suaadst thet jt hek e olo-ùodrery ùoctjlo. [hd `jrst erd thd

pjts thet wdrd `luok jo thd kjtch, lod (]J 58) kjrdctby lpplsjtd

thd dotreocd, thd lthdr (]:8) jo thd sluthdestdro clrodr. [hd

twl pjts erd uokluntdkby jo slid wey esslcjetdk wjth thd

squerd structurd, ndceusd thd `jbb l` thd kjtch clotjoudk jotl

thd pjts wjthlut eoy jotdrruptjlo. E sdclok èctlr suaadstjoa

thet thd structurd wes olt e nurjeb ilouidot js thd ieoy

`joks, jo pertjcuber plttdry, thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch

eok thd clotdiplrery pjts - lvdr 334= shdrks jo tlteb. [hd

ieglrjty l` thdsd `joks ceid `rli thd destdro strdtch l` thd

kjtch, jocbukjoa thd pjt jo thd sluthdestdro clrodr (tenbd 3).

Iuch `dwdr shdrks wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli jokjsputenbd nurjeb

ilouidots. Ny wey l` cliperjslo7 thd kjtch l` thd eoodx

yjdbkdk ol ilrd theo 5= shdrks. [hd plttdry js jocjkdotebby oltjo eoy wey dxcdptjloeb jo tdris l` jts cliplsjtjlo6 jt jocbukds

loby 31 webb `reaidots eok >= kdclretdk rji `reaidots. Odj

thdr klds thd rdprdsdotdk reoad l` typds nesdk lo Peo kdo

Nrldfd's sdqudocd (5:81e7 `ja. 4) kj``dr epprdcjenby `rli thet

l` lthdr essdinbeads `rli phesd H. Jo lthdr wlrks, thd plttdry

`rli thd kjtch klds olt rdprdsdot slid spdcjebby sdbdctdk

reoad (tenbd ;). [hd lthdr `joks `rli thd kjtch cliprjsd



353 Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T DS

jokdtdrijoenbd buips l` `jrdk cbey, `reaidots l` thrdd lr `lur

blli wdjahts eok `lur spjokbd whlrbs, jrlo sbeas eok pjdcds l`

stlod.

E thjrk erauidot `lr essuijoa thet ^>0 hek slid spdcjeb

ùoctjlo js thd prdsdocd l` thd hjahby uousueb squerd erreoad

idot l` plsts ^>4, whjch wes kdvljk l` `joks. [hjs docblsurd,

whjch idesurds >4 x >4/>0 i, wes `luok tl thd wdst l` ^>0,

pertby lvdrbeppjoa ^>0e. ^>0/^>0e wdrd olt jotdrsdctdk eteoy pljot, nut wd iey rdesloenby essuid thet thd plsts wdrd

olt drdctdk e`tdr ^>0e (eok hdocd ^>0) hek nddo kua, sl jt js

prlnenby eo lbkdr structurd. [hd èct thet vjrtuebby ol prdhjs

tlrjc nurjebs wjth such e pdrjphdreb structurd erd folwo, cdr

tejoby olt l` such e sjzd - thd cblsdst perebbdb, dxcevetdk et

Sjnrdt-Pjbbdrlux jo thd Ndbajeo Erkdoods, idesurds loby

8 x 8.4 i (Cehdo-Kdbheyd dt eb. 5:80) - iefds jt vdry bjfdby

thet thjs js e olo-ùodrery ilouidot. [hd prlxjijty l` ^>0

suaadsts thet thd twl erd rdbetdk. ^>4 clubk wdbb nd thd prdkd

cdsslr l` thd berad squerd kjtchdk docblsurd.

^>0 hes jo thd pest ebrdeky nddo cliperdk tl thd quekreo

auber cubt sjtds docblsdk ny e kjtch eok e neof folwo es

Pjdrdcfscheozdo eok seoctuejrds kd typd ndjad, whjch ebsl

ketd `rli thd Jrlo Ead (Peo kdr Seokdo J:81d7 136 Sbl`stre/

Peo kdr Seokdo 5:817 540-541). [hd cubt sjtds l` thd `lridr

cetdalry erd folwo `rli sluthdro Adrieoy jo pertjcuber,

dspdcjebby thd `dkdreb stetds l` Nekdo-Qòrttdindra eok

Neverje (Njttdb 5:186 ]beocf 5:806 Schwerz 5:0=6 jk. 5:14).

Bdss wdbb-folwo - eok ebsl bdss jotdosjvdby jovdstjaetdk -

erd thd Pjdrdcfscheozdo l` cdotreb eok wdstdro @reocd (c`. thd

verjlus clotrjnutjlos jo Nuchsdoschutz/Lbjvjdr 5:8:).

^dsderch jotl thd Adrieo cubt sjtds jo pertjcuber hes shlwo

thet thdsd sjtds kl olt ebweys cliprjsd thd seid dbdidots.

Kddp l``drjoa she`ts wdrd `lr dxeipbd `luok et Hlbzheusdo

eok @dbbnech-Schijkdo, nut olt et Dhojoado. [hd siebb nujbkjoas wjth e slcebbdk einubetlry `lr whjch Hlbzheusdo js wdbb-

folwo wdrd olt `luok et thd cubt sjtd l` [lidrkjoado. Slid

thjoa thet thd e`lrdidotjlodk sjtds kl hevd jo cliilo js thet

thdy ebb yjdbkdk vdry `dw `joks. [hjs hes bdk tl thd clocbusjlo

thet thd l``drjoas wdrd ilstby lraeojc.

[hd sdclok cetdalry, l` 'Ndbajeo seoctuerjds', js folwo

ilstby `rli thd olrthdro pert l` @reocd (Nruoeux 5:807

50-38). [hd cubt sjtd l` Aluroey-sur-Erlokd, whjch wes

dxcevetdk ebilst clipbdtdby (Nruoeux dt eb. 5:84), js stjbb thd

ndst-folwo dxeipbd l` thdsd structurds. Jt js thjs cetdalry thet

kdsdrvds ilst ettdotjlo hdrd.

[hd sjzd l` thd squerd kjtchdk docblsurd l` Lss js jo fddp

joa wjth thet l` thd 'Ndbajeo seoctuerjds', iuch ilrd sl et

bdest theo wjth thet l` thd Pjdrdcfscheozdo (whjch erd lo thd

whlbd ieoy tjids beradr). [hd docblsurd l` thd e`lrdido

tjlodk cubt sjtd l` Aluroey, whjch wes `jrst usdk erluok thd

ndajoojoas l` thd 3k cdotury NC, `lr dxeipbd idesurds

;4 x 38 i6 jts dotreocd wes jo thd ijkkbd l` thd destdro sjkd.

Jo phesd J twl rlws l` plsts byjoa et rjaht eoabds tl lod

@jaurd 4. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs eok e cubt sjtd (^>0) jo thd cdotrd l

cbustdr N. Scebd 57>===.

eolthdr stllk jo thd docblsdk erde pljotjoa tlwerks thd `lur

kjrdctjlos l` thd wjok. Jo phesd > (ijk-3rk cdotury NC) tdo

pjts wdrd kua hdrd, ojod erreoadk jo e T-shepd wjth jts lpdo

joa jo thd dest, thd tdoth eok beradst, whjch wes prlnenby bjodk

wjth wllk, et thd cdotrd l` thd T. Jo thjs phesd thd kjtch wes

bjodk wjth wllk eok e pebjsekd wes drdctdk lutsjkd jt, curvjoa

jowerks et thd dotreocd. @rli thd ijk-3rk cdotury NC

lowerks ieoy huokrdks l` vltjvd l``drjoas wdrd kdplsjtdk jo

thd kjtch, such es wdeplos, tllbs, eojiebs eok dvdo huieo

ndjoas. [hd dxcevetlrs essuid thet thd l``drdk cettbd eok

hlrsds wdrd bd`t tl rlt jo thd cdotreb pjt nd`lrd ndjoa kdplsjtdk

jo thd kjtch. Jo betdr phesds e siebb nujbkjoa stllk lvdr thd

cdotreb l``drjoa pjt - `jrst e sdijcjrcuber structurd (phesd 3),

eok betdr e rdcteoauber lod (phesds ; eok 4)6 lthdr cheoads

thet lccurrdk jo thd clursd l` thd >ok eok 5 st cdoturjds NC erd

thd kjaajoa l` e kjtch lutsjkd thd pebjsekd eok thd èbbjoa jotl

kjsusd l` thd `jrst kjtch, thd lssd e dxplsjtjlo. Iuch bdss js




@jaurd 0. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs eok e cubt sjtd (^;:) jo thd dest l` cbustdr N. Scebd 57>===.

folwo enlut thd lthdr 'Ndbajeo seoctuerjds' `rli thd Be [èod

pdrjlk jo olrthdro @reocd. Adodrebby spdefjoa, hlwdvdr,

sdvdreb l` thd dbdidots lnsdrvdk et Aluroey (kjtchds, pjts,

vltjvd l``drjoas) hevd nddo docluotdrdk dbsdwhdrd, tll. Nut

olod l` thd lthdr folwo seoctuerjds sddi tl ketd es èr necf

jo tjid es thet l` Aluroey.

E clospjculus sjijberjty ndtwddo ^>0 eok thd cubt sjtd l`

Aluroey jo jts sdclok phesd js thd clinjoetjlo l` e kjtch

ecclipeojdk ny e pebjsekd lo thd lutsjkd. [hd twl ilou

idots kl olt kj``dr iuch jo chrlolblajceb tdris7 thd @rdoch

lod wes ketdk tl thd ijk-3rk cdotury NC eok ^>0 tl phesd H,

j.d. ndtwddo 3== eok >4= NC.

Qhet js thluaht tl nd eolthdr sjijber clinjoetjlo hes

rdcdotby nddo `luok et Flljadi jo wdstdro @beokdrs ([driltd

5:81). Jo eo Jrlo Ead hjbb `lrt thd dxcevetlrs l` thjs sjtd

uoderthdk e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd idesurjoa

>5.4 x >4.4 i. [hd kjtch, whjch wes olt jotdrruptdk et eoy

pljot, verjdk jo wjkth `rli 5.5= tl > i6 jt wes enlut 14 ci

kddp. Ecclrkjoa tl thd dxcevetlrs, jt wes prlnenby ecclipe

ojdk ny plsts lo thd lutsjkd, sdt enlut > i epert. Ol plsthlbds

wdrd lnsdrvdk ebloa thd wdstdro sjkd6 thdy hek pdrheps

kjseppderdk es e rdsubt l` drlsjlo. [hd plsthlbds l` e siebb

nujbkjoa idesurjoa 4 x 4 i wdrd `luok jo thd olrthdestdro

clrodr l` thd docblsurd. Jt js thluaht thet e nrjkad ecrlss thd

destdro strdtch l` thd kjtch prlvjkdk eccdss tl thjs nujbkjoa.

Eo dxcdptjloebby berad ouindr l` `joks ceid tl bjaht wjthjo

thd docblsurd. [hd punbjcetjlo kjscussjoa thd dxcevetjlo

wrjtds thet thd surècd hek nddo rejsdk ny e thjcf beydr l` sljb

clotejojoa ilrd theo :=== shdrks l` derthdowerd, jocbukjoa

`reaidots l` thjcf-webbdk rluahdodk plttdry, bevjshby kdcl

retdk plttdry, uousueb typds bjfd Beppdoschebdo eok ijojeturd

cups, pbus `reaidots l` blli wdjahts, e sbjoa shlt eok e

spjokbd whlrb. [hd `joks nder e rdierfenbd rdsdinbeocd tl

thlsd thet ceid tl bjaht et thd Fdiidbndra. Ebsl wlrthy l`

idotjlo, `joebby, js thd 'ùodrery kdplsjt' thet wes `luok

heb`wey klwo thd wdstdro sjkd l` thd docblsjoa kjtch,




cliprjsjoa berad `reaidots l` et bdest sdvdo derthdowerd plts,

`reaidots l` e nrecdbdt iekd `rli seprlpdbjtd (<), e nrlozd

nucfbd eok pert l` e `jnube.

Ketjoa thd kjtchdk docblsurd prlvdk rethdr kj``jcubt

((ƞ. [driltd 5:816 jk. 5::=). Lo thd nesjs l` thd pllr `joks

rdclvdrdk `rli thd prjiery `jbb jt wes jojtjebby essuidk thet

thd kjtch wes kua erluok thd treosjtjlo `rli thd Hebbstett tl

thd Be [èod pdrjlks eok thet thd beydr l` sljb wes kdplsjtdkodxt, tl `jbb up eok lnbjtdretd thd kjtch, e`tdr whjch thd pjt `lr

thd 'ùodrery kdplsjt' wes kua (B[ bn) ([driltd 5:817 08). Jt

js olw hlwdvdr thluaht thet thd beydr clotejojoa thd `joks js

lbkdr (B[Je6 4th cdotury NC) theo thd kjtch (B[Jn6 `jrst heb`

l` thd ;th cdotury NC) ([driltd 5::=6 jk. 5::=, pdrs. clii.)

[hd ùodrery cherectdr l` thd kdplsjt js olw jocjkdotebby lpdo

tl klunt, sjocd jt hes nddo `luok thet thd nlods kdrjvd `rli

eojiebs ([driltd, pdrs. clii.).

Qjth rdspdct tl thd ùoctjlo l` thd kjtchdk docblsurd [dr

iltd wrltd7 '[hd èjrby uoprectjceb sjtuetjlo lo thd sblpjoa

neof l` thd pbetdeu jipbjds thet jt ceoolt hevd nddo usdk es e

sdttbdidot sjtd lr e cettbd pdo, whjbd thd ensdocd l` nurjeb

structurds iefds jt uobjfdby thet jt hek e ùodrery ùoctjlo (jo

thd `jrst phesd et bdest). [hd adodreb beylut, thd prdcjsd lrjdo

teb jlo eok tl e cdrtejo dxtdot ebsl thd sjtuetjlo suaadst thet jt

wes e cubt sjtd' ([driltd 5:817 08, treosbetdk `rli thd lrjaj

oeb jo Kutch).

Ndsjkds thd e`lrdidotjlodk sjijberjtjds ndtwddo thd quek

reoauber kjtchdk docblsurds l` Aluroey, Flljadi eok Lss

thdrd erd l` clursd ebsl sdvdreb kj``drdocds. Ol trecds l` eoy

nujbkjoa lr e sdrjds l` rjtueb pjts wdrd `luok jo thd docblsurd

l` ^>0, uobdss thd pjts `luok jo thd ilouidot's kjtch wdrd

rjtueb pjts. Es `lr thd l``drjoas lr vltjvd kdplsjts, thd `joks

rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch eok thd pjts l` ^>0 eppder tl nd

lrkjoery, dvdrykey sdttbdidot rdùsd eok kj``dr ierfdkby `rli`lr dxeipbd thd idteb lngdcts `luok jo thd lssd ë dxplsjtjlo

l` Aluroey. E sjijber clotrest js lnsdrvenbd jo thd èuoeb

rdiejos7 thd sjtd et Aluroey yjdbkdk eo jiprdssjvd eiluot l`

eojieb eok dvdo huieo rdiejos, whdrdes thet l` Lss clo

tejodk olthjoa ilrd theo e `dw siebb `reaidots l` eojieb

nlods. [hdsd kj``drdocds jo `joks iey nd pertby ettrjnutenbd tl

kj``drdocds jo prdsdrvetjlo7 ol rdiejos l eoy eojieb l``dr

joas wlubk hevd survjvdk jo thd cebcjui-kd`jcjdot sljb l` Lss,

sl ol clocbusjlos ceo nd krewo `rli thd vjrtueb ensdocd l`

such rdiejos. Eok thdrd erd l` clursd lthdr èctlrs thet iust

nd closjkdrdk, tll, such es thd clipbdxjty l` thd slcjdty, thd

slcjeb bdvdb et whjch thd cubt sjtd ùoctjlodk eok thd ietdrjeb

cubturd l` thd pdlpbd whl usdk thd sjtd. [hdsd èctlrs wjbb ebbhew jo`budocdk thd oeturd eok ouindr l thd vltjvd kdplsjts.

[hd Aluroey cubt sjtd wjbb uokluntdkby hevd nddo l` rdajloeb

jiplrteocd, closjkdrjoa jts sjtuetjlo jo e betd Be [èod

lppjkui6 jt iey hevd nddo thd seoctuery l` e trjneb arlup

(peaus) (sdd ebsl ^lyieos 5::=7 13). [hd cubt sjtd l`

Flljadi, whjch js esslcjetdk wjth e hjbb `lrt, wjbb bjfdwjsd

@jaurd 1. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs jo cbustdr C. Scebd 57>===.

hevd hek e suprerdajloeb ùoctjlo, wjth jts nujbkjoa eok jts

uousueb pejotdk plttdry. [hd cubt sjtd l` Lss hlwdvdr ùoc

tjlodk lo e blwdr bdvdb6 jt wes usdk loby ny thd èridrs bjvjoa

jo jts jiidkjetd surrluokjoas. [heofs tl dxtdosjvd rdsderch

jotl thd ouidrlus wdbbs eok kddp pjts `rli thjs pdrjlk (phesd

H), wd erd wdbb jo`lridk enlut thlsd èridrs' sjipbd ietdrjeb

cubturd. Jt js olt surprjsjoa thet thd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli ^>0

sddi sl lrkjoery.

[hd sdclok squerd kjtchdk ilouidot thet ceo nd ketdk tl

(e betd phesd l`) thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wjth cdrtejoty bjds enlut

>4= i olrthdest l` ^>0 (`ja. 0). [hjs ilouidot, ^;:, jshlwdvdr siebbdr, idesurjoa olt ilrd theo 58.4 x 5: i, eok

jts kjtch js ecclrkjoaby oerrlwdr eok shebblwdr. [hjs kjtch

wes ebsl ecclipeojdk ny e pebjsekd (50 x 54.4/50 i), loby

thjs tjid josjkd thd docblsurd. Qhdthdr thdrd wes lrjajoebby e

pebjsekd lo thd lutsjkd, tll, js vdry uocdrtejo. [hd >-i-wjkd

dotreocd bjds jo thd sluthdro heb` l` thd destdro sjkd, es jo thd

cesd l` ^>0. Ol nurjeb pjt clotejojoa crdietdk rdiejos wes

`luok et thd cdotrd. Nut thjs iey ideo olthjoa, es sdvdreb

nurjeb ilouidots wdrd `luok tl nd 'dipty'. [hdrd erd hlw

dvdr jokjcetjlos thet thjs ilouidot hek e olo-ùodrery ùoc

tjlo.

[hd `jrst erd twl plsthlbds `luok wjthjo thd docblsdk erde

thet yjdbkdk e rdierfenbd queotjty l` sdclokerjby nurodk

shdrks (81 eok >= `reaidots) ketjoa `rli phesd H. [hd èct

thet thd bjod thet ceo nd krewo ndtwddo thdsd twl plsthlbds

pessds thrluah thd ilouidot's cdotrd clubk nd cljocjkdocd.

[hd ieoy `joks thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch erd e

sdclok jokjcetjlo thet ^;: js ol lrkjoery ùodrery ilouidot.

[hd dxcdptjloebby berad ouindr l` ilrd theo 55== `reaidots




@jaurd 8. Kjstrjnutjlo l` thd nurjebs jo thd sluthwdst l` cbustdr N. Scebd 57>===.

l` plttdry wdrd olt dvdoby kjstrjnutdk ecrlss thd kjtch7 ilrd

theo thrdd quertdrs wes `luok jo thd wdstdro strdtch. [hjs

plttdry js olt uousueb es èr es thd rdprdsdotdk reoad l` typds

js clocdrodk (tenbd ;). Jo ekkjtjlo tl plttdry, thd kjtch ebsl

yjdbkdk `reaidots l` e spjokbd whlrb eok sdvdreb sbjoa shlts,

pbus e siebb eiluot l` kdtdrijoenbd eojieb nlods, whjch

wdrd `luok tl kdrjvd `rli cettbd, pja eok njrks. Such eojieb

rdiejos erd rerdby lr odvdr docluotdrdk jo kjtchds surrluok

joa nurjebs.

Dspdcjebby whdo wd closjkdr thd pbeo l` `lr dxeipbd thd

Pjdrdcfscheozd l` Dhojoado (sdd ]beocf 5:807 34> `lr thjs

pbeo), jt js tdiptjoa tl jocbukd thd `deturd l` thd nujbkjoa

idesurjoa 5.:= x 5.:= i luok jo thd olrthwdstdro quekreob

(S>=0) jo thjs kjscussjlo. Jt js hlwdvdr ilrd pbeusjnbd thet

thjs `deturd, eok ebsl thet l` thd siebb nujbkjoa S>=1 `luok

kjrdctby tl thd wdst l` jt, rdprdsdot lutnujbkjoas l` H;4, rethdr

theo structurds thet hek e ùoctjlo jo thd kjtchdk docblsurd.

[hdsd closjkdretjlos bdek tl thd tdotetjvd clocbusjlo thet

^;: js ilrd bjfdby tl hevd nddo e cubt sjtd theo e nurjeb ilou

idot.

Sdvdo `bet arevds wdrd uoderthdk wjthjo e 4=-i-bloa erde tl

thd olrth l` ^>0 (`ja. 4). [wl l` thlsd arevds, ^>3 eok ^>;,

clotejodk plttdry. [hd sjipbd nlwb thet wes `luok jo ^>3 wesilst prlnenby iekd jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, whjch iefds jt

bjfdby thet thd sjx lthdr `bet arevds - ^5:, ^>=, ^>5, >>, ^>;

eok ^>1 - wdrd kua jo thd seid pdrjlk. [hd nurjebs thet wdrd

`luok tl thd olrth l` thdsd - e `dw berad eok siebb rjoa kjtchds

(^58, ^33, ^3;, ^34, ^;>) eok twl `bet arevds (^3> eok ^30)

- clubk olt nd ketdk6 thdy iey ketd `rli thd Derby, thd Ijk

kbd lr thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Closjkdrjoa thd kjstrjnutjlo l` thd



351 Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO -@TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T^DS

nurjebs `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead (sdd ndblw) jt js bdest bjfdby thet

thdsd ilouidots ketd `rli thjs pdrjlk.

[hd nurjebs thet ceid tl bjaht tl thd olrthwdst eok sluth l`

^;: clubk olt nd ketdk djthdr. [hdy erd twl `bet arevds, ^;1

eok ^;8, whjch wdrd `luok et e shlrt kjsteocd `rli thd prd

suidk cubt sjtd, pbus slid `bet arevds (^4>, ^4; eok ^40) eok

rjoa kjtchds (^43 eok ^44) whjch wdrd uoderthdk e bjttbd

ùrthdr ewey (`ja. 0). Eo jotdrsdctjlo shlwdk thet ^44 iusthevd nddo kua nd`lrd thd Betd Jrlo Ead, nut thet js ebb thet ceo

nd sejk enlut thdsd nurjebs.

[hd `lurth ilouidot thet clubk nd ketdk tl thd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead lo thd nesjs l` thd esslcjetdk `joks js ^>, lod l` thd

twl `deturds whjch tladthdr clostjtutd cbustdr C (`ja. 1). ^> js

e trepdzjui-shepdk sluthwdst-olrthdest lrjdotdk kjtchdk

docblsurd idesurjoa >=.8= x 54.4=/5=.>= i, thd bloadst shlrt

sjkd byjoa jo thd olrthdest. Jts bdoath/wjkth retjl js >75.4/>756

jts tlteb erde idesurds >08 i>. [hd dotjrd cdotreb pert hek

nddo kjsturndk, sl jt js olt folwo whdthdr thdrd wes e nurjeb

pjt hdrd lrjajoebby.

[hd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch, whjch wjkdos sunsteo

tjebby jo thd olrthdestdro clrodr, closjst l` 08 shdrks, e spjokbd

whlrb eok e vdry siebb eiluot l` eojieb nlods. [hdy yjdbk e

ketd jo phesd H. [hd ilouidot wes jotdrsdctdk ny e pjt, ]>3,

wjth e kdpth l` enlut := ci, whjch clotejodk rdiejos ketjoa

`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead phesd F. Et thd nlttli l` thjs pjt wes

e clipbdtd plt, whjch hek nddo pbecdk upsjkd klwo.

Jt js olt sl desy tl kdtdrijod thd ùoctjlo l` thjs trepdzjui-

shepdk docblsurd. Ol perebbdbs erd folwo `rli thjs rdajlo.

[hd ilouidot's shepd ceo et ilst nd sejk tl nd rdijojscdot

l` thd shlrt verjeot l` thd bloa arevds l` thd ^jdthlvdo typd,

`rli whjch jt hlwdvdr kj``drs cbderby jo jts dxcdptjloeb wjkth

eok jts eoauber pbeo. Cblsdr perebbdbs erd tl nd `luok jo olrth

dro @reocd, `lr dxeipbd et Ercy ^lieocd (Erkdoods), whlsddxcevetlr kjsclvdrdk e trepdzjui-shepdk kjtchdk docblsurd

idesurjoa >1 x 51/5;.4 i (Beinlt, wrjttdo clii.). [hd

dotreocd wes jo thd olrthdro shlrt sjkd. Ojod Betd Jrlo Ead

(B[ Kb) crdietjlo nurjebs wdrd `luok wjthjo thjs docblsurd.

Ol dotreocd wes lnsdrvdk jo thd Lss docblsurd6 thdrd prlne

nby odvdr wes lod. E berad pert l` thd ilouidot hek nddo

kdstrlydk ny e sunrdcdot kjtch, nut j` thdrd hek nddo eo

dotreocd jt wlubk uokluntdkby hevd nddo sjtuetdk jo thd dest

dro sjkd, es jo thd lthdr Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead structurds.

Eo ebtdroetjvd jotdrprdtetjlo js thet ^> wes e cubt sjtd, jo

whjch cesd thd erreoadidot l` plsts whlsd `deturds wdrd

lnsdrvdk wjthjo thd docblsurd iey hevd hek e rjtueb ùoctjlo,

es erreoadidots l` plsthlbds erd l`tdo docluotdrdk jo such

docblsurds (Nruoeux dt eb. 5:847 :;-:46 Sbl`stre/Peo kdr

Seokdo 5:817 5;1-5;8). Nut thjs js olt e setjsèctlry dxpbeoe

tjlo. [hd kjtch yjdbkdk e rdbetjvdby berad ouindr l` shdrks, nut

ol wey oder es ieoy es wdrd `luok et thd prdsuidk cubt sjtds

^>0 eok ^;:. Sl ebb jo ebb jt js jiplssjnbd tl sey whdthdr ^>

wes e ùodrery ilouidot lr e cubt sjtd. Ebb thet wd folw `lr

cdrtejo js thet thd ilouidot kj``drs jo shepd `rli nlth thd

nurjebs eok thd cubt sjtds l` Tssdo, eok thet jts epperdot rdbe

tjlo tl ]>3 js purdby cljocjkdoteb, ndceusd thd twl `deturds erd

sdperetdk ny e chrlolblajceb aep l` slid >== yders.

^b, whjch wes kjsclvdrdk jo thd 5:;=s, iust hevd clid tl

bjaht enlut 8= i ùrthdr sluth. [hdrd js ol klunt enlut jt thet

thjs ilouidot wes e nurjeb6 jt iey hevd nddo clvdrdk ny e

iluok. [hd veaud eok slidwhet clotrekjctlry kdscrjptjlo l`thd uro whjch hes kjseppderdk sjocd thd dxcevetjlo uo`lrtu

oetdby prlvjkds ol cbuds tl thd ilouidot's ketd.

>.3. BE[D J LO EAD

Ebb l` thd ilouidots ketdk tl thd Betd Jrlo Ead wdrd `luok

lo thd pdrjphdry l` thd cdotreb cbustdr N. [wl arlups ceo nd

kjstjoaujshdk. [hd beradst js thet whjch wes `luok tl thd

sluthwdst l` cubt sjtd ^>0 (`ja. 8). [hd ilst strjfjoa dbdidot

jo thjs arlup js thd quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd ^8, wjthjo

whjch wes e berad squerd erreoadidot l` plsts. [hjs sbjahtby

trepdzjui-shepdk ilouidot idesurds 54 x 5;.>=/5>.0= i.

Jts dotreocd wes jo thd olrthdest. Crdietdk rdiejos wdrd

`luok olt et thd cdotrd l` thjs structurd, nut jo thd kjtch,

ecclipeojdk ny e closjkdrenbd eiluot l` plttdry7 5>1 rea

idots jo tlteb. [hd ieglrjty l` thd shdrks ceid `rli thd

destdro eok wdstdro strdtchds l` thd kjtch. Jotdrdstjoa js thet

`reaidots `rli kj``drdot kjtch strdtchds clubk nd `jttdk

tladthdr. [hd reoad l` typds rdprdsdotdk eok thd C5; ketd

lntejodk nlth pbecd thjs ilouidot jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead

(phesds F-B6 540-5;=/5>= NC - EK 0 (>e)) .

[hd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch nder slid rdsdinbeocd

tl thlsd `rli cubt sjtds ^>0 eok ^;:. Ndsjkds shdrks l` plt

tdry thdy jocbukd (`reaidots l`) qudros, blli wdjahts eok

eojieb (cettbd) nlods. [hd ilouidot's kjidosjlos erd ilrd

lvdr iuch beradr theo thlsd l` `lur oderny, eok uokluntdkbyclotdiplrery, kjtchdk docblsurds (whjch, jo vjdw l` thdjr

'olrieb' sjzds iust hevd kd`jojtdby docblsdk nurjebs)6 thdy

clubk ebb `lur desjby `jt josjkd ^8. [hd crdietdk rdiejos

`luok jo thd kjtch hlwdvdr iefd jt vdry bjfdby thet thjs js e

(rdbetjvdby berad) nurjeb ilouidot. [hd plsthlbds `luok

wjthjo thd docblsurd kl olt kjseardd wjth thjs. Cliperenbd

erreoadidots l` plsthlbds erd folwo `rli ilouidots dbsd

whdrd whjch ceo loby nd jotdrprdtdk es nurjebs (Ojgosdb7 Hubst

5:0;7 116 Nbekdb7 ^lyieos 5:8>7 5==). [hd kjidosjlos l`

^8 erd cliperenbd wjth thlsd l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead squerd

ilouidot thet wes dxcevetdk oder Fodssdberd, jo thd destdro

pert l` @beokdrs jo 5::0 (Pdridubdo/Headieo 5::1). Qjtjo

thd docblsurd, idesurjoa 54.0 x 5;.8 i, lur crdietjlo nurjebs wdrd lnsdrvdk eok eolthdr twl wdrd `luok jo thd kjtch.

[hd dxcevetlrs `luok e plsthlbd et dech l` thd lutdr clrodrs.

[hd e`lrdidotjlodk siebbdr nurjebs thet wdrd `luok tl thd

olrth l` ^8 cliprjsd thrdd rjoa kjtchds wjth dotreocds jo thd

olrthdest (^;), dest (^3) eok sluthdest (^4), e squerd kjtchdk

docblsurd wjth e oerrlw dotreocd jo thd sluthdestdro clrodr




(^0) eok e `bet arevd (^1). [wl l` thdsd nurjebs hevd nddo

ketdk. [hd C5; ketd lntejodk `lr ^0 yjdbkdk e ketd l` 518-

3>/>=-0 NC (> e). [hjs ketd js supplrtdk ny thd plttdry shdrks

thet wdrd `luok jo thd kjtch, ilst l` whjch ndbloadk tl e

sjoabd plt ketjoa `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hjs ilouidot wes

pertby lvdrbeppdk ny rjoa kjtch ^4, whjch iust hdocd nd

yluoadr. [hd lthdr thrdd nurjebs clubk olt nd ketdk kjrdctby,

nut thdjr plsjtjlos rdbetjvd tl ^4 eok ^0 suaadst thet thd dotjrdarlup ketds `rli thd seid pdrjlk.

Ebsl l` Betd Jrlo Ead ketd js ^5=, pert l` e kjtch thet wes

`luok >== i ùrthdr olrthwdst. [hd 55.4=-i-bloa kjtch

strdtch iey hevd nddo (pert l`) thd sluthdro sjkd l` e quek

reoauber ilouidot. Qhdthdr thjs ilouidot wes e ùodrery

structurd ceo ol bloadr nd kdtdrijodk, nut thjs js kluntùb jo

vjdw l` thd rdierfenby berad ouindr l` `joks thet wdrd rdclv

drdk `rli thd kjtch, dspdcjebby whdo wd closjkdr thet thdy

rdprdsdot loby e siebb pert l` e iuch beradr essdinbead. Ilst

strjfjoa, ndsjkds thd rdbetjvdby berad ouindr l` plttdry shdrks

(541), erd thd `reaidots l` e abess Be [èod nrecdbdt eok e

nrlozd rlk. Abess nrecdbdts erd jocjkdotebby folwo `rli

nurjebs jo thd Odthdrbeoks (Nbldidrs 5:147 ;=-;5), Ndbajui

(Kd Nld 5:807 >0) eok Adrieoy (Hjoz 5:1;7 >;8->;:6

^djchieoo 5:1:), ilstby jo thd `lri l` nurodk `reaidots

docluotdrdk eiloa thd crdietdk rdiejos (c`. ebsl Geossdos

5:117 5;, >5 , lr dxeipbds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk) . [hd

`reaidot l` e nrecdbdt `rli ^5= hek olt nddo jo clotect wjth

`jrd.

Ilouidots ^:, ^55, ^5>, ^53, ^5; eok ^3=, whjch ceid

tl bjaht ndtwddo thd Betd Jrlo Ead structurds kjscussdk enlvd

eok thlsd `rli thd Derby eok Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead, clubk olt nd

ketdk tl e sjoabd pdrjlk, wjth thd dxcdptjlo l` ^5>, e pjt thet

clotejodk lvdr 4= shdrks l` e ;;-ci-berad plt whjch wes

ketdk tl phesds F-B. Qhdthdr thjs pjt js e nurjeb js hjahbyqudstjloenbd. Jt iey ebsl nd e rjtueb plttdry kdplsjt, clipere

nbd wjth `lr dxeipbd thd pjts `luok wjthjo thd docblsurd l`

^;:. Ebsl uocdrtejo erd thd lrjajoeb shepd eok ùoctjlo l` thd

pebjsekd strdtch ^3=. [hd twl squerd kjtchdk docblsurds ^:

eok ^b 5, idesurjoa 50(<) x 54(<) i eok ; x ;.>=/3.;= i,

rdspdctjvdby, iust hevd nddo kua jo thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead lr

thd Betd Jrlo Ead. ^: js lod l` thd `dw squerd structurds et

whlsd cdotrd crdietdk rdiejos wdrd `luok.

[hd wdstdroilst rjoa kjtch ^>8 clubk olt nd ketdk djthdr.

