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“A quick synthesis of work done by the DRI and its Associated Institutions towards evolving and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable and self reliant agriculture” by: Arun Joshie and SRM Team
Citation preview
FOOT PRINTS TO FUTURE
“A quick synthesis of work done by the DRI and its Associated Institutions towards evolving and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable and self reliant agriculture”
May, 2011
STUDY SPONSORED BY
MP STATE AGRICULTURE MARKETING BOARD
MINISTRY OF FARMERS’ WELFARE AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH
BHOPAL
Disclaimer:
Due care and diligence has been taken while editing and printing the book.
Neither the Author, Publisher nor the Designer, Printer of the book hold any
responsibility for any mistake that may have crept in inadvertently. SRM,
NLRI, GVT Ratlam - the Publisher - the content, typesetting and designer, as
well as Chhaap Digital Print Studio, will be free from any liability for damages
and losses of any nature arising from or related to the content. All disputes
are subject to the jurisdiction of competent courts in Ahmedabad.
© Deendayal Research Institute
and School of Rural Management 2011.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be produced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission in writing of the copyright owners.
First published in 2011 by
Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh.
Design: [email protected]
communication design consultant
Print and Production: Chhaap Digital Print Studio,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
“A quick synthesis of work done by the
DRI and its Associated Institutions
towards evolving and disseminating
models to establish and strengthen
sustainable and self reliant agriculture”
FOOT PRINTS TO FUTURE
by: Arun R Joshie, Yash Kanungo and Dr. Varan Singh. School of Rural Management, NLRI, GVT, Ratlam.
contents 1 Message from Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan, Chief Minister, Madhya Pradesh and Dr. Ramkrishna Kusmaria 5-72 Why this publication? 8-93 Acknowledgement 104 Peeping into the past 11-14 4.1 The genesis
4.2 The area under focus 4.3 Project districts
4.4 The project area profile
4.5 Sectoral focus
4.5.1 Complementarities
5 The man and his mission – many facets of Nanaji 14-15
5.1 Interview with Dr. Ramkishna Kusmria, Minister, Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development, Govt of MP.
5.2 Interview with Shree Abhay Mahajan, DRI, New Delhi.
6 His love for nature 26-33
6.1 Programmatic interventions
6.2 Adoption behavior
6.3 Attainment Index
6.4 Horizontal and vertical dissemination by default and design
6.5 Means of dissemination
6.6 Conclusion
7 The livelihood outcomes 34-35
7.1 Box an economist of masses 8 Lessons for future generations 36-379 References 38
FOOT PRINTS TO FUTURE
The publication “Foot Prints to Future” provides an opportunity to
understand and adore the cardinal principles and core philosophies
that remain universal and infinite. Our founding fathers
Pt Deendayal Ji Upadhyay and Nanaji illustrated these principles
through deeds. I am particularly thrilled to place before the wider
audience, the learning churned out from the field experiment
conducted in past few years covering a large area of over 500
villages in Satna and Rewa districts.
The in-depth panoramic view of the new age agriculture arguably
going back to basics of time tested technologies from Vedic period
till few decades ago. The present time calls for a paradigm shift from
the conventional to pragmatic views in terms of attaining the super
goal of a more sustainable and ever green yet safe planet earth.
When people from Copenhagen to the remotest corner of the state
are engaged in deliberating and debating the issue of climate change
and its implication to the survival of the humankind in the language
and phraseology suitable to the debating contingents, the publication
aids to find out quick answers to some of these chronic problems.
At the dawn of new decade in the new millennium, I am delighted
to unfold our strong resolve to “make the farm sector profitable
for those to whom it matters the most”. Our resolve this time is
illustrated in the new policies that cover a wide spectrum of issues
connecting the global concerns with local actions.
I wish that the learning and messages from the illustrious life of
Nanaji will enlighten our path and help us realize our dream of
“Swarnim Madhya Pradesh”
Shivraj Singh Chauhan Chief Minister
Government of Madhya Pradesh
Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan Chief Minister Government of Madhya PradeshMessage
5
Agriculture is at crossroads, the neo economic urban centric
development model emulated from the west is taking its toll; the
planned development post independence based on classic trickle
down theory did induce development in certain pockets sporadically
leading to spatial, sectoral, social and political imbalance across nation.
