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Effect Pigments

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Locations and Partnerships

Germany: Fuerth, GuentersthalWackersdorf

Sales agencies: France, England, Benelux, Russia, Hong KongRepresentations: in more than 70 countries

Eckart America L.P.

Eckart Finland

Eckart Italia S.r.l.

Eckart Switzerland

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Plant Güntersthal

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Production of Effect Pigments

PropertiesOptical Effects ColoursStabilityPigment Orientation

Pigment Forms and Logistics Forms of Delivery

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Metallic and Pearlescent Pigments

•Metal pigments made of non-ferrous metals

•Diameter 3µm to 500 µm

•Pearl pigments made of mica.

•Diameter 5µm to 250 µm

•Full shade or combinations with transparent colorants

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Color Pigment - Absorbtion

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Metallic Pigment - Reflexion

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Pearl-Pigment -Reflexion+Transmission

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Organic Pigment

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Organic Pigment

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Metal Pigment

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Metal Pigment

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Metal Pigment

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Pearl Pigment

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Ingot

Oven

Atomizing

Ball - Mill

Cyclone

Sieve

Final Products

Dry Milling Process

Production of Pigments

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Ingot

Oven

Atomizing

Sieve

Filter cakes

Wet Milling Process

Filter Press

MineralSpirit

Production of Pigments

Ball - Mill

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Ingots

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Atomizing

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Production of Pigments

atomised Al powder aluminium flake

irregular conventional flake

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Production of Pigments

atomised Al powder aluminium flake

spherical „Silver Dollar“

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Ball Mill

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Pearlescent Pigments

Layered TiO2 / Mica / TiO2

Platelets

Diameter 5 - 250 µm

Thickness 0,1 - 2 µm

Titanium dioxide 10 - 50%

Mica 50 - 90%

additionally

Iron oxide 3 - 7%

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The optical effect of pearlescent pigments is based on light reflection and refraction at interfaces of transparent substances with different refractive indices.

Law of Snellius

Pearlescent Pigments

α

β

n1: small refractive index

n2: large refractive index

Law of Snellius: n1 x sin α = n2 xsin β

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Colors

Gold Bronze

The different gold shades of bronze pigments are caused by altering the ratio of copper to zinc. Regardless of the supplier the name of these different bronze shades remains the same.

Name Alloy Colour

Copper 100% Copper copper

PaleGold 90% Copper/ 10% Zinc reddish

RichPaleGold 85% Copper/ 15% Zinc yellow

RichGold 70% Copper/ 30% Zinc yellow-green

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Colors

Pearlescent Pigments

They are available in 4 groups of colour shades. The different colours are achieved by a variation in the coating.

Group Coating Colour

WhiteSilver TiO2 - thin layer white/silver

Interference TiO2 increasing thicknesses e.g. green, blue, red

Gold tones TiO2 followed by Fe2O3 various gold shades

Copper tones Fe2O3 in different thicknesses various copper shades

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Colors

05

1015202530354045

MS10 MS20 MS40 MS50 MS60 MS70

Interferenc Color depending on the TiO2- content

% TiO2

white/silver

yellow

red violet

bluegreen

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Optical Properties

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Optical Properties

Reflection + Scattering

Ideal Mirror Ideal dull Surface100% Reflexion 100% Scattering

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Optical Properties

Reflection + Scattering

Metal Effect = Reflexion + Scattering

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Optical Properties

Metallic Effect

Edges : Light is scatterd

Surface: Light is reflected

The brightness depends on the ratio surface to edges

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Optical Properties

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Optical Properties

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Stability

All pigments Minimal shearMinimal shear to be applied while dispersing.

Aluminum Pigments are stable in most plastics. No restriction as concerns temperature.

Gold Bronze Uncoated Pigments: only for LDPE / PS Heat stable up to : 200°C = 400°F/5 min.Resist Pigments: also for PVC / PET / PP.Heat stable up to : 260°C = 500°F/5 min.

Pearlescent Suitable for all plastics. Pigments Heat stable up to : 800°C

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Stability

Low Shear High

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Stability

Mechanical Properties:

Influence of Shear Forces

SEM photographs of shear stressed pigments(magnification: approx. 16.000 x)

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Stability

Low Shear High

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Stability

0

1

2

3

4

5

150°C/305F 170°C/340F 190°C/375F 210°C/410F 230°C/445F 250°C/480F 270°C/515F

uncoatedcoated

Heat stability of Gold Bronze Pigments

∆ E

D E = overall color change Normally accepted max D E = 3 after 5 min. dwelltime

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Effect of the Particle Size

Whiteness Brilliance Tinting Strength

Fine

Coarse

Optical Properties

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Optical Properties

Particle Size Distribution

Reflexal 211

Lac NDT

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Optical Properties

Particle Size Distribution

Two pigments with the same average particle size but with a different particle size distribution will not have the same brilliance.The pigment with a narrower particle size distribution, i.e. fewer fines will be more brilliant.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