[hd lvdrbeppjoa kjtch thet wes kua tl ierf thd nluokerjds l`

e yerk(<) jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk jokjcetds thet thd nurjeb wes ny

thet tjid prlnenby ol bloadr rdclaojsenbd es such.[hd Betd Jrlo Ead js ebsl rdprdsdotdk jo eolthdr pbecd,

oeidby jo thd destdro pert l` cbustdr N (`ja. 0), slid 44= i

`rli thd arlup kjscussdk enlvd. ^45, e rjoa kjtch wjth eo

dotreocd jo thd olrth, clotejodk thd rdiejos l` sdvdreb kdcl

retdk vdssdbs `rli phesds F-B, whjch hek nddo kdplsjtdk jo

thd kjtch tl thd wdst l` thd dotreocd. [hd C5; ketd lntejodk

`lr thjs plttdry clvdrs e wjkdr tjidspeo, jocbukjoa pert l` thd

Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead (3:5-5=0 NC (>e)), tll, theo jokjcetdk ny

thd typlblajceb `deturds l` thd plttdry.

[hd kjtch l` thd sdvdrdby kjsturndk squerd ilouidot ^4=

idesurjoa 55.8= x 55.8= i whjch ceid tl bjaht tl thd wdst l`

^45 yjdbkdk tll `dw `joks - ol ilrd theo 54 shdrks eok eo

jrlo rlk - `lr ketjoa purplsds. Bjfd ^; eok ^8, ^4= hek eo

dotreocd jo thd olrthdest. [hjs iefds jt vdry bjfdby thet thd

ilouidot ketds `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Eolthdr espdctrdijojscdot l` ^8 js thd sjipbd erreoadidot l` plsts lnsdrvdk

wjthjo thd docblsurd, dxcdpt thet jt cliprjsdk djaht jostdek l`

`lur plsts. [hd e`lrdidotjlodk scercjty l` `joks eardds vdry

wdbb wjth whet js folwo enlut nurjeb docblsurds, sl thdrd js

ol rdeslo tl klunt eo jotdrprdtetjlo l` thjs structurd es e

ùodrery ilouidot.

>. ;. BE[D J LO EAD(<)/^LIEO ]D JLK

[hd best eok yluoadst ilouidot tl nd kjscussdk hdrd js ^41,

jo cbustdr E (`ja. 3). L` ebb thd ilouidots clvdrdk jo thjs

cheptdr thjs js thd beradst eok ilst jotrjaujoa, nut ebsl thd

bdest clipbdtdby jovdstjaetdk eok thd ilst sdvdrdby e``dctdk

ny plst-kdplsjtjloeb prlcdssds. [hjs kjtchdk docblsurd, whjch

wes uokluntdkby squerd, wjbb hevd idesurdk et bdest ;4 x ;=

i, plssjnby dvdo ;4 x ;4 i. Ol clovjocjoa dvjkdocd `lr eo

dotreocd lr eo jotdroeb lr dxtdroeb `beofjoa pebjsekd wes `luok

jo thd dxcevetdk pert. [hd lrjdotetjlo l` thd 55 -i-bloa rlw l`

plsthlbds lnsdrvdk jo thd sluthdro heb` l` thd docblsurd,

perebbdb tl thd olrthdro kjtch strdtch, suaadsts thet thjs rlw js

esslcjetdk wjth thd kjtchdk structurd. [hd `joks rdclvdrdk

`rli thd kjtch cliprjsd e clipbdtd, ;-ci-hjah nlwb l` heok

iekd plttdry, 3== `reaidots l` oetjvd plttdry, ;1 `reaidots

l` ^lieo plttdry, `jrdk cbey, eojieb nlods (cettbd, pja,

shddp/alet eok kla), e arjokstlod, jrlo sbeas eok e oejb. [hd

ketenbd oetjvd plttdry shdrks eok thd jiplrtdk plttdry nlthpljot tl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

Jo e prdvjlus stuky jt hes nddo eraudk thet ^41 nders e

rdsdinbeocd tl thd ^lieo-pdrjlk quekreoauber ilouidots

thet hevd nddo `luok jo lthdr perts l` thd Idusd-Kdidr-

Schdbkt erde (Sbl`stre/Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81). [hd docblsurds

jo qudstjlo wdrd dxcevetdk et Ebphdo (Peo kdr Seokdo/Peo

kdr Fbj`t 5:8;), Hlladbllo, Oddrherdo-^dfdi (Kd Nld

5:84), Qjgodadi (Cuyt 5:84) eok Qjgsheado (Ieds/Peo

Jipd 5:80). [hdsd ilouidots kj``dr `rli lod eolthdr jo

slid rdspdcts, thet js, thdy kl olt ebb shlw dxectby thd seid

cherectdrjstjcs, nut thdy odvdrthdbdss hevd doluah jo cliilo

tl nd rdaerkdk es e sjoabd cbess l` erchedlblajceb ilouidots,

oeidby thet l` thd sjipbdst, blceb cubt sjtds (Sbl`stre/Peo kdr

Seokdo 5:817 5;1-5;8).

^41 js cdrtejoby olt thd ndst dxeipbd l` thd sjx rureb cubt

sjtds. [hjs js kud pertby tl thd joclipbdtdodss l` thd pbeo eok

pertby tl thd `deturds `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk thet jotdrsdct thd

kjtch. Jo pertjcuber thd ect thet hlusds - H5=5, HJ 50 eok

H551 - wdrd betdr clostructdk et thd sjtd l` thd kjtchdk



35: Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T^DS

structurd bdk tl crjtjcjsi l` jts jotdrprdtetjlo, ndceusd thjs js

rerdby lr odvdr lnsdrvdk et cubt sjtds (Kdrfs 5:887 ;0-;16

jk. 5::87 540). [hjs js cdrtejoby clrrdct7 cubt sjtds wdrd l`tdo

rdspdctdk e`tdr thdy hek èbbdo jotl kjsusd, nut uotjb e ndttdr

dxpbeoetjlo js prlplsdk `lr ^41, thd lrjajoeb jotdrprdtetjlo jo

iy lpjojlo rdiejos thd ndst.

[hd prlnbdi l` thd jotdrsdctjlos locd eaejo rejsds thd quds

tjlo jo whet pdrjlk thd cubt sjtd wes jo usd. [hd hjah pdrcdotead l` oetjvd plttdry `luok jo nlth thd kjtch eok thd lvdrbyjoa

hlusd pbeos lrjajoebby bdk tl thd clocbusjlo thet jt ceo hevd

nddo usdk `lr loby (eo uofolwo) pert l` thd 5 st cdotury EK

(Sbltsjre/Peo kdr Seokdo 5:817 533, 534). E kdokrlchrlol-

blajceb ketd lntejodk `lr thd stun l` e rll` supplrt `rli H5=5

hlwdvdr shdks slid klunt lo thjs essuiptjlo.

[hd yluoadst eooueb rjoa jo thd rll` supplrt ketds `rli

55 NC, nut thjs ketd tdbbs us olthjoa enlut thd yder jo whjch

thd trdd wes `dbbdk ndceusd thd supplrt clotejodk ol sepwllk.

Jo tlteb. := rjoas wdrd cluotdk, whjch ideos thet wd iust

ebblw `lr eolthdr >=.; µ 0.> sepwllk rjoas (Hlbbstdjo 5:8=). J`

loby thd (sl`tdr) sepwllk rjoas wdrd rdilvdk whdo thd rll`

supplrt wes cervdk, thjs iust ideo thet thd trdd wes `dbbdk

ndtwddo EK 3 eok 50. J` thd tjindr wes thdo usdk jo thd clo

structjlo l` thd hlusd jiidkjetdby lr shlrtby e`tdr thd `dbbjoa,

thd cubt sjtd iust hevd alod lut l` usd et eo derby ketd, plssj

nby jo thd sdclok kdcekd EK ebrdeky. Nut thjs js ny ol ideos

cdrtejo. Ndsjkds thd sepwllk, (eo uofolwo) pert l` thd hdert-

wllk iey hevd nddo cervdk ewey, tll, lr thd supplrt iey

hevd nddo cervdk `rli lbk, prdvjlusby usdk wllk. Jo nlth

cesds thd supplrt's ectueb ead wlubk nd yluoadr. E sdclok

stun l` e plst `rli H5=5 clubk uo`lrtuoetdby olt nd ketdk, sl

wd hevd ol ùrthdr dvjkdocd tl hdbp slbvd thjs qudstjlo.

J` ^41 jokddk `dbb jotl kjsusd jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd 5st cdo

tury, thd odxt qudstjlo js whdthdr jt iey hevd nddo nujbt jo thdBetd Jrlo Ead, j.d. jo thd best kdcekds NC. Eaejo ol kd`jojtjvd

eoswdr ceo nd ajvdo. Jt js thdlrdtjcebby plssjnbd thet thd kjtch

wes kua nd`lrd thd ndajoojoa l` thd Chrjstjeo dre wjthlut eoy

plttdry typjceb l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead hevjoa nddo kdplsjtdk jo jt.

E best qudstjlo js whdthdr thd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd

kjtch eardd wjth thd hyplthdsjs thet thd cubt sjtd wdot lut l`

usd et eo derby ketd. [hd ieglrjty l` thd `joks, jocbukjoa thd

oetjvd plttdry, nut ebsl thd ardetdr pert l` thd jiplrtdk werd,

clubk olt nd eccuretdby ketdk. [hdy clubk vdry wdbb ketd `rli

(hd `jrst kdcekds l` thd `jrst cdotury. E plrtjlo l` thd ^lieo

plttdry js kd`jojtdby yluoadr (Krea. >1, Krea. 58/35<, Stuert

JJ=E eok thd ardyjsh whjtd clersd werd). [hd shdrks jo quds

tjlo iey hlwdvdr hevd dokdk up jo kdprdssjlos stjbb rdiejo

joa hdrd eok thdrd jo thd `jbb l` thd `lridr kjtch kurjoa thd

betdr lccupetjlo l` thjs erde.

3. Clocbusjlo

[hd clbbdctjlo l` prdhjstlrjc nurjebs eok rdbetdk structurds

kjscussdk enlvd klds olt eardd wjth thd pjcturd èijbjer tl us

`rli ieoy Betd Nrlozd Ead / Derby Jrlo Ead cdidtdrjds jo

thd sluthdro pert l` thd Odthdrbeoks (`lr slid rdcdot dxei

pbds sdd Nbldidrs 5::37 546 ^lyieos/[lb 5::37;46 ^ly-

ieos/Flrtbeoa 5::37>8) . Et Lss thd dxcevetlrs `luok ol

nurjebs byjoa cblsd tladthdr, nut wjkdby scettdrdk rjoa kjtchds,

squerd kjtchdk docblsurds eok `bet arevds. [hjs jiprdssjlo l`

e wjkdby scettdrdk beylut js cdrtejoby olt kud tl thd ieoy

erdes thet wdrd olt jovdstjaetdk. Olthjoa l` eoy jotdrdst weslnsdrvdk jo thd ieoy nujbkjoa eok rlek trdochds thet wdrd

kua wjthjo thd erde l` cbustdr N. Eoy rluok lr squerd docbl

surd byjoa hdrd wlubk kd`jojtdby hevd nddo kjsclvdrdk. Eo

erde kjstjoctby kdvljk l` structurds ceo `lr dxeipbd nd kjstjo

aujshdk ndtwddo ^>0 eok thd nurjebs `luok tl thd olrth l` jt

lo thd lod heok, eok thd nurjebs erluok ^;: lo thd lthdr.

[hjs scettdrdk kjstrjnutjlo eok thd èct thet berad erdes wdrd

olt dxcevetdk iefd jt jiplssjnbd tl dstjietd thd ouindr l`

nurjebs lrjajoebby kua hdrd. [hd ilouidots erd joclipbdtd jo

lthdr rdspdcts, tll. Crdietdk rdiejos wdrd `luok jo loby e

siebb ouindr l` ilouidots (>3). Jotdrdstjoaby, ilst l` thd

kdtdrijoenbd rdiejos wdrd `luok jo `bet arevds. [hd ead l`

thd kdcdesdk clubk nd dstenbjshdk jo djaht cesds, thd sdx jo

loby twl (tenbd 4). [hdsd ouindrs erd tll siebb tl ebblw us tl

jo`dr eoy rdbetjlos ndtwddo thd ead eok sdx l` thd kdcdesdk

eok thd shepd eok sjzd l thd nurjeb. [hd ùodrery structurds l`

Lss-Tssdo erd tll joclipbdtd eok tll sdvdrdby drlkdk tl nd

enbd tl pbey eoy rlbd jo eoswdrjoa qudstjlos lo kdilarephjc

jssuds. Qhet wd kl folw `lr surd, hlwdvdr, js thet thd siebb

ouindr l` nurjebs js lut l` ebb prlplrtjlo tl thd berad queotjty

l` sdttbdidot dvjkdocd (such es hlusd pbeos, dtc.) evejbenbd lo

thjs pdrjlk.

Herkby eoy arevd allks wdrd `luok jo thd rdbetjvdby siebb

ouindr l` nurjeb pjts. Jo thrdd cesds thd rdiejos wdrd eccli

peojdk ny e siebb plt (^51, ^>3 eok ^>;)6 e siebb ouindr l`lthdr pjts clotejodk lod lr ilrd shdrks. Idteb lr abess arevd

allks wdrd ebtladthdr ensdot. [hd crdietdk rdiejos wjbb hevd

nddo scettdrdk jo thd pjt lr wreppdk jo e pjdcd l` ènrjc. [hd

loby uro `luok jo thjs erde ceid tl bjaht lvdr 4= yders eal

(^b).

[hd spetjeb kdvdblpidot l` thd cdidtdry - lr rethdr thd

cdidtdrjds - ceo nd sfdtchdk jo nrlek lutbjod loby. [hd lbk

dst, eok ilst hdtdrladodlus, cdotrd, cliprjsjoa `bet arevds,

rluok eok lveb pebjsekdk docblsurds eok rluok eok lveb

kjtchdk docblsurds, bjds jo thd olrthwdst. [hd nurjebs jo quds

tjlo prlnenby ebb ketd `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead (1th-0th cdo

turjds NC). [hdjr kjstrjnutjlo pbeo strloaby suaadsts thet e

berad ouindr l` nurjebs `rli thjs pdrjlk hevd rdiejodk uokjs

clvdrdk. [wl berad rjoa kjtchds whjch wdrd `luok lvdr 4== i

tl thd olrthdest, jo cbustdr E, iey ketd `rli thjs seid pdrjlk.

[l thd sluth eok sluthdest l` thd lbkdst cdotrd bjd thd Ijk

kbd Jrlo Ead structurds7 et bdest lod `bet arevd (nut prlnenby e

whlbd sdrjds) eok thrdd squerd docblsurds whjch hevd nddo

jotdrprdtdk es cubt sjtds (^>4, ^>0 eok ^;:). ]lttdry eok eo



3>= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd 4. Survdy l` thd ^ ilouidots jo whjch crdietjlo rdiejos wdrd luok, (p) 9 crdietjlo rdiejos rli pdrjphdreb structurd6 + 9 crdietjlo

rdiejos lnsdrvdk (kdtdrijoetjlo7 I.B.]. Hllabeok).

typd wdjaht (a) sdxd ead eojieb

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>>> iebd ?58/>5

5 5 chjbk/eklbdscdot

31 ?>5:0 ?>5

041 `diebd >4-;=

3

+

1

4=

njrk erthrlsjs l` buineb vdrtdnre

jotdrsdctjlo ketd thd structurds tl thd ;th-3rk cdoturjds NC.

[hdsd cubt sjtds nder slid rdsdinbeocd tl rjtueb ilouidots

`luok jo olrthdro @reocd, Ndbajui eok, tl e bdssdr dxtdot,

sluthdro Adrieoy, nut thdy ùoctjlodk lo e blwdr (blceb)

bdvdb.

[hd derthdowerd vdssdbs thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd

kjtchds l` ^>0 eok ^;: erd prlnenby tl nd jotdrprdtdk es

clotejodrs l` vltjvd l``drjoas lr es thd rdiejos l` rjtueb

idebs. [hd siebb eiluots l` nlod prlnenby rdprdsdot eojieb

l``drjoas. [hd beradr l` thd twl js ^>0. [hd kjtch iey hevd

nddo clocdebdk `rli sjaht ny e wettbd `docd. [hd sljb thet wes

kua `rli thd kjtch wes prlnenby usdk tl clostruct e neof

josjkd thd kjtch. Ol dvjkdocd `lr e nujbkjoa wes `luok wjthjo

thd docblsurd. ^>4, e squerd docblsurd ierfdk lut ny tdo

plsthlbds pdr sjkd, wes prlnenby thd prdkdcdsslr l` ^>0.

Jotdrdstjoaby, thd Pjdrdcfscheozd l` Hlbzheusdo shlws e

sjijber kdvdblpidot `rli e pebjsekdk tl e kjtchdk docblsurd

(Schwerz 5:14). [hd docblsdk erde l` ^>4 iey bjfdwjsd hevdnddo sdcbukdk `rli thd prlèod lutsjkd wlrbk ny e wettbd

`docd.

Olthjoa ceo nd sejk enlut thd oeturd l` thd cubt wjth eoy

cdrtejoty, nut thd èct thet e nurjeb, whjch wes bjfdwjsd sur

rluokdk ny e pebjsekd eok hdocd prdsuienby ebsl hjkkdo `rli

kjrdct lnsdrvetjlo, wes et slid betdr ketd ekkdk tl ^>0 sua

adsts thet thd wlrshjp l` eocdstlrs wes e ùokeidoteb espdct

l` thd rjtueb. [hjs js ebsl suaadstdk ny thd plsjtjlos l` ^>0

eok ^;:, jo e cdidtdry. E sjijber esslcjetjlo ndtwddo e

cdidtdry eok e cubt sjtd js ebsl lnsdrvenbd jo ieoy l` thd

Pjdrdcfscheozdo l` sluthdro Adrieoy (c`. Njttdb 5:18).

Enlut 4== i ùrthdr sluth, jo cbustdr C, bjds eo jslbetdk

trepdzjui-shepdk kjtchdk docblsurd ketjoa `rli thd seid

pdrjlk, l` whjch jt js olt cdrtejo whet jt rdprdsdots. Eok,

`joebby, thdrd js e plssjnjbjty thet slid l` thd nurjebs l` cbustdr

K ketd necf tl thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

[hrdd cdotrds erd folwo `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [wl bjd

lo thd pdrjphdry l` cbustdr N, lod jo thd wdst, thd lthdr jo thd

dest. [hd thjrk cdotrd bjds jo cbustdr K. [hdsd thrdd cdotrds erd

sdperetdk ny ilrd lr bdss dqueb kjsteocds - epprlx. 3==-4==

i. [hdy jocbukd rjoa kjtchds, berad eok siebb squerd kjtchdk

docblsurds eok `bet arevds. [hd rekjlcernlo ketds lntejodk `lr

thdsd nurjebs reoad `rli thd 3rk uotjb thd dok l` thd 5 st cdo

tury NC. Lod ilouidot (^JL) iey hevd nddo e cubt sjtd, nut

thet js olt cdrtejo.[hd rjoa kjtchds eok squerd kjtchdk docblsurds `rli thjs

pdrjlk iey nd tdridk dxcdptjloeb. Dxcevetjlos dbsdwhdrd jo

thd Odthdrbeoks eok surrluokjoa erdes hevd nrluaht tl bjaht

iejoby nurjebs wjthlut pdrjphdreb structurds (Pebfdonura-

Prldohl`7 Nbldidrs 5:146 Qdssdi7 Bluwd

Flljgieos/Sijts jo Qjbbdis 5:846 thd Bjppd dstuery7

^djchieoo 5:1:6 Oddrherdo-^dfdi7 Kd Nld 5:806 Trsdb7



3>5 Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T DS

Nluradljs dt eb. 5:8:). Sl et Tssdo thd trekjtjlo l surrluok

joa slid nurjebs ny kjtchds dvjkdotby clotjoudk uojotdrruptdk

jotl thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

[hd yluoadst ilouidot, dxcbukjoa thd ^lieo-pdrjlk

nurjebs jo cbustdr K, js cubt sjtd ^41, whjch wes `luok josjkd

thd kjtch docblsjoa thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot. Qd kl olt

folw whet thjs cubt sjtd iey hevd bllfdk bjfd. [hd seok kua

`rli thd kjtch iey hevd nddo usdk tl clostruct e neof josjkdthd docblsurd. Qjthjo thd docblsdk erde wes e rlw l` plsts

whjch, es wd folw `rli cliperenbd ilouidots dbsdwhdrd jo

thd Idusd-Kdidr-Schdbkt erde, pbeydk eo jiplrteot pert jo thd

cubt. Qhdo thd cubt sjtd wes clostructdk js erchedlblajcebby

vjrtuebby jokdtdrijoenbd6 jt iey hevd nddo nd`lrd lr e`tdr thd

ndajoojoa l` thd Chrjstjeo dre. [hd ilouidot eppders tl hevd

nddo usdk `lr loby e shlrt bdoath l` tjid. [hd èct thet hlusds

wdrd nujbt lo thd secrdk sjtd jo thd `jrst heb` l` thd 5st cdotury

EK iust jipby e closcjlus, rekjceb nrdef wjth thd pest.

;. Ceteblaud l` ùodrery eok rdbetdk structurds

Ndtwddo 5:10 eok 5:80 e berad ouindr l` nurjebs eok cblsdby

rdbetdk structurds wdrd `luok et Lss-Tssdo. @lur cbustdrs l`

kj``drdot sjzds wdrd kjstjoaujshdk. [hd ndst-folwo js thd

dxpeosjvd cdidtdry ketjoa prdklijoeotby `rli thd ^lieo

pdrjlk, whjch wes dxplsdk jo thd sluthdestdro pert l` thd erde

whdrd thd odw hlusds wdrd tl nd nujbt (cbustdr K). [hjs

odcrlplbjs wjbb nd kjscussdk dbsdwhdrd, jo e kj` drdot clotdxt

(Hdssjoa jo prdp.), sl loby thd 48 rjtueb structurds l` cbustdrs

E, N eok C wjbb nd kdscrjndk jo thjs ceteblaud. Eiloa thdsd

structurds js lod whjch ceid tl bjaht bloa nd`lrd dxcevetjlos

wdrd stertdk jo thjs erde (^5).

38 l` thd ilouidots wdrd docblsdk ny e kjtch eok/lr

plsthlbds (tenbd 0). Slid l` thd twdoty lthdr structurds iey

hevd nddo docblsdk lrjajoebby, tll. 3; l` thd ilouidotskdscrjndk ndblw yjdbkdk cdreijcs. Nlth nurjeb pjts eok rjoa

kjtchds erd folwo `rli ebb l` thd Jrlo Ead phesds. Es loby

`dw l` thd quekreoauber docblsurds hevd nddo ketdk, wd kl

olt folw `lr surd whdthdr thdsd ilouidots l` thjs typd wdrd

olt usdk nd`lrd thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead. [hd ilst jiplrteot

ilouidots erd shlwo jo `jaurds :->0.

^b

Eo uro clotejojoa crdietjlo rdiejos wes kjsclvdrdk jo e

cbderby vjsjnbd dbdvetjlo kurjoa kjaajoa lpdretjlos ilst prln

enby cerrjdk lut jo thd 5:;=s jo e ideklw olrth l` thd

Eistdbdjokstreet. Eo ertjcbd jo e blceb odwspepdr kdscrjnds

thd uro es ndjoa l` 'clersd, ardy werd., wjth thjo webbs'.' [hd

nurodk huieo rdiejos wdrd jovdstjaetdk shlrtby e`tdr thdjr

kjsclvdry ny eo uofolwo jokjvjkueb whl clocbukdk thet thdy'kdrjvdk `rli e ieo eadk enlut >='. [hd uro wes krlppdk eok

`recturdk sllo e`tdr eok thd shdrks eok thd crdietjlo rdiejos

wdrd cbderdk ewey.> [hjs `jok ceoolt nd ketdk.

^>

^> js e trepdzjui-shepdk kjtchdk docblsurd. Ecrlss jts sluth

wdst-olrthdest exjs thjs ilouidot idesurds >=.8= i (`ja. :). Jts

siebbdst eok beradst wjkths erd 5=.>= eok 54.4= i, rdspdctjvdby,

jts lvdrebb erde ndjoa epprlx. >08 i>. [hd kjtch wes `luok tl

very jo kdpth `rli 34 tl 0= ci eok jo wjkth `rli 0= tl lvdr

>== ci (thd beradst wjkth eok kdpth wdrd idesurdk jo thd

olrthdestdro clrodr). Sjx plsthlbds wdrd lnsdrvdk wjthjo thd

docblsurd, whlsd cdotrd wes jotdrsdctdk ny e sunrdcdot kjtch.

@joks wdrd clbbdctdk `rli thd `jbb l` thd kjtch jo sdvdreb pbecds.

@jok ouindr >408 cliprjsds 08 plttdry shdrks, pert l` e spjokbd

whlrb eok siebb eiluots l` tdphrjtd eok eojieb nlod (kdrjvjoa

`rli e siebb eojieb). Ketd7 phesd H l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

[hd trepdzljk ilouidot wes `luok tl nd jotdrsdctdk ny

]>3, e pjt l` typd N. [hd `joks thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thjs

`deturd, eiloa whjch erd ilrd theo >== `reaidots l` heok

iekd plttdry, erd ketenbd tl phesd F l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

^3

^3 js e shebblw rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. >.8= i

eok eo lpdojoa jo thd dest. Olthjoa wes `luok jo thd kjtchlthdr theo e bjttbd chercleb. Ol crdietjlo rdiejos wdrd `luok

wjthjo thd docblsurd.

^;

^; js e shebblw rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. 3.3= i

eok eo lpdojoa ècjoa olrthdest. [hrdd webb shdrks (`jok

[enbd 0. Survdy l` thd shepds, kjidosjlos eok ketds l` thd rjtueb ilouidots. INE 9 Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead (<)6 DJE 9 Derby JrloEad6 IJE 9 Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead6 BJE 9 Betd Jrlo Ead6 JE 9 Jrlo Ead6 ^p 9 ^lieo pdrjlk.

shepd ouindr kjidosjlos (i) erde (i>) ketd (ouindr)

pjt >= DJE - BJE (4)

rjoa kjtch 5> >.8-3= 0.>-1=0.: INE< - BJE (0)quekreoauber kjtch 5> 3x3.>-;4x;4 :.0->=>4 IJE - ^] J (0)trepdzd-shepdk kjtch 5 >=.8x5=.>/54.4 >08 IJE (5)

quekreoauber sdttjoa l` plsts 5 >4x>4/>0 0>4/04= -lveb sdttjoa l` plsts 5 5;.>x;.8 03.> -pebjsekd 5 ;.4 JE (5)

tlteb 48 (5:)



3>> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

@jaurd :. [repdzljkeb kjtchdk docblsurd ^>. Scebd 57>==.

ouindr 31>;) wdrd `luok tl thd sluth l` thjs dotreocd. Ol

trecds l` e nurjeb pjt wdrd `luok et thd cdotrd.

^4

^; js e shebblw rjoa kjtch, pert l` whjch hek nddo kjsturndk

ny eolthdr `deturd, wjth e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. 3 i eok eo

lpdojoa ècjoa sluthdest. [hd ilouidot ilst prlnenby ketds

`rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead, ndceusd ^4 jotdrsdcts ^0.

^0

^0 js e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd whlsd sjkds idesurd

epprlx. 3.>= x 3.== i {`ja. 5=). [hdrd wes e aep ndtwddo thd

;=-0=-ci-wjkd kjtchds jo thd sluthdestdro clrodr. Siebb

eiluots l` crdietjlo rdiejos (`jok ouindrs 315> eok 3153),

chercleb (`jok ouindrs 3154 eok 3151) eok heok-iekd plttdry

(`jok ouindrs 3155, 315; eok 31506 3= `reaidots jo tlteb, >;

l` whjch prlnenby kdrjvd `rli thd seid vdssdb) wdrd `luok jo

thd kjtch, whlsd ardetdst kdpth wes >8 ci. E C5; ketd lntejodk

`lr thd chercleb yjdbkdk e ketd l` >=84 µ 3= N] (ArO-5=135),

whjch ideos thet thd ilouidot wes nujbt jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

^1

^1 js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` 0 ci, whjch yjdbkdk

crdietjlo rdiejos.

dest, odxt tl e rdcdot kjtch-shepdk kjsturndk erde. [hd kjtch's

kdpth verjdk `rli 4= tl 8= ci, jts wjkth `rli 55= tl 58= ci.

]lsthlbds wdrd lnsdrvdk wjthjo thd docblsurd. [hdjr plsjtjlos

eok uoj`lri kdpths jokjcetd thet thdy erd rdbetdk tl thd kjtchdk

docblsurd. [hdy ierfdk lut e quekreoabd idesurjoa epprlx.

0.== x 0.4= i. [recds l` nurojoa wdrd lnsdrvdk gust lutsjkd thjs

quekreoabd. Ebb `lur sjkds l` thd docblsurd yjdbkdk `joks.

Destdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 30;;7 45 shdrks, := a l` tdphrjtd,

14= a l` stlod eok e bjttbd chercleb.

Sluthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 30;47 5; shdrks, 345 a l`

tdphrjtd, 5=3= a l` stlod eok > a l` cbey.

Qdstdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 30;:7 ;0 shdrks, 51= a l`

tdphrjtd, 5>== a l` stlod eok e `reaidot l` whet wes prlnenby

e blli wdjaht6 `jok ouindr 304=7 `reaidot l` wllk (]jous)6

`jok ouindr 30457 chercleb.

Olrthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 30;07 50 shdrks, 4>= a l` stlod

eok 554 a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod, berad eojieb)6

`jok ouindr 30;17 chercleb6 `jok ouindr 30;87 5; a l`

crdietjlo rdiejos.

E `dw l` thd 5>1 plttdry shdrks hek nddo sdclokerjby

nurodk. Jotdrdstjoaby, shdrks `rli kj``drdot sjkds l` thd docblsurd clubk nd rd`jttdk. [hd plttdry ketds `rli phesds F-B l`

thd Betd Jrlo Ead. E C5; ketd lntejodk `lr thd chercleb (`jok

ouindr 30;1) yjdbkdk e ketd l` >=04 µ >4 N] (ArO-50=;1).

^8

^8 js e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd whlsd sjkds idesurd 54

i x 5>.0=/5;.>= i {`ja. JJ). [hdrd wes eo lpdojoa jo thd olrth-

^:

^: js e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd kjsturndk ny sdvdreb

sunrdcdot kjtchds, bdss theo heb` l` whjch clubk nd dxcevetdk.



3>3 Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T^DS

L l

@jaurd 55. Uuekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd 8.

Scebd 57>==.

@jaurd 5=. Uuekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd ^0. Scebd 57>==. @jaurd 5>. Nrlozd rlk (scebd 57>) eok `reaidot l` e nbud abess nrecdbdt(scebd 575) rli ^5=.

[hd survjvjoa kdpth l` thd kjtch wes >8 ci, jts wjkth verjdk

`rli 4= tl 0= ci. [hd kjtch yjdbkdk `lur shdrks eok e siebb

pjdcd l` nurodk eojieb nlod (berad eojieb6 `jok ouindr 33=0).

J` thd crdietjlo rdiejos (`jok ouindr 33=4) thet wdrd `luok

wjthjo thd docblsdk erde wdrd lrjajoebby nurjdk et thd cdotrd l`

thd ilouidot, thd ilouidot wjbb hevd idesurdk 54 x 50 i.

^JL

^JL js e kjtch whjch plssjnby `lridk pert l` e quekreoauber

kjtchdk docblsurd. [hd kjtch wes lrjdotdk sluthwdst-olrth

dest 6 jt wes enlut 3= ci kddp eok clubk nd `lbblwdk `lr 55.4=

i. E rdbetjvdby berad ouindr l` `joks wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli

thjs strdtch (`jok ouindr 31=5)7 541 shdrks, 1 a l` cbey, >: a

l` tdphrjtd, 5;; a l` stlod, 5 `reaidot l` eo uonurodk, nbud,

abess Be [èod nrecdbdt kdclretdk wjth ydbblw abess `jbeidot

(typd 3n) eok `joebby eo 8.4-ci-bloa nrlozd rlk (`ja. 5>).

Ketd7 phesds G-B l` thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

^bb

^b 5 js e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd whlsd sjkds idesurd

;.== x 3.;=/;.>= i6 thdrd wes e siebb lpdojoa jo thd olrth

destdro sjkd. [hd kjtch verjdk jo wjkth `rli 4= tl 8= ci. Jts

kdpth kjk olt dxcddk >4 ci. Ol crdietjlo rdiejos lr plttdry

shdrks wdrd `luok, sl thd ilouidot clubk olt nd ketdk.

^5>

^5> js e pjt wjth e kjeidtdr l` 4= ci eok e survjvjoa kdpth l` 3=

ci. [hd pjt clotejodk 4; shdrks (`jok ouindr 335;), 'stecfdk...

sl thdy ceoolt kdrjvd `rli e plt `recturdk jo thd arluok'.3 Ilrd

theo 4= shdrks kdrjvd `rli e sjoabd, berad plt wjth e hdjaht l` ;;



3>; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

``' `j_r- 2<' `-' r-r rj r ( j I I

(j-U- ` C ` CCC (•2• ` { (• r( " j ( | j

CCCC.LC = ` rd`('r (j 2"((!! x'"[C cc c (jd ((re ( r"r.«/'(w

=%.

@jaurd 53. e7 ]lt (rdclostructdk) trli ^5>. Scebd 5706 n7 ^joa kjtch ^5; wjth crdietjlo rdiejos. Scebd 57>==6 c7 Clipbdtd nlwb `rli ^>3.

Scebd 57>.

ci eok e rji kjeidtdr l` ;> ci, ketjoa `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead

(phesds F-B6 `ja. 53). Ol crdietjlo rdiejos wdrd lnsdrvdk.

^53

^53 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 3.>= i eok eo lpdojoa

jo thd olrth. [wl shebblw kjsclblurdk petchds wdrd lnsdrvdk

wjthjo thd docblsurd. [hd kjtch wes bdss theo 5= ci kddp. Lod

shdrk wes rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch (`jok ouindr 5;;8).

^5;

^5; js e rjoa kjtch, slid perts l` whjch hek kjseppderdk, sl wd

kl olt folw whdrd jts lpdojoa wes (j` thdrd wes lod) (`ja. 5;).

[hd ilouidot hes e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. ; i. Nurodk nlods

wdrd `luok jo twl pbecds (`jok ouindr 3553)6 thdy sddidk tl

hevd nddo kdplsjtdk jo sdperetd pjts, thluah thdy iey hevd nddo

kdplsjtdk jo thd kjtch `jrst, eok hevd dokdk up jo thd pjts betdr.

wjkd. [hd ilouidot hek e kjeidtdr l` enlut 58 i6 jt js olt

cdrtejo whdthdr thdrd wes eo lpdojoa jo jt. ]ert l` thd kjtch

kdscrjndk eo jrrdauber clursd. Eojieb nurrlws wdrd `luok et

thd cdotrd l` thd docblsurd. [hdy ceo nd sddo tl jokjcetd thet

thdrd wes e iluok thdrd lrjajoebby. Ol `joks wdrd rdclvdrdk

`rli thd siebb pjts `luok wjthjo thd docblsdk erde, nut sdvdo

tddo shdrks wdrd clbbdctdk `rli thd kjtch (`jok ouindr 353;).