In my four decades of public life, as an elected representative
of masses, I have been taking part in the deliberations taking
place from Village Choupals to Loksabha taught me few quick
lessons, besides, being privileged to be the part of the political
formation that has grand credentials based on the towering high
values and fundamentals. Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay taught us
“Ekatmak Manavtawad”, which became the core philosophy of
our development thinking; later legendry Nanaji illustrated the same
with practical exhibition involving local peasantry in the remote and
underserved areas in Madhya Pradesh and adjoining Uttar Pradesh.
In these troubled times being the member of the ruling government
and sitting at the helm of affairs responsible for the developing the
farm economy, I feel huge moral responsibility towards the founding
fathers of the development philosophy that is inclusive, imbibed
with emotions of humanity, non – exploitative towards all forms of
life nurtured in lap of Mother Nature and yet make the most of the
modern times without depriving the peasants from the sweet fruits
of cutting edge science and technological advances made in the
current times. It is like walking on the tight rope without losing the
balance and not compromising with the basic ethos.
Dr. ramkriShna kuSmaria Minister Farmer Welfare and Agriculture Development
Government of Madhya PradeshMessage
Foot PrintS to Future
6
The conflict within could only be resolved by going back to basics
and mainstreaming the philosophy that was promulgated by the
founding fathers like Pt Deendayal Ji and Nanaji.
It was my earnest desire to once again revisit Nanaji’s philosophy
of self reliance and integrated development and draw few quick
lessons from his illustrious life and the work he did while developing
DRI and its associated institutions. I feel highly obliged and thank
almighty that he gave me an opportunity to place before you the
current publication “Foot Prints to Future” – a quick synthesis of
work done by the DRI and its associated institutions towards evolving
and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable and
self-reliant agriculture.
I am sure in coming times the publication will help generate
interest among the rural and agriculture development fraternity, the
successful model in totality or elements of its successful strategies
evolved in Self-Reliant Campaign under Project Chitrakut will
form the basis for piloting new initiatives elsewhere in the state of
Madhya Pradesh and other parts of the country.
I express my sincere thanks to the Team of professionals working in
DRI and its associated institutions, para – professionals, educated
youth, couples, and above all thousands of women, men and
children taking part in this silent movement and making it a model to
emulate elsewhere.
I also express my heartfelt gratitude and acknowledge the
professionals acumen of the Team of School of Rural Management,
National Livelihood Resources Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust for supporting
us to undertake this study and come out with the present publication.
I am sure in the days to come Project Chitrakut would be visited by
all interested in community driven development and take the first
hand experience from the communities to draw few quick lessons.
I would be encouraged if more in-depth studies are conducted
by the professionals and hard empirical evidences are created to
answer such questions that still remain unanswered and provide
insight into the subject.
I wish that the state owned institutions and departments involved
in the development process should take cognizance of the
evolving Chitrakut Model of Self-Reliant Communities and include
the elements of successful strategies in their programmatic
interventions. This will help realize the value for money we spend
from public exchequer.
7
(Dr. ramkriShna kuSmaria) Minister
Farmer Welfare and Agriculture Development
Government of Madhya Pradesh
Why this publication?Changing face of agriculture in the 21st century, increasing ingress
of the multi – nationals’ mega corporate, burgeoning menace of
global warming and climate change, ever spiraling cost and price
regime of the farm commodities, static dependency of the large
section of the poorer population on the agriculture and decreasing
interest of the rural youth in agriculture as prospective livelihood
option poses serious threat to agriculture in the hinterlands.
Agriculture technologies have undergone a sea of changes,
the perception of the technology producers and user’ is fast
changing and so is the change in the adoption behavior of the farm
technology users – the small and marginal farmers, women farmers
and others.
The key issue in the current time is to see the effectiveness of
the technology, its market linkages, its environmental impacts, its
economic efficiency and ergonomical aspects. The availability of
options, the efficacy over other alternatives and edge over its
conventional counterpart become the major descriptors of any
technology to compare and evaluate for its adoption rates and
behavior of its user’ and adopter.