5µm

8µm

12µm

18µm

23µm

30µm

36µm

45µm

56µm

63µm

70µm

90µm

110µ

m13

5µm

165µ

m21

0µm

260µ

m32

0µm

400µ

m

BrilliantGrey

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Optical Properties

Orientation

poor good

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Optical Properties

Pigment Orientation

Optical effects are also effected by the orientation

Optimal effect: All pigments are orientated parallel to the surface

Extrusion : good orientation

Injection moulding : poor orientation Can cause flow linesmark

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Pigment

Forms and Logistics

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Pigment Powders

Advantages: - Lower costs- Universal compatibility with different plastics

Disadvantages: Dust !!Dust !!- Can cause dust explosions (fine Aluminium pigments)

- Strong tendency to agglomerate- Not easy to disperse without destroying the pigment flakes

Pigment Forms and Logistics

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Pigment Pastes

Advantages: - Dust free- Pre-dispersed- Safe handling- Longer storage stability - Customized carriers

Disadvantages: - No universal application- Greasy

Pigment Forms and Logistics

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Pigment Forms and

Preparations

Aluminum Pigments -- Pigment Powders / Pastes / Pellets

Bronze Pigments -- Pigment Powders/Pastes

Pearlescent Pigments -- Pigment Powders/Pastes

Logistics

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ALAFAVE Workshop - Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, May 21-23, 2003

Div. Pigments & Additives /BU Specialized Industries

Miguel O. Vega

- Dyes, Pigment Preparations &Additives for Candles -

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Evolution of the specialty chemicals industry

Ciba-Geigy Ltd

1990

Sandoz Ltd

SandozChemicals

Ltd

Hoechst Ltd

Bayer Ltd

TextileDyes

TextileDyes

Hoechst Specialty

Chemicals

1995

Spin-off

Clariant Ltd

Sandoz Ltd

DyStar GmbH

Joint Venture

Ciba-GeigyLtd

1996

Karl-Hans König

is watching

you

Novartis Ltd

Fusión

SpecialtyChemicals

Adquisición

1997

Hoechst Specialty

ChemicalsClariant Ltd

Clariant Ltd

2000

NIPA

Adquisición

CHRISTIANSON

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Where we are ?

Clariant is located in more than 120 countries, working 30,000 colleagues and selling about 20,000 products for the for the chemical industry.

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What we do ?

TLP

Masterbatches

P&A

FUNLSE

CLARIANT

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Colour and Light

Light beamInformationColour of Light

Absorbing media

remaining lightcreates colourperception

To see objects we need light.

From the whole bandwidth of electromagnetic waves in universe man can only detect visually the tiny wavelength range of ~ 400 - 700 nm which we call light.

Radiation with larger or smaller wavelengths are invisible for man.

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Factorising of LightIsaac Newton 1643 to 1727

white light

Prisma

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Color is the result of the selective absorption ofparts of the visible spectrum from white light

Wavelength Color ColorAbsorbed, nm Absorbed Seen

400-435 Violet Yellow-Green435-480 Blue Yellow480-490 Green-Blue Orange490-500 Blue-Green Red500-560 Green Purple560-580 Yellow-Green Violet580-595 Yellow Blue595-605 Orange Green-Blue605-750 Red Blue-Green

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Subtractive Mixing of Colours

Yellow Cyan Magenta

nm

Beispiel: Gelb/Zyan Grünexample: yellow + cyan = green

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

380 440 520 600 680Tr

ansm

issi

onAll three colours absorb in the visible range of light so only a small transmission remains.

Laying all three colour filters one over the other creates a dark grey-brown (no black).

Mixing of colouring bodies

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CIE Colour Model of 1931

The three dimensional colour system defines colours according to brightness and chroma, but does not show colours in the difference from each other in which they are perceived by the eye. Later the CIE* XYZ Model (“shoe sole”) was developed from this.

Shade Brightness Chroma

*CIE = Commission International de l´Eclairage.

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What is a Colorant ?

A natural or synthetic material, organic or inorganic, characterized

by its ability to absorb visible light. Colorants are divided into two

groups - dyes and pigments.

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Classification of Colors

Dyes: Soluble in the media in which they are applied

Pigments: Insoluble in the media in which they are applied

Pigment Preparations: Dispersed pigment in a vehicle

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Colour IndexColour Index

By producer, with trade nameStructure (optional)PropertiesApplication field

Report to Colour Index :

Constitution numberGeneric nameTrade name

Listing in Colour Index :

According to application, properties, shade and structure.

Classification in Colour Index :Generic nameConstitution number

Nomenclature system for pigments and dyestuffs

The Colour Index is published by the Society of Dyers and Colorists (GB) and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.

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Generic namesGeneric namesexampleexample

Structure: CI Class Shade NumberPigment Violet 19Pigment Violet 19Pigment RedPigment Red 112112

Shade.

Number:CI Class:CI Class:

yellow, orange, red, violet, blue, green, brown, black, white.Continuous

PigmentPigmentDyes: Dyes:

Solvent Reactive,Vat Basic,, Acid, Direct,Disperse.