[hdjr quebjty eok `jojsh pljot tl e ketd ndtwddo phesds

N eok @.

^51

^ 51 js e pjt thet yjdbkdk, eiloa lthdr `joks, thrdd-quertdrs l`

e sdclokerjby nurodk nlwb (hdjaht 5>.4 ci, rji kjeidtdr 58

ci6 `jok ouindr 5;45). [hd rdst l` thd plttdry wes olt vdry

kjeaolstjc djthdr6 thd lod `reaidot tdipdrdk wjth arjt sddis

tl suaadst e ketd jo thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

^54^54 js e shebblw pjt whjch yjdbkdk djaht shdrks eok 0 a l`

nurodk nlods (`jok ouindr 3531). [hd plttdry js ketenbd tl

thd Derby Jrlo Ead.

^J0

^50 js e rjoa kjtch, e `dw siebb perts l` whjch clubk olt nd

dxcevetdk. [hd kjtch wes ;=-0= ci kddp eok 4=-5== ci

^58^58 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. 55 i, loby thd

sluthdro pert l` whjch clubk nd dxcevetdk. Eo lpdojoa wes

lnsdrvdk jo thjs epprlx. 1=-ci-wjkd eok 4->5-ci-kddp kjtch

strdtch. Loby lod shdrk (`jok ouindr 3>33) wes `luok jo thd

kjtch. @lurtddo shdrks l` oetjvd werd, jocbukjoa e `reaidot l`

e crdei-clblurdk sebt clotejodr, wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thd

idkjdveb (<) kjtch thet jotdrsdctdk thjs rjoa kjtch.



3>4 Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T^DS

^5:

^5: js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` 5= ci. Jt clotejodk e

vdry siebb eiluot l` nurodk nlod eok lod plttdry shdrk (`jok

ouindr 3>35).

^>=

^>= js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` 5= ci whjch yjdbkdk olthjoa nut

nurodk nlod (`jok ouindr 3>3=).

^>5

^>5 js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` 5= ci whjch clotejodk crdietjlo

rdiejos (`jok ouindr 3>=3).

^>>

^>> js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` loby 0 ci whjch clo

tejodk crdietjlo rdiejos (`jok ouindr 3>==).

^>3

^>3 js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` 54 ci6 eo jotect nlwb l` oetjvd

werd wes `luok steokjoa jo thd pjt (`jok ouindr 33;16

`ja. 54). Crdietjlo rdiejos wdrd `luok jo e sdclokery plsj

tjlo jo eojieb nurrlws oderny. Ketd7 Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

^>;

^>; js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` >= ci jo whjch stllk e

siebb nlwb l` oetjvd werd (`jok ouindr 33;56 olw blst)6 ol

crdietjlo rdiejos wdrd `luok.

^>4

^>4 closjts l` trecds l` plsthlbds erreoadk jo e squerd ide

surjoa >4 x >4/>0 i. Slid l` thd plsthlbds hek nddo

kdstrlydk ny thd kjaajoa l` kjtchds jo rdcdot tjids6 e `dw

lthdrs bey gust lutsjkd thd bjijts l` thd dxcevetdk erde. [hdkdpths l` thd >1 lnsdrvdk plsthlbds very `rli 54 tl ;= ci. E

shebblw, lveb kjsclbluretjlo wes lnsdrvdk epprlxjietdby et

thd cdotrd l` thd docblsdk erde, nut jt wes olt cbder jo whet

wey jt wes rdbetdk tl thd docblsurd. Ol `joks wdrd rdclvdrdk

`rli thd plsthlbds. [hd ilouidot kjk olt jotdrsdct ^>0/>0e.

^>0

^>0 js e berad quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd jiidkjetdby tl

thd dest l` ^>4 idesurjoa 3>.4 x 33.4 i (`ja. 5;). ]ert l` thd

ilouidot hek nddo sdvdrdby kjsturndk ny twl sluthwdst-

olrthdest kjtchds. [hdrd wes eo lpdojoa jo thd destdro sjkd,

sbjahtby tl thd sluth l` thd cdotrd6 thd kjtch ndceid shebblwdr

tlwerks thjs lpdojoa. [hd wjkth l` thd kjtch verjdk `rli 5.==

tl 5.1= i, jts kdpth `rli ;= tl 1= ci. [hd kjtch's vdrtjceb

sdctjlo wes ilrd lr bdss P-shepdk jo slid perts eok ùoodb-

shepdk jo lthdrs (`ja. 50). ]lsthlbds wjth kdpths l` 5=-38 ci

wdrd lnsdrvdk enlut 5 i `rli thd lutsjkd l` thd kjtch lo ebb

`lur sjkds l` thd ilouidot. [hjs pebjsekd, whjch idesurdk

34 x 34 i, iust hevd cliprjsdk 4> plsts.

Ebsl wlrthy l` idotjlo erd twl pjts l` typds N eok K thet

jotdrruptdk thd kjtch. ]:8 (K) wes `luok et thd sluthdestdro

clrodr, ]J 58 (N) jo thd wdstdro sjkd, lpplsjtd thd dotreocd.

Nlth pjts wdrd enlut 5>4 ci kddp eok jo nlth cesds thd `jbb l`

thd kjtch wes cbderby `luok tl clotjoud jo thd pjts, jipbyjoa

thet thd pjts `lridk pert l` thd ilouidot eok iust hevd nddo

jo usd et thd seid tjid es thd kjtch (c`.`ja. 54). ]erts l` slid

l` thd plsthlbds hek kjseppderdk es e rdsubt l` drlsjlo l` thddkads l` thd pjts6 thd hlbd et thd sluthdestdro clrodr hek dvdo

kjseppderdk ebtladthdr.

[hd docblsdk erde wes ebilst dotjrdby kdvljk l` prdhjstlrjc

`deturds. E `dw plsthlbds wdrd uoderthdk jo thjs erde, nut thdy

kjk olt sddi tl nd rdbetdk jo eoy wey. Es thd dotjrd ilou

idot js kjealoebby jotdrsdctdk ny e wjkd kjtch wd wjbb odvdr

folw whet lrjajoebby bey et jts cdotrd.

[hd `jbb l` thd ilouidot's kjtch wes `luok tl clotejo

ieoy `joks. [hdy wjbb nd bjstdk `jrst, pdr sjkd l` thd ilou

idot, e`tdr whjch thd clotdots l` thd twl pjts wjbb nd kjs

cussdk. Jt shlubk nd ekkdk thet thd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli ]:8,

whjch wdrd clocdotretdk heb`wey klwo thd `jbb, wdrd olt

clbbdctdk sdperetdby `rli thd `joks `rli thd ekgecdot destdro

strdtch l` thd kjtch (`jok ouindr 33;=).

Sluthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 333:7 `jvd shdrks6 `jok ouindr

335:7 ;34 shdrks, ;40 a l` cbey, lod spjokbd whlrb, `reaidots

l` lod lr twl blli wdjahts, >33 a l` jrlo sbea eok 55;= a l`

stlod6 `jok ouindr 33;;7 33: shdrks, ;8 a l` cbey, 4; a l`

jrlo sbea, >50 a l` tdphrjtd eok 5:8 a l` stlod.

Qdstdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 33;:7 twdbvd shdrks eok 5 a l`

tdphrjtd6 `jok ouindr 334=7 45 shdrks, >: a l` cbey, 30 a l`

tdphrjtd eok 5:3 a l` stlod6 `jok ouindr 33>=7 3: shdrks,

3: a l` cbey, ;>4 a l` stlod.

Olrthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 33;47 sdvdotddo shdrks, lod

`reaidot l` e blli wdjaht.Destdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 35887 355 shdrks, 544 a l` cbey,

twl spjokbd whlrbs, 584 a l` stlod eok 3: a l` nurodk eok

uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod, berad lr siebb eojieb).

]:87 `jok ouindr 33;=7 51:> shdrks, >;3 a l` cbey, `rea

idots l` e spjokbd whlrb eok e blli wdjaht, >=85 a l` buips

l` cbey wjth `bet sjkds (`rli e `bllr<), >; a l` jrlo sbea, 5;;;

a l` stlod eok >.4 a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (siebb eojieb).

]J 587 `jok ouindr 33;87 >83 shdrks, ;34 a l` cbey, lod

spjokbd whlrb `reaidot, 40 a l` jrlo sbea eok >038 a l` stlod.

]ebjsekd7 `jok ouindrs 358>-35847 `lur shdrks.

[hd plttdry `rli nlth thd kjtch eok thd twl pjts ketds `rli

thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead phesd H. E C5; eoebysjs l` wllk rdclv

drdk `rli ]:8 yjdbkdk e ketd l` >>== µ 34 N] (ArO-5553>).

^>0e

^>0e js e ilrd lr bdss T-shepdk kjtchdk docblsurd wjth jts

'lpdojoa' ècjoa dest (`ja. 5;). [hd 50.4-i-bloa olrthdro sjkd

wes cloodctdk tl thd wdstdro sjkd l` thd ilouidot kjscussdk

enlvd. Surprjsjoaby, thd 50.4-i-bloa wdstdro sjkd l` thjs



3>8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

^>1

^>1 js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` 5= ci. Olthjoa lthdr theo

crdietjlo rdiejos wes `luok jo thjs pjt (`jok ouindr 35:1).

^>8

^>8 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. ;.>= i. [hd

kjtch wes 4= ci wjkd eok 58-3= ci kddp. Jt yjdbkdk loby lod

`reaidot l` oetjvd werd eok lod `reaidot l` ^lieo plttdry(`jok ouindr ;=>;). [hd bettdr `jok prlnenby dokdk up jo thd

rjoa kjtch whdo e kjtch ierfjoa thd bjijt l` e yerk (<) wes

kua ecrlss jt jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

^>:

^>: js e vdry shebblw, oerrlw rjoa kjtch jo whjch plsthlbds

wdrd lnsdrvdk jo sdvdreb pbecds (`ja. 51). [hjs ilouidot,

whjch wes dxcevetdk jo pert loby, hek e kjeidtdr l` enlut

>5.4= i. [hd kjtch wes jotdrruptdk jo twl pbecds, prlnenby es

e rdsubt l` kjaajoa jo e rdcdot pest. Et thd cdotrd l` thd docbl

surd wes e pjt clotejojoa twl shdrks l` oetjvd werd eok lod

`reaidot l` plst-^lieo plttdry pbus eo eiluot l` nurodk

huieo rdiejos (`jok ouindrs 51;8 eok 51;:, rdspdctjvdby).

Sdvdreb lthdr lbk `deturds wdrd lnsdrvdk wjthjo thd docblsdk

erde7 ouidrlus plsthlbds, e siebb petch l` chercleb eok e Betd

Jrlo Ead pjt, ]J44. Es èr es thjs ilouidot's ketd js clo

cdrodk, ebb thet ceo nd sejk wjth cdrtejoty js thet thd kjtch wes

kua nd`lrd thd ^lieo pdrjlk6 thjs ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli thd

èct thet jt wes jotdrsdctdk ny wdbb ]J4;. [hd prdsdocd l` ]J44

suaadsts thet thd kjtch wes kua dvdo nd`lrd thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

^3=

^3= closjsts l` `jvd plsthlbds, wjth kdpths l` 5=->= ci, whjch

`lridk pert l` e pebjsekd whlsd lrjajoeb shepd js uofolwo.

[hd twl shdrks thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thjs ;.4-i-bloa rlw(`jok ouindrs 35=; eok 35=4) ketd `rli thd Jrlo Ead.

^35

^35 js e rjoa kjtch, loby e siebb pert l` whjch wes dxcevetdk.

[hd kjtch wes 5= tl 3= ci kddp eok epprlx. ;= ci wjkd.

[hd docblsurd wjbb lrjajoebby hevd hek e kjeidtdr l` enlut

0 tl 1 i. [hdrd sddis tl hevd nddo eo lpdojoa jo thd sluth

dest. Qhdthdr thd twl 34-ci-kddp plsthlbds whjch wdrd

lnsdrvdk whdo thd kjtch wes sdctjlodk erd jo eoy wey

rdbetdk tl thd ilouidot js olt cbder. [hd kjtch yjdbkdk 3:shdrks (`jok ouindr 35;8), ketjoa `rli thd Derby Jrlo Ead

phesd N.

^3>

^3> js e cybjokrjceb, ;>-ci-kddp pjt, whjch clotejodk e siebb

clocdotretjlo l` crdietjlo rdiejos et e kdpth l` 34 ci (`jok

ouindr 33>4).

^33

^33 js e pert l` e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` ;.>= i. [hd

kjtch hes e iexjiui kdpth l` 58 ci. Eo lpdojoa wes cbderby

vjsjnbd jo thd olrthdest. Ol trecds l` e nurjeb pjt wdrd `luok et

thd cdotrd l` thd docblsurd. [hd kjtch wes kdvljk l` `joks.

^3;

^3; js thd sluthdro pert l` e shebblw rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeid

tdr l` lvdr 4 i. [hd lpdojoa lnsdrvdk jo thd sluth klds olt

sddi tl nd lrjajoeb.

^34

^34 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 5=.8= i, whjch wes

dxcevetdk jo jts dotjrdty. [hd kjtch wes 4= ci wjkd eok et

ilst >4 ci kddp6 jt ndceid shebblwdr tlwerks thd lpdojoa,

jo thd sluthdest. Jt wes olt cdrtejo whdthdr thd `deturds

lnsdrvdk wjthjo thd docblsurd wdrd esslcjetdk wjth thd ilouidot. Ol `joks wdrd rdclvdrdk.

L‛=--C3 ½'

rR ] •

= R""V Rl -L--=

L

ll

L l L

b

@jaurd 58. Uuekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd wjth rluokdk clrodrs ^31.

Scebd 57>==.



3>: Q. PEO KD^ SEOKDO - @TODÊ^Z S[^TC[T^DS

@jaurd 5:. Lveb erreoadidot l` plsts ^;=. Scebd 57>==

e• l • • •

23

• e. ,,\l

l

• • • •

^30

^30 js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` 5= ci, whjch clotejodk

e siebb eiluot l` nurodk huieo rdiejos (`jok ouindr 3>08).

[hd pjt hek nddo pertby kjsturndk ny e (plst-)idkjdveb kjtch.

^31

^31 js e shebblw, oerrlw kjtchdk docblsurd jo thd shepd l` e

squerd wjth rluokdk clrodrs (`ja. 58). ]lsthlbds sdt et shlrt

jotdrvebs wdrd lnsdrvdk jo thd kjtch. Jo thd sluth eok wdst, thd

kjtch wes ol bloadr vjsjnbd eok loby thd plsthlbds clubk nd

rdclrkdk. [hd ilouidot idesurdk 5> x 5> i eok sddis tl

hevd hek eo lpdojoa jo thd olrthwdst. Jo ekkjtjlo tl thd `de

turds l` H43 eok S>>4, e shebblw, epprlxjietdby rdcteoauber

pjt clotejojoa chercleb pertjcbds wes `luok wjthjo thd docbl

surd. Ol crdietjlo rdiejos wdrd lnsdrvdk.

[hd `dw `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd plsthlbds cliprjsd7 `jok

ouindr >37 twl shdrks l` oetjvd werd eok lod shdrk l` ^lieo

plttdry6 `jok ouindr >;7 lod shdrk l` ^lieo plttdry. Ol ketd

iey nd jo`drrdk `rli thd ^lieo shdrks, es thdy erd wjthlut

klunt cloteijoeots `rli e pdrjlk whdo pdlpbd hek `lralttdothdrd wes dvdr e nurjeb hdrd eok usdk thd sjtd `lr lccupetjlo.

^38

^38 js e shebblw, oerrlw kjtchdk docblsurd jo thd shepd l` e

squerd wjth rluokdk clidrs, loby lod quertdr l` whjch wes

dxcevetdk. [hd ilouidot js jo dvdry rdspdct cliperenbd wjth

^31, ebsl jo tdris l` jts kjidosjlos. Lkk js thd ensdocd l`

plsthlbds jo thd sluthdestdro pert. [hd ilouidot's cdotrd bey

gust lutsjkd thd bjijts l` thd dxcevetdk erde. Lod l` thd plsthlbds

yjdbkdk `lur shdrks l` oetjvd werd whjch clubk olt nd ketdk (`jok

ouindr >0). [hjs ilouidot wes ebsl jotdrsdctdk ny H43.

^3:

^3: js e pert l` e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 5=-55 i. [hdrd

iey hevd nddo eo dotreocd jo thd olrthdest, nut thjs js olt cdrtejo.

^;=

^;= js eo lveb docblsurd ierfdk lut ny plsthlbds idesurjoa

5;.>= x ;.8= i (`ja. 5:). [hd docblsurd wes lrjdotdk sluth

wdst-olrthdest. [hd >0 plsthlbds verjdk jo kdpth `rli > tl

;4 ci. Qjth thd dxcdptjlo l` lod pejr, thd plsts l` thd bloa

sjkds wdrd olt sdt dxectby lpplsjtd lod eolthdr, uobjfd thlsd

l` thd shlrt sjkds. [wl uoketenbd shdrks l` oetjvd plttdry

wdrd `luok (`jok ouindrs 508= eok 5154).

^;5

^;5 js e pert l` plssjnby e sbjahtby lveb rjoa kjtch. Jt js kj``j

cubt tl sey whet kjeidtdr thjs docblsurd lrjajoebby hek es loby

e siebb pert l` thd epprlxjietdby 3=-ci-kddp kjtch wes dxce

vetdk. Jts iexjiui kjeidtdr iey hevd nddo erluok 3= i.

[hd `joks, 3= shdrks eok e buip l` cbey wjth lod `bet sjkd,

clubk olt nd ketdk (`jok ouindr 513>).

^;>

^;> js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` ; i, thd sluthdestdro

pert l` whjch hek kjseppderdk. [wl plsthlbds wdrd lnsdrvdk

jo thd kjtch.

^;3^;3 closjsts l` perts l` e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l`

epprlx. 51 i. [hd kjtch wes 4= ci wjkd, >>-3= ci kddp jo

thd olrth, whdrd jt clotejodk e vdry oerrlw lpdojoa, eok loby

0 ci kddp jo thd sluth. Ol nurjeb wes `luok et thd cdotrd l`

thd docblsurd. [hd lod shdrk thet wes rdclvdrdk `rli thd

kjtch's `jbb ketds `rli thd Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead (`jok ouindr

^14).

^;;

^;; js e vdry oerrlw, shebblw rjoa kjtch, thd olrthdro heb` l`

whjch hek kjseppderdk. Jts kjeidtdr wes 1.3= i. ]lsthlbds

wdrd lnsdrvdk jo thd kjtch.

^;4

^;4 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 51 i whjch wes olt

truby cjrcuber. [hd kjtch wes loby e `dw cdotjidtrds kddp jo

perts. [hd olrthwdstdro pert wes rethdr uocbder. E `dw lpdo

joas wdrd vjsjnbd hdrd, eok thdrd iust hevd nddo plsts jo thd

kjtch. ]ert l` thd cdotrd l` thjs ilouidot hek kjseppderdk




= L

@jaurd >=. Squerd kjtchdk docblsurd ^;:.Scebd 57>==.

ndodeth e sunrdcdot kjtch. Jrlo Ead `joks wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli

thd rjoa kjtch jo thrdd pbecds. @jok ouindr 444>7 lod shdrk6

`jok ouindr 44137 djaht shdrks6 `jok ouindr 0;057 lod

shdrk. [hd kjtch wes jotdrsdctdk ny twl `deturds, lod l` whjch

(H:8) kd`jojtdby eok thd lthdr (S;=:) plssjnby ketd `rli thd

^lieo pdrjlk. [hd rjoa kjtch iust closdqudotby hevd nddo

kua wdbb nd`lrd thet pdrjlk.

^;0

^;0 js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` ol ilrd theo 4 ci, whjch clo

tejodk crdietjlo rdiejos, chercleb, twl shdrks l` oetjvd werd

eok lod `reaidot l` e tdaube (`jok ouindrs 4453 eok 445;).

^;1

^;1 js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` >= ci whjch clotejodk eo dxcdp

tjloebby berad eiluot l` nurodk huieo nlods (`jok ouindr

3501).

^;8

^;8 js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` ;; ci whjch clotejodk e vdry

siebb eiluot l` nurodk nlod (`jok ouindr 3508).

^;:

^;: js e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd idesurjoa 58.4 x

5: i (`ja. >=). [hd wjkth l` thd kjtch verjdk `rli 3= tl

5== ci, jts kdpth kjk olt dxcddk ;= ci. [hdrd wes e oerrlw

lpdojoa jo thd destdro sjkd, enlut ; i `rli thd sluthdestdro

clrodr. ]lsthlbds wjth kdpths l` 4->4 ci wdrd `luok tl

ecclipeoy thd kjtch lo thd josjkd, dxcdpt ebloa thd ilou

idot's sluthdro sjkd, nut thjs clubk nd kud tl thd èct thet thd

bdvdb l` thd surècd dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo wes slidwhet

blwdr thdrd (c`. thd kjtch's wjkth). Jo slid pbecds plsthlbds

wdrd lnsdrvdk lo thd lthdr sjkd l` thd kjtch, tll (et thd sluth

wdstdro eok olrthdestdro clidrs), nut thdy erd sl `dw jo

ouindr thet jt js uobjfdby thet thdy rdprdsdot thd best rdiejo

joa `deturds l` eo lutdr pebjsekd. Perjlus plsthlbds eok sheb

blw kjsclblurdk petchds wdrd lnsdrvdk wjthjo thd docblsurd,

l` whjch thd `lbblwjoa erd wlrthy l` idotjlo7

5. e pjt wjth e kdpth l` loby 3= ci, whjch clotejodk 81

shdrks, thd ieglrjty l` whjch hek nddo sdclokerjby nurodk,

eok e `dw buips l` cbey (`jok ouindr 5=50). [wl pjdcds l`

cbey l` e nrjcf clblur wdrd cbderby rluokdk6 lod wes wjth

lut klunt e rji. Jt wes >.4-3 ci thjcf wjth e sbjahtby curvy,`joadr-pjochdk prl`jbd. [hd rji hek e kjeidtdr l` epprlx.

>4 ci (`ja. >5)6

>. e 5=-ci-kddp pjt whjch clotejodk twdoty shdrks, thd

ieglrjty l` whjch hek nddo sdclokerjby nurodk

(`jok ouindr 5=54)6

3. e 5;-ci-kddp pjof kjsclbluretjlo ceusdk ny @jrd tl thd wdst

l` thd cdotrd6




@jaurd >5 . [lp vjdw eok crlss-sdctjlo l` twl `reaidots l` ewevy rji, plssjnby `rli e hderth. Scebd 57>.

;. thd `deturds l` twl structurds, S>=0 eok S>=1 (typd J E).

]ert l` thd bettdr bey lutsjkd thd docblsurd, sl thjs structurdiust ketd `rli e betdr lr derbjdr pdrjlk.

[hd kjtch yjdbkdk eo dxcdptjloebby berad ouindr l` `joks,

jocbukjoa lvdr 55== plttdry shdrks.

Olrthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 5=517 >04 shdrks, ;> a l` cbey,

pert l` e spjokbd whlrb eok 434 a l` stlod6 `jok ouindr 5=587

>; shdrks.

Sluthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 5=>>7 5;= shdrks, 54= a l`

cbey, e `reaidot l` e sbjoa shlt, ; a l` tdphrjtd, 535 a l` stlod,

>; a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod, pja).

Qdstdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr 5=>37 1;3 shdrks, 55= a l` cbey,

lod clipbdtd eok lod heb` l` e sbjoa shlt, 514 a l` stlod eok

05 a l` nurodk eok uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod, njrk, berad

eojieb).

Loby e `dw l` thd shdrks rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch hek nddo

sdclokerjby nurodk. Es jo thd cesd l` ^8, shdrks `rli kj``dr

dot perts l` thd kjtch clubk nd rd`jttdk. [hd `joks erd ketenbd tl

phesd H l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead.

^4=

^4= js e quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd idesurjoa

55.8= x 55.8= i (`ja. >>e). [hd kjtch verjdk `rli 4= tl 5==

ci jo wjkth eok `rli >4 tl ;0 ci jo kdpth. [hd oerrlw lpdo

joa lnsdrvdk jo thd kjtch ècdk olrthdest. E arlup l` - ilst

prlnenby - djaht plsts stllk wjthjo thd docblsurd. [hd kdpths

l` thd plsthlbds verjdk `rli >0 tl ;= ci. [hdsd plsthlbds

ierfdk lut e `deturd idesurjoa 1.:= x 1.0= i. E berad pert l`

thd kjtchdk docblsurd, jocbukjoa jts cdotrd, hek nddo kdstrlydk

ny thd kjaajoa l` e kjtch. @joks wdrd kjsclvdrdk jo thd ilou

idot's kjtch jo loby lod pbecd, oltenby thd olrthwdstdro

clrodr7 (`jok ouindr 3;:5)7 54 shdrks eok e `reaidot l` eo

jrlo rlk wjth e rdcteoauber crlss-sdctjlo (bdoath >.4 ci6

kjeidtdr 8 ii). [hd rdiejos clubk olt nd ketdk.

^45

^45 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` epprlx. ;.>= i eok eolpdojoa jo thd olrth (`ja. >>n). [hd kjtch verjdk jo kdpth `rli

4 tl 50 ci. [hd rdiejos l` sdvdreb kdclretdk plts wdrd `luok

et twl pljots jo thd strdtch l` thd kjtch tl thd wdst l` thd

lpdojoa (`jok ouindrs 3104E eok N). [hd `jdbk krewjoa

spdcj`jds7 plt byjoa lo jts ndbby (3104E) eok cliprdssdk plt

(3104N). Olthjoa nut chercleb pertjcbds (`jok ouindr 3100)

wes `luok jo thd destdro strdtch. E C5; ketd lntejodk `lr thjs

chercleb yjdbkdk e ketd l` >>5= µ 0= N] (ArO-50=;8). Crd

ietjlo rdiejos wdrd `luok odjthdr et thd cdotrd l` thd docbl

surd olr jo thd kjtch. [hd plttdry js ketenbd tl phesds F-B l`

thd Betd Jrlo Ead.

^4>

^4> js e pjt wjth e survjvjoa kdpth l` >= ci, jo whjch crdie

tjlo rdiejos erd sejk tl hevd nddo `luok (`jok ouindr 531>,

olw blst).

^43

^43 js e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 3.0= i. [hd kjtch hek e

iexjiui kdpth l` 5> ci. [wl lpdojoas wdrd lnsdrvdk, e

oerrlw lod jo thd sluthdest eok e (cljocjkdotebby<) wjkd lod

jo thd olrthwdst. Ol crdietjlo rdiejos lr shdrks wdrd `luok.

^4;

^4; js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` 0 ci. [hd crdietjlo rdiejos thetwdrd rdclvdrdk `rli thjs pjt erd olw blst (`jok ouindr 5;8=).

^44

^44 js pert l` e rjoa kjtch wjth e kjeidtdr l` 0-1 i. [hd kjtch

iey hevd hek eo lpdojoa jo thd sluthdest. [l thd dest l` thjs

essuidk dotreocd thd kjtch wes loby ;-1 ci kddp, sl jt js olt

surprjsjoa thet ol trecds l` thd kjtch wdrd `luok tl thd wdst l`




@jaurd >>. e7 Uuekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd ^4=. Scebd 57>==6 n7 ^joa kjtch ^45. Scebd 57>==.

thd lpdojoa. [hjs kjtch iust hevd nddo kua nd`lrd phesd H,

whjch js thd ketd l` thd `joks thet wdrd rdclvdrdk `rli ]J=; ,

whjch jotdrsdctdk thd kjtch.

^40

^40 js e pjt wjth e kdpth l` 5: ci, whjch yjdbkdk twl shdrks

eok e `dw crdietjlo rdiejos (`jok ouindr 3140).

^41

^41 js e berad pert l` e kd`jojtdby quekreoauber kjtchdk docbl

surd byjoa wjthjo thd ^lieo-pdrjlk Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot.

To`lrtuoetdby thjs ilouidot clubk olt nd dxcevetdk jo jts

dotjrdty (`ja. >3) es jts sluthdro pert bey ndodeth thd Adweo-

kdwda eok wes hdocd joeccdssjnbd `lr rdsderch. [hd clokjtjlo

l` thd pert thet wes dxplsdk, lvdr e pdrjlk l` sjx yders, wes

èr `rli lptjiui7 ouidrlus `deturds `rli betdr tjids hek

lnbjtdretdk perts l` thd docblsurd. Ndsjkds thrdd ^lieo-pdrjlk

hlusd pbeos (H5=5, H550, H551) thdy erd e ouindr l` olrth

wdst-sluthdest eok dest-wdst lrjdotdk kjtchds ketjoa `rli thd

Ijkkbd Eads eok betdr tjids eok e berad rdcdot kjsturneocd jo

thd wdst. [hd lrjajoeb bdoath l` loby thd olrthdro sjkd l` thd

dest-wdst lrjdotdk docblsurd clubk nd idesurdk6 jt wes `luok

tl nd lvdr ;4 i bloa. Jo thd dest, thd kjtch clubk nd `lbblwdk

lvdr loby 34 i eok jo thd wdst lvdr ol ilrd theo 4 i. [hd

vdry pllr vjsjnjbjty l` thd kjtch's `deturd jo thd wdst iekd jt

vdry kj``jcubt tl jotdrprdt thd sjtuetjlo lo thet sjkd, sl jt js olt

cdrtejo whdthdr thdrd wes jokddk eo dotreocd jo thd olrthwdst

dro clrodr, es thd krewjoa sddis tl suaadst. [hd kjtch's

lrjajoeb wjkth wes enlut > i, jts iexjiui kdpth 8= ci. Jts

sdctjlo verjdk `rli nlwb-shepdk tl èjrby rdcteoauber. [hd `jbb

ebsl verjdk closjkdrenby, `rli bjaht ardy tl nrlwojsh nbecf. Jo

slid pbecds 5:-ci-wjkd spekd ierfs wdrd vjsjnbd jo thd

`bllr. [hd ilouidot's dxect sjzd clubk olt nd kdtdrijodk.[hd evejbenbd kete - dest-wdst sjkd idesurjoa ;4 i, olrth-

sluth sjkd idesur joa et bdest ;= i - yjdbk e ijojiui erde l`

58== i>. J` thd ilouidot wes lrjajoebby squerd, eolthdr

>>4 i> iust nd ekkdk tl thjs.

[hd kjtch yjdbkdk e tlteb l` 3;1 plttdry shdrks eok lod

jotect vdssdb.

Destdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr :=>>7 djaht `reaidots l` oetjvd

werd eok : a l` cbey6 `jok ouindr :=347 sdvdo `reaidots l`

oetjvd werd6 `jok ouindr :=;:7 sjxtddo `reaidots l` oetjvd

plttdry eok 5: a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod).

Olrthdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr :=0>7 ;0 `reaidots l` oetjvd

werd, lod `reaidot l` tdrre ojare, lod `reaidot l` thjcf-

webbdk plttdry (eiphlre), lod `reaidot l` ndjad plttdry

tdipdrdk wjth arla, >88 a l` cbey wjth e `bet sjkd, lod jrlo oejb

eok 0= a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod, pja, shddp/alet,

kla, berad eojieb)6 `jok ouindr :=037 1= `reaidots l` oetjvd

werd, lod `reaidot l` tdrre ojare, sjx `reaidots l` thjcf-

webbdk plttdry (;x eiphlre, bx Stuert 5;: ilrterjui eok

bx Hl`hdji 4=/45 eiphlre-bjfd `bealo), twl `reaidots l`




@jaurd >3. ]lssjnby quekreoauber kjtchdk docblsurd ^41 wjth e rlw l` plsthlbds jo thd docblsdk erde.

ndjad plttdry tdipdrdk wjth arla, `lur 'ijscdbbeodlus' `rea

idots eok 03 a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod, shddp/alet,

berad eojieb, siebb eojieb)6 `jok ouindr :>=47 >> `reaidots

l` oetjvd werd, lod `reaidot l` thjcf-webbdk plttdry

(eiphlre), lod `reaidot l` ndjad plttdry tdipdrdk wjth arla,

thrdd 'ijscdbbeodlus" `reaidots eok : a l` uonurodk eojieb

nlod (shddp/alet, berad eojieb)6 `jok ouindr :>117 ;3 `rea

idots l` oetjvd werd, lod `reaidot l` tdrre ojare, lod `rea

idot l` sillth-webbdk plttdry eok lod `reaidot l` rluah-

webbdk plttdry, : a l` cbey, 388 a l` jrlo sbea, lod arjokstlod

eok 53 a l uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod).

Qdstdro sjkd7 `jok ouindr :;=07 >3 `reaidots l` oetjvd

plttdry, twl `reaidots l` tdrre sjajbbete (5 x Kr 58/35<,

Cdotreb lr Dest Aeubjsh6 5 x Kr >1, Sluth Aeubjsh), lod `rea

idot l` tdrre ojare, lod `reaidot l` sillth-webbdk plttdry

(Stuert 55=E `bealo), lod `reaidot l` ndjad plttdry tdipdrdk

wjth arla (klbjui), twl `reaidots l` ardyjsh whjtd clersd

plttdry eok ojod 'ijscdbbeodlus' `reaidots6 `jok ouindr

:;=87 >4 `reaidots l` oetjvd werd eok lod jotect nlwb (`ja.

550), lod `reaidot l` thjcf-webbdk plttdry (eiphlre), thrdd

`reaidots l` ndjad plttdry tdipdrdk wjth arla (bx klbjui,

bx ilrterjui), twl 'ijscd bbeodlus ' `reaidots, 5: a l` cbey, 8

a l` tdphrjtd eok 5> a l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod)6 `jok

ouindr :8117 ;= `reaidots l` oetjvd werd, lod `reaidot l`

ndjad plttdry tdipdrdk wjth arla, 5;; a l` jrlo sbea eok 5; a

l` uonurodk eojieb nlod (nlvjod).




@jaurd >;. Clipbdtd nlwb rli ^41. Scebd 57>.

L` thd `deturds `luok wjthjo thd docblsurd loby thd 55-i-

bloa rlw l` `jvd plsthlbds thet ceid tl bjaht jo thd sluthdro

heb` ceo wjth slid kdardd l` cdrtejoty nd rdaerkdk es pert l`

thd lrjajoeb ilouidot. [hd kdpths l` thd plsthlbds verjdk

`rli ;= tl 1= ci. [hdjr shepd, clblur eok clotdots (`jok

ouindrs :>;5, :>;> eok :>847 3, > eok 5 reaidot(s) l`

oetjvd werd, rdspdctjvdby) pljot tl e (rdbetjvdby derby) ketd jo

thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hd rlw's lrjdotetjlo ilrdlvdr clrrd

sploks tl thet l` thd olrthdro - eok uokluntdkby ebsl thd

sluthdro - sjkd l thd docblsurd.