In the era of information technology and ever widening digital divide
among urban and rural, poor and elite, the issue of dissemination of
technologies makes it paramount to understand the processes and
pathways of agriculture research and development.
The conventional wisdom of extension as against the farmer managed
participatory methodologies calls for a fresh debate. The empirical
evidence proving the point of view could prevail upon the existing
wisdom and address the anomalies arise overtime making mockery
of the agriculture development.
Deendayal Research Institute and its associated institutions like
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVKs) in Majhagawan near Chitrakut district
Satna in Madhya Pradesh and Ganivan in the adjoining district of
Uttar Pradesh, Aarogyadham, Udhyamita Vidhyapeeth, Surendra Paul
Gramodaya Vidhyalaya, Paramanand Ashram Paddhati Vidhyalaya,
Ramnath Ashramshala Govansha Vikas and Anusandhan
Kendra Resource Center and host of other institutions under the
overarching fold of DRI started self-reliant Campaign in January
2002. Since then over 500 villages have been brought under the
campaign, besides many programs and interventions to improve
the education, health, family income through a number of off – farm
and ancillary sources traditional to the villages, NTFP based income
generating activities, enterprise development etc., improvement of
local farming system using low cost appropriate and environmentally
benign technologies available off – shelf or evolved with the community
participation have been the main focus of the campaign.
In past 9 years things have been fast changing the villages that were
reeling under chronic poverty, unemployment, mass exodus of the
working population in search of the meaningful employment for skimpy
Foot PrintS to Future
8
sustenance of life are now showing the signs of recovery from the
chronic debilities, aspiring to attain the supreme goal of self-reliance.
In the informal discussions the visitors, program managers, affected
communities and people at large recognizes the shift from a very
grim looking picture to an encouraging upward looking scenario
in most of the villages. Besides, anecdotal evidences, more
comprehensive and empirical evidences have been created to prove
the point of view.
Taking cognizance of the facts, MP State Agriculture Marketing
Board, Bhopal commissioned a short yet pointed study to snapshot
the changing scenario and place it before the wider audience to
further deliberate and churn out few quick lesson that may prove
spring board to jump start the similar process elsewhere in
the state.
“Understanding the adoption behavior of farmers and evaluation
of technology adoption by the farming communities in Satna and
Rewa districts as influenced by the sustainable agriculture and rural
development programs initiated by DRI and its Institutions” focusing
following key issues will provide food for thinking for future to those
interested in integrated development in the marginalized areas
lurching under chronic poverty. The key issues that attracts
the attention are:
• Understand and map the
technologies that have been found effective through a series of activities
and actions initiated by DRI and its
associated institutions in its working area;
• Illustrate the contributions made
by the DRI through its program
portfolio in terms of increased
adoption of appropriate, low cost and
environmentally benign technologies;
• Understand, assess, evaluate and
illustrate the enhanced capacities
of the farming community;
• Develop a dossier of information that
depicts few of the many contributions
made by great visionary and legendry
Late Shree Nanaji Deshmukh that could
ignite many budding minds to opt for
selfless service motto of life and work for
the agrarian communities;
It is believed that the bilingual publication however, brief shall provide ammunition to the development professionals to wedge war against chronic poverty in more sustainable, holistic and equitable manner making more villages self-reliant. 9
Acknowledgement:The publication “Foot Prints to Future” – a quick synthesis of work
done by the DRI and its associated institutions towards evolving
and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable
and self reliant agriculture” is an outcome of the snapshot
study commissioned by MP State Agriculture Marketing Board,
Government of Madhya Pradesh. The study was conducted by
School of Rural Management, National Livelihood Resources
Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam, MP.
Over last few decades agriculture technology management has been
discussed at national, state and regional levels, battery institutions
ranging from research and academic organizations, universities
and their affiliated institutions, government departments, extension
agencies, trade and industry, corporate and commercial institutions,
financial institutions, civil society organizations, non – governmental
not for profit organizations, cooperatives and community based
organizations have been playing role in disseminating technologies
as per their convenience. The technologies available off the shelf
are managed in supply driven mode and hence the end users
seldom have a say or right to choose the technology appropriate
to them. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Ramkrishna
Kusmaria, Minister Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development
and Chairman MP State Agriculture Marketing Board, Government
of Madhya Pradesh for providing SRM, NLRI, GVT the opportunity
to undertake the assignment and place the findings in the form of
this publication. His unstinted support for the cause of sustainable
development and insights in to the intricacies of the subject has
made it possible.