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Organisation

Inorganic Organic

InsolublePigments

Natural

Direct (anionic)

Acid (anionic)

Water Soluble Water Dispersible

Vat

Soluble by Chemical Modification Oil/Solvent Soluble

Synthetic

SolubleDyes

COLORANTS

Reactive (anionic)

Basic (cationic)

Mordant (anionic)

Disperse (nonionic)

Sulfur

Naphthol

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Oil / Solvent Soluble Dyes

Solvent dyes encompass a wide range of chromophoric groups

(azo, xanthene, triphenylmethane, phthalocyanine, metal

complex) but are free of water solubilizing groups. Solubility in

a particular solvent or blend varies for each dye.

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Oil / Solvent Soluble Dyes

Solvent dyes find application in

- plastics - leather coatings- fuels and lubricants - packaging printing- candles - adhesives- polishes - industrial ink jet inks- wood stains - drawing and writing inks- industrial coatings - smoke signals

Clariant products: Fat, Savinyl, Telajet, Sandoplast, Polysynthren,Hostasol

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Clariant oil/solvent soluble dye ranges

Fat- Nonionic, extender-free solvent dyes- Good solubility in almost all organic solvents- Standardized in a petrol solution

Sandoplast- Polymer-soluble solvent dyes- In very low concentrations are also suitable for coloration of cleaners,

care products and waxes- Standardized in polystyrene

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Clariant oil/solvent soluble dye ranges

Hostasol- Nonionic solvent and vat dyes with fluorescence effects in solution- Excellent heat and blooming stability- Very good light fastness- Standardized in polystyrene

Savinyl- Metal complex dyes- Alcohol soluble- High light fastness- Standardized in an alcohol/ethylene glycol monoethylether mixture

** only selected savinyl dyes

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Most common technical problemsMost common technical problems

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Heat resistance Heat resistance Influence of limiting concentrations Influence of limiting concentrations on on colourcolour fadingfading

Violet Pigments

Hea

tres

ista

nce

°C

180200220240260280300320

0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005Pigment concentration [%] in HDPE

P.V. 19, - modif.P.V. 23β

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Global radiation in Kilolangleys per year (Kly)

60 6060

70

70

70

80 8080

100120

160

160160 160

160160

160-180

120

200180

180180 180

140120

120100

8070

160

140 100120

100

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Light fastness / Blue scale

unexposedexposed until stage 3

exposed until stage 5

exposed until stage 7

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7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Stage

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Poor pigment dispersion on white candlePoor pigment dispersion on white candle(influence on wicks burning properties)(influence on wicks burning properties)

100 µm

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Migration

Red candle

Blooming / Bleeding on white surface

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MetamerismDepending on the illumination light the color impression changes

CWFD 65A© Datacolor

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Suggested formula

Raw materials % wt/wt

Paraffin wax 86.0Microcrystalline wax mixt. 8.8Vybar 1.0Light stabilizer system (100% active) 0.2Dyes (Sandoplast, Savinyl, etc.) 0.005-0.02oror Pigment preparation 0.05-0.2

(Licosperse)Fragance 4.0

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Colour matching software MatchWizard®

To receive this software, please contact:Mark Self , Clariant Corp.-USA.Technical Manager SpecializedIndustriesPhone: 401-823-2331Candles@Clariant.com

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Product range

High performance, high fastness organic pigments Colorants for Aluminium

• Hostaperm® • Anodal®• Graphtol® • Sanodal®

• Sanodye®Organic pigments for paints and inks Aluminium Pastes

• Novoperm® • Stapa Hydrolux®• Graphtol® • Stapa Metallux®• Watchung® • Stapa Hydroxal®• Bon® • Stapa Mobilux®

• Stapa Metallic®High colour strength organic pigments Aluminium Powders

• Permanent® • Standart Chromal®• Standart Reflexal®

Organic pigments for paint coloration Perlescent Pigments

• Hansa® • Flonac®

Organic pigments for plastic coloration Bronce Powders

• PV Fast® • Standart®• Graphtol® • Standart Resist®• Watchung®

Binder-free pumpable aqueous pigment preparations Metallic Inks

• Colanyl® • Metal Star®• Viscofil® • RotoStar Aqua®• Flexonil® • Ultra Star®• Hostatint®

Alcohol-soluble metal complex dyes Multi use acid dyes, basic and reactive

• Savinyl® • Duasyn®

Polymer-soluble dyes for plastics

• Sandoplast®

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Product range

PE, PP, amide, montan waxesMicronized waxes

• Licowax® • Ceridust®• Licolub®

Anti-oxidants UV Light stabilisers• Hostanox® • Hostavin®• Sandostab® • Sanduvor®

• Nylostab®

Anti-statics Multifunctional additives• Hostastat® • Hordaphos®• Sandin®

Flame retardants, halogens free Anti-microbial• Exolit® • Sanitized®

Other additives• Phosphorus Pentoxide• Red Phosphorus• Yellow Phosphorus• Phosphorus Oxychloride• Polyphosphoric Acids

Optical brightener• Hostalux & Leucopure®

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Contact

Ing. Miguel Oscar VegaDiv. Pigmentos y AditivosPrinting Industries +Specialized Industries: Stationery & Candles

Tel.: 525-55-387-32-58Fax: 525-55-387-32-51miguel.vega@clariant.com

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