Qhdthdr thd pebjsekd closjstjoa l` thjo plsts (@:5) thet weslnsdrvdk lo thd josjkd l` thd destdro eok pert l` thd olrthdro

sjkds wes jo eoy wey esslcjetdk wjth thd ilouidot, `lr

dxeipbd ny ierfjoa e neof ndtwddo thet pebjsekd eok thd

kjtch, js èr `rli cdrtejo. [hd èct thet trecds l` thd pebjsekd

wdrd olt lnsdrvdk ebloa thd wdstdro eok thd rdst l` thd olrth

dro sjkds l` thd docblsurd js olt e kdcjsjvd erauidot. [hd

`deturds thet wdrd rdclaojsdk wdrd sl veaud eok shebblw thet

thd dxcevetlrs iey desjby hevd lvdrbllfdk thlsd l` lthdr

plsthlbds jo lthdr dxcevetjlo trdochds. Ilrd jiplrteot js thet

thd pebjsekd klds olt ruo dotjrdby perebbdb tl thd kjtch7 thd twl

bjd slidwhet ùrthdr epert jo thd olrth. Sl jt clubk wdbb nd

thet thd pebjsekd sdrvdk tl ierf thd nluokery l` thd yerk l`

thd Betd Jrlo Ead hlusd (H5==) thet wes ebsl `luok wjthjo

thjs docblsurd.

Jo ekkjtjlo, e ouindr l` strey pjts wdrd dxcevetdk wjthjo

thd docblsurd. Qhdthdr pjts ]354, ]350, ]3:8, ];==, ];3=

eok ];;: wdrd kjrdctby rdbetdk tl thd quekreoauber docblsurd

js l` clursd kj``jcubt tl sey. Jo chrlolblajceb tdris thdy iey

wdbb hevd nddo. J` thdsd pjts jokddk hek slid ùoctjlo jo thd

ilouidot, thdo thet wlubk nd eo erauidot eaejost esslcjetjoa thd e`lrdidotjlodk pebjsekd l` thjo plsts wjth thd docbl

surd, `lr lod l` thd pjts bjds ndtwddo thd kjtch eok thet peb

jsekd, whjbd eolthdr dvdo jotdrsdcts thd pebjsekd.

[hd `joks rdclvdrdk `rli thd kjtch, jo pertjcuber thd hjah

pdrcdotead l` oetjvd werd, pljot tl e ketd jo thd 5 st cdotury

EK. Loby twl shdrks, e `reaidot l` tdrre sjajbbete eok thd

odcf l` e `bealo l` typd Stuert 55=E, ceo nd ketdk tl e betdr

pdrjlk wjth cdrtejoty. [hdy wdrd nlth `luok jo thd seid

wdstdro pert l` thd kjtch.

oltds

5 Ertjcbd wrjttdo ny Ndroerk Keojdbs jo 'Kd Sjrdod', e odwspepdr `lrLss eok jts dovjrlos, lo >> @dnruery 5:;8.

> Ecclrkjoa tl wrjttdo jo`lrietjlo prlvjkdk ny A.H.G, veo Ebphdolo 53 Guod 5:88. Peo Ebphdo ebsl blcetdk thd `joksplt.

3 Oltd jo dxcevetjlo rdplrt l` >>-8-5:1:.

Qjgoeok veo kdr Seokdo

]rlvjocjd Krdothd

].L. Nlx 5>>

OB-:;== EC Essdo

[hd Odthdrbeoks




5 `jok ouindr

> oetjvd plttdry

3 blceb heokiekd plttdry

; rjis

4 rji kdclretjlo

0 rji kdclre tjlo w. `joadr tjps

1 rji kdclretjlo w. oejb lr spetube jiprdssjlos

8 rji kdclretjlo w. arllvds

: rji kdclretjlo clipbdx

5= nlky kdclret jlo

55 nlky kdclretjlo clin

5> nlky kdclretjlo w. arllvds

53 nlky kdclretjlo `joadr tjp lr oejb jiprdssjlos

5; nlky kdclretjlo `joadr tjp lr oejb jiprdssjlos wjth pettdro

54 olt rluahdodk `reaidots

50 rluahdodk `reaidots

51 tdipdr clersd ijodreb

58 olt blceb crdid plttdry

5: iexjieb ouindr l` plts

>= rdierfs

5 > 3 ; 4 0 1 8 : 5= 55 5> 53 5; 54 50 51 58 5:

5 < \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j

>408 1= 1= 0 - - - - - ; - > > - >: 51 - - 08

31>; 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 5 5--3

3155 j | \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ !

315; >0 >0 5 5 - - - 5 - - - - - 58 > - - 3

3150 3 3 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3 \ \ \ 3

30;; 03 03 : 5 5 - - 5: - 0 > 5 43 : - - 45

30;4 5; 5; 5 5< - - 5< - 5 - 5 - - 5= 3 - - 5;

30;0 50 50 3 - - - - - - - - - - 5; J - - 5 4

30;: ;0 ;0 > \ - - \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3> > - - ; 0

33=0 ; ; - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 ;

31=5 548 548 : 3 5 - > - 5> > 4 ; 5 88 ;1 >3 - 548

335; 43 43 3 3 3 ; - - ; - >1 - - - >

5;;8 J 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j \ \ \ \ \\ j

3531 8 8 ; > - > - - 5 - - 5 - 1 5 - - 1

353; 51 51 3 5 - 5 - - 5 5 - - - 5= 1 - - 51

5;45 1 1 > - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 5 - 1

3>33 5 j \ \ - \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j

3>35 5 J ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ 5 ‛ ‛ ‛ 5

33;1 5 5 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j \ \ j

33;5 j j j \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j

333: 44 5 - - - - - - - - - ; 5 - - - 4

335: ;34 ;3> ;; 5 - 5 - 0 - > ; - 5;> >=5 - 3 ;34

33;; 33: >8= 30 - - - - - 3 - - 3 - 5>3 80 - 4: 33:

33;: 5> 5> - - - - - - - - - - - 3 4 - - 5>

334= 45 45 0 - - - - - - - - - - >0 5: - - 45

33>= 3: 3: 1 - - - - - 5 5 - - - 5= 5> - - 3:

33;4 51 51 > - - - - - - - - - - : 4 - - 5 1

3588 355 355 ;3 ; > - > - > 5 5 - - 50> :: - - 355

358: 1> 1> : - - - - - 5 5 - - - 34 3> - - 1>

]:8/33;= 51:> 5144 >31 54 53 5 5 - >> ; 5 50 - 133 801 - 31 5181

>83 35 - - - - - > - - > - 5>8 04 5 - >83

5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 5

5 ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ 5 ‛ ‛ ‛ 5

! \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ !

5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ !

: > - - - - - - - - - - 3 ; - - :

5 5 ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ 5 ‛ ‛ ‛ 5

5 ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ 5 \ \ \ j

> \ \ - - \ \ - - \ \ \ > - - - >

5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 5 \ \ \ 5

>=

^b

F7

Fb

^0

^8

^:

^JL

^5>

^53

^54

^50

^51

^58

^5:

^>3

^>;

^>0

]J 58/33;8 >83

358>

3583

358;

3584

5

5

5

5

^>0e 3345

5;4>

:

5

^>8 ;=>; J

^>: 51;8 >

^3= 3 FI j

ijo. 4 `r. sdc. nurot

3 `r. sdc. nurot6

5 `r. wjth `llt rjoa

5 `r. sdc. nurot65 `r. wjth `llt rjoa

5 `r. sdc. nurot

sdc. nurot

5 `r. sdc. nurot

8 `r sdc. nurot

5 `r. wjth `llt rjoa

; `r. sdc. nurot

5 `r. sdc. nurot

5 `r. wjth hlbds

5 `r. wjth hlbds6

wjth `llt rjoa6 5

wjth hlbd

1 `r. sdc. nurot




5 > 3 ; 4 0 1 8 : 5= 55 5> 53 5; 54 50 51 58 5: >=

35=4 j j \ \ \ \ \ \ \ - - - - j - - - j

^3J 35;8 3: 3: 3 - - - 5* - - - - 5= >= - - 3: * wjth jiprdssjlos

^31 >3 > > 5 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - >

^38 > 0 ; ; 5 - - - - - 5 - 5 - - > - - - ;

^;= 508= J 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j \ \ \ j

5154 5 j \ \ \ \ - \ \ - - \ \ \ \ \ \ j

^;J 513> 35 3= - - - - - - > - 5 5 - 54 4 - - 35 5 r. etypjceb sebtclotejodr

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j

. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ > - - - 8

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ! \ \ \ >

> > - - - :: 530 - - >0;

- - - - - - - - - : 5 = - 5 > ; > r. etypjceb sebt

clotejodr

> - - > - 4= 0= - - 53:

j 5 5 5 > 5= > > > - >31 ;3= - ; 1;= 5 r. etypjceb sebt

clotejodr > `r.

wjth hlbds6

ouindr sdc. nurot

5=54 >= >= 3 - - - - - - - - - - 0 1 - - 51 ijo. 55 `r. sdc. nurot

5=50 81 81 55 > - - > - > - - - - >8 ;5 - - 83 ce. ;4 `r. sdc. nurot

^4= 3;:5 54 54 > - - - - - - - - - - 5> 3 - - 54

^45 3104e >: >: > > - - 5 - 5 - - 5 - 53 - - - >>

3104n 4= 4= > - 5 - - 5 - - 5 - >0 5

^40 3140 > > - - - - - - 5 - - 5 - > - - - 5

^41 :=>> 8 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 4 3 - - 8

:=34 1 1 5 5 - 5 - - - - - - - 0 5 - - 1

:=;: 50 50 > > > ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ ‛ 55 ; - - 50

:=0> ;0 ;0 > - - - - - > > - - - ; 5 4 5 - ; 0

:=03 1= 1= 8 > - > - - 4 > 5 - 5 48 4 - - 1=

:>=4 >> >> 3 - - - - - 3 5 5 5 5 50 5 5 - >>

:>11 ;3 ;3 5 5 5 - - - 5 5 - - - 3> 4 - - ;3

:;=0 >3 >3 - - - - - - 5 - - 5 - 5 8 3 - - >3

:;=8 >0 >0 4 5 - - - - 3 5 - > - >3 - - - > 0 clipbdtd nlwb

^;3 ^14 5 5

^;4 4414 5 5

444>

0;05

8

J

S

5

-

^;0 445; > >

^;: 5=51 >04 >04 30

5=58 >; 5: >

5=>> 5;= 5;= 5=

5=>3 5;} 138 :>

(tp 8,; ci)

:811 ;= ;= 5 \ \ \ \ \ b \ 5 5 >4 5 - ;=

:>;5 3 3 j \ \ \ \ ‛ b ‛ ‛ ‛ 5 > ‛ ‛ ‛ 3

:>;> > > - - - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - >

:>84 5 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ j \ \ \ j



clid Nefdbs @rujts eok sddks `rli thd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots etLss-Tssdo

5. Jotrlkuctjlo

[hd dxtdosjvd dxcevetjlos et Lss-Tssdo bdk tl e stdeky `blw l`

sljb seipbds tl thd pebedl-dtholnlteojceb benlretlry l` Bdjkdo.

[hdsd seipbds ceid nlth `rli kry clotdxts, such es shebblw

pjts eok plsthlbds, eok `rli `deturds dxtdokjoa tl ndodeth

arluokwetdr bdvdb. Nlth wdrd treosplrtdk tl thd benlretlry jo

pbestjc neas. [hd seipbds wdrd rdkucdk jo vlbuid es qujcfby

es plssjnbd sl es tl doenbd thdi tl nd stlrdk. [hjs wes klod ny

ieouebby sjdvjoa thd seipbds thrluah sjdvds wjth idsh wjkths

l` up tl =.>4 ii wjth thd ejk l` tep wetdr. Qhdrd plssjnbd,

thd seipbds wdrd sjdvdk jo thd `jdbk ebrdeky. [hd kry seipbds

clubk hevd nddo eoebysdk ny ideos l` `bltetjlo, nut es thd

wetdr-seturetdk seipbds clubk loby nd rdkucdk ny sjdvjoa, jt

wes kdcjkdk tl usd thd seid rdkuctjlo tdchojqud `lr nlth typds

l` seipbds. Ieoy l` thd kry seipbds ilrdlvdr ceid `rli

`deturds wjth siebb vlbuids eok wdrd hdocd rdbetjvdby siebb.

Jo thd cesd l` such seipbds sjdvjoa tefds enlut es iuch tjid

es `bltetjlo eok ilrdlvdr yjdbks sbjahtby ilrd eccuretd rdsubts.

Kurjoa thd sjdvjoa, oltds wdrd iekd lo thd queotjtjds l`

nlteojceb rdiejos eok verjlus clospjculus spdcjds wdrd

rdclrkdk. [hd rdsjkuds wdrd thdo stlrdk uotjb ilrd jo`lrie

tjlo ndceid evejbenbd lo thdjr ketds eok erchedlblajceb clo

tdxts. ^dsjkuds `rli kry sdkjidots wdrd stlrdk uokdr kryclokjtjlos, thlsd `rli wdt sdkjidots uokdr wdt clokjtjlos.

Es thd stuky l` thd dvjkdocd lntejodk jo thd dxcevetjlos

prlardssdk, thd rdsjkuds wdrd rdtrjdvdk `rli stlread `lr cblsdr

eoebysjs. Slid eoebysds wdrd cerrjdk lut jo thd clotdxt l`

stukdots' thdsds. ûth veo kd Beerschlt, `lr dxeipbd, stukjdk

thd wdbbs `rli thd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Derby Jrlo Ead, Lffd

Klrdonls thlsd `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead eok thd ^lieo

pdrjlk, eok @reof Pjofdstjgo clocdotretdk lo cernlojsdk

rdiejos `rli pjts eok plsthlbds. [hd rdsubts thdy lntejodk `lr

thd Jrlo Ead hevd nddo aretdùbby usdk jo thjs cheptdr. [hd

eoebyst Glheo Alukzweerk stukjdk thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead wdbbs.

[hd bjlo's sherd l` ebb thd wlrf wes hlwdvdr klod ny Qji

Fujgpdr. Hd erreoadk stlread ècjbjtjds `lr thd seipbds, pdr`lridk thd prdbjijoery eoebysds, fdpt thd vest ekijojstretjlo

up tl ketd, chdcfdk thd lthdr rdsderchdrs' kdtdrijoetjlos eok

cerrjdk lut eoy ekkjtjloeb eoebysds rdqujrdk. J iysdb` eoebysdk

verjlus seipbds clotejojoa cernlojsdk rdiejos, J stukjdk thd

arejo jiprdssjlos jo plttdry eok clipjbdk thd clotrjnutjlos l`

thd verjlus rdsderchdrs idotjlodk enlvd.

Jt wes kdcjkdk tl kdscrjnd thd rdiejos pdr typd l` `deturd,

pdr sdttbdidot eok pdr pdrjlk. Sdttbdidots JP, P eok PJ erd

thd lbkdst, ketjoa `rli thd `jrst heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead

(phesds E-N). Sdttbdidots PJJ, PJJJ eok JX ketd `rli thd

sdclok heb` l` thd Derby Jrlo Ead (phesds C-K). Sdttbdidots

X, XJ eok XJJ wdrd ketdk tl thd `jrst heb` l` thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead (phesds D-@) eok XJJJ, XJP eok XP tl thd sdclok heb`

(phesds A-H). [hd Betd Jrlo Ead js rdprdsdotdk ny sdttbdidots

XPJ, XPJJ eok XPJJJ (phesds J-B). @urthdr jo`lrietjlo lo

thdsd sdttbdidots js tl nd `luok jo Schjofdb (thjs vlbuid,

cheptdrs 0, 1 eok 8). [l fddp thd tdrijolblay es sjipbd es

plssjnbd, J wjbb, jo thd `lbblwjoa kjscussjlo, usd thd tdri

'sddks' loby, tl rd`dr tl sddks prlpdr, nut ebsl tl ebb `rujts eok

thd bjfd.

>. Sddks `rli thd `deturds l` nujbkjoas

Loby e bjijtdk ouindr l` seipbds `rli thd `deturds l` nujbk

joas wes evejbenbd `lr rdsderch. Lod l` thd rdeslos `lr thjs js

thet jt wes betdr `luok thet ieoy l` thd plsthlbds `rli whjch

seipbds hek nddo tefdo kjk olt `lri pert l` thd pbeos l`

rdclaojsenbd nujbkjoas. E berad prlplrtjlo l` thdsd `deturds

ilrdlvdr rdiejodk uoketdk eok wdrd olt ùrthdr jovdstjaetdk.

[hd sdclok rdeslo js thet ol seipbds wdrd tefdo `rli vdryshebblw `deturds. [hd rdsubts l` thd evejbenbd seipbds erd

suiierjsdk jo tenbd 5. Ebb nut twl l thdsd seipbds ceid

`rli thd plsthlbds l` hlusds eok areoerjds. [hd lthdr twl

ceid `rli e 'hderth' esslcjetdk wjth hlusd H08 jo sdttbdidot

XJJJ eok e ndkkjoa trdoch l` hlusd H8= jo sdttbdidot XPJJJ.

Olod l` thd seipbdk `deturds dxtdokdk tl ndodeth arluokwe

tdr bdvdb eok ebb thd kjscussdk rdiejos wdrd hdocd cernlojsdk.

Sddks thet slidtjids eppder cernlojsdk jo rdcdot lr sdij-

rdcdot clotdxts, tll, wdrd tdstdk tl sdd whdthdr thdy wdrd

jokddk cernlojsdk. Oltlrjlus jo thjs rdspdct erd sddks l`

Chdolplkjui spdcjds.

Derby Jrlo Ead seipbds erd olt rdprdsdotdk jo thd tenbd, `lr

thd sjipbd rdeslo thet ol seipbds clotejojoa rdiejos `rli

thjs pdrjlk wdrd tefdo, whjch js olt surprjsjoa, closjkdrjoa

thd scercjty l` rdclaojsenbd Derby Jrlo Ead `deturds eok thd

shebblwodss l` thd plsthlbds `rli thjs pdrjlk. [hd Ijkkbd

Jrlo Ead `deturds kjk olt ebb yjdbk nlteojceb rdiejos. Loby

lod l` thd ojod plsthlbds l` thd ojod-plst areoery S;13, `lr

dxeipbd, yjdbkdk cernlojsdk rdiejos, eok thdy cliprjsdk




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3;= EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

loby lod sddk. Eok loby lod l` thd djaht seipbdk plsthlbds l`

thd ojod-plst areoery S;1; yjdbkdk rdiejos. Olthjoa wes

`luok jo thd `deturds l` areoery SJ 41 lr hlusd H03 djthdr.

Odjthdr kjk ebb l` thd seipbds `rli thd `deturds l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots clotejo rdiejos.

Jo tenbd 5 thd jkdotj`jdk spdcjds hevd nddo erreoadk lo thd

nesjs l` thd dovjrloidots jo whjch thdy erd tl nd `luok ilst

cliiloby olwekeys. [hd spdcjds wdrd cbessj`jdk ilrd lrbdss jo ecclrkeocd wjth thd 5:83 Steokeerkbjgst veo kd Odkdr

beoksd @blre (Steokerk Bjst l` thd Kutch @blre6 Peo kdr

Idjgkdo dt ej 5:83), suppbdidotdk wjth kete `rli thd Odkdr

beoksd Ldclblajschd @blre (Kutch Dclblajceb @blre6 Qddke

dbeb. 5:84, 5:81, 5:88, 5::5, 5::;). [hd pbeots iey hevd

arlwo jo lthdr dovjrloidots ndsjkds thlsd spdcj`jdk `lr thd

jokjvjkueb spdcjds, eok thd dovjrloidots oddk ilrdlvdr olt

hevd nddo dxectby thd seid jo thd Jrlo Ead es thdy erd tlkey.

Dspdcjebby thd dovjrloidots kjsturndk ny ieo iey hevd

uokdralod cheoads lvdr thd eads. Jt `lr dxeipbd prlvdk

kj``jcubt tl kjstjoaujsh ndtwddo `jdbk wddks eok rukdrebs et

Lss-Tssdo. Jo twl cesds, cliilo ojppbdwlrt (Bepseoe cli

iuojs) eok shddp's slrrdb (ûidx ecdtlsdbbe), thd prdsdot-keycbessj`jcetjlo hes olt nddo `lbblwdk, ndceusd thd twl spdcjds

erd jo prdhjstlrjc clotdxts sl `rdqudotby esslcjetdk wjth cdrd

ebs thet thdy erd tl nd rdaerkdk es `jdbk wddks. Shddp's slrrdb

js jokddk idotjlodk es e prlnbdietjc wddk jo ryd `jdbks jo

hjstlrjceb slurcds.

Ilst l` thd sddks kdrjvd `rli spdcjds thet ardw jo `jdbks

eok aerkdos, lo westdbeok eok ebloa peths. Cubtjvetdk pbeots

wdrd wdbb rdprdsdotdk. [hdy jocbukd hubbdk nerbdy (Hlrkdui

vubaerd), diidr ([rjtjcui kjclccui) eok ijbbdt (]eojcui

ijbjecdui). [hd bloa rechjs sdaidots shlw thet thd nerbdy

wes l` e verjdty wjth bex ders. Let (Evdoe sp.) iey hevd nddo

cubtjvetdk, tll, nut jt hes hdrd nddo cbessdk es e wddk, ndceusdebthluah thd cernlojsdk rdiejos kl olt shlw thd rdqujrdk

kjeaolstjc `deturds, thd jiprdssjlos jo plttdry eok e `dw sddks

rdclvdrdk `rli wdbbs shlw thet dspdcjebby wjbk let (Evdoe

ètue) wes prdsdot et thd sjtd. Eolthdr spdcjds thet iey hevd

nddo cubtjvetdk, clro spurrdy (Spdraube ervdosjs), hes ebsl

nddo cbessdk es e wddk hdrd, bjfd Sdterje vjrjkjsbvdrtjcjbbete,

whjch iey thdlrdtjcebby ebsl hevd nddo Jtebjeo ijbbdt (Sdterje

jtebjce), nut ilrd prlnenby rdprdsdots thd wjbk arddo nrjstbd-

aress (Sdterje vjrjkjs).

[hd wddk rdiejos kdrjvd `rli spdcjds wjth veryjoa henjtet

rdqujrdidots. Lod cliplodot cbderby pljots tl thd usd l`

bjaht, ilrd lr bdss ecjk seoky sljbs. [hd `blre l` such sljbs js

rdprdsdotdk ny `lr dxeipbd clro spurrdy (Spdraube ervdosjs),

thd wjbk ijbbdt spdcjds clcfspur, arddo nrjstbdaress eok

sillth `joadraress (Dchjolchble crus-aebbj, Sdterje vjrjkjs

eok Kjajterje jschediui), shddp's slrrdb (ûidx ecdtlsdbbe)

eok pebd pdrsjcerje (]lbyaloui bepethj`lbjui), j` thd docluo

tdrdk sddks jokddk kdrjvd `rli thd pebbjkui sunspdcjds. [hd

clinjoetjlo l` nbecf njokwddk (]lbyaloui clovlbvubus),

hejry terd (Pjcje hjrsute) eok wjbk rekjsh (êpheous

repheojstrui) pljots tl thd usd l sljbs wjth hjahdr outrjdots

clotdots. Dvdo rjchdr eok bdss kry sljbs erd rdprdsdotdk ny rdk

sheof (]lbyaloui pdrsjcerje), scerbdt pjipdrodb (Eoeaebbjs

ervdosjs) eok suo spurad (Duphlrnje hdbjlsclpje). [hdrd wdrd

ebsl dxtrdidby outrjtjlus dovjrloidots jo whjch ardw `lr

dxeipbd Chdolplkjui spdcjds eok nbecf ojahtshekd

(Slbeoui ojarui). Ebb thdsd sljbs wdrd rdauberby tjbbdk, eokwjbb hdocd hevd `lridk pert l` `jdbks lr aerkdos. Slid l` thd

pbeots erd essuidk tl hevd ecclipeojdk crlps slwo jo thd

eutuio, lthdrs thlsd slwo jo thd sprjoa. [hd nerbdy eok

diidr iey hevd nddo arlwo es wjotdr cdrdebs, whjbd ijbbdt js

e typjceb suiidr cdrdeb. To`lrtuoetdby thd rdiejos `rli Lss-

Tssdo ceoolt nd usdk tl kdilostretd eoy clrrdbetjlos ndtwddo

spdcj`jc crlps eok wddks.

[hd odxt cetdalry closjsts l` lpdo dovjrloidots wjth

veryjoa arluokwetdr bdvdbs thet wdrd kjsturndk ny ieo. E

cliilo pbeot l` thdsd dovjrloidots js wetdr-pdppdr (]lby

aloui hykrlpjpdr). Olwekeys thjs pbeot thrjvds lo thd neofs

l` kjtchds thet erd rdauberby krdkadk. Jt js l` ol dclolijc

jiplrteocd eok js olt dvdo closuidk ny cettbd. Et Lss-Tssdo

such wdt rukdreb dovjrloidots erd thluaht tl hevd nddo

sjtuetdk jo thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l` wdbbs eok wetdrjoa

pbecds, whjch iust hevd nddo cloteijoetdk eok slkkdo.

Qetdr pbeots prlpdr wdrd dotjrdby ensdot, eok l` thd pbeots

thet ardw ebloa wetdr dkads loby ieooe-aress (Abycdrje

`bujteos) wes rdprdsdotdk. [hjs spdcjds js vdry sujtenbd `lr

huieo closuiptjlo. [hd berad sddks l` thjs aress erd folwo

tl hevd nddo clbbdctdk jo hjstlrjceb tjids (Kdinjosfe 5:10)

eok thdy erd thluaht tl hevd nddo closuidk jo thd Jrlo Ead,

tll (Nrjoffdipdr 5::57 4:). Jo thd cesd l` Lss-Tssdo,

ieooe-aress iey ebsl nd rdaerkdk es e `llk pbeot thet wes

aethdrdk jo thd wjbk. Eolthdr pbeot jkdotj`jdk eiloa thdrdiejos whjch iey hevd arlwo ebloa wetdr dkads js ardetdr

klkkdr (Cuscute durlpede). [hjs pbeot, whjch arlws es e

peresjtd dspdcjebby lo odttbds, js ilst cliiloby `luok lo

rjvdr neofs, nut jt arlws dbsdwhdrd, tll.

Aressbeok js loby ilkdretdby wdbb rdprdsdotdk, dvdo tl e

bdssdr dxtdot theo suaadstdk ny thd tenbd, ndceusd thd rdiejos

jkdotj`jdk es Nrlius hlrkdecdusbsdcebjous iey ebsl kdrjvd

`rli chdss-nrlid (Nrlius sdcebjous), e wddk esslcjetdk wjth

cdrdeb, eok thd aress ideklw cet's tejb (]bjbdui pretdosd) js

ebsl folwo tl hevd arlwo jo prdhjstlrjc `jdbks (Foðrzdr

5:15), whjbd rjnwlrt pbeotejo (]beoteal beocdlbete) js ebsl

`luok lo èbbllw beok.

[hd twl rdprdsdotetjvds l` `lrdst sljbs, hezdbout (Clrybus

evdbbeoe) eok sbld (]ruous spjolse), wdrd aethdrdk `lr clo

suiptjlo.

[l suiierjsd, thd cernlojsdk Ijkkbd eok Betd Jrlo Ead

sddks `luok et Lss-Tssdo clid `rli dovjrloidots thet wdrd

sdvdrdby e``dctdk ny huieo ectjvjtjds. [hdy tdbb us whet ardw

jo thd `jdbks eok èriyerks. Ol cheoads erd lnsdrvenbd



3;5 C. NEFDBS - @^TJ[S EOK SDDKS

thrluah tjid, dxcdpt thet thd aressbeok cliplodot sddis tl

hevd iekd jts eppdereocd loby et thd ndajoojoa l` thd Betd

Jrlo Ead. Nut es thd aressbeok spdcjds erd pllrby rdprdsdotdk,

wd ceoolt krew eoy clocbusjlos `rli thjs jo thd ensdocd l`

ùrthdr dvjkdocd.

[hd cernlojsdk sddks ceo tdbb us olthjoa enlut thd ùoc-

tjlos l` thd nujbkjoas jo whlsd `deturds thdy wdrd `luok. [hd

sddks wdrd olt spdcj`jcebby rdclvdrdk `rli thd `jbbs l` thdhlbds thet lrjajoebby hdbk thd wllkdo supplrts ndceusd jt wes

jiplssjnbd tl kjstjoaujsh thd sljb l` thdsd `jbbs `rli thet l` thd

pjts thet hdbk thd plsts' pecfjoa.' Sl thd rdiejos kl olt prl

vjkd e rdbjenbd pjcturd l` ectjvjtjds jo thd areoerjds eok thd

hlusds. E hjah prlplrtjlo l` thd rdiejos wjbb hevd ebrdeky

nddo byjoa erluok lo thd sljb jo thd erdes whdrd hlbds wdrd

kua `lr thd plsts, eok wjbb hdocd prdketd thd structurds' clo

structjlo. Nut es thd sddks wdrd olt wlro, loby bjttbd tjid ceo

hevd dbepsdk ndtwddo thdjr cernlojsetjlo eok thd drdctjlo l`

thd nujbkjoas, sl thdjr ketds iey nd closjkdrdk rdbjenbd. Ebb

thd essdinbeads l` sddks jocbukdk jo tenbd 5: prdsuienby

rdprdsdot thd rdiejos l` nurodk rdùsd ebrdeky prdsdot lo thd

sdttbdidot sjtd. Jo thd cesd l` areoery S51; eok hlusd HJ 5;thjs rdùsd wes e cernlojsdk netch l` cdrdeb. Hlusd H44 wes

nujbt et e sjtd whdrd wddks hek nddo nurodk, whjbd thd sjtd et

whjch hlusd H85 wes clostructdk wes bjttdrdk wjth

cernlojsdk thrdshjoa rdiejos, èriyerk rdùsd eok plssjnby

slid hey lr nurodk kuoa.

3. Sddks `rli wdbbs, wetdrjoa pbecds eok lthdr

kddp pjts

E berad ouindr l` seipbds wes tefdo `rli wdbbs, wetdrjoa

pbecds eok lthdr pjts dxtdokjoa tl ndodeth arluokwetdr bdvdb.

[hdy erd thd ndst ketenbd `deturds eok pbeot rdiejos wdrdvjsjnbd jo thdi kurjoa thd dxcevetjlo ebrdeky. Nut seipbds

`rli wdbbs kl olt eutlietjcebby yjdbk nlteojcebby jotdrdstjoa

rdsubts. Et Lss, thd clotdots l` thd seipbds prlvdk tl nd

ardetby kdpdokdot lo thd kdpth et whjch thd seipbds hek nddo

tefdo. Loby sdkjidots thet hek rdiejodk pdrieodotby setu

retdk wjth wetdr tl thd prdsdot prlvdk tl clotejo e wjkd verj

dty l` rdiejos. Ilst l` thd seipbds tefdo `rli lthdr sdkj

idots clotejodk loby kdcey rdsjsteot sddks eok cernlojsdk

rdiejos. [hjs kj``drdocd js essuidk tl nd thd rdsubt l` kj``dr

docds jo prdsdrvetjlo eok olt l` eolthdr plssjnjbjty, oeidby

thet thd ardetdr prlplrtjlo l` pbeot rdiejos dokdk up et thd

nlttli l` thd wdbbs.

[enbd > shlws thd kj``drdocds ndtwddo seipbds `rli wdbb

];:0 (DJE phesd E), kddp pjt ]0; (DJE phesd C), wetdrjoa

pbecd ];>1 (IJE phesd @), wdbb ]>4> (BJE phesd G) eok

wetdrjoa pbecd ]>15 (BJE phesd F). [hd seipbds wdrd tefdo

`rli thd cdotrds l` thd `deturds, whdrd plssjnbd `rli josjkd

thd bjojoa, eok thd jokjcetdk kdpths erd rdbetjvd tl thd surècd

dxplsdk jo thd dxcevetjlo6 thd lbk beok surècd wjbb hevd bejo

et e hjahdr bdvdb. [hd pbeots hevd eaejo nddo erreoadk lo thd

nesjs l` thd dovjrloidot jo whjch thdy ardw. Olt jokjcetdk jo

thd tenbd erd thd rdsubts l` thd eoebysds l` thd seipbds thet

wdrd tefdo `rli thd `jbbs l` thd pjts jotl whjch thd bjojoas

wdrd josdrtdk. [hlsd seipbds clotejodk ol, lr vjrtuebby ol,

sddks, jrrdspdctjvd l` thd kdpth et whjch thdy wdrd tefdo. [hd

nlteojceb clotdots l` thd seipbds jocbukdk jo thd tenbd hdocd

rdbetd tl thd pdrjlk jo whjch thd wdbbs wdrd usdk eok thd tjide`tdr thet.

[hd bjsts iey nd rdaerkdk es rdprdsdotetjvd l` ebb thd sei

pbds. Clbuio 5 shlws thd clipbdtd bjst l` spdcjds, nesdk lo

thd rdsubts l` ebb thd wdbbs jovdstjaetdk jo thd 54 sdttbdidots. Jt

cliprjsds et bdest 535 spdcjds. Ol, lr loby ijolr kjstjoctjlos

hevd nddo iekd wjthjo texe bjfd Cerdx, Guocus eok

Areijoded, sl thd ectueb ouindr wjbb nd dvdo ardetdr. Loby

thd slidwhet rerdr spdcjds wdrd olt rdprdsdotdk jo thd `jvd

e`lrdidotjlodk wdbbs. [hd clotdots l` thd lthdr seipbds hevd

olt nddo jokjcetdk jo thd tenbd es jt wlubk lthdrwjsd hevd

ndclid tll berad `lr punbjcetjlo.

Survdys l` thd rdsubts pdr pdrjlk erd prdsdotdk jo thd thrdd

clbuios shlwjoa thd `rdqudocjds l` thd jokjvjkueb spdcjds jo

dech l` thd thrdd pdrjlks. [hdsd `rdqudocjds jokjcetd thd

pdrcdoteads l` seipbds jo whjch thd spdcjds jo qudstjlo wes

docluotdrdk. Ol ettdotjlo wes pejk tl thd ouindrs l` sddks jo

cebcubetjoa thdsd `rdqudocjds, sl whdthdr e seipbd clotejodk

loby lod sddk lr e berad ouindr l` sddks wes closjkdrdk

jrrdbdveot. [hjs epprlech wes tefdo tl evljk thd rjsf l`

spdcjds thet prlkucd berad queotjtjds l` sddks ndjoa lvdrrdprd-

sdotdk. Jt klds hlwdvdr jovlbvd thd rjsf l` rerd spdcjds ndjoa

lvdrdiphesjsdk.