The most upcoming and upright opinions, conceptualizing the
issues global context and local actions and above all the intellectual
inputs provided by Dr. Bharat Pathak, Head, Deendayal
Research Institute, Chitrakut and Shree Abhay Mahajan ji,
New Delhi are highly acknowledged. The intellectual contribution
of the Professionals and scientists working at KVK, Majhgawan,
especially of Dr. R. S. Negi, Programme Coordinator are sincerely
acknowledged. The efforts of the team of Scientists from the Krishi
Vigyan Kendra for deciphering the philosophy of Late Nanaji in the
hard realities in more than 500 villages is highly acknowledged.
The intellectual contributions, logistical support managed by
Shree Umesh Sharma OSD to the Minister of Farmers’ Welfare
and Agriculture Development and Dr. S.S.Kaushik from KVK,
in arranging the numerous meetings, discussions, steering the
consultations and availing the facilities to work against time are
sincerely acknowledged.
Arun r Joshie, Yash Kanungo and Dr. Varan singh. sChool of rurAl MAnAgeMent, nlri, gVt, ratlam.
Foot PrintS to Future
10
The Deendayal Research Institute (DRI)
was founded by veteran leader and social
reformist Late Shree Nanaji Deshmukh
in the year 1968 promulgating the ideology
of “Integral Humanism” propounded by
great visionary Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay.
Besides, many issues addressed by the
Institute, agriculture forms the core of
initiatives addressing poverty especially
of rural communities. The Institute
addresses multitude of issues through
various institutions and activities like
managing a Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
testing, piloting, demonstrating and
disseminating new and appropriate low cost
and environmentally benign technologies,
meaningful livelihood options for millions
in the hinterlands.
The self-reliant campaign was designed to
address many issues including, poverty,
unemployment, ill iteracy, health and
hygiene, habitat development with clean
and green surroundings, zero litigations and
community conflict resolutions and finally
achieving the prosperity at household level.
These objectives were perceived with
spatial and sectoral focus through a series
of programmatic interventions to address
the problems identified jointly by the local
communities in consultation with the
professionals from DRI and its associated
institutions.
developing Gaushalas protecting the
cow and bovine population, conducting
systematic and scientific research and
evolving Gowvigyna, involving itself in to
the intricacies of watershed development
and management addressing the issues
of land and water conservation and use,
transforming the uneconomical holding
through a variety of approaches, developing
and disseminating seed chain through seed
villages and seed clubs etc…
Late Nanaji in his illustrious life gave new
meanings to social work, developed
new meaning of science for communities,
created many disciples who carry forward
the philosophy of selfless life and work
for the upliftment of the downtrodden
communities in the remote and backward
areas of the country. During his time he
contributed and gave new meaning to
self ignited agrarian development. The
study would impinges upon his many
contributions and try to correlate the
adoption behavior, adoption rates,
effectiveness and adequacy of the
technologies making agriculture a
Peeping into the past:
11
The initiative started by DRI and its associated
institutions covered over 512 villages out
of which 244 falls in the districts of Satna
and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh and 268
in the adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh.
The current study commissioned by MP
State Agriculture Produce Marketing Board,
Government of Madhya Pradesh covers
villages in MP. The following section provides
an understanding of the area focus:
the area under focus:
Project districts:The districts of Satna and Rewa
falls in the Vindhya Scarpland and
Baghelkhand Plateau, hot dry–sub-
humid eco–sub-region (16Cd5). The
agro–eco–sub region constitutes
Bundelkhand region of MP, the sub-
region covers an area of 5.8 m ha
representing 26% of agro–eco region
10, and 1.8% of the total geographical
area of the country.