Loby seipbds tefdo `rli kdpths l` et bdest 04 ci ndodeth

thd dxplsdk surècd wdrd closjkdrdk jo cebcubetjoa thd `rd

qudocjds, ndceusd jt wes essuidk thet thd rjsf l` thd sdbdctjvdkjseppdereocd l` spdcjds wlubk nd siebbdst jo thd cesd l`

thdsd seipbds, eok thet thdy wlubk hdocd nd ndst cliperenbd.

[hd ouindr l` spdcjds `luok pdr pdrjlk js jokjcetdk et thd dok

l` dech dclblajceb sunarlup. E `dw spdcjds wdrd docluotdrdk

olt jo thd seipbds usdk `lr thd `rdqudocy tenbd nut jo thd lthdr

seipbds. [hdy wdrd ajvdo thd `rdqudocjds =, =, =. Jt wes

kdcjkdk tl cebcubetd thd `rdqudocjds pdr pdrjlk rethdr theo pdr

phesd ndceusd l` thd bjijtdk ouindr l` seipbds sujtenbd `lr

cebcubetjlo purplsds.

[hd wdbbs wdrd `luok tl clotejo thd rdiejos l` `jvd tl sjx

ilrd cubtjvetdk pbeots theo thd `deturds l` nujbkjoas. [hdsd

ekkjtjloeb cubtjvetdk pbeots erd albk l` pbdesurd (Ceidbjoe

setjve), bjosddk/`bex (Bjoui usjtetjssjiui), plppy (]epevdr

slioj`drui), spdbt ([rjtjcui spdbte), nrlek ndeo (Pjcjeène)

eok repdsddk (Nressjce repe). Jt js essuidk thet thd best

spdcjds wes arlwo jo thd Jrlo Ead ebrdeky (Nrjoffdipdr

5::57 41), nut thd rdiejos iey ebsl kdrjvd `rli e `jdbk wddk.

Ebb thd cdrdeb spdcjds eok thd bjosddk wdrd ebsl rdprdsdotdk ny

thrdshjoa rdiejos jo thd `lri l` che``, ewo `reaidots, rechjs



3;> EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd >. Sddks `rli wdbbs, wetdrjoa pbecds eok lthdr kddp pjts. [hd bd`t pert l` thd tenbd shlws thd clotdots l` `jvd wdbbs (]), rdprdsdotdk ny 55

seipbds. Cherrdk sddks erd jokjcetdk ny eo estdrjsf. [hd rjaht pert prdsdots thd `rdqudocy (jo %) l` ebb spdcjds `luok jo wdbbs eok lthdr kddp pjts.[hd cebcubetjlos erd nesdk lo seipbds tefdo `rli kdpths l` et bdest 04 ci ndodeth thd dxplsdk surècd. Spdcjds docluotdrdk jo nlth e wetdr-

blaadk eok e cernlojsdk `lri erd jokjcetdk ny eo "X". Nrlius hlrkdecdus/sdcebjous eok Ietrjcerje ierjtjie lccurrdk loby cherrdk.

Jrlo Ead Jrlo Ead

Derby Ijkkbd Betd Derby Ijkkbd Betd

ouindr ];:0 ]0; ];>1 ]>4> ]>15

ci ndblw surècd 4= 0= 84 1= := ;= 84 := 5=4 4= :=seipbd sjzd jo bjtdrs =.4 =.8 >.4 > 3 > =.> > 3.4 5 5 `rdqudocy

ouindr l` spdcjds = 5> 38 > >= = 3: 54 44 0 0; O94 O9: O98

Cubtjvetdk pbeots

Nressjce repe 3 = = >4

CejjF'bjoe sebjve \ - - - - 5* >= >> 53 X

Hlrkdui vubaerd \ 5* | * 5* 5* - - ;= 01 03 X

Bjoui usjtetjssjiui \ - 4 - 4= 0 >= 33 4=

]eojcui ijbjecdui \ - 5* - 1= 0 ;= 33 03 X

]epevdr slioj`drui ;= = =

[rjtjcui kjclccui - - 5* - - - - - >= ;; 53 X

[rjtjcui spdbte >= 33 53 X

Pjdje ène = 55 = X

O 9 : 1 1 1

@jdbks, aerkdos, westdbeoks, peths

Edthuse cyoepjui - - - - 5 - - 5 = >> 53

Eoeaebbjs ervdosjs ; = 55 >4

Etrjpbdx petube/prlstrete - - - - > 5= B0 0 >= ;; 03 X

Etrjpbdx sp. = 55 = X

Evdoe sp. = 33 53 X

Cepsdbbe nurse-pestlrjs - - - - - - >0: 38 = 55 4=

Chdolplkjui ebnui > 1 35 - >13 - ;54 8= 18 88 X

Chdolplkjui `jcj`lbjui \ > 55 - ;80 :4 ;= 33 88 X

Chdolplkjui plbyspdriui - > 5 - >>4 - ;= 33 >4

Clojui iedubetui . - - - 4 > >= 55 >4

Clrrjajlbe bjtlrebjs - - - - - - >= = =

Cuscute dpjbjoui . - - - 4 5 = = 38Kjajterje jschediui . - - - - : * = 55 >4 X

Dchjolchble crus-aebbj >4 - - - - - >*4= ;= 33 38 X

Drlkjui cjcuterjui . - - - - - = = =

Duphlrnje hdbjlsclpje - - - - - - = = >4

Aebdlpsjs spdcjlse/tdtrehjt - 5 5 > - 5= ;= 33 4=

Hylscyerous ojadr - - - - - 5 = = 53

Beijui purpurdui-t. - - - - 1 - = = 53

Bepseoe cliiuojs - - - - - 1 = = 53

Ietrjcerje ierjtjie . - - - - - = ;; = X

]le eooue 55 - : - >== 10 ;= 55 03 X

]beoteal ieglr 8 - ; - 0= 3; 0= 33 03 X

]lbyaloui evjcuberd 5 10 > 5= - 1 >= 0= 40 03 X

]lbyaloui clovlbvubus . - - - 3 - = >> 38 X

]lbyaloui bepethj`lbjui 3 ;; >; >4 > 44 ;* 514 5== 8: 88 X

]lbyaloui pdrsjcerje - >= - 5 54 - ;= 33 38 X

êpheous repheojstrui - - - - 5 3 = = 4=

ûidx ecdtlsdbbe 5 - - - S> 0 ;= 40 14 X

Seajoe sp. > - - - - - >= = 53

Sdodcjl vubaerjs . - - - 38 - = = >4

Sjsyinrjui l``jcjoebd . - - - ;= 3 = = >4

Slbeoui ojarui > - > - __ - >43 0= 18 03 F




Jrlo Ead Jrlo Ead

Derby Ijkkbd Betd Derby Ijkkbd Betd

ouindr ];:0 ]0; ];>1 ]>4> ]>1J

ci ndblw surècd 4= 0= 84 1= := ;= 84 := 5=4 4= :=

seipbd sjzd jo bjtdrs =.4 =.8 >.4 > 3 > =.> > 3.4 5 5 `rdqudocy

ouindr l` spdcjds = 5> 38 > >= = 3: 54 44 0 0; O94 O9: O98

Slochus espdr 5 5 . > \ 53 85 >= 55 4=

Spdraube ervdosjs - 54 3 4 - ;0 ;: 8= 18 03 X

Stechys ervdosjs - - - - - - - = 5 5 =

Stdbberje idkje - 5= 4 4 5 33= ;: 8= ;; 03 X

[hbespj ervdosd - - - - - >5 - = 55 53

Trtjce urdos - 5 - 5 - 5: 31 >= >> 03 X

Pjcje hjrsute - - - - - - - = 55 53 X

Pjcje tdtrespdrie - - - - - - - = 33 = X

Pjlbe ervdosjs/trjclblr - - 3 - - - - >= = =

O 9 ;> >5 3= 34

ûkdreb pbeots

Njkdos trjpertjtus - > - - - 55 5: = >> 4=

Njklos sp. - - - - - - - 0= = 53

Cypdrus ùscus - - - - - - > = = 53

Dbdlcherjs pebustrjs - - 5 - - 1; >5 ;= ;; 03 X

Hykrlcltybd vubaerjs - - - 5 - - - = 5 5 =

Guocus nu`lojus - 55 - - - >= - >84 >= 55 38 X

b.dlotlklo eutuioebjs - - - - - - > = = 53

Byclpus durlpedus 4 45 - ; - - ; 0= >> 4=

Idothe equetjce/ervdosjs - - - 3 - - >> = 33 38

Ilotje `loteoe - - - - - - - >= 33 53

Iylsltlo equetjcui - - 5= >5 - - 5= ;= 55 53

]lbyaloui hykrlpjpdr 50 >:> 3 : - 553 - >;: 5== 01 88 X

]lbyaloui ijous 53 >X1 - > - 514 5 ;= 40 03

]ubjcerje vubaerjs - - - - - >= > = = 38

êouocubus `beiiube 5= 345 - 5 5 >= 5 ;= >> 03

êouocubus rdpdos - 3 - > - 55 4 ;= >> 4=

êouocubus serklus - - - > - >3 > = 33 03 X

êouocubus scdbdretus - - - - - - - = = =

^lrjppe pebustrjs - - - - - - - = = 38

Scjrpus sdtecdus - - - - - >5 - = = 4=

[rj`lbjui rdpdos - - - - - - 5 >= 55 53 X

Trtjce kjljce - > - 4 >0 - - 4>4 >= 55 4=

O 9 >> 5> 54 >=

Qetdrpbeots eok rjperjeo pbeots

Ebjsie sp. - - - - - - >* ; = 55 53 X

Cebbjtrjchd sp. - - - - - - > >= = 53

Aebjui pebustrd - - - - - - - = 55 >4 X

Abycdrje `bujteos - 4; - - - - > ;= >> 38 X

Abycdrje iexjie - 3 - 5 - 4 - >= 55 >4

Bdioe sp. - - - > - - - = 55 =

Bythrui sebjcerje - 3>5 - - - - >4 ;= = 4= X

]lteiladtlo sp. - - - - - - - = = =

êouocubus sa. Netrechjui - - - - - 4 4 >= 55 >4

Scjrpus becustrjs - - - - - - - = = =

Slbeoui kubceiere - - - 3 3 53 - = 55 >4

Speraeojui drdctui - - - - - - - = = >4 X

Stechys pebustrjs - - - 5 - - - = 5 5 =

O 9 53 4 8 :



3;; EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

Jrlo Ead

Derby Ijkkbd Betd

Jrlo Ead

Derby Ijkkbd Betd

ouindr

ci ndblw surècd

seipbd sjzd jo bjtdrs

ouindr l` spdcjds

];:0 ]0;

4= 0= 84 1= :=

=.4 =.8 >.4 > 3

= 5> 38 > >=

];>1

;= 84

> =.>

= 3:

]>4> ]>15

:= 5=4 4= :=

> 3.4 5 5

54 44 0 0;

`rdqudocy

O94 O9: O9

@lrdsts eok `lrdst dkads

Ebous abutjolse

Ndtube pcokube/pundscdos

Clrybus evdbbeoe

Ildhrjoaje trjodrvje

]ruous spjolse

Uudrcus sp.

ûnus jkedus

ûnus `rutjclsus

Sebjx sp.

Seinucus ojare

Stechys sybvetjce

O 9 b b

Aressbeoks

Echjbbde ijbbd`lbjuiEblpdcurus adojcubetus

Nrlius hlrkdecdus/sdcebjous

Keucus cerlte

@dstuce/Blbjui

@jbjpdokube ubierje

Areijoded sp.

Bduceothdiui vubaerd

Bychojs `bls-cucubj

]beoteal beocdlbete

]le pretdosjs/trjvjebjs

]le sp.

]ruodbbe vubaerjs

Sexj`reae sp.

Scjrpus sybvetjcus

Stdbberje areijode[rj`lbjui ervdosd/ceipdstrd

O 9 51

Lthdrs

Nrlius sp.

Cebbuoe vubaerjs

Cerdx sp. kjv.

Cdoteurde sp.

Cdrestjui sp.

Duphresje/Lklotjtds

Hypdrjcui sp.

Guocus sp. kjv.

]ltdotjbbe drdcte-t.

ûidx sp.

Spheaoui sp.

Stdbberje sp.

[rj`lbjui sp.

Tindbbj`dred sp.

Pdrlojce l``jcjoebjs/scutdbbete

Pdrlojce sp.

Pjlbe sp.

O 9 51

J (.1

3

3

53

;

5 31

5

>0

5 >=

>=

1

4*

>=

5 >

3 5:= J*

>*

><

0=

4

0=

4

>50

5=

>

3=

>=

Hj

>=

>(5

>=

=

=

>=

>=

0=

=

>=

=

1

==

=

=

>=

=

>=

>=

=

=

>=

;=

=

>=

=

=

=

(.

=

=

0=

=

>=

;=

>=

;=

8=

>=

>=

=

=

=

>=

=

=

:

=

=

=

=

=

>>

=

>>

=

l

=

>

=55

=

JJ

33

=

55

=

=

55

=

33

=

=

55

=

=

1

JJ

=

33

55

>>

=

55

>>

=

55

=

55

JJ

=

=

=

=

:

>4

>4

=

53

53

>X

53

14

53

4=

53

5=

>44=

53

53

53

53

>4

=

53

=

=

38

38

=

=

53

>4

5>

=

38

14

=

>4

4=

=

03

03

>4

=

53

l

53

=

53

>4

JJ




sdaidots eok cepsubd `reaidots. [hd nerbdy wes e hubbdk

verjdty wjth bex ders.

[hd plppy wes e sunspdcjds thet prlkucdk sddks idesurjoa

ilrd theo lod ii, whjch wdrd l` e kerf clblur, plssjnby

nbud. Loby twl plppy sddks wdrd jocjkdotebby `luok. Nrlek

ndeo, rdprdsdotdk ny loby twl - cernlojsdk - ndeos, wes l

thd siebb verjdty ebsl folwo es 'Cdbtjc' ndeo.

[hd kj``drdocd wjth rdspdct tl thd rdiejos rdclvdrdk `rlithd `deturds l` nujbkjoas js pertby ettrjnutenbd tl thd èct thet

ol cernlojsdk rdiejos l` repdsddk, bjosddk eok plppy wdrd

`luok6 thd cheocd l` thdsd ljb-nderjoa sddks ndclijoa cer

nlojsdk (eok rdiejojoa jkdotj`jenbd) wes dvjkdotby siebb.

Spdcjds whjch wdrd docluotdrdk jo thd wdbbs jo e cernlojsdk

`lri, tll, erd jokjcetdk ny eo 'x' jo thd best clbuio l` tenbd

>=. [hd e`lrdidotjlodk erauidot klds olt hlbk `lr spdbt eok

albk l` pbdesurd, nut nlth shlw rdbetjvdby blw `rdqudocjds jo

thd seipbds `rli thd wdbbs, sl thdjr ensdocd `rli thd plst-

hlbds clubk nd idrdby cljocjkdocd.

[hd bjst l` wjbk spdcjds js bloa. Kucfwddk (Bdioe sp.),

sterwlrt (Cebbjtrjchd sp.), wetdr crlw`llt (êouocubus sa.

Netrechjui) eok plokwddk (]lteiladtlo sp.) eok thd ieoy

rdiejos l` wetdr `bdes `luok jo thd wdbbs shlw thet thd wdbbs

jokddk hdbk wetdr. Jt js hlwdvdr uobjfdby thet thd best twl

pbeots ardw josjkd thd bjojoa l` e wdbb whjbd jt wes jo usd.

[hdy iey hevd arlwo jo pukkbds et wetdrjoa pbecds, nut es

wetdr crlw`llt wes ebsl `luok josjkd thd bjojoa l` e trud wdbb,

jt js ilrd bjfdby thet thdsd pbeots ardw jo wdbbs thet hek

rdcdotby èbbdo jotl kjsusd.

[hd vest ieglrjty l` thd rdiejos `dbb lr wdrd thrlwo jotl

thd wdbbs e`tdr pdlpbd hek stlppdk krewjoa wetdr `rli thdi.

Jo slid wdbbs thdy hek eccuiubetdk jotl pdety beydrs. Slid

l` thdsd beydrs closjstdk l` bdevds, dspdcjebby lef bdevds.

Ilst hlwdvdr closjstdk l` rdiejos l` pbeots whjch wd wlubkolw cbess es wddks. [hd tdo pbeots wjth thd hjahdst `rdqudo

cjds erd, jrrdspdctjvd l` thd pdrjlk jo whjch thdy ardw, nbecf

ojahtshekd (Slbeoui ojarui), cliilo chjcfwddk (Stdbberje

idkje), clro spurrdy (Spdraube ervdosjs), èt hdo

(Chdolplkjui ebnui), `ja-bdevdk allsd`llt (Chdolplkjui

`jcj`lbjui), ardetdr pbeotejo (]beoteal ieglr), foltaress

(]lbyaloui evjcuberd), pebd pdrsjcerje (]lbyaloui bepethj-

`lbjui, whjch shlws thd hjahdst `rdqudocjds), shddp 's slrrdb

(ûid.R ecdtlsdbbe) eij wetdr-pdppdr (]lbyaloui

hykrlpjpdr). Es ebrdeky idotjlodk enlvd wjth rd`drdocd tl

thd rdiejos `rli `deturds l` nujbkjoas, thdy rdprdsdot kj``dr

dot typds l` dovjrloidots, wjth pbeots `rli lvdrarlwo beok

eok peths josjkd thd sdttbdidots prdklijoetjoa.

Spdcjds `rli `lrdsts eok `lrdst dkads erd bjijtdk jo ouindr.

]jps l` nreinbd (ûnus `rutjclsus) wdrd rdprdsdotdk thd ilst.

[hd `rujts wdrd uokluntdkby closuidk. [hd seid hlbks `lr

hezdbouts (Clrybus evdbbeoe), sblds (]ruous spjolse), eclros

(Uudrcus sp.), respndrrjds (ûnus jkedus) eok dbkdrndrrjds

(Seinucus ojare). [hd rdiejos l` bdevds `luok jo thd wdbbs

shlw thet lefs ardw josjkd thd sdttbdidots eok thd seid

prlnenby hlbks `lr dbkdrs. [hd loby dxcdptjloeb pbeot jo thd

bjst l` `lrdst spdcjds js thrdd-vdjodk seokwlrt (Ildhrjoaje

trjodrvje), whjch èvlurs sheky splts lo seoky sljb thet js

odjthdr tll wdt olr tll kry, eok js l`tdo tl nd `luok jo siebb

cbdereocds. [hjs pbeot eok hdkad wluokwlrt (Stechys sybvet-

jce), whjch èvlurs `lrdst dkads, erd thd loby pbeots jo thd

`lrdst cetdalry thet ceoolt nd esslcjetdk wjth eoy dclolijcusd, uobdss thd sddks dokdk up jo thd wdbbs vje kuoa eok hdocd

jokjcetd thet cettbd wdrd pesturdk jo thd `lrdsts.

]beots l` aressbeok spdcjds erd pllrby rdprdsdotdk.

Qhdo wd closjkdr thd kj``drdocds pdr pdrjlk, wd oltd thet

thd Betd Jrlo Ead js rdprdsdotdk ny thd wjkdst reoad l`

spdcjds. Bdevjoa esjkd thd `lrdst cetdalry, thjs hlbks dspdcjebby

`lr thd wddk `blre jo e wjkd sdosd eok `lr thd aressbeok `blre.

[hjs clubk ideo thet thd surrluokjoas l` Lss-Tssdo ceid tl

cliprjsd eo jocrdesjoaby ardetdr verjdty l` sdij-oetureb eok

eothrlpladojc dovjrloidots jo thd clursd l` thd Jrlo Ead,

whjch wlubk hevd rdsubtdk jo e wjkdr reoad l` spdcjds eok e

hjahdr cheocd l` thdjr rdiejos dokjoa up jo e sdttbdidot.

;. Sddks `rli thd lthdr `deturds

Loby e siebb ouindr l` `deturds olt clvdrdk ny thd enlvd

arlups wes seipbdk. [hdy jocbukd thrdd cybjokrjceb pjts wjth

`bet `bllrs thet kjk olt dxtdok tl ndodeth arluokwetdr bdvdb

eok iey hevd nddo stlread pjts. [hdy erd pjt ]303 jo sdttbd

idot PJJJ, whjch clotejodk heb` l` e cdrdeb arejo, eok pjts

]>05 eok ];13 jo sdttbdidot XPJJJ, thd `jrst l` whjch yjdbkdk

lod `reaidot l` e cdrdeb arejo eok thd sdclok e rechjs sda

idot l` nerbdy. Jo ebb thrdd cesds lod bjtrd l` thd seoky `jbb wes

sjdvdk. [hdsd rdiejos erd l` clursd jo ol wey jokjcetjvd l`

thd pjts' lrjajoeb ùoctjlos6 thdy `lridk pert l` thd bjttdr thet

bey scettdrdk erluok josjkd thd sdttbdidots (Nefdbs 5::5).[hd lthdr jovdstjaetdk pjts jo thjs cetdalry clotejodk bjttbd

ilrd. Qhet js cliperetjvdby thd rjchdst pjt js ]J 5> jo sdttbd

idot PJJ, whjch clotejodk `jvd jokdtdrijoenbd cdrdeb arejos,

sdvdo ijbbdt arejos, twl rdiejos l` thd che`` l` diidr, lod

èt hdo sddk (Chdolplkjui ebnui) eok lod wetdr-pdppdr sddk

(]lbyaloui hykrlpjpdr) jo lod bjtrd l` `jbb. Ebb thet ceo nd

sejk enlut twl pjts jo sdttbdidot PJJJ js thet lod, ]304, clo

tejodk cbdeo seok eok thd lthdr, ];=0, lod ewo `reaidot l`

let (Evdoe sp.). ]jt ];4 jo sdttbdidot JX yjdbkdk olthjoa

whetsldvdr eok pjt ]>51 clotejodk twl rdiejos l` thd che``

l` diidr eok lod slrrdb sddk (ûidx sp.).

[hd `jbb l` thd kjtch l` thd rjtueb structurd ^>0 bjfdwjsd

yjdbkdk vjrtuebby ol dvjkdocd7 lod twl-bjtrd seipbd clotejodk

lod clcfspur sddk (Dchjolchble crus-aebbj) eok

jokdtdrijoenbd rdiejos eok e sdclok seipbd l` thd seid sjzd

yjdbkdk olthjoa whetsldvdr. Ebb thd rdiejos idotjlodk enlvd

wdrd cernlojsdk.

[hd loby pjt thet kjk olt rdvdeb thd usueb bjttdr js ]4> jo

sdttbdidot XJP, whjch clotejodk e berad netch l` cernlojsdk



3;0 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[enbd 3. Sddk jiprdssjlos jo thd blceb plttdry prlkucdk wjthlut thd ejk l e plttdr's whddb

Jrlo Ead

Derby Ijkkbd Betd adodreb

Hlrkdui vubaerd arejo jo che``

Hlrkdui vubaerd arejo

[rjtjcui kjclccui `reaidot der

[rjtjcui kjclccui spjfdbdt[rjtjcui kjclccui arejo

[rjtjcui ilolclccui-typd arejo

[rjtjcui spdbte spjfdbdt

[rjtjcui ecstjvui/spcbte arejo

Hlrkdui/[rjtjcui

]eojcui ijbjecdui/Dchjolchble crus-aebbj

Bjoui usjtetjssjiui

Pjcje ène

Evdoe ètue jo che``

Evdoe sp.

Nrlius sp. wjth rluok epdx

Areijocec jo blrdscdocd `reaidot

Areijoded arejo jo che``

]lbyaloui bepethj`lbjui

[lteb 5> >0

eclros. [hdy wdrd prdsuienby nurodk kurjoa thd perchjoa

thet js rdqujrdk tl iefd thdi dkjnbd. Eclros erd folwo tl

hevd nddo perchdk tl iefd `blur jo hjstlrjceb tjids. Ieoy

lthdr dxeipbds l` Jrlo Ead pjts clotejojoa cernlojsdk eclros

erd folwo, `lr dxeipbd `rli Liido (Peo Wdjst 5:1=), nut

sjijber pjts ketjoa `rli lthdr prdhjstlrjc pdrjlks erd ebsl

folwo.

4. Sddk jiprdssjlos jo plttdry

Jiprdssjlos jo plttdry clostjtutd e sdperetd `jok cetdalry.

Kurjoa thd kdscrjptjlo l` thd plttdry shdrks `luok et Lss-

Tssdo ieoy cevjtjds wdrd lnsdrvdk, whjch, e`tdr ndjoa `jbbdk

wjth sjbjclod betdx, prlkucdk wdbb-kdtdrijoenbd cests. [hd

rdsubts erd prdsdotdk jo tenbd >5. Jiprdssjlos jo plttdry thet

wes dvjkdotby jiplrtdk hevd olt nddo jocbukdk, es thd tenbd js

jotdokdk tl prdsdot e pjcturd l` thd sddks thet bey scettdrdk

enlut jo thd surrluokjoas l` thd blceb Lss-Tssdo plttdr. [hd

sddks kjk olt `lri pert l` thd tdipdr.

Sddk jiprdssjlos iey slidtjids ilrd eccuretdby rdprdsdot

thd retjl l` thd crlps arlwo jo eo evdread sdttbdidot theo

cernlojsdk rdiejos, es thd bettdr lwd thdjr prdsdrvetjlo tl thd

`lrtujtlus cjrcuisteocd thet thdy ceid jotl clotect wjth `jrd.

Nut thjs wjbb nd thd cesd loby j` thd plts clotejojoa thd

jiprdssjlos wdrd prlkucdk jo evdread hlusdhlbks lr jo evdr

ead sdttbdidots. [hjs wes prlnenby trud et Lss-Tssdo. Loby

rdesloenby berad jiprdssjlos wdrd eoebysdk, es siebb cevjtjds

wdrd kj``jcubt tl kdtdct.

[hd reoad l` cubtjvetdk pbeots shlwo jo thd tenbd js thd

seid es thet rdprdsdotdk jo thd wdbbs, dxcdpt thet albk l`

pbdesurd eok plppy erd ensdot. Nerbdy eok diidr erd thd

klijoeot cdrdebs. Jotdrdstjoa erd thd djoflro-bjfd arejos,

whjch hlwdvdr prdsuienby kdrjvd `rli sjoabd-arejodk diidr

spjfdbdts. [hd abuid nesds l` let wdrd cbderby vjsjnbd, sl thd

let wes jkdotj`jdk es Evdoe ètue. Ijbbdt js prlnenby uokdrrdp-

rdsdotdk jo thjs `jok cetdalry ndceusd jts arejos erd sl vdrysiebb. 'Cdbtjc' ndeo wes lnsdrvdk twjcd. [hjs bdauid wes

prlnenby èr ilrd jiplrteot theo suaadstdk ny thd twl cer

nlojsdk ndeos rdclvdrdk `rli e wdbb.> [hd ndeo js prlnenby

ndst rdprdsdotdk ny thd jiprdssjlos. [hd ensdocd l` plppy js

kud tl thd cliperetjvd rerjty l` thjs pbeot eok thd siebb

kjidosjlos l` jts sddks. Albk l` pbdesurd jiprdssjlos hevd

nddo lnsdrvdk dbsdwhdrd, sl eoy jiprdssjlos l` sddks l` thjs

pbeot wlubk prdsuienby hevd nddo lnsdrvdk jo thd plttdry

`rli Lss-Tssdo, tll. [hd pbeot iey hevd nddo èjrby uoji

plrteot.

E `joeb jotdrdstjoa lnsdrvetjlo js thet thd pbeot thet wes

ilst cliilo ecclrkjoa tl thd dvjkdocd `rli thd wdbbs, j.d.

pebd pdrsjcerje (]lbyaloui bepethj`lbjui), wes rdprdsdotdk jo

jiprdssjlos, tll.

0. [hd pbeot wlrbk erluok eok jo Lss-Tssdo

[hd dcloliy l` thd lccupeots l` thd verjlus sdttbdidots wes

uokluntdkby pertby nesdk lo crlp cubtjvetjlo. Che`` l` nerbdy,

diidr eok tl e bdssdr dxtdot ebsl spdbt bey scettdrdk erluok ebb




lvdr thd pbecd eok slid l` jt dokdk up jo pjts eok wdbbs jo

nurodk lr uonurodk clokjtjlo. [hjs rdùsd clubk thdlrdtjcebby

hevd nddo prlkucdk jo thd thrdshjoa l` arejo jiplrtdk `rli

dbsdwhdrd, nut jo thd cesd l` Lss-Tssdo thet js e èr-`dtchdk

essuiptjlo. [hd ieoy `joks l` `reaidots l` cepsubd `reaidots

l` `bex eok lod `reaidot l` e stdi l` `bex kdilostretd thet thjs

pbeot wes ebsl arlwo blcebby. [hjs js jokddk ebsl dvjkdot `rli

thd `joks l` rdiejos l` e wddk bjfd `bex klkkdr (Cuscute dpjb-joui), whjch js typjcebby esslcjetdk wjth `bex. [hdrd js ol

rdeslo olt tl ekk albk l` pbdesurd, 'Cdbtjc' ndeo eok repdsddk

tl thd bjst l` cubtjvetdk pbeots, ebthluah loby thd sddks l` thdsd

pbeots hevd nddo `luok. Ebb thd pbeots idotjlodk sl èr ndbloa

tl thd olrieb Jrlo Ead reoad (Nefdbs 5::5n).

Bdss cliilo js plppy, dspdcjebby jo Derby Jrlo Ead clo

tdxts. ]lppy wes arlwo jo thd Odthdrbeoks jo thd Odlbjthjc, nut

jo thd nrjstbdk sdtjadrui `lri. Ol plppy `joks erd es ydt folwo

`rli thd Nrlozd Ead eok uotjb rdcdotby jt wes essuidk thet thd

pbeot wes rdjotrlkucdk ny thd ^lieos, jo e verjdty wjth beradr

sddks l` thd fjok thet hes olw nddo `luok et Lss-Tssdo. Jt js

dxtrdidby uobjfdby thet thd plppy rdiejos `luok et Lss-Tssdo

erd ^lieo-pdrjlk cloteijoetjlos. Sl thd pbeot iust hevd nddo

folwo jo thd Jrlo Ead ebrdeky, nut thet js olt tl sey thet jt wes

ectuebby arlwo blcebby. [hd ensdocd l` plppy `rli bjsts l`

nlteojceb rdiejos punbjshdk sl èr clubk nd kud tl thd bjijtdk

eiluot l` rdsderch thet hes nddo klod jo sdttbdidots jo thd

hjahdr perts l` thd Odthdrbeoks. Eolthdr plssjnjbjty js thet thd

plppy sddk wes lntejodk `rli lthdr perts l` Durlpd vje nertdr.

Nut thjs sddis rethdr uobjfdby jo thd cesd l` Lss-Tssdo, whdrd

jt wes ilst prlnenby e blceb crlp.

Dxectby whdrd thd `jdbks wdrd sjtuetdk wd kl olt folw. Es

dxpbejodk jo sdctjlo >, thd wddk `blre rdprdsdots kj``drdot

typds l` dovjrloidots. Qhjch cubtjvetdk pbeots erd tl nd

esslcjetdk wjth whjch dovjrloidots js kj``jcubt tl sey. [hdloby clocdotretjlo l` cdrdeb, whjch wes `luok jo hlusd HJ 5;

(sdttbdidot XPJJJ), wes esslcjetdk wjth thd sddks l` verjlus

wddks, thd ieglrjty l` whjch èvlurdk bjaht, ilrd lr bdss ecjk

seoky sljbs. Jt js olt dotjrdby cdrtejo thet thdsd sddks wdrd

ijxdk wjth thjs cdrdeb - nerbdy - `rli thd lutsdt6 thdy iey

hevd dokdk up jo thd pjt jokdpdokdotby, es pert l` thd bjttdr

thet bey scettdrdk erluok wjthjo thd sdttbdidot. Eolthdr cli

pbjcetjoa èctlr js thet thd wddks jo qudstjlo erd usuebby essl

cjetdk wjth suiidr cdrdeb, whdrdes hubbdk nerdby js usuebby

rdaerkdk es e wjotdr cdrdeb. J` thd wddks hlwdvdr kl rdprdsdot

thd nerbdy `jdbk, jt iust hevd nddo sjtuetdk lo thd hjahdr seoky

sljbs jo thd surrluokjoas l` Lss-Tssdo.

[hd clbbdctjlo l` cdrdeb whjch wes `luok jo areoery S51; eok

whjch cliprjsdk thd rdiejos l` thrdd kj``drdot typds l` cdrdeb

wes prlnenby `lridk ny cheocd eok ol clocbusjlos ceo hdocd

nd krewo `rli jt. Es ebrdeky idotjlodk jo sdctjlo >, olod l` thd

lthdr `joks prlvjkdk eoy usdùb dvjkdocd jo thjs rdspdct.

' QI*.

@jaurd 5. Ertjst's jiprdssjlo l e Betd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidot eok jts surrluokjoas.



3;8 EOEBDC[E ]ÊDHJS[L^JCE BDJKDOSJE 3=

[hdrd wdrd ebsl pesturds jo thd surrluokjoas l` Lss-Tssdo.

Jo nlth thd cernlojsdk rdiejos eok thd rdiejos `luok jo thd

wdbbs thd aressbeok cliplodot wes ndst rdprdsdotdk jo Betd

Jrlo Ead clotdxts. Jo thd cesd l` thd wdbbs jt wes chdcfdk

whdthdr thd rdeslo `lr thjs wes pdrheps thet e cliperetjvdby

ardetdr prlplrtjlo l` wetdrjoa pbecds ketjoa `rli thjs pdrjlk

hek nddo jovdstjaetdk, `lr eoy kuoa kdplsjtdk jo wetdrjoa

pbecds wlubk hevd jocrdesdk thd aressbeok cliplodot wjthlutthdrd ectuebby hevjoa nddo e hjahdr prlplrtjlo l` pesturdbeok

jo thd surrluokjoa beokscepd. Nut thd ouindr l` jovdstjaetdk

wetdrjoa pbecds `rli thd Betd Jrlo Ead prlvdk tl nd ol ardetdr

theo thet `rli lthdr pdrjlks, sl wd essuid thet thd eiluot l`

pesturdbeok jo thd surrluokjoas l` Lss-Tssdo hek jokddk

jocrdesdk. Ilst l` thd aressbeok jokjcetlrs pljot tl iljst sljbs,

eok hdocd tl thd Idusd vebbdy. [hd `lrdsts thet ardw hdrd wjbb

hevd sblwby ajvdo wey tl lpdo beok, thd hjahdst kdardd l`

kd`lrdstetjlo hevjoa lccurrdk jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead. Such e

kdvdblpidot js jo ecclrkeocd wjth thd `jokjoas l` K. [duojs-

sdo jo thd surrluokjoas l` Ojgidado ([duojssdo 5:8>).

[hd `lrdst cliplodot l` thd beokscepd ceoolt nd rdclo

structdk lo thd nesjs l` thd sddks.

Ilst l` thd nlteojceb rdiejos ceid `rli thd sdttbdidots

thdisdbvds, whdrd thd sljb hek e èjrby hjah outrjdots clotdot.

Ieoy l` thd pbeots clubk hevd nddo aerkdo wddks, sl thdrd

iey wdbb hevd nddo aerkdos jo thd sdttbdidots. J` sl, thd

'Cdbtjc' ndeo eok thd plppy iey hevd nddo arlwo thdrd, eok

plssjnby ebsl idkjcjoeb pbeots such es hdoneod (Hylscyeius

ojadr).

]eths nlrkdrdk ny foltaress (]lbyaloui evjcuberd),

ardetdr pbeotejo (]beoteal ieglr) eok supjod ideklw-aress

(]le eooue) reo ecrlss thd sdttbdidots eok thd yerks, gust es

F.-H. Foðrzdr (5:8;) hes kdscrjndk wjth rd`drdocd tl prdsdot-

key èris. [hdrd wdrd ebsl trdds, iejoby lefs, whlsd bdevds`dbb jotl thd wdbbs. To`lrtuoetdby thdrd js ol dvjkdocd tl shlw

whdthdr dbkdr nushds ardw oder wdbbs, es prlplsdk `lr Lss-

Tssdbstreet (Nefdbs 5:8=). [hdrd js ol dvjkdocd whetsldvdr

`lr `rujt trdds. Jt js cliiloby essuidk thet `rujt cubtjvetjlo

prlpdr wes jotrlkucdk ny thd ^lieos (Peo Wdjst 5::5). [hd

rdiejos rdclvdrdk `rli thd wdbbs suaadst thet thd lccupeots

l` Lss-Tssdo stjbb aethdrdk thdjr `rujts jo thd wjbk.

[hdrd wdrd ieoy idssy splts, dspdcjebby cloteijoetdk wdt

erdes. [hdy iust hevd bejo jo thd jiidkjetd surrluokjoas l`

wetdrjoa pbecds. [hd `blre l` such erdes js ndst kdscrjndk es e

kjrty iuk `blre.

[hjs clipbdtds thd kdscrjptjlo l` thd èriyerks, sdttbdidots

eok surrluokjoa beok (`ja. J) joslèr es ceo nd jo`drrdk `rli thdrdclvdrdk sddks. [hd qudstjlo js whdthdr thd kdscrjptjlo hlbks

dquebby `lr ebb thrdd l` thd pdrjlks clvdrdk hdrd. [hd tjid

èctlr hes ebrdeky nddo nrjd`by idotjlodk wjth rdspdct tl aress

beok, eok jocrdesjoa verjetjlo jo sdij-oetureb dovjrloidots wes

prlplsdk et thd dok l` sdctjlo 5=.5.3. [hjs js uokluntdkby

cloodctdk wjth thd lccupeots' jocrdesjoa jipect lo thdjr sur

rluokjoas eok jt jipbjds thet thd sjtd l` Lss-Tssdo wes clotjou

lusby lccupjdk. [hd pjcturd l` thd sdttbdidots thdisdbvds, eok

thd nlteojceb dvjkdocd rd`bdctjoa thd lccupeots' ectjvjtjds sddi

tl shlw ol cheoads. [hdrd js ol epprdcjenbd kj``drdocd ndtwddo

thd Derby, Ijkkbd eok Betd Jrlo Ead. Jo e nlteojceb rdspdct, thd

wey l` bj`d kjk olt cheoad jo eoy wey.

oltds

5 Qhdrd plssjnbd, jo rd drrjoa tl plsthlbds, J wjbb iefd e kjstjoctjlondtwddo thd pjt jo whjch e plst wes drdctdk eok thd hlbd thetrdiejodk whdo e plst kjsjotdaretdk lr wes pubbdk lut l` thd arluok.[hdrd whdrd ol kjstjoctjlo ceo nd iekd J wjbb sjipby spdef l` 'plst-hlbds'.

> @lr e prdvjlus rdplrt lo thd lccurrdocd l` nrlek ndeo et Lss-Tssdo sdd Nefdbs 5:81.

Clrrjd Nefdbs


].L. Nlx :454

OB->3== Ê Bdjkdo

[hd Odthdrbeoks



^ldb Beuwdrjdr

Adrerk JGzdrdd`

Bjvdstlcf eok idet `rli thd Jrlo Ead eok ^lieopdrjlk sdttbdidots et Lss-Tssdo (8== NC - EK >4=)

5. Jotrlkuctjlo

Jo spjtd l` thd pllr prdsdrvetjlo clokjtjlos, sdvdreb thluseok

eojieb rdiejos wdrd clbbdctdk jo thd dxcevetjlos cerrjdk lut

ny thd Jostjtutd l` ]rdhjstlry et Lss-Tssdo. [hdsd eojieb

rdiejos hevd nddo stukjdk wjth thd eji l` aejojoa josjaht jotl

thd rlbd l` eojiebs eok eojieb prlkucts jo thd dcloliy eok jo

thd rjtuebs l` thd lccupeots l` Tssdo ndtwddo 8== NC eok EK

>4=. Eolthdr lngdctjvd wes tl `jok lut whdthdr thd nlods

shlw eoy jokjcetjlos l` prdsdocd l` thd ^lieo clotrlb lo

oetjvd stlcf fddpjoa.

>. [hd rdiejos eok rdsderch idthlks

[hd stukjdk rdiejos wdrd clbbdctdk jo thd dxcevetjlos cerrjdk

lut ndtwddo 5:10 eok 5:80. [hd ieglrjty l` thd ebilst sjx

thluseok nlods eok nlod `reaidots wdrd ketdk tl thd Jrlo

Ead (30%) eok thd ^lieo pdrjlk (4;%). Jo ekkjtjlo, sdvdreb

Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead eok e `dw huokrdk betd idkjdveb nlods

wdrd `luok. Ndsjkds sdttbdidot rdùsd, thdsd rdiejos jocbukd

eojieb nlods `luok jo cdidtdrjds eok e `dw cubt sjtds. [hd

Nrlozd Ead eok Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots eok rjtueb structurds

hevd nddo kjscussdk jo kdtejb jo cheptdrs 4-:. Peo kdr Seokdo

eok Peo kdo Nrldfd hevd punbjshdk e nrjd` kdscrjptjlo l` thd

^lieo-pdrjlk sdttbdidots (5:81).

[hd queotjty l` eojieb nlods js vdry siebb jo cliperjslo

wjth thd sjzd l` thd dxcevetdk erde. [hjs js prjierjby ettrjnut

enbd tl thd pllr prdsdrvetjlo clokjtjlos l` thd seoky sljb wjth

jts blw cebcjui clotdot. Loby nlods rdclvdrdk `rli èjrby

ardet kdpths, et thd nlttlis l` wdbbs, pjts eok kjtchds, hek tl

slid dxtdot nddo prdsdrvdk ny thd arluokwetdr, ebthluah

thdy, tll, wdrd jo pllr clokjtjlo. E siebb prlplrtjlo l` thd

rdiejos hek survjvdk es e rdsubt l` thd èct thet thdy hek nddo

nurodk. Ndceusd l` thdsd clokjtjlos, èr ilrd rdiejos hek

@jaurd 5. Sdvdrdby `reaidotdk eojieb

nlods `rli Lss-Tssdo. Scebd 57>.




kjseppderdk et Lss theo et `lr dxeipbd sdttbdidots jo thd cbey

rdajlo, eok thd nlods thet hek survjvdk wdrd kj``jcubt tl

jkdotj`y es thdjr surècds wdrd wlro eok thdy wdrd jo e vdry

`reaidotery clokjtjlo (`ja. J). [hd evdread wdjaht l` thd nlod

`reaidots js closdqudotby ol ilrd theo 4.: areis. Jo kdtdr

ijojoa thd rdiejos, A.@. JGzdrdd` cluotdk `reaidots thet

prlnenby kdrjvdk `rli thd seid sfdbdteb dbdidots loby locd,

es e rdsubt l` whjch thd tlteb ouindr l` nlods jocbukdk jo thdtenbds js enlut thrdd thluseok. Jt wes iejoby `reaidots l`

tddth eok uojkdotj`jenbd nlods thet wdrd thus cbessdk es kdrjv

joa `rli thd seid sfdbdteb dbdidots.

[hd èuoeb spdctre l` sjtds wjth such pllr prdsdrvetjlo

clokjtjlos erd njesdk ndceusd nlods l` kj``drdot sfdbdteb

dbdidots erd e``dctdk tl veryjoa dxtdots. [ddth eok ilbers, `lr

dxeipbd, survjvd ndttdr theo vdrtdnred eok rjns. [hjs dxpbejos

why 1; pdrcdot l` thd jkdotj`jdk nlods, ;; pdrcdot l` thd tlteb

iess, closjsts l` kdoteb rdiejos. Sl ol èr-rdechjoa clocbu

sjlos ceo nd krewo `rli thd èuoeb spdctrui l` Lss-Tssdo.

Eojiebs wjth siebb nlods, such es yluoa ieiiebs, njrks

eok `jsh, iey nd uokdrrdprdsdotdk, es thd dxcevetdk rdiejos

wdrd olt sjdvdk (Cbeslo/]ruiidb 5:11). Lo thd lthdr heok,

thd blw evdread nlod wdjaht shlws thet thd nlods wdrd clb

bdctdk vdry idtjcublusby. [hd èct thet ol `jsh rdiejos whet

sldvdr wdrd `luok jo thd huokrdks l` sljb seipbds thet wdrd

tefdo `lr pebedlnlteojceb rdsderch ilrdlvdr suaadsts thet thd

kjstlrtjlo ceusdk ny thd ensdocd l` dvjkdocd `rli sjdvdk

seipbds iey olt nd tll sdvdrd e`tdr ebb.

[hdrd whdrd idesurdidots wdrd tefdo l` thd nlods, thd

idthlk rdcliidokdk ny Plo kdo Krjdsch (5:10) wes usdk.

Qjthdrs hdjahts wdrd cebcubetdk es prlplsdk ny Plo kdo

Krjdsch eok Nldssodcf (5:1;). [hd eojiebs' eads wdrd kdtdr

ijodk lo thd nesjs l` thd dxtdot l` druptjlo eok eiluot l`

ettrjtjlo l` thd tddth eok lo thd dxtdot l` dpjphysdeb ùsjlo l`thd bloa nlods (Hendridhb 5:14). [hd nlods' wdjahts erd

jokjcetdk jo thd tenbds jo areis.

3. Nrlozd Ead

Jokjrdct dvjkdocd `lr stlcf fddpjoa et Tssdo jo thd Ijkkbd

Nrlozd Ead js thd pbeo l` e èri uoderthdk jo 5:80 joclrpl

retjoa whet wes prdsuienby e nyrd wjth e bdoath l` enlut

twdoty idtrds (Pesnjokdr/@lffdos 5:81). Kjrdct dvjkdocd js

scercd, cliprjsjoa loby thrdd tddth `reaidots (tenbd J). [hd

`jrst, e ilber `rli thd iekjnube l` e pjabdt , wes `luok jo wdbb

];31, whjch wes bjodk wjth e hlbblwdk-lut trdd-truof eok wes

[enbd 5. Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead eojieb nlods.

spdcjds ouindr wdjath (a)

cettbd

]'a

>

5

8.8

4.;

tlteb 3 5;.>

prlnenby esslcjetdk wjth thd èri byjoa 54 idtrds ùrthdr

sluth. [hd lthdr twl, tddth `rli thd uppdr gew l` e nlvjod

eojieb, wdrd `luok jo ];;8, e pjt thet wes ebsl ketdk tl thd

Ijkkbd Nrlozd Ead.

;. Jrlo Ead

;.5. [HD ^DIEJOS

[enbd > prdsdots e survdy l` thd eojiebs rdprdsdotdk jo thdkj``drdot phesds l` thd Jrlo Ead. [hd dvjkdocd js suiierjsdk

jo tenbd 3, whjch ebsl jocbukds thd rdiejos thet clubk nd ketdk

tl thd Jrlo Ead loby, wjthlut ùrthdr kjstjoctjlo ndtwddo thd

thrdd phesds (DJE, IJE eok BJE).

Bdss theo heb` l` thd `reaidots clubk nd jkdotj`jdk. Nut thd

wdjahts l` thd nlods shlw thet thd uojkdotj`jenbd `reaidots

erd prdklijoeotby siebb, sl, ebb jo ebb, sdvdoty tl djahty pdr

cdot l` thd tlteb wdjaht l` thd nlods wes jkdotj`jdk.

Lur jotdrprdtetjlo l` thd cliplsjtjlo l` thd stlcf iey nd

njesdk lwjoa tl thd `reaidotery clokjtjlo l` thd rdiejos,

ndceusd `lr dxeipbd thd nlods l` shddp eok pjas wdrd ilrd

`reaidotdk theo thlsd l` cettbd, sl e ardetdr prlplrtjlo l` thd

`lridr wjbb nd jocbukdk eiloa thd uojkdotj`jdk rdiejos. [l

essdss thd dxtdot l` thjs njes, wd cliperdk thd kete l` thd

'cettbd/hlrsd-sjzdk' eok 'shddp/pja-sjzdk' cetdalrjds wjth thd

kete l` thd spdcjds arlups l` thd seid sjzds whlsd rdiejos

wdrd jkdotj`jdk. J` wd dxcbukd kla, njrk eok uojkdotj`jdk

ieiiebs l` eo uofolwo sjzd, thd pdrcdotead l` jkdotj`jdk

berad ieiiebs (cettbd/hlrsd/rdk kddr) ketdk tl thd Derby Jrlo

Ead js 8;, vdrsus 4: pdrcdot uojkdotj`jdk berad ieiiebs.

[hdsd `jaurds erd :4 vdrsus 01 pdrcdot `lr thd Ijkkbd Jrlo

Ead eok :3 vdrsus 83 pdrcdot `lr thd Betd Jrlo Ead. [hjs

ideos thet thd berad ieiiebs, cettbd, hlrsd eok thdlrdtjcebby

ebsl rdk kddr, erd lvdrrdprdsdotdk. [hd berad eojiebs erd

lvdrrdprdsdotdk jo tdris l` thd wdjaht l` thd nlod, tll,

ebthluah thd kj``drdocds ndtwddo thd jkdotj`jdk eok uojkdotj

`jdk rdiejos jo tdris l` wdjaht erd iuch siebbdr theo thlsd jo

tdris l` ouindrs. [hd retjls l` thd wdjahts l` thd nlods `rli

thd Betd Jrlo Ead dvdo shlw ol kj``drdocds whetsldvdr. Kud

ebblweocd wjbb hevd tl nd iekd `lr thjs njes, whjch js ilst

sdvdrd jo thd ouindrs l` nlods, jo ùrthdr jotdrprdtetjlos l`

thd kete.

[hd shebblw pjt ]J8> (IJE) yjdbkdk e siebb `reaidot l` e

nurodk huieo nlod wdjahjoa thrdd areis.

;.>. [HD EOJIEBS

Qhdo wd rd`dr tl thd eojiebs l` Tssdo wd erd ectuebby rd`dr

rjoa tl klidstjc eojiebs loby. Huotjoa wes l` ol jiplrteocd

whetsldvdr et thdsd èrijoa sdttbdidots. [hd rerd rdiejos l`

huotdk eojiebs thet wdrd `luok et thd sjtd kdrjvd `rli rdk

kddr. ]jt ]>0 (IJE) yjdbkdk pert l` thd iekjnube l` whet wes

prlnenby e rdk kddr. L` Betd Jrlo Ead ketd erd twl pjdcds l`

eotbdr tyod (pjt ];1=) eok e nurodk pjdcd l` uboe thet wes

`luok jo thd pjt l` lod l` thd cdotreb supplrts l` hlusd H55;.



345 . BETQD^JD EOK A. JGWD^DD@ - BJPDS[LCF EOK IDE[

[enbd >. Eojieb nlods `rli thd verjlus Jrlo Ead phesds.

Derby jrlo Ead Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead Betd Jrlo Ead

spdcjds ouindr % wdjaht (a) '/, ouindr % wdjaht (a) '1, ouindr % wdjaht (a) '/2

cettbd ;3 05 ;=1.0 4= 5== 4: >48:.4 14 550 1> >40>.: 14

shddp/alet 5 5 =.; = 5 5 0=.= > ; > >5.> 5

pja 5= 5; 4=.; 0 8 4 38.0 5 8 4 43.4 >

hlrsd5<

>5 3;1.8 ;34:

34 105.; >>3=

5') 083.= >=

kla 5 5 4.= 5 = - =.= - 5 5 54.= =

kddr = - =.= - 5 5 53.4 = 3 > 0>.1 >

tlteb jkdotj`jdk 1= ;8 855.> 11 50: 4> 3;03.= 83 50> 31 33:8.3 0:

cettbd/hlrsd sjzd 34 ;1 514.3 1= := 41 05=.5 84 >>4 83 5;1:.8 :1

shddp/pja sjzd >4 33 43.1 >> ;; >8 1:.1 55 ;4 51 4=.0 3

ieiieb 54 >= >=.= S >5 53 >;.= 3 > 5 5.5 =

njrk = - =.= - 3 > 5.= = = - =.= -

tlteb olt jkdotj`jdk 14 S> >;:.= >3 548 ;8 15;.8 51 >1> 03 5435.4 I

Huotjoa wes prlnenby prectjsdk loby splrekjcebby, tl jocjkdo

tebby clotrlb berad aeid thet thrdetdodk thd lccupeots' dclo

liy, `lr thlsd eojiebs wjbb olt hevd sperdk thd `jdbks.

Qhdthdr pdlpbd ebsl huotdk siebb ieiiebs eok njrks ceoolt

nd jo`drrdk `rli thd ieouebby clbbdctdk rdiejos. [hd seid

hlbks `lr `jshjoa. [hd tlteb ensdocd l` rdiejos l` thdsd cetd

alrjds l` eojiebs `rli thd huokrdks l` pebedlnlteojceb sei

pbds hlwdvdr iefds jt uobjfdby thet `jshjoa eok thd huotjoa l`

siebb eojiebs wdrd jiplrteot sunsjstdocd ectjvjtjds.

Dvdo whdo wd ebblw `lr thd e`lrdidotjlodk njes, jt js cbder

`rli tenbds > eok 3 thet cettbd wdrd ny èr thd ilst jiplrteot

klidstjc èri eojiebs. Odxt clid hlrsds, jo tdris l` nlth

thd ouindr l` nlods eok thdjr wdjaht. @rli thd `reaidotdkrdiejos, whjch closjst beradby l` kdoteb dbdidots, jt js olt

jiidkjetdby cbder whdthdr thd hlrsds' idet wes closuidk.

Et lthdr sjtds, whdrd nlods hek survjvdk jo e clokjtjlo ebblw

joa stetdidots tl nd iekd lo thd closuiptjlo l` hlrsd idet,

jt hes nddo clocbukdk thet hlrsd idet wes usuebby olt clo

suidk (Aeutjdr 5::=6 Tzdrdd`/Beerieo/Beuwdrjdr 5:8:).

[hd sjtds l` Pdbsdo-Hllalvdos (Peo Qjgoaeerkdo-Neffdr

5:887 501) eok Pllrod-]uttdo (]ruiidb 5:8:7 >44) clubk

wdbb nd dxcdptjlos jo thjs rdspdct, ebthluah thd clocbusjlos

rdaerkjoa thd closuiptjlo l` hlrsd idet wdrd jo thdsd cesds

nesdk lo vdry bjttbd dvjkdocd, oltenby thrdd eok sdvdo hlrsd

nlods, rdspdctjvdby. J` wd eppby thd cliilo essuiptjlo tl

Lss-Tssdo, thd hlrsds wjbb hevd nddo fdpt olt `lr closuiptjlo, nut `lr cerryjoa bleks, `lr rjkjoa lr `lr pubbjoa certs lr

pbluahs. ]ert l` e sjipbd trjpertjtd wllkdo kjsf whddb ketjoa

`rli thd Ijkkbd Jrlo Ead thet wes `luok et thd sjtd shlws

thet hlrsd- lr lx-krewo vdhjcbds wdrd usdk jo èrijoa prec

tjcds (sdd Schjofdb, thjs vlbuid, `ja. 8: eok Peo kdr Seokdo

5:81a7 :;-:0). Ndsjkds `lr prectjceb purplsds, thd hlrsds iey

ebsl hevd nddo usdk es stetus syinlbs, es hes nddo kdilo

stretdk et lthdr sjtds (d.a. Iòbbdr 5::5) eok hes nddo sua

adstdk `lr Betd Nrlozd Ead eok Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots jo thd

wdstdro Odthdrbeoks (Tzdrdd`/Beerieo/Beuwdrjdr 5:8:7

>05->0>). [het Jrlo Ead ieo's ettjtukd tlwerks hlrsds eok

klas kj``drdk `rli thet tlwerks cettbd , shddp eok pjas js

epperdot `rli thd èct thet thd idet l` thdsd eojiebs wes

usuebby olt closuidk. Such e tenll rdbetjoa tl thd closuip

tjlo l` idet iey hevd e rdbjajlus necfarluok. Jt js ebsl clo

cdjvenbd thet pdlpbd hek strloadr diltjloeb nloks wjth thdsd

eojiebs, whjch iey hevd nddo sddo ilrd es clipeojlos theo

es èri eojiebs. Es kdilostretdk et lthdr Jrlo Ead sjtds, thd

hlrsds wdrd prlnenby siebb. E Betd Jrlo Ead idteterseb wjth

[enbd 3. Jrlo Ead eojieb nlods.

spdcjds ouindr '1, wdjaht (a) %

cettbd >88 0; 0;01.8 1;

shddp/alet 55 > 88.3 5

]ja 35 1 541.= >

hlrsd JJJ >4 5:5=.: >>

kla > = >=.= =

kddr ; 5 10.> 5

tlteb jkdotj`jdk ;;1 ;; 81>=.> 14

cettbd/hlrsd sjzd 3:0 0: >08=.> :5

shddp/pja sjzd 530 >; >>5.> 1

ieiieb ;> 1 41.4 >

njrk > = 5.= =

tlteb olt jkdotj`jdk 410 40 >:4:.: >4

tlteb 5=>3 55 (.8=;




e bdoath l` >;4 ii suaadsts thet thd eojiebs hek e wjthdrs

hdjaht l` enlut 5>8 ci.

Cettbd wes l` prjiery jiplrteocd es èr es thd closuiptjlo

l` idet wes clocdrodk. Dvdo whdo wd ebblw `lr thd e`lrdido

tjlodk plssjnjbjty l` pja eok shddp/alet ndjoa uokdrrdprdsdotdk

jo thd jkdotj`jdk rdiejos, jt wlubk sddi thet thdsd eojiebs wdrd

l` loby ijolr jiplrteocd. Et thd Jrlo Ead sdttbdidots l`

Herdo' eok Slo do Nrduadb, whlsd eojieb rdiejos wdrd ebsl joe vdry pllr clokjtjlo, thd prlplrtjlo l` shddp/alet rdiejos jo

pertjcuber wes closjkdrenby hjahdr (Cbeslo 5:1:6 Peo Idosch

5:8=). [hrdd l` thd `lur gew lr nlod `reaidots l` pja `rli

whjch e nutchdrjoa ead clubk nd jo`drrdk kdrjvdk `rli yluoa

eojiebs, thd `lurth `rli e thrdd-tl-`lur yder-lbk eojieb. [hdsd

erd olrieb eads `lr eojiebs thet wdrd rejsdk prjierjby `lr thdjr

idet, `lr such eojiebs rdech thdjr dclolijc lpjtjiui nd`lrd

thdy erd physjcebby ieturd. Fddpjoa thd eojiebs ebjvd `lr

bloadr bdeks tl e ardetdr wdjaht l` idet eok èt, nut thd jovdst

idots jo `lkkdr, tjid eok d``lrt lutwdjah thd hjahdr yjdbks.

Slid l` thd eojiebs wdrd l` clursd fdpt `lr prlcrdetjlo.

[hd shddp wjbb hevd prlkucdk wllb ndsjkds idet. [hjs js

diphesjsdk ny `joks l` spjokbd whlrbs eok blli wdjahts (sdd

Schjofdb, thjs vlbuid, sdctjlos 0.;.>, 1.;.> eok 8.;.> ). Alets

iey bjfdwjsd hevd nddo rejsdk `lr nlth thdjr idet eok thdjr ijbf.

[hdrd js tll bjttbd rdbjenbd dvjkdocd lo thd eads et whjch thd

cettbd wdrd fjbbdk tl ebblw eoy kd`jojtjvd stetdidots lo hlw

thdsd eojiebs wdrd usdk. [hd cettbd l` Lss-Tssdo iey hevd

nddo rejsdk prjierjby `lr thd ndod`jt l` crlp cubtjvetjlo. [hdy

wdrd cdrtejoby thd ilst jiplrteot suppbjdrs l` kuoa `lr thd

`jdbks eok thdy wdrd cepenbd l` suppbyjoa trectjlo `lr pbluah

joa eok treosplrt. [wl `reaidots l` thd gews l` eojiebs thet

iust hevd nddo fjbbdk et eads l` 54-58 iloths eok erluok >:

iloths clubk jipby thet slid l` thd eojiebs, prlnenby nubbs,

wdrd fjbbdk whdo thdy rdechdk thdjr ùbb wdjaht. Epperdotbythd stlcf wes berad doluah tl nd enbd tl sperd thdsd eojiebs

es èr es thd prlkuctjlo l` kuoa wes clocdrodk. [het berad

ouindrs l` cettbd wdrd fdpt jo thd Jrlo Ead js ebsl dvjkdot

`rli thd berad nyrds l` thd bloahlusds, slid l` whjch wdrd

ebilst 3= idtrds bloa jo thd Betd Jrlo Ead (sdd Schjofdb, thjs

vlbuid, sdctjlo 8.3.5.3). [hd cettbd iey hevd suppbjdk ijbf,

tll, eok, e`tdr thdy hek kjdk, hjkds, gust bjfd hlrsds eok shddp.

Qhet iey nd jokjcetjlos l` kejryjoa erd thd ùoodb-shepdk

derthdowerd vdssdbs `luok et thd sjtd, whjch iey hevd nddo

chddsd ilubks (Peo kdo Nrldfd 5:81n7 5=;-5=4).

Et Tssdo thd cettbd prlnenby `lridk pert l` e ijxdk èri

joa systdi wjth e èjrby hdevy rdbjeocd lo stlcf fddpjoa. [hd

bjvdstlcf suppbjdk thd kuoa eok trectjlo rdqujrdk `lr crlp

cubtjvetjlo, nut thdrd wdrd ebsl su``jcjdot eojiebs tl ebblw

cettbd tl nd fjbbdk prdieturdby `lr thdjr idet.

;.3. EOJIEBS JO J[TEB S[^TC[T DS

E siebb plrtjlo l` thd eojieb nlods kjscussdk hdrd wes `luok

jo rjtueb structurds. [hdsd nlods clubk rdprdsdot eojiebs thet

wdrd l``drdk tl kdjtjds, lr idebs jotdokdk tl ecclipeoy thd

kdcdesdk. Jo vjdw l` thdjr pltdotjebby uousueb stetus, thdsd

rdiejos wjbb nd kjscussdk sdperetdby ndblw.

[hd Derby Jrlo Ead nurjeb ^54 yjdbkdk eo uonurodk `rea

idot l` e nlod l` e berad ieiieb.

Eolthdr 3: areis l` nlod - thd rdiejos l` twl cettbd tddth

eok >5 jokdtdrijoenbd `reaidots l` nurodk nlod - wdrd `luok

jo thd destdro pert l` thd rdcteoauber kjtchdk docblsurd l` thdIjkkbd Jrlo Ead cubt sjtd ^>0. E pjt (]:8) jo thd sluthdestdro

clrodr l` thjs structurd yjdbkdk eo uonurodk `reaidot l` e

nlod l` e shddp lr e pja.

[hd sluthdro nreoch l` thd kjtch docblsjoa cubt sjtd ^;:

clotejodk uonurodk `reaidots l` thrdd tddth l` e nlvjod

eojieb eok twl l` e pja. [wl nurodk njrk nlod `reaidots,

nurodk `reaidots l` thd nlods l` e berad ieiieb eok `lur

uonurodk `reaidots l` cettbd tddth wdrd `luok jo thd wdstdro

nreoch l` thjs kjtch.

[hd kjtch surrluokjoa cubt sjtd lr nurjeb ^> yjdbkdk twl

uonurodk `reaidots l` thd nlods l` e shddp lr pja.

Eiloast thd crdietdk rdiejos `luok jo nurjeb ^;1 wes thd

kjsteb pert l` e tjnjltersus - ebsl nurodk - l` slid `lwb lr

phdeseot-bjfd njrk (]hesjaojoed)(Beev/dod[ 5:84).

Tonurodk `reaidots l` `lur cettbd tddth eok jokdtdrijoenbd

`reaidots l` thd nlods l` e berad ieiieb wdrd `luok jo thd

olrthdro pert l` thd kjtch l` nurjeb ^8, ketjoa `rli thd Betd

Jrlo Ead.

Eok, `joebby, `reaidots l` nurodk eojieb nlods wdrd `luok

jo nurjebs ^: eok ^5:, whjch wdrd ketdk tl thd Jrlo Ead

wjthlut ùrthdr kjstjoctjlo7 e `reaidot l` thd nlod l` e berad

ieiieb jo nurjeb ^: eok pert l` thd nlod l` e shddp- lr pja-

sjzdk eojieb jo nurjeb ^5:.

Qhdthdr thd enlvd rdiejos rdprdsdot eojiebs thet pbeydk

slid pert jo thd nurjeb rjtd lr lthdr cubt prectjcds, lr whdthdrthdy erd thd rdiejos l` lrkjoery idebs thet dokdk up jo thd

kjtchds eok pjts sdclokerjby js jo ilst cesds kj``jcubt tl sey.

[hjs qudstjlo ceo hlwdvdr nd eoswdrdk es èr es thd njrk

rdiejos `luok jo nurjeb ^;1 erd clocdrodk. [hd crdietdk

nlods wdrd `luok eiloa thd crdietdk huieo rdiejos, sl thd

njrk wes epperdotby nurodk ebloa wjth thd nlky l` thd

kdcdesdk. [hd eojieb nlods iey rdprdsdot e ideb thet wes

jotdokdk tl ecclipeoy thd kdcdesdk lo hjs lr hdr glurody tl

thd e`tdrwlrbk. Lr thdy iey nd thd rdiejos l` eo l``drjoa thet

wes prdsdotdk tl thd kdjtjds es pert l` thd nurjeb rjtd.

[hd loby lthdr pbecd whdrd njrk rdiejos wdrd `luok et Lss-

Tssdo js thd kjtch l` cubt sjtd ^;:. L` clursd thd idthlk usdk

tl clbbdct rdiejos kurjoa thd dxcevetjlos wes olt sujtenbd `lr

lntejojoa jo`lrietjlo lo thd usd l` njrks, nut thd èct thet thd

loby twl clocdotretjlos l` njrk rdiejos shlubk hevd clid tl

bjaht jo rjtueb structurds suaadsts thet njrks hek e spdcjeb stetus

jo Jrlo Ead slcjdty et Lss. Qjth kud rdsdrvetjlo jt clubk nd

suaadstdk thet njrks, whjch kl olt sddi tl hevd `lridk pert l`

thd kejby kjdt, pbeydk eo ilrd jiplrteot pert jo e rjtueb clotdxt.



343 . BETQD^JD EOK A. JGWD^DD@ - BJPDS[LCF EOK IDE[

[enbd ;. Eojieb nlods `rli thrdd sdttbdidots l` thd ^lieo ]drjlk

Pjgvdr Qdstdrvdbk Wlidrhl`

spdcjds ouindr % wdjaht (a) '1, ouindr ', wdjaht (a) 272•2 ouindr ','c wdjaht (a) '/,

cettbd 51 11 >1:.; :5 451 01 0145.> 13 8 01 45.: 8;

shddp/alet = - =.= - >4 3 :8.= 5 = - =.= -pja 3 5; 3.: 5 3> ; 5:4.0 > 5 8 4.= 8

hlrsd = - =.= - JSJ >; >>58.1 >; 3 >4 4.= 8

kla 5 4 =.3 = 5> > ;=.5 = = - =.= -

kddr 5 4 >4.= s = - =.= - = - ().() -

klidstjc `lwb = - =.= - 5 = =.: =

tlteb jkdotj`jdk >> 85 3=8.0 :1 108 sl :3=;.4 00 5> 01 05.: :5

cettbd/hlrsd sjzd 3 0= 4.1 43 000 81 ;03=.0 :4 0 5== 0.3 5==

shddp/pja sjzd = - =.= - 04 8 :>.3 > = - ().() -ieiieb > ;= 4.= ;1 3.S 4 51=.= 3 = - =.= -

tlteb olt jkdotj`jdk 4 5: 5=.1 3 10: 4= ;8:>.: 3; 0 33 0.3 :

tlteb >1 35:.3 5431 5;5:1.; 58 08.>

4. [hd ^lieo pdrjlk

4.5. [HD ^DIEJOS

[enbds ; eok 4 prdsdot survdys l` thd èuoeb rdiejos ketjoa

`rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk. Olt jocbukdk jo thd tenbds erd thd

prdvjlusby jovdstjaetdk nurodk rdiejos l` eojiebs thet wdrd

`luok jo `jvd crdietjlo nurjebs (Beuwdrjdr 5:84).

Ebthluah eojieb nlods wdrd `luok et thrdd sdttbdidots, thd

eiluots `luok et thd Pjgvdr eok Wlidrhl` sdttbdidots erd sl

siebb thet thdrd js bjttbd sdosd jo kjscussjoa thdi sdperetdby.

[hd ^lieo-pdrjlk rdiejos wjbb thdrd`lrd nd kjscussdk jo thdjr

dotjrdty ndblw, es suiierjsdk jo tenbd 4.

Enlut heb` l` thd rdiejos, 00 pdrcdot l` thd tlteb wdjaht,

clubk nd jkdotj`jdk tl spdcjds. Tobjfd wjth thd Jrlo Eadrdiejos, thdrd js ol kj``drdocd jo thd berad/siebb eojieb retjls

ndtwddo thd jkdotj`jdk eok uojkdotj`jdk rdiejos.

4. >. [HD EOJIEBS

Jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk, tll, huotjoa wes l` ol jiplrteocd

whetsldvdr `lr thd dcloliy. Loby thd Pjgvdr sdttbdidot

yjdbkdk pert l` eo eotbdr tyod l` e rdk kddr. Nut dvdo thjs oddk

olt pljot tl huotjoa, es jt clubk kdrjvd `rli e shdk eotbdr

tefdo hlid ny lod l` thd lccupeots.