Satna: The total area of district
is 7502 km² with a population of
1870104 in 2001, which is 3.1% of
the state population. The district has a
population density of 249 sq km-1 and
decadal growth rate of 27.6%. The
District is divided into 8 development
blocks namely Amarpantan, Maihar,
Majhgawan, Negod, Ramnagar,
Rampur – Baghelan, Satna and
Unchaehera. The district has 1784
villages out of total geographical area
only 50% is net sown, 27% under
forest, 6% cultivable wasteland, 10%
land not available for cultivation and
3% under uncultivated and other
wasteland. The district has gross
cropped area of 4.82 Lakh ha with
1.30 Lakh ha under irrigation. The
district registered a cropping intensity
of 133.7%. The district has fertilizer
consumption of 51 kg ha-1 mostly used
in cereals, and oilseeds, however, the
yield levels are as low as 900 kg ha-1.
Rewa: The total area of district
is 6314 km² with a population of
1973306 in 2001, which is 3.3% of
the state population. The district has a
population density of 313 sq km-1 and
decadal growth rate of 26.9%. The
District is divided into 9 development
blocks namely Gangave, Hanumana,
Jawa, Mauganj, Naigarh, Raipur, Rewa,
Sirmour, and Teonthar. The district has
1638 villages out of total geographical
area only 59% is net sown, 14% under
forest, 1% cultivable wasteland, 15%
land not available for cultivation and
4% under uncultivated and other
wasteland. The district has gross
Satna madhya Pradesh
note: the MAP Is not to be scAleD It Is just For InForMAtIon
Foot PrintS to Future
12
cropped area of 5.00 Lakh ha with 0.87 Lakh
ha under irrigation. The district registered a
cropping intensity of 134.8%. The district has
fertilizer consumption of 39 kg ha-1 mostly
used in cereals, and oilseeds, however, the
yield levels are as low as 968 kg ha-1.
the project area profile:
The 244 villages identified in the districts
of Satna and of late in Rewa had a total
population of 90513 head counts with
over 15000 families. 15.5% of the families
belong to schedule caste, 26.5% schedule
tribes, 34.6% to other backward castes and
23.4% general categories. The agriculture
including the animal husbandry remains
the major livelihood option with over 68.8%
families owing land and rest 31.2% landless
families. 94% of the land owning families
falls under the category of small and
marginal farmers. Only 2.7% households
have brick houses rest either have mud
houses (86%), kachcha houses (8.7%) or
temporary huts (2.3%).
Rice, sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon pea,
soybean are the major crops grown in
monsoon season followed by wheat,
chickpea, barley, lentils, sesame, mustard,
linseeds and season vegetables grown in
the winter season. Though the rice yield
in the identified clusters are approximately
13.32 qts ha-1 which is 26% higher than
the state average however, 52% lower
than the national average of little over
20 qtls ha-1, the sorghum yield is 27% less
than the state average and 6% less than
the national average, the wheat yields are
15% less than the state average and 88%
less than the national average, the soybean
yield in the clusters remain well below 20%
of the state average and 14% lower than
the national average. The crops like linseed,
mustered, lentils, chickpea, and pigeon
pea remain below state and corresponding
national average.
The cluster villages have extremely low
irrigated area, however, the potential to
generate irrigation remain under utilized till
the project inception.
The clusters have large number of bovines
(> 16500 head counts), buffalos (>7200
head counts) and Caprines especially
goats (>13000 head counts), however,
the average productivity does not appear
anywhere near the state or national average
within the similar agro–ecology and
socio–economy.
Few households possess agriculture
implements of any significance, besides the
country plough that is evident with literally every
household. Diesel engines have been used for
over last decade as water lifting device.
Over 1900 families have be identified and
registered below poverty line as per the
official records; however, in actual sense
the figures may be much higher considering
the socio–economic parameters evident
from the baseline survey conducted before
the launch of the campaign in these village
clusters. Over 2000 rural youth identified as
unemployed, however, the discrepancy of the
defining unemployment, under employment
and partial and economic employment
remain the bone of contention.