Hlrsds eok klas wdrd lo thd whlbd rerdby closuidk eoy

whdrd jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk (Bu`` 5:8>6 Beuwdrjdr/^lnddrst

jo prdss.). [hjs hes `lr dxeipbd nddo kdilostretdk `lr thd

destdro rjvdrs erde e bjttbd ùrthdr tl thd olrth lo thd nesjs l`dvjkdocd bjfd `rdqudocjds eok plsjtjlos l` cuts eok hecfjoa

ierfs eok thd kdardd l` `reaidotetjlo l` thd nlods (Beuw

drjdr 5:88). Ebthluah thdrd js ol sdosd jo ettdiptjoa tl

eoebysd such `deturds jo thd cesd l` thd nlods `luok et Lss,

wd essuid thet thd lccupeots l` thjs sjtd wdrd ol dxcdptjlo tl

thd rubd, eok thet thdy kjk olt closuid hlrsd lr kla idet

djthdr. Hlrsds wjbb hevd nddo usdk loby `lr rjkjoa lr `lr

pubbjoa certs lr pbluahs lr cerryjoa ilkdretdby hdevy bleks.

Es jo Ojgidado eok jts surrluokjoas (Beuwdrjdr 5:88), thd

eojiebs wdrd ilst prlnenby sfjoodk `lr thdjr hjkds e`tdr thdy

hek kjdk. [hd nlods l` yluoa eojiebs thet wdrd `luok eiloa

thd èuoeb rdiejos suaadst thet thd lccupeots l` thd èris

nrdk thdjr hlrsds thdisdbvds.

Ebthluah wd iust nd vdry cerdùb jo iefjoa eoy queotjtetjvd

stetdidots jo vjdw l` thd pllr clokjtjlo l` thd nlods, cettbd

sddi tl hevd nddo ny èr thd ilst jiplrteot eojiebs es èr es

thd closuiptjlo l` idet js clocdrodk. Shddp eok pjas wdrd l`

iuch bdssdr jiplrteocd. [hjs eardds wdbb wjth thd dvjkdocd

lntejodk et lthdr oetjvd sdttbdidots (Beuwdrjdr 5:88).

[enbd 4. Eojieb nlods rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk.

spdcjds ouindr % wdjaht (a) '•/,

cettbd 4;> 08 1=8>.4 13

schddp/alet >4 3 :8.= 5

]'a 30 ; >=;.4 >

hlrsd 58; >3 >>>3.1 >3

kla 53 > ;=.; =

kddr J = >4.= =

klidstjc `lwb J = =.: =

tlteb jkdotj`jdk 8=> 45 :014.= 00

cettbd/hlrsd sjzd 014 81 ;0;>.0 :4

shddp/pja sjzd 04 8 :>.3 >

ieiieb ;= 4 514.= ;

tlteb olt jkdotj`jdk 18= ;: ;:=:.: 3;

tlteb 548> 5;48;.:




Bjttbd sddis tl hevd cheoadk wjth rdspdct tl thd prdcdkjoa

pdrjlk. Nlth thd queotjtetjvd kete (tenbds 3 eok 4) eok thd scercd

jo`lrietjlo lo thd eads et whjch thd eojiebs wdrd fjbbdk erd

ebilst dxectby thd seid es jo thd Jrlo Ead. [hdy hdocd jipby e

ijxdk èrijoa systdi wjth e hdevy rdbjeocd lo stlcf fddpjoa jo

thd ^lieo pdrjlk, tll. [hd cettbd wdrd rejsdk `lr suppbyjoa thd

trectjlo eok kuoa rdqujrdk `lr crlp cubtjvetjlo, `lr prlcrdetjlo,

eok lptjloebby ebsl `lr suppbyjoa siebb eiluots l` ijbf. [wl l`thd sjx nlods thet yjdbkdk jokjcetjlos l` thd nutchdrjoa ead, e

idtecerpeb eok thd prlxjieb pert l` e rekjus, wdrd odjthdr ùbby

kdvdblpdk, shlwjoa thet slid l` thd cettbd wdrd fjbbdk prdie

turdby. [hd eojiebs jo qudstjlo wdrd prlnenby surpbus nubblcfs,

es èr es crlp cubtjvetjlo wes clocdrodk, whjch, locd thdy hek

rdechdk e su``jcjdot wdjaht, clubk nd fjbbdk `lr thdjr idet. Qhdo

thd cettbd thet hek nddo rejsdk prjierjby `lr thd ndod`jt l` crlp

cubtjvetjlo ardw lbk, thdy tll wdrd fjbbdk eok closuidk. Eok,

bjfd thd hlrsds eok thd shddp, thd cettbd wjbb hevd prlkucdk hjkds

thet wdrd prlcdssdk jotl bdethdr.

Lod l` thd hlbds thet hdbk thd cdotreb plsts l` hlusd HJ>=

l` thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot yjdbkdk thd tjnjltersus l` e

chjcfdo ketjoa `rli thd sdclok heb` l` thd `jst cdotury.

Ebthluah thjs js thd loby chjcfdo nlod `luok, wd iey essuid

thet klidstjc plubtry iekd thdjr eppdereocd jo thd yerks l`

thd èris l` Lss jo thd ^lieo pdrjlk. [hjs eardds wjth thd

adodreb essuiptjlo thet chjcfdo wdrd jotrlkucdk jotl lur

rdajlos es klidstjc eojiebs loby e`tdr thd errjveb l` thd

^lieos (]ruiidb 5:817 581).

4.3 ^DIEJOS DCLPD^DK @^LI E SEOC[TE^Z EOK SLID

L@ [HD KJ[CHDS [HE[ DOCBLSDK [HD SD[[BDIDO[S

Slid l` thd rdiejos kjscussdk enlvd wdrd `luok jo èjrby

berad `deturds. [hd kjtchds l` thd rdcteoauber seoctuery ^41

idesurjoa lvdr ;4 x ;= i clotejodk 34 `reaidots l` uonurodknlod. Ndsjkds jokdtdrijoenbd `reaidots thdy jocbukd e `rea

idot l` thd scepube l` e kla, tddth `rli uppdr eok blwdr gews,

perts l` thd secrui, thd uboe eok thd huidrus l` e nlvjod

eojieb, e phebeox eok e `reaidot l` e rekjus l` e pja eok perts

l` thd iekjhube, tjnje, uboe eok vdrtdnre l` e shddp lr alet.

[hd rdiejos kl olt kj``dr jo eoy rdspdct `rli thd lthdr sdttbd

idot rdùsd. Sl epert `rli thd `joksplt jtsdb`, thdrd js olthjoa

tl suaadst thet thdsd nlods kdrjvd `rli l``drdk eojiebs.

[hrdd lthdr berad `deturds thet yjdbkdk nlods erd thd twl

kjtchds thet docblsdk thd Qdstdrvdbk sdttbdidot eok e kjtch

dxtdokjoa jo e olrthwdstdrby kjrdctjlo thet wes cloodctdk tl

thdi. [hd reoad l` èuoeb rdiejos `luok jo thdsd kjtchds klds

olt kj``dr `rli thet docluotdrdk dbsdwhdrd eok rdprdsdots thd

usueb sdttbdidot rdùsd.

4. ; @LLK @L [HD KDCDESDK

Ijxdk wjth thd crdietdk huieo rdiejos thet wdrd `luok jo

slid nurjebs jo thd sluthdestdro cdidtdry (sdd Peo kdr

Seokdo thjs vlbuid,//,<. >6 Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81d6 Hdssjoa jo

prdp.) wdrd slid crdietdk nlods l` eojiebs. [hdsd nlods

wdrd eoebysdk jo e prdvjlus stuky (Beuwdrjdr 5:84). [hdy

wjbb nd kdscrjndk pdr nurjeb (`jok ouindr) ndblw, wjth eo

jokjcetjlo l` thd gljots esslcjetdk wjth thd nlods, tl ajvd eo

jiprdssjlo l` thd quebjty l` thd idet jo prdsdot-key tdris

(Nlro 5:14).

Nurjeb 5>0; ]ja7 twl `reaidots l` e bd t cebceodus. [hdèct thet thd dpjphysds hek olt ydt ùsdk

jipbjds thet thd eojieb wes yluoadr theo

>->.4 yders6 thd sjzd l` thd nlod pljots tl e

vdry yluoa eojieb7 thd bda l` e pjabdt lr sucf

joa pja.

Nurjeb 5>18 ]ja7 lod cecbeodus l` eo eojieb l` enlut thd

seid ead es thd eojieb l` nurjeb 5>0;7 thd bda

l` e pjabdt lr e sucfjoa pja.

Nurjeb 5>85 ]ja7 kjsteb dpjphysjs l` e rjaht huidrus l` eo

eojieb eadk bdss theo lod yder7 pert l` thd

'shlubkdr' `rli whjch heis erd olwekeys cut.

Ieiieb7 jokdtdrijoenbd `reaidot.

Nurjeb 5>83 ]ja7 twl joclipbdtdby kdvdblpdk bd t cebceodj

eok lod bd`t estreaebus7 twl bdas6 lod ùbby

kdvdblpdk eok lod joclipbdtdby kdvdblpdk

kjsteb pert l` bd`t huidrj eok e prlxjieb pert l` e

bd t rekjus wjth e kjsteb pert shlwjoa ol dpjphy

sdeb ùsjlo7 heis l` eo eojieb eadk bdss theo

5 yder eok eo eojieb eadk ndtwddo 5 eok 3.4.

Shddp lr alet7 thd kjsteb dok l` eo jocli

pbdtdby kdvdblpdk idteplkjeb l` eo eojieb

eadk bdss theo > yders7 idetbdss.

Shddp- lr pja-sjzdk eojieb7 jokdtdrijoenbd

`reaidots.

Njrk7 jokdtdrijoenbd `reaidot.

[hdsd rdiejos prlnenby rdprdsdot `llk jotdokdk tl eccli

peoy thd kdcdesdk. [hjs custli js folwo `rli ieoy lthdr

^lieo-pdrjlk cdidtdrjds (Beuwdrjdr 5:836 ]hjbpltt 5::5). Jo

thjs cesd thd `llk wes nurodk ebloa wjth thd nlky lo thd pyrd.

Qhdo thd crdietdk rdiejos l` thd kdcdesdk wdrd aethdrdk,

`reaidots l` nurodk nlod `rli thd `llk wdrd, kdbjndretdby lr

eccjkdotebby, pjcfdk up, tll, eok nurjdk ebloa wjth thd huieo

rdiejos. [hdy olw ajvd us slid jkde l` thd fjoks l` idet thet

ecclipeojdk thd kdcdesdk. Loby slid l` thd lrjajoeb ouindr

l` nlods wjbb hevd survjvdk thd nurojoa, eok loby e siebb

ouindr l` thlsd nlods wjbb hevd nddo clbbdctdk `lr nurjeb. Ekk

tl thjs thd verjlus prlcdssds thet hevd e``dctdk thd nlods lvdr

thd cdoturjds thet hevd sjocd thdo dbepsdk eok jt wjbb nd cbder

thet thd jkdotj`jdk nlods ilst bjfdby prdsdot eo joclipbdtd eok

njesdk pjcturd l` thd `llkstu``s thet ecclipeojdk thd kdcdesdk.

[hd ebilst idetbdss nlod l` e shddp, `lr dxeipbd, wjbb ilst

prlnenby hevd `lridk pert l` e beradr bda l` iuttlo. [hd

rdclvdrdk nlods suaadst thet thd kdcdesdk wdrd ecclipeojdk



344 ^. BETQD^JD^ EOK A. JGWD^DD@ - BJPDS[LCF EOK IDE[

prjierjby ny thd idet l` pjabdts. Slidtjids iuttlo wes

nurodk ebloa wjth thd kdcdesdk eok slidtjids plubtry, whjch,

closjkdrjoa thd nlods jkdotj`jdk dbsdwhdrd, wjbb hevd nddo

chjcfdo (Beuwdrjdr 5::3). [hd hjah pdrcdoteads l` pja eok

chjcfdo `luok jo ^lieo cdidtdrjds jo olrthwdst Durlpd

clotrest ierfdkby wjth thlsd docluotdrdk jo sdttbdidots, eok

clubk jipby thet thd idebs l thd kdcdesdk kj` drdk sunsteo

tjebby `rli thd usueb kjdt (Beuwdrjdr 5:83). [hd nlods `luokjo nurjebs iey hlwdvdr ajvd eo dotjrdby joclrrdct jiprdssjlo

l` thd wey thjoas ectuebby wdrd, ndceusd ilst typds l` idet

chlsdo `lr thd idebs l` thd kdcdesdk, `lr dxeipbd ilst gljots

l` ndd`, wjbb hevd nddo nlodbdss (Beuwdrjdr 5::3).

4.4. ^LIEO JO@BTDOCDS

Lod espdct thet cbderby rdvdebs ^lieo jo`budocd lo thd oetjvd

plpubetjlo js thd jocrdesjoa sjzd l` thd eojiebs, jo pertjcuber

thd cettbd. [hjs js prlnenby e closdqudocd l` thd jotrlkuctjlo

l` ^lieo earjcubtureb folw-hlw eok thd sunsdqudot

jiprlvdidot l` dxpbljtetjlo tdchojquds, such es ndttdr `lkkdr

eok cerd `lr thd eojiebs eok thd nrddkjoa l` beradr oetjvd

cettbd, plssjnby wjth thd ejk l` jiplrtdk beradr eojiebs. [hjs

prlcdss js èjrby cliiloby ettdstdk ebb lvdr olrthwdst Durlpd

eok hes ebsl nddo lnsdrvdk jo thd surrluokjoas l` Ojgidado,

whdrd jo thd `jrst twl cdoturjds EK thd wjthdrs hdjaht l` cettbd

jocrdesdk `rli 55= ci lr bdss tl eo evdread l` 5>4 ci lr

ilrd (Beuwdrjdr 5:887 500-50:). Jo thd erde l` thd ertj`jcjebby

rejsdk lccupetjlo iluoks (tdrpdo) tl thd olrth l` thd ^lieo

`rlotjdr thd cettbd's wjthdrs hdjaht lo thd clotrery rdiejodk

uocheoadk ([lkk 5:147 558-55:6 Folb 5:83). [hd iejo

ekveotead l` beradr eojiebs, ndsjkds hjahdr idet yjdbks pdr

eojieb, js thd ardetdr eiluot l` trectjlo thdy suppbjdk `lr

crlp cubtjvetjlo. [hd beradr eojiebs ilrdlvdr yjdbkdk sun

steotjebby beradr hjkds. [hd eriy, wjth jts kdieok `lr bdethdr

`lr thd ieouècturd l`, `lr dxeipbd, tdots eok shjdbks, wjbb

hevd nddo e pertjcuberby allk ierfdt `lr thdsd hjkds.

E closjkdrenbd ouindr l` idesurdidots erd rdqujrdk tl

kdtdrijod whdthdr such ^lieo jo`budocds erd lnsdrvenbd et

Lss, tll. Nut lwjoa tl thd `reaidotdk clokjtjlo l` thd nlods

loby sceoty dvjkdocd js evejbenbd, `rli whjch `lr dxeipbd

wjthdrs hdjahts ceoolt nd jo`drrdk. [hd loby twl idesurenbd

[enbd 0. Idkjdveb (5;th cdotury) eojieb nlods.

spdcjds ouindr % wdjaht (a) %

cettbd j2?3 :; ;3;1.= :8

pja > > 30.> 5hlrsd ; J 0:.; >

tlteb jkdotj`jdk 5=: ;> ;;4>.0 13

cettbd/hlrsd sjzd 543 5== 5001.5 5==

tlteb olt jkdotj`jdk 543 48 5001.5 >1

tlteb >0> 055:.1

kjsteb perts l` idtecerpebs l` cettbd `rli thd ^lieo pdrjlk hevd

wjkths l` ;1 eok 4= ii eok thjcfodssds l` >4 eok >> ii.

[hdsd vebuds èbb wjthjo thd reoad l` wjkths l` Jrlo Ead cettbd

idtecerpebs l` thd sjtd l` Herdo, sjtuetdk bdss theo tdo fjblid

trds ewey (Cbeslo 5:1:). [hd Herdo idtecerpebs hevd bdoaths l

548.4, 501.4 eok 518.= ii, whjch yjdbk wjthdrs hdjahts l` :1,

5=3 eok 5=: ci. [hd cettbd l` Lss wjbb hdocd hevd nddo es sieb

es thdsd eojiebs. J` wd essuid thet thd twl idesurenbd nlodserd ilrd lr bdss rdprdsdotetjvd l` thd dotjrd plpubetjlo, eok erd

olt ny cheocd thd nlods l` twl dxtrdidby siebb eojiebs `rli e

arlup l` iuch beradr cettbd, wd ceo clocbukd thet thd kdvdblp

idots thet lccurrdk `lr dxeipbd jo thd surrluokjoas l`

Ojgidado eok Krutdo (Beuwdrjdr 5:887 500-50:) pessdk ny thd

èridrs l` Lss. Et Lss-Tssdo thd scebd l` èrijoa - et bdest es

èr es cettbd fddpjoa js clocdrodk - wes prlnenby olt jo eoy wey

jo`budocdk ny thd prdsdocd l` thd ^lieos, eok rdiejodk et thd

seid bdvdb es jo thd prdcdkjoa pdrjlk. Cettbd wjbb hevd nddo vdry

jiplrteot `lr thd dcloliy l` thd èridrs l` Tssdo, pertby ebsl

ndceusd l` jts rlbd wjth rdspdct tl crlp cubtjvetjlo, eok eoy

jiprlvdidot jo thd cettbd wlubk hevd hek plsjtjvd

closdqudocds `lr thd dipblydk èrijoa tdchojquds. [hd èctthet ol such jiprlvdidot wes rdebjsdk suaadsts thet thd èrijoa

cliiuojty l` Tssdo wes loby vdry jokjrdctby jovlbvdk jo thd

^lieo dcloliy eok wes olt èijbjer wjth thd ilkdro (ny

clotdiplrery steokerks) èrijoa tdchojquds usdk dbsdwhdrd.

0. Ijkkbd Eads (5;th cdotury)

[enbd 0, `joebby, prdsdots e survdy l` thd `dw huokrdk nlods

thet wdrd `luok jo betd idkjdveb `deturds. [hd ieglrjty wdrd

rdclvdrdk `rli pjts ketenbd tl thd 5;th cdotury (sdd Schjofdb.

thjs vlbuid sdctjlo 5.;6 Peo kdr Seokdo 5:81n). Ndsjkds e

`dw `reaidots l` thd tddth l` eo lbk hlrsd, thd nlods erd thd

usueb nutchdry rdùsd eok rdiejos l` idebs kdrjvjoa `rlicettbd eok pjas.

oltd

5 Qd wlubk bjfd tl theof E.[. Cbeslo (Arlojoado Jostjtutd lÈrchedlblay) `lr areotjoa us eccdss tl hdr ieouscrjpt kjscussjoa thddxcevetjlo et Herdo.

^ldb Beuwdrjdr

^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf

].L. Nlx 50==

OB-38== N] Eidrs`llrt

[hd Odthdrbeoks

Adrerk JGzdrdd`

Arldollrk 3:8

OB->;=4 E] Ebphdo eeo kd ^jgo

[hd Odthdrbeoks





341 ^D@D^DOCDS

rd`drdocds

Eooedrt, ^.

Jipd, B. veo

5:84 Ddo are`hduvdbarldp ujt kd jgzdrtjgk td Fbdjo-êvdbs (adi. êvdbs),

Erchedlblaje Ndbajce J, >7 31-;5.

Nefdbs, C.C. 5:18 @lur Bjoderneokfdreijf sdttbdidots eok thdjr dovjrloidot. E pebdldclblajceb stuky l`

Sjtterk, Stdjo, Dbsbll eok Hjdohdji, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje 55.

Kd ndwlojoasadschjdkdojs veo kd Ieesfeot J7 ]beotdordstdo ujt kd nrlostjgk do ^lidjosd

tjgk advlokdo td Lss-Tssdbstreet, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje

537 554-535.

Lss-Tssdo do kd tujonllo. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 43-01.

Ddo bekjoa areeo, joeuaurdbd rdkd Bdjkdo.

5::5 e [recjoa crlp prlcdssjoa jo thd Neokfdreijf cubturd. Jo7 G. ^do`rdw (dk.), Odw bjaht lo derby

èrijoa, Dkjonurah7 >85->:;.

5::5n Qdstdro Clotjodoteb Durlpd. Jo7 Q. veo Wdjst/F. Qesybjflwe/F.-D. Ndhrd (dks.), ]rlardss jo

Lbk Qlrbk ]ebedldtholnlteoy, ^lttdrkei/Nrllf`jdbk7 >1:->:8.

5:8=

5:81

5:8:

Nefdbs, C.C.

^.Q.G.I. veo kdr Hei

5:8= Pdrfllbk areeo ujt ddo ijkkdo-nrlostjgk do ddo ijkkdo-jgzdrtj gk odkdrzdt tjoa lp kd

Hlljklofschd effdrs, adi. Slo do Nrduadb, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot,

Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje 537 85-:5.

Ndd f,^. veo 5:88 ^loknluwhujzdo ujt kd ijkkdo-nrlostjgk jo Spllbkd, adi. Wwlbbd, Lvdrjgssdbsd Hjstlrjschd

Njgkreado 5=37 4-51.

5::5 Ola stddks Dbp, Ojduwd Krdotsd Plbfsebieoef 5=87 558-5>1.

Nddx, A.

551-5>:.

Ndrdoksdo, H.G.E.

5:08 E Hjbvdrsui-cubturd sdttbdidot oder Ojgosdb, iuojcjpebjty l` ^.S. Hubst St.-Ldkdorlkd,

Olrth-Nreneot, Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 587

5:8> Kd adodsd veo hdt beokschep jo hdt zujkdo veo kd prlvjocjd Ttrdcht7 ddo`ysjsch-

adlare`jschd stukjd, prld`schrj`t Ttrdcht (Ttrdchtsd Adlare`jschd Stukjds >4).

5::= ^jvdr clursds jo thd Cdotreb Odthdrbeoks kurjoa thd ^lieo pdrjlk, Ndrjchtdo veo kd

^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf ;=7 >;3->;:.

Ndrsu, A.

Njttdb, F.

5:;= Dxcevet jlos et Bjttbd Qllknury, Qjbtshj rd, ]rlcddkjoas l` thd ]rdhjstlrjc Slcjdty 07 3=-555.

5:18 Pjdrdcfscheozdo uok Arenhòadb. Drwëauoado uok Eordauoado, Wdjtschrj`t `òr

schwdjzdrjschd Erchëlblajd uok Fuostadschjchtd 347 5-50.

Nbldidrs, G.H.@.

Nlkdarevdo, O. veo

5:14 Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Bjinura lvdr kd gerdo 5:13-5:1;, ]unbjcetjlos kd be Slcjêtê

Hjstlrjqud dt Erchêlblajqud keos Jd Bjihlura 5557 1-45.

5:18 ^jgswjgf (W.H.), 'Kd Nubt'. Djod Sjdkbuoa kdr Ceoeodètdo, J-JJJ, Eidrs`llrt (Odkdrbeoksd

Lukhdkdo 8).

5::3 Ddo urodovdbk jo ddo stuj`zeokadnjdk. Jo. O. ^lyieos/@. [hduws (dks.), 5>-35.

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoassplrdo ujt kd betd nrlostjgk do kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk lp kd Dvdrsd Effdrs jo

St.-Ldkdorlkd. Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 5>:-53:.

Hlc. (j. kd 5:84 Kd lparevjoasceipeaod 5:8; td Oddrherdo-^dfdi, Erchedlblaje Ndbajce J, >7 43-0>.5:80 Kd lparevjoasceipeaod 5:84 td Oddrherdo-^dfdi (adi. Beoefdo), Erchedlblaje Ndbajce JJ,

57 >3->0.

5:81 Ndwlojoa rlok kd vjbbe td Oddrherdo-^dfdi. Jo7 ]. Stuert/I.D.[h kd Arllt (dks.), Beoas kd

wda, Hddrbdo/Ieestrjcht7 45-4;.

5:88 Kd johddis-^lidjosd hlutnluw jo kd Eotwdrpsd Fdipdo. Jo7 @. Nrdokdrs/A. Cuyt (dks.),

Peo ndschevjoa tlt lparevjoa. >4 geer erchedlblajsch lokdrzldf rlok Eotwdrpdo,

Eotwdrpdo7 ;1-0>.




Nlaedrs, G.D.

Nllostre, E.

]. Cebbdndrt

5:81 Peo puttdo ujt Tssdo. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 544-50=.

5::5 ]rdhjstlrjsch Lpdobuchtiusdui Djokhlvdo, Djokhlvdo.

Nlro. Q. 5:14 Hdt vlbflido vbddshldf, Eistdrkei.

Nluradljs, G.

G. Sdidy

G. Peoildrfdrfd

5:8: Trsdb. êpplrt prlvjsljrd kds`lujbbds 5:80-5:81. [lindbbd kd Pead ku nrlozd dt

ilouidots evdc odcrlplbd kd b'ead ku`dr, Adot (Schlbed Erchedlblajced 55).

Nrjoffdipdr, L.

Nrldfd, ].Q. veo kdo

Nrloadrs, G.E.

5::5 Qdtbeok èrijoa jo thd erde sluth l` thd Idusd dstuery kurjoa thd Jrlo Ead eok ^lieo

pdrjlk, Bdjkdo (Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje >;).

5:8= Ndwlojoassplrdo ujt kd jgzdrtjgk do eokdrd pdrjlkdo lp kd Hlljklofschd Effdrs, adi. Slo

do Nrduadb, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje 537 1-8=.

5:81e Kd ketdrjoasijkkdbdo vllr kd jgzdrtjgk veo Wujk-Odkdrbeok. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/

].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 >3-;3.

5:81n Lss-Tssdo7 hdt heokadieeftd eerkdwdrf. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd

(dks.)7 5=5-55:.

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoaseerkdwdrf ujt kd betd nrlostjgk jo Wujk-Odkdrbeok. Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos

(dks.)7 5:3->55.

jo prdp. Hdt heokadvlrikd eerkdwdrf ujt kd jgzdrtjgk do ^lidjosd tjgk veo Lss- Tssdo. Stukjds oeer

typlchrlolblajd, tdcholblajd do hdrflist.

5:10 Ejr phltlarephy eok Cdbtjc jdbk rdsderch jo thd Odthdrbeoks, Eidrs`llrt (Odkdrbeoksd

Lukhdkdo 0).

Nrloadrs, G.E.

].G. Qlbtdrjoa

Nruoeux, G.-B.

5:18 Kd prdhjstlrjd veo Odkdrbeok. Dclolijsch-tdcholblajsch, Heerbdi.

5:80 Bds Aeubljs6 seoctuejrds dt rjtds, ]erjs.

Nruoeux, G.-B.

]. Ido jdb

@. ]lpbjo

Nruostjoa, H.

A.G. Pdrwdrs

5:84 Aluroey 56 bds`lujbbds sur Jd seoctuejrd dt b'lppjkui (5:14-5:8;), Chdvrjèrds (^dvud

Erchêlblajqud kd ]jcerkjd, or. spdc).

5:14 Hdt urodovdbk njg Pebfdosweerk, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce

Bdjkdosje 87 43-11.

Nuchsdosdhutz, L.

Lbjvjdr, B. (dks.)

Cehdo-Kdbheyd, E.

J. Gekjo

H. Aretje

5:8: Bds vjdrdcfscheozdo dt bds docdjotds quekrjbetdrebds do Durlpd cdbtjqud, Ectds ku JXd

clbblqud kd [email protected].@., Chetdeukuo, 50-5: iej 5:84, ]erjs.

5:80 Odcrlplbd cdbtjqud ë Sjnrdt-Pjbbdrlux (clii. kd Peux-sur-Surd), Erchedlblaje Ndbajce JJ, >7

584-5::.

Cberf, G.A.K.

Cbeslo, E.[.

Cbeslo, E.[.

Q. ]ruiidb

5:4; Dxcevetjlos et Ster Cerr. Eo derby idslbjthjc sjtd et Sdeidr oder Scernlrluah, Zlrfshjrd,

Ceinrjkad.

5:1: Kd hujskjdrdo veo Herdo (O.-Nreneot), Arlojoado (jotdro repplrt NEJ).

5:11 Clbbdctjoa, sjdvjoa eok erchedlzllblajceb rdsderch, Gluroeb l` Erchedlblajceb

Scjdocd_. 515-514.

Cbdvjs, H.

E.K. Pdrbjokd

5::= Nrlostjgkndwlojoa jo Jttdrsuidrhrldf, Wwlbbd (Jo`lrietjdnbek ilouidotdozlra do

erchdlblajd jo Wwlbbd :).



34: ^D@D^DOCDS

Cuobj``d, N.

Cuyt, A.

Kdinjosfe. I.

Kdoydr, S.

Kdrfs, [.

Kjdpdo, K. veo

Krjdsch, E. vlo kdo

Krjdsch, E. vlo kdoG. Nldssodcf

Doadbs, E.

B. veo Jojpd

Ds, Q.E. veo

Ds, Q.E. veo

Ds, Q.E. veo

I. Ijdkdie

S.B. Qyoje

Ds, Q.E. veo

H. Serètjg

].G. Qlbtdrjoa (dks.)

Ds, Q.E. veo

Q.G.H. Pdrwdrs

^.D. Buttdr

C.I. Nbliidstdjgo

@lffdos, H.

5::5 Jrlo Ead cliiuojtjds jo Nrjtejo. Eo eccluot l` Doabeok, Scltbeok eok Qebds rli thd

sdvdoth cdotury NC uotjb thd ^lieo cloqudst, Bloklo/Odw Zlrf.

5:84 Kd johddis-^lidjosd odkdrzdttjoa td Qjgodadi, Erchedlblaje Ndbajce J, >7 01-1=.

5:81 ^lidjosd do ijkkdbdduwsd odkdrzdttjoado td Qjgodadi, Erchedlblaje Ndbajce JJJ7 5:1->=>.

5:10 Qjbk clro pbeots aethdrdk jo thd :th-53th cdoturjds jo thd bjaht l` pebdlnlteojceb ietdrjebs,

@lbje Uuetdroerje ;17 :1-5=3.

5:18 E`rjceo trekjtjloeb erchjtdcturd. Eo hjstlrjceb eok adlarephjceb pdrspdctjvd, Bloklo/

Odw Zlrf.

5:88 Espdctdo veo hdt rdbjajduzd systddi jo Aebbje Ndbajce do Adrieoje Jo`drjlr jo kd vrlda- do

ijkkdorlidjosd tjgk, scrjptjd Eistdrkei.

5::8 Alks, tdipbds eok rjtueb prectjcds6 thd treo`lrietjlo l` rdbjajlus jkdes eok vebuds jo ^lieo

Aeub, Eistdrkei (Eistdrkei Erchedlblajceb Stukjds >).

5:4> Kd nlkdiadstdbkhdjk veo kd Ieesfeot, 's-Arevdohead (Kd Nlkdifertdrjoa veo Odkdrbeok 53)

5:10 E aujkd tl thd idesurdidot l` eojieb hlods `rli erchedlblajceb sjtds

Ceinrjkad, Iess. (Nubbdtjo ]denlky Iusdui 5).

5:1; Frjtjschd Eoidrfuoado zur Qjkdrrjsthðhdondrdchouoa eus Bëoadoiessdo vlr- uok`ròhadschjchtbjchdr [jdrfolchdo, Sëuadtjdrfuokbjchd Ijttdjbuoado >>7 3>4-3;8.

5:84 Hdt urodovdbk lp kd Klrpdrhdjkd td Feubjbbd (adi. Nlchlbt) , Erchedlblaje

NdbajceR,>7 33-34.

5:01 Qjgstdr, e oetjvd vjbbead ndylok thd jipdrjeb rlotjdr, 54=-;>4 EK, Arlojoado (]ebedlhjstlrje 55)

5:8> Bëokbjchd Sjdkbuoado kdr Fejsdrzdjt jo kdo Ojdkdrbeokdo, L`è 3:7 53:- 54;.

5:84 Djod Sjdkbuoa kdr rðijschdo Fejsdrzdjt jo Ndoodfli, ]rlvjoz Adbkdrbeok, Ndrjchtdo veo

kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 347 433-04>.

5:88 Erchdlblajd jo Odkdrbeok. Kd rjgfkli veo hdt nlkdierchjd`,

Eistdrkei/Eidrs`llrt.

5:8=

5:8;

Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd, Geervdrsbea ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 5:1:7 45-43.

Qjgf njg Kuurstdkd, Geervdrsbea ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 5:8>7 31-3:.

5::5 e Pdrkrjofdok beokschep. Erchdlblajsch lokdrzldf veo hdt wdstdbjgf @rjds- Krdots pbetdeu

veo ;;== NC tlt 4== EK, prld`schrj`t Arlojoado.

5::5n Odkdrzdttjoassplrdo ujt kd nrlostjgk do vrldad jgzdrtjgk jo Lss-Tssdo, wjgf Ijffdbklof. Jo7

H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 :3-55=.

5::5c Hdt Ieesfeotprlgdct. Lss-Schebfsfeip7 odkdrzdttjoassplrdo ujt kd pdrjlkd >4= vllr tlt

4= oe Chr., Bdjkdo.

5::3 Lss, vdrbdkdo eeo hdt bjcht. Kd vllradschjdkdojs veo Lss, >4== vóór tlt >4= oe Chrjstus, Lss.

5::0 [hd Ieesfeot prlgdct 7 clotjoujty eok cheoad l` e rdajloeb rdsderch prlgdct, Erchedlblajceb

Kjeblauds 3.>, 5:1->50.

@lffdos, H.

O. ^lyieos (dks.)

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoado ujt kd nrlostjgk do kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk jo kd Bead

Beokdo, Eidrs`llrt (Odkdrbeoksd Erchdlblajschd êpplrtdo 53).




Aeutjdr, E.

Adot, H.

Hendridhb, F.H.

Hedvdrojcf, [h.D.

Hersdie, L.H.

Hddrjoado, ^.I. veo

Hdjkjoae, H.E.

Hdjkjoae, H.E.

D. Prddodallr

Hdokrjfs, G.

Hdssjoa, Q.E.I.

Hjoabdy, ^.

Hjoz, H.

Hlbbstdjo, D.

Hlbwdrke, G.H.

Hujgndrs, [.

Hujgts, C.S.[.G.

Hubst, ^.S.

Jipd, B. veo

5::= Hliids dt eojieux pdokeot 5'Ead ku @dr. Jo7 A. Bdieo-Kdbdrjvd (dk.), Bds Cdbtds do

@reocd kuOlrk dt do Ndbajqud7 Pbd-bdr sjècbd eveot G.-C, Pebdocjdoods7 5:4->5=.

5:83 Cdotrebjzdk stlread jo betdr prdhjstlrjc Nrjtejo, ]rlcddkjoas l` thd

]rdhjstlrjc Slcjdty ;:7 >;3->01.

5:14 Kjd Ebtdrsndstjiiuoa hdj Heus- uok Behlrtjdrdo, Ndrbjo.

5:0= Kjd Abeserirjoad uok ^joapdrbdo kdr Ijttdb- uok Spëtbetdodzdjt eu` kdi durlpëjschdo

@dstbeok, Nloo.

5:8= Krdots nldrdobdvdo veo kd nrlostjgk tlt kd ijkkdbdduwdo, Essdo (Iusdui`loks ]unbjcetjd 0)

5:81 Cheoad eok clotjouj ty jo nurjeb eok sdttbdidot jo Krdothd `rli thd Odlbjthjc lowerks,

]ebedlhjstlrje >:7 5=3-558.

5::5 Kd nrlostjgk-ndwlojoa lp hdt Hjgfdrvdbk njg Hjgfdo. jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 :3-55=.

5:84 [yplblajd, Wdjtstdbbuoa uok Pdrnrdjtuoa kdr jo kjd Ojdkdrbeokd jiplrtjdrtdo

vlradschjchtbjchdo Iehbstdjod eus [dphrjt, Erchëlblajschds Flrrdsplokdoznbett 547 315 -383.

5:81 Idkjdveb sdttbdidot eok dcloliy olrth l` thd Blwdr ^hjod. Erchedlblay eok hjstlry l`

Flltwjgf eok thd Pdbuwd (thd Odthdrbeoks), Essdo/Ieestrjcht (Cjoaube :).

5::= Nddrs, Aessdb JP. Jo7 Q.G.H. Pdrwdrs, Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Ollrk-Nreneot

5:84-5:81, Qeebrd (Njgkreado tlt kd stukjd veo hdt Nreneotsd hddi 3;)7 15-14.

5:8: ]rdhjstlrjschd ndwlojoassplrdo beoas kd Bdjg7 wlodo do wdrfdo eeo ddo

@. veo Oudodonddfkeb, Qdstdrhddi XXXPJJJ7 0:-1:.

5::5 Ndwlojoassplrdo ujt kd ijkkdo-nrlostj gk do kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk lp 'kd Hlrkdo' td Qjgf njg

Kuurstdkd. Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 ;5-4>.

jo prdp. Kd johddis-^lidjosd are`rdbkdo jo hdt ^jvjdrdoadnjdk.

5:8: ûreb sdttbdidot jo ^lieo Nrjtejo, Bloklo.

5:1; Kjd Eusarenuoado eu` kdi @rjdkhl` kdr vlrrðijschdo Djsdozdjt vlo Pddo, Frdjs Ildrs,

Ndjtrëad zur Tradschjchtd kds ^hdjobeokds J7 >;3-3;4.

5:8= Ijttdbdurlpëjschd Djchdochrlolblajd6 [rjdrdr kdokrlchrlolblajschd @lrschuoado zur

Erchëlblajd uok Fuostadschjchtd, Iejoz ([rjdrdr Arenuoado uok @lrschuoado 55).

5:3; Ddo vrlda Aebbjsch vlrstdoare` njg Lss (O.N.), Lukhdjkfuokjad Idkdkdbjoado ujt hdt

^jgfsiusdui veo Lukhdkdo 547 3:-43.

5::= Nddf do Klof. Jo7 Q.G.H. Pdrwdrs (dk.), Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Ollrk-Nreneot lvdr

5:88 do 5:8:, Nreneots Hddi ;>7 5;3-5;0.

5::> Kd vllr-hjstlrjschd nldrkdrjgnluw jo Krdothd. ^dclostructjdilkdbbdo veo 53== vóór tlt

53== oe Chr., Erohdi.

5:0; Ddo are`vdbk ujt kd vllr-^lidjosd jgzdrtjgk td Ojgosdb , adi. St. Ldkdorlkd, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot, Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 5;7 1;-83.

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoado ujt kd ijkkdo-nrlostjgk jo hdt rjvjd rdoadnjdk7 Wjgkdrvdbk do Klkdweerk. Jo7

H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 43-0=.

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoassplrdo ujt kd jgzdrtjgk td Klof (Ndbajæ). Jo7 H. @lffdos/

O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 585-5:5.



305 ^D@D^DOCDS

Geossdo,G.

B. veo Jipd

Geossdos, K.

Gloa, @. kd

Fbevdrdo, H.Q. veo

Foðrzdr, F.-H.

Fojaht, K.

5:81 Lvdrpdbt-Bjokdb (Bjin. )7 urodovdbk 'Huoodondr a', Erchdlblajd7 500.

5:11

5:8>

z.g.

5:15

5:8;

5:8;

Fojppdondra, Q.H.[h. 5:04

Folb, D. 5:83

Fllj, ].N. 5:1:

5::5

Ddo Aebbl-^lidjos are`vdbk td Ieesdjf, Nrussdb (Erchedlblaje Ndbajce 5:8).

]ebyolblajsch lokdrzldf veo hdt johddis-^lidjosd are`vdbk veo Lss- Tssdo (prlv. Ollrk-

Nreheot), ieouscrjpt Bdjkdo.

Cdbtjc `jdbk do odkdrzdttjoassplrdo njg kd Pjg`sprloa, adi. Dkd, scrjptjd Bdjkdo.

Tradschjchtbjchd Tofrëutdr ji ^hdjobeok, djo Ndjtrea zur Dotstdhuoasadschjchtd kdr

Sdadtebadsdjbsche`tdo, Pdadtetjl >3 7 8:-555.

Pdrëokdruoado kdr Tofreutvdadtetjlo eu` rhdjojschdo Neudrohð`do sdjt kdr ^ðidrzdjt,

Nloodr Gehrnòchdr 58;7 ;1:-4=3 .

Betd Nrlozd Ead eok Jrlo Ead sdttbdidot jo thd Odod eok Ardet Lusd Nesjos, Lx`lrk (N.E.^.

Nrjtjsh Sdrjds 53=,5-55).

Qetdrputtdo ujt kd ^lidjosd tjgk td St. Ijchjdbsadstdb do dbkdrs, Nreneots Hddi 517 14-:>.

@erijoa lo thd neofs l` thd rjvdr Ee. [hd èuoeb rdiejos l` ]ekkdpldb >== NC - EK >4=,

]ebedlhjstlrje >47 5;4-58>.

]rd-^lieo uro`jdbks jo thd Olrth l` thd Odthdrbeoks, Arlojoado.

Ddo odkdrzdttjoa ujt kd ijkkdo-nrlostjgk lp hdt Hujkndrasvdbk njg Kebdo, Ojduwd Krdotsd

Plbfsebieoef 5=87 5=;-551.

Fllj. ^N.

A.G. kd Beoado

Flrtbeoa, @.

Flssecf, A.

F.D. Ndhrd

]. Schijk (dks.)

Bedt, S.G. kd

H. [hldo

G. Nluradljs

Beotjoa. G.O.

Q.A. Illf

Beuwdrjdr, ^.C.A.I.

Beuwdrjdr, ^.C.A.I.

G.I.I. ^lnddrst

Bluwd Flljgieos, B.].

5:81

5::8

5:8;

5:80

5:11

5:83

5:84

5:88

5::3

jo prdss

5:84

5::4

Ndwlojoa jo kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk lp hdt Fbduvdovdbk td ]ddbl (adi. Essdo),

Ojduwd Krdotsd Plbfsebieoef 5=;7 545-504.

[hd Jrlo Ead uro`jdbk eok sdttbdidot `rli Slidrdo-'Qetdrkedb'. Jo7 @. [hduws/O. ^lyieos

(dks.)7 533-5:5.

Erchëlblajschd uok oeturwjssdosche`tbjchd Totdrsuchuoado eo

bëokbjchdo uok ròhstëktjschdo Sjdkbuoado ji kdutschdo Fòstdoadnjdt

vli 4. Gehrhuokdrt v. Chr. njs zu 5;. Gehrhuokdrt o. Chr., J, Qdjohdji.

Bds`lujbbds ku Sdijoejrd k'Erchêlblajd kd be ^jgfsuojvdrsjtdjt td Adot e Kjstdbndrado-

Ddonddfdjokd (5:0=-5:8;) dt b'hjstljrd bepbus eocjdood kd be rdajlo kd Adot (Aeok).

J7 Be pdrjlkd prêhjstlrjqud, Nruaad (Kjssdrtetjlods Erchedlblajced Aeokdosds >3).

[hd prd- eok prltlhjstlry l` thd Odthdrbeoks jo tdris l` rekjlcernlo

ketds, Arlojoado.

E ideb `lr thd kdek6 eojieb nlod `joks jo ^lieo arevds, ]ebedlhjstlrje >47 583-5:3.

Are`vdbk Lss-Tssdo7 adcrdiddrkd kjdrbjgfd rdstdo, Arlojoado (jotdro repplrt NEJ, >>-8-5:84)

Eojiebs jo ^lieo tjids jo thd Kutch destdro rjvdr erde, 's- Arevdohead/Eidrs`llrt

(Odkdrbeoksd Lukhdkdo 5>).

Njrk rdiejos jo ^lieo arevds, Erchedlèuoe > (Erchedlrojthlblay7 Njrks eok thd

erchedlblajceb rdclrk6 ]rlcddkjoas l` thd @jrst Iddtjoa l` thd JCEW Njrk Qlrfjoa Arlup,

Iekrjk, Lctlndr 5::>)7 14-8>.

Hlrsds jo ^lieo tjids jo thd Odthdrbeoks. Jo H. Nujtdohujs dt e/.(dks G, Eojiebs eok ieo

jo thd pest, ^lttdrkei.

Splrdo jo hdt beok. Kd Odkdrbeoksd kdbte jo kd prdhjstlrjc Eistdrkei.

]rdhjstlry lr ]erekjsd. ]rdhjstlry es e rd`drdocd `lr ilkdro oeturd kdvdblpidot, thd Kutch

cesd, Idkdkdbjoado ^jgfs Adlblajschd Kjdost. 4>, ;54-;>;7 3-51)




Bu``. ^.-I.

Ieds, F.

B. veo Jipd

Ieschidydr, K.

Idjgkdo, ^. veo kdr

D.G.I. Erolbks

@. Ekdie

D.G. Qddke

CB. ]betd

5:8> E zllerchedlblajceb stuky l` thd ^lieo olrth-wdstdro prlvjocds, Lx`lrk

(N.E.^. Jotdroetjloeb Sdrjds 531).

5:80 Ndaree`pbeets ujt kd jgzdrtjgk do ^lidjosd vlokstdo lp kd '^j dtdi' td Qjgsheado

(adi. Idduwdo-Arujtrlkd), Erchedlblaje Ndbbjce JJ, 57 ;1-40.

5:80 Djod Sjdkbuoa kdr vlrrðijschdo Djsdozdjt ijt Sdhijdkdpbetz uok djodi Heps-Heus jo

Qdoasdb, Seitadidjokd Schòttlr`, Bkfr. Are`sche`t Ndothdji, Erchëlblajschd Ijttdjbuoado

eus Olrkwdstkdutschbeok :7 34- ;4.

5:83 Steokeerktjgst veo kd Odkdrbeoksd @blre, Bdjkdo.

Idosch, ].G.E. veo

Ijoflwsfj, D.

Ilkkdrieo, ].G.^.

Ilkkdrieo, ].G.^.

B.]. Bluwd Flljgieos

Ilkkdrieo, ].G.^.

IG.A.[h. Ilot`lrts

Iòbbdr, T.E.

Iòbbdr-Qjbbd, I.

]dkkdilrs, E.

]hjbpltt, ^.

]beocf, K.

]jdtdrs, I.

]bjcht, G. veo kdr

]los, B.G.

5:8= Kjdrbjgf sfdbdtietdrjeeb veo kd Hlljklofschd Effdrs adi. Slo do Nrduadb, prlv. Ollrk-

Nreneot, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje 537 :1-::.

5:84 Erchdlblajschd buchtfertdrjoa veo hdt adnjdk Ddrsdb-^jdthlvdo-Ndradjgf. Jo7 G. Sbl`stre dt eb.

(dks.)7 1:-84.

5:44 Qllosplrdo ujt kd nrlostjgk do kd jgzdrtjgk lp kd Ierajgodo Dof lokdr Kdvdotdr, Ndrjchtdo

veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 07 >>-35.

5:0>/03 Ddo are`hduvdb idt peersadwjgs adstdbkd peebfreos veo hdt urodovdbk lp hdt ]hjbjps-

feipddrtdrrdjo, adi. Slidrdo, Ollrk-Nreneot, Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt

Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 5>-537 415-414.

5:0; [hd chjd`tejo's arevd l` Lss rdclosjkdrdk. Nubbdtjo Eotjdfd Ndschevjoa 3:7 41-0>.

5:00 [hd Hdjnbldi, e cdidtdry `rli thd Betd Nrlozd Ead eok Derby Jrlo Ead ndtwddo Pdbkhlvdo

eok Stddosdb, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje >7 :->0.

5::5 Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Adbkdrbeok 5:1=-5:8;, Njgkreado do idkdkdbjoado veo kd

Pdrdojajoa Adhd 8>7 5;3-588.

5::5 Kes ]`drk jo kdr arjdchjsch-fdbtjschdo @ròhadschjchtd, Hdbvdtjce erchedlblajce 8;7 543-500.

5:11 Nëudrbjchd Sjdkbuoado kdr Nrlozd- uok Djsdozdjt jo kdo Olrksddadnjdtdo. Jo7 H. Geofuho dt

eb. (dks.), Kes Klr` kdr Djsdozdjt uok kds ròhdo Ijttdbebtdrs. Sjdkbuoas`lri - wjrtsche`tbjchd

@uoftjlo - slzjebd Struftur, Aðttjoado.

5:14 Betèodabeserirjoad jo kdo Ojdkdrbeokdo, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje 87 :3-5;4.

5::5 Nurjeb prectjcds jo ^lieo Nrjtejo6 e survdy l` arevd trdetidot eok ùrojshjoa E.K. ;3-;5=,

Lx`lrk (N.E.^. Nrjtjsh Sdrjds >5:).

5:80 Kjd Pjdrdcfscheozd vlo @dbbnech-Schijkdo. Jo7 K. ]beocf (dk.). Kdr Fdbtdo`òrst vlo

Hlchklr`6 Idthlkdo uok Dradhojssd kdr Beokdserchëlblajd jo Nekdo-Qòrttdindra,

Stuttaert7 3;=-343.

5:81 Krjd ^lidjosd wetdrputtdo td Nurst (adi. Drpd-Idrd) , Erchedlblaje Ndbajce JJJ7 50:-518.

5::3 [hd Arlojoado rekjlcernlo cebjnretjlo prlarei, êkjlcernlo 34 (5)7 >35 - >31.

5:41 Kd adlblajd, kd nlkdivlrijoa do kd wetdrsteetfuokjad lotwjffdbjoa veo hdt Beok veo Iees

do Qeeb do ddo adkddbtd veo hdt ^jgf veo Ojgidado, Qeadojoado (Nlkdifuokjad Stukjds 3).



303

]ruiidb. Q.

^D@D^DOCDS

5:81 ]lubtry eok `lwbjoa et thd ^lieo cestdb bui Pdbsdo 5, ]ebedlhjstlrje >:7 583->=5.

5:8: Jrlo Ead Eojieb Husneokry, Huotjoa, @lwbjoa eok @jshjoa lo Pllrod- ]uttdo, thd

Odthdrbeoks, ]ebedlhjstlrje 357 >34->04.

^djchieoo, Chr. 5:1: Wur Ndsjdkbuoasadschjchtd kds Bjppdiòokuoasadnjdtds wëhrdok kdr gòoadrdo vlrrðijschdo

Djsdozdjt uok kdr ëbtdstdo rðijschdo Fejsdrzdjt, Qdsdb.

^llsdos. H.

A. Nddx

^lsdostlcf. K.

^lyieos, O.

^ly ieos, O.

[. Kdrfs

5:0> Hdt lokdrzldf veo hdt urodovdbk 'Kd ^llsdo' td Oddrpdbt jo 5:05, Nrussdb

(Erchedlblaje Ndbajce 04).5:04 Nrlostjgkare`hduvdbs lp kd Heertdrhdjkd td Heilot, Nrussdb (Erchedlblaje Ndbajce 85).

5:1: Kjd Sjdkbuoasstdbbdo jo Adjsier uok kjd Ndsjdkbuoa jo lndrdo Bdjodteb sdjt kdr gòoadrdo

vlrrðijschdo Djsdozdjt, Odud Eusarenuoado uok @lrschuoado jo Ojdkdrsechsdo 537 541-355.

5:8> Ddo vddfreeb ujt kd jgzdrtjgk do ddo johddis-^lidjos are`vdbkgd lp kd Frjdfdschllr njg

Nbekdb. Jo7 G. Sbl`stre dt eb.7 :;-5=5.

5:84e Cernlojzdk arejo `rli twl Jrlo Ead stlread pjts et Oddrherdo-^dfdi, Erchedlblaje Ndbajce

J, 57:1-5=4.

5:84n Odkdrzdttjoassplrdo ujt kd ijkkdo-jgzdrt jgk lp kd Fdrfeffdrs njg Kliidbdo. Jo7 G. Sbl`stre dt

eb. (dks.)7 55-58.

5:88 Nddakdo, odkdrzdttjoa do are`vdbk ujt jgzdrtjgk do ^lidjosd tjgk. Jo7 H. Stldpfdr (dk.) ,

Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Bjinura lvdr 5:81, ]unbjcetjlos kd be Slcjêtj Hjstlrjqud dt

Erchêlblajqud keos Jd Bjinlura 5>;7 3;0-303.

5::= [rjneb slcjdtjds jo Olrthdro Aeub. Eo eothrlplblajceb pdrspdctjvd, Eistdrkei (Cjoaube 5>).

5::5 Betd Tro`jdbk Slcjdtjds jo thd Olrthwdst Durlpdeo ]bejo eok thd dxpeokjoa odtwlrfs l`

Cdotreb Durlpdeo Hebbstett arlups. Jo7 O. ^lyieos/@. [hduws (dks.). Jieads l` thd pest.

Stukjds lo eocjdot slcjdtjds jo olrthwdstdro Durlpd, Eistdrkei (Stukjds jo prd- do

prltlhjstlrjd1)7 :-8:.

5::3 Kd tdipdb veo Dipdb. Ddo Netee`sd cubtuspbeets eeo kd Iees. Jo7 O. ^lyieos/

@. [hduws (dks.)7 1;-81.

^lyieos, O.

@lffdos, H.

^lyieos, O.

H. Hjkkjof

^lyieos, O.

@. Flrtbeoa

^lyieos, O.

Q.E.N. veo kdr Seokdo

^lyieos, O.

@. [hduws (dks.)

5::5 Ddo lvdrzjcht veo vddrtja geer odkdrzdttjoaslokdrzldf jo kd Bead Beokdo. Jo7

H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.) 7 5->=.

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoassplrdo ujt kd nrlostjgk do kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk lp kd Freeovdoschd Hdjkd

td Bllo lp Weok. Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 555-5>8.

5::3 Ndwlojoasadschjdkdojs veo ddo kdfzeokbeokschep beoas kd Ee td Slidrdo. Jo7

O. ^lyieos/@. [hduws (dks.)7 >>-;5.

5:8= Cdbtjc cljos jo thd Odthdrbeoks eok thdjr erchedlblajceb clotdxt ,

Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 3=7 513->4;.

5::3 Ddo do eb zeok. [wdd geer arevdo oeer hdt Nreneotsd vdrbdkdo, 's-Hdrtladonlsch.

^lyieos. O.

E.[lb

5::3 Ollklokdrzldf veo ddo klkdoeffdr td Ijdrbl-Hlut. Jo7 O. ^lyieos/@. [hduws

(dks.)7 ;>-40.

Seokdo, Q.E.N, veo kdr 5:85 [hd uro`jdbk eok thd betd nrlozd ead sdttbdidot trecds lo thd Heeaeffdrs et St.-Lckdorlkd

(prlvjocd l` Olrth-Nreneot), Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 35 7 3=1-3>8.

5:80 Hlutsojgwdrf ujt kd betd jgzdrtjgk ujt ddo wetdrput jo Lss-Tssdo. Jo7 H. @lffdos dt eb. (dks.),

Lp zldf oeer idos do ietdrjæbd cubtuur, Arlojoado7 13-8;.

5:81e Kd rdajl jo beokscheppdbjgf, adlblajsch do erchdlblajsch pdrspdctjd`. Jo7

Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 5-5=.




5:81n Hdt prlgdct Lss-Tssdo. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 55->>.

5:81c Kdokrlchrlolblajd do hdt erchdlblajsch lokdrzldf lp kd zujkdbjgfd zeokarlokdo. Jo7

Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 ;4-4>.

5:81k Lss-Tssdo7 kd odkdrzdttjoado. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks .)7 43-01.

5:81d Lss-Tssdo7 kd are`vdbkdo. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 0:-8=.

5:81` Lss-Tssdo7 dclblajd do dclolijd. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 85-8:.

5:81a Lss-Tssdo7 kd ietdrjæbd cubtuur. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 :5-FF).

5:81h Lss-Tssdo7 ddo jotdrprdtetjd . Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 5>5-53=.

5:81j [hd Tssdo prlgdct7 berad-scebd sdttbdidot erchedlblay l thd pdrjlk 1== NC-EK >4=,

e prdbjijoery rdplrt, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje >=7 :4- 5>3.

5::= Idos do ildres. Pddobjgfdo jo Odkdrbeok veo kd nrlostjgk tlt do idt kd ^lidjosd tjgk. Essdo

(Erchdlblajschd ilolare`jæo veo hdt Krdots Iusdui 5).

Seokdo, Q.E.N, veo kdr

].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)

5:81 Adtdfdok zeok. [jdo geer erchdlblajsch lokdrzldf jo Lss-Tssdo, Qeebrd (Njgkreado tlt kd

stukjd veo hdt Nreneotsd hddi 35).

Seokdo. Q.E.N, veo kdr

H. veo kdr Fbj`t

5:8; Ddo tuiubus ujt kd ^lidjosd tjgk td Ebphdo, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce

Bdjkdosje 517 5=1-558.

Schjiidr, D.B.

Schwerz, F.

5:11 Ddo ^lidjosd wetdrput td Pdbzdo, Qdstdrhddi >07 >>;->>:.

5:0= Spëtfdbtjschd Pjdrdcfscheozdo6 Dradnojssd kdr tlplarephjschdo Pdridssuoa uok kdr

Eusarenuoado 5:41-5:4:, Gehrdsndrjcht kds Neydrjschdo Beokdseitds `òr Kdofiebp`bdad

587 45-8;.

5:14 Kjd Adschjchtd djods fdbtjschdo [didols ji oðrkbjchdo Ebpdovlrbeok, Eusarenuoado jo

Kdutschbeok 57 3>;-348.

Sbl`stre, .5. 5::5e Ddo odkdrzdttjoa ujt kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk lp kd Hddsilrtdb njg ^jdthlvdo. Jo7 H. @lffdos/

O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 5;5-545.

5::5n Cheoajoa sdttbdidot systdis jo thd Idusd-Kdidr-Schdbkt erde kurjoa thd Derby ^lieo

pdrjlk. Jo7 O. ^lyieos/@. [hduws (dks.), Jieads l` thd pest. Stukjds lo eocjdot slcjdtjds jo

olrthwdstdro Durlpd, Eistdrkei (Stukjds jo prd- do prltlhjstlrjd 1)7 535-5::.

Sbl`stre. G.

Q.E.N. veo kdr Seokdo

5:81 ûrebd cubtuspbeetsdo ujt kd ^lidjosd tjgk jo hdt Iees-Kdidr-Schdbkdadnjdk,

Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje >=7 5>4-508.

Sbl`stre, G.

H.H. veo ^datdrdo Ebtdoe

O. ^lyieos

@. [hduws

5:8> Hdt Fdipdoprlgdct. Ddo rdajloeeb-erchdlblajsch lokdrzldfsprlareiie. Hepdrt

(Njgkreado tlt kd stukjd veo hdt Nreneotsd hddi >>).

Sbl`stre, G.

H.H. veo ^datdrdo Ebtdoe

@. [hduws (dks.)

5:84 Hdt Fdipdoprlgdct >6 ddo rdajloeeb-erchdlblajsch lokdrzldf jo ujtvldrjoa,

Qeebrd (Njgkreado tlt kd stukjd veo hdt Nreneotsd hddi >1).

[criljd. .5. 5:81

5::=

Kd Fdbtjschd hllatdodkdrzdttjoa veo Flljadi Nls6 kd lparevjoasceipeaod 5:80,

Qdstvbeeisd Erchedlblajce 37 05-1>.

To sjtd `lrtj`jd kd 5'ead ku `dr e Flljadi, cliiuod kd Clurtrej (@beokrd Lccjkdotebd).

Jo7 Bds Cdbbds do @reocd ku Olrk dt do Ndbajqud Pbd-Jdr sjècbd eveot G.-C, z.pb.7 ;3-;0.

[duojssdo, K. 5:8> Dxcursjdajks vllr kd >>d Ndbajsch-Odkdrbeoksd ]ebyolbladokeado, Ojgidado.

5::= ]ebyolblajsch lokdrzldf jo hdt Llstdbjgf ^jvjdrdoadnjdk7 ddo lvdrzjcht, Ojgidado

(Idkdkdbjoado veo kd e`kdbjoa Njladlblajd veo kd Kjscjpbjod Njlblajd veo kd Fethlbjdfd

Tojvdrsjtdjt veo Ojgidado 50).

[hduws, @.

O. ^lyieos (dks.)

5::8 Beok eok eocdstlrs, cubtureb kyoeijcs jo thd uro`jdbk pdrjlk eok thd Ijkkbd Eads jo thd

Sluthdro Odthdrbeoks, Eistdrkei (Eistdrkei Erchedlblajceb Stukjds ;).



304 ^D@D^DOCDS

[lkk, I.

[lb, E.

5:14 [hd olrthdro nernerjeos, Bloklo.

5::8 Tro`jdbk eok sdttbdidot trecds `rli thd Jrlo Ead et Ijdrbl-Hlut . Jo7 @. [hduws/O. ^lyieos

(dks.)7 81-53>.

[rjdr, N,

Pesnjokdr, E.C.

H. @lffdos

5:0: Kes Heus ji Olrkwdstdo kdr Adrieoje Bjndre, Iòostdr.

5:81 Ddo nrlostjgk-hujs ujt Lss-Tssdo. Jo7 Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd

(dks.)7 535-534.

Pdo, @.G.I, veo kd

Pdrbjokd, E.K.

5:14 Pjdrkujzdok geer Lss, Ndrbjcui.

5:84 Kjd Arëndr uok Arenùokd kdr spëtdo Nrlozdzdj t uok `ròhdo Djsdozdjt jo Lvdrjgssdb JP,

Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 34 7 >35 -;55.

5:88 Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Lvdrjgssdb lvdr 5:81, Lvdrjgssdbsd Hjstlrjschd Njgkreado 5=37 53:-50>.

5::5 Hujzdo ujt kd nrlostjgk do kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk td Clbischetd. Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos

(dks.)7 35-;=.

Pdrbjokd, E.K.

E. Nujsieo

5:81 Kdvdotdr-Hlbtdrwda, Geervdrsbea ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 5:807 01-1=.

Pdridubdo, @. 5::> [ussdo Bdjd do Schdbkd. Erchdlblajschd jovdoterjs do stukjd veo kd ^lidjosd ndwlojoa jo

hdt zujkdo veo kd Pbeeisd beokstrddf. Adot (Erchdlblajsch Jovdoterjs Pbeeokdrdo -

Nujtdoadwlod rddfs 5).

Pdridubdo, @.

N, Headieo

5::1 Ddo rjtudbd lihdjojoa ujt kdbetd jgzdrtjgk thd Fodssdberd (L-Pb.), Buoube.Erchedlblajce

]rltlhjstlrfe P7 >:-33.

Pdrwdrs, A.G.

Pdrwdrs, Q.G.H.

5:00e Olo-cjrcuber ilouidots jo thd sluthdro Kutch uro`jdbks , Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce

Bdjkdosje >7 ;:-41.

5:00n [uiubj et thd Wdvdondrado oder Lss, adi. Ndrahdi, prlv. Ollrk-Nreneot, Eoebdcte

]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje >7 >1-3>.

5:1> Kes Feips Pdbk jo Heps jo Odlbjthjfui, Nrlozdzdjt uok Djsdozdjt,Bdjkdo

(Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce Bdjkdosje 4).

5:14 Trodovdbk do odkdrzdttjoa td Beea Spub, adi. Hjbverdonddf, Eoebdcte ]redhjstlrjce

Bdjkdosje 87 >3-;3.

5:85 Lss, Tssdo. Jo7 Q.G.H. Pdrwdrs, Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Ollrk- Nreneot 5:11-5:18,

Djokhlvdo (Njgkreado tlt kd stukjd veo hdt Nreneotsd hddi 5:)7 34-38.

5::= Ollrk-Nreneot, Geervdrsbea ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 5:8:7 508-51:.

5::5 Ndwlojoassplrdo ujt kd vrldad jgzdrtjgk eeo kd Fbllstdrstreet td Kdo Kòoado.

Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 503-51=.

Pdrwdrs, Q.G.H.

A.E.C. Nddx

5:18 Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Ollrk-Nreneot 5:1;-5:10, Djokhlvdo (Njgkreado tlt kd

stukjd veo hdt Nreneotsd hddi 51).

Pdrwdrs, Q.G.H.

].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd

5:84 Hdt Nlsschd Nrldf lpadrlbk. Ddo erchdlblajsch lokdrzldf jo Kdo Kòoado, [jgkschrj`t veo

kd Hddifuokdvdrdojajoa 'Kdo Kòoado' 5=7 55 ->=.

Pdrwdrs, Q.G.H.

I.G.E. kd Heeo

5:8: Iuosdb, adi. Nlxtdb, Geervdrsbea ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 5:887 04-00.

Pdrwdrs, Q.G.H.

@. veo Frdatdo

E. Nujsieo

H. tdr Schdaadt

5::= Aessdb, adi. Nddrs, Geervdrsbea ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 5:8:7 1=-15.




Pjbbds, E. 5:84 Bds ardojd rs kd 5'henjtet prltlhjstlrjqud do @reocd sdptdotrjloebd. Jo7 I. Aest dt eb. (dks.),

Bds tdchojquds kd closdrvetjlo kds arejos ë bloa tdrid 3, èsd. >, ]erjgs7 ;=:-;30.

Plat. T. 5:80 Kjd Sjdkbuoa kdr vlrrðijschdo Djsdozdjt vlo Hlbstdo-Iòokrup, Stekt Adlrasierjdohòt td,

Bkfr. Lsoenròcf, Oechrjchtdo eus Ojdkdrsechsdos Tradschjchtd 447 3=5-350.

Qetdrnlbf. H.[. 5:0; [hd nrlozd ead sdttbdidot l` Dbp, Hdbjojui ;7 :1-535.

5:11 Lparevjoado rlok hdt Qjttdvddo lp hdt Ollrksd Pdbk njg Wdjgdo, adi. Prjds (5:;:-5:43),

Ojduwd Krdotsd Plbfsebieoef :;7 511->=3.

5:81 [drua oeer Dbp. Jo7 @.C.G. Fdtdbeer (dks.), Kd hjstlrjd hdrzjdo. Pjg`kd nuokdb "Hjstlrjschd

Evlokdo", Hjbvdrsui7 583->54.

Qddke, D.G.

^. Qdstre

Ch. Qdstre

[. Qdstre

5:84-:; Odkdrbeoksd Ldclblajschd @blre 5-4, Eistdrkei.

Qdtdrjoa, H.[.G. veo kd

I. Qeosbddndo

5:81 @lsèetadhebtdo njoodo twdd hujspbettdarlokdo jo Lss-Tssdo. Jo7

Q.E.N, veo kdr Seokdo/].Q. veo kdo Nrldfd (dks.)7 50:-510.

Qjgoaeerkdo-Neffdr, B.H. veo 5:88 Wlðerchdlblajsch lokdrzldf jo kd Qdstodkdrbeoksd kdbte 5:83-5:81. Jo7 G.H.@. Nbldidrs

(dk.), Erchdlblajd do ldclblajd veo Hlbbeok tussdo ^jgo do Pbjd, Eistdrkei (Stukjds jo

prd- do prltlhjstlrjd >)7 54;-584.

Qjbbdis, Q.G.H. 5:83 Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Bjinura lvdr kd gerdo 5:8=-5:8>, ]unbjcetjlos kd be Slcjêtê

Hjstlrjqud dt Erchêlblajqud keos Jd Bjinlura 55:7 5:1->:5.

5:8; ^lieos eok Netevjeos. E rdajloeb stuky jo thd Kutch destdro rjvdr erde JJ, Ndrjchtdo veo kd

^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja Nlkdilokdrzldf 3;7 3:-335.

5:84 Erchdlblajschd frlojdf veo Bjinura lvdr 5:8;, ]unbjcetjlos kd be Slcjêtê Hjstlrjqud dt

Erchêlblajqud keos Jd Bjinlura 5>57 5;0-5:0.

Tzdrdd`, A.@. 5:85 Nrlozd Ead eojieb nlods `rli Nlvdoferspdb7 thd dxcevetjlo et hdt Pebfgd, Eidrs`llrt

(Odkdrbeoksd Lukhdkdo 5=).

Tzdrdd`, A.@.

@G. Beerieo

^.C.A.I. Beuwdrjdr

5:8: Eojieb ^diejos `rli thd Betd Nrlozd Ead eok thd Jrlo Ead, `luok jo thd Qdstdro

Odthdrbeoks, Ndrjchtdo veo kd ^jgfskjdost vllr hdt Lukhdjkfuokja

Nlkdilokdrzldf 3:7 >41->01.

Tzdrdd`, A.@.

G.@. veo ^datdrdo Ebtdoe

5::5 Odkdrzdttjoado ujt kd ijkkdo- do betd nrlostjgk njg Eokjgf do Nlvdoferspdb .

Jo7 H. @lffdos/O. ^lyieos (dks.)7 05-8>.

Weawjgo, Q.H.

Wdjst, Q. veo

5:80 Odkdrbeok jo hdt Hlblcddo, Heerbdi.

5:1= ]rdhjs tlrjd eok Derby Hjstlrjd `llk pbeots jo thd Odthdrbeoks, ]ebedlhjstlrje 5;7 ;>-513 .

5::5 Dclolijc Espdcts. Jo7 Q. veo Wdjst/F. Qesybjflwe/F.-D. Ndhrd (dks.), ]rlardss jo

Lbk Qlrbk ]ebedldtholnlteoy, ^lttdrkei/Nrllf`jdbk7 5=:- 53=.

Wlbbdr . JX 5:11 Djod Sjdkbuoa kdr vlrrðijschdo Djsdozdjt ndj Idppdo, Fr. Disbeok, Oechrjchtdo eus

Ojdkdrsechsdos Tradschjchtd ;0, >33->3:.





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Fokkens 1998 - The Ussen Project (book)