13
sectoral Focus:The campaign based on the philosophy
of “Integral Humanism” conceptualizing
and manifesting the cardinal principle
of “Complementarities” has a very vast
canvas and multitude of objectives as said
in the earlier paragraphs. The inclusive
paradigm of holistic, sustainable and
community driven development designed
to address the issues of chronic poverty,
unemployment, health, hygiene, habitat,
literacy, conflicts and litigation arising out of
them, and above all a decent livelihood that
ensures household level prosperity.
“complementarities”:“The interrelation of reciprocity whereby one
thing supplements or depends on the other”
The entire campaign was designed the
manifest the core philosophies and the
cardinal principles envisioned by the leaders
and founding fathers, wherein the issue of
complementarities among different actors,
sectors, resources and responsibilities have
been woven in to the campaign design.
The present study narrow down its focus
to the broader sense of complementarities
as defined by Nanaji and deliberates
the meaning of complementarities in its
restricted sense of technologies or the
models thereof evolved during the process.
the man and his mission – Many facets of nanaji:As a true follower of the Pt Deendayal
Upadhyay, Nanaji manifested many of
his philosophies into action with the
common man at the centre stage that
were the subject of their concern. The
mission that enabled the establishment of
Deendayal Research Institute at Chitrakut
and proliferated into 16 interdependent
institutions is the living testimony of multi
faceted persona of Late Nanaji.
The Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVKs) at
Majhgawan in Satna and Ganivan in
adjoining district of UP addressing
the issues of agriculture technology
management, conducting action research
and on – farm research to evolve the
appropriate models that fits well within the
overarching socio – economy and agro –
ecology of the subjected villages. The KVKs
today are the thriving hubs of participatory
research and experimenting on the various
options that may well address the ever
burgeoning yield gaps between the villages
and the state and national averages.
These institutions are equipped with
the scientific academia having modern
perspective yet fall within the philosophical
necessities and follow the cardinal principles
of complementarities advocated by the
founding fathers.
The Arogyadham a multi facility resource
centre well equipped to handle the health
issues of the communities in the village
clusters. The centre caters the needs of
the out patients with diagnostic facilities,
hospital and nursing facilities, maternity,
pediatrics, OT and neo-natal care unit etc…
The entire facility is based on the principles
of Ayurveda and Naturopathy. Chitrakut Ras
Shala - produces and provides necessary
Ayurvedic preparations for Arogyadham, Foot PrintS to Future
14
the research wing identifies and develops
new products using the herbal and medicinal
plants available within vicinity.
Udhyamita Vidhyapeeth provides hands on
training to the budding village entrepreneur,
impart and upgrade skills that may well
provide the meaningful employment within
vicinity. Number of residential and non
residential schools for various sections of
the community provides quality education
and imbibes Indian values that in general
other educational institutions grossly neglect
either by default or by design.
Govansh Vikas Avem Anusandhan Kendra
conducts research and provides technical
backstopping for developing indigenous
breeds of cattle especially cows.
Gramodya Darshan Park, educational
resource center, resource centre for the
Samaj Shilpi Dampati, museum and other
public facilities all aids to the concept of
complementarities and forms basis for
self contained yet synergistic system of
institutional framework.
The well knit cohesive network
interdependent institutions each with
separate independent expertise yet
providing and seeking outputs and inputs
from each other gives a panoramic glimpse
of multi faceted persona of the mentor.
For the purpose of the developing better
understanding of the mission and its
successful operations, the study team
conducted interviews with the full time
professional engaged with the mission
since its inception and an interview of
the Minister for Farmers Welfare and
Agriculture Development, Government of
Madhya Pradesh, who in his own right
has deep insight into the subject and may
become instrumental in replication of the
whole model or elements of its successful
processes and strategies elsewhere.
The interviews with their response have
been used in totality without editing to
maintain the spirit of their feelings and their
insights for better understanding on
the subject.
The interviews have been deliberately
pinpointing the key issues pertaining to the
agriculture technologies, farm economy and
the adoption of the successful models in full
or part thereof by the subjected communities.
The essence these deliberations depicts the
mission, its message and its relevance for the
state as well as other parts of the country.
15
Q 1: You have been seen as the strong
proponent of sustainable development
especially organic farming, how do you
see the model evolved in Chitrakut?
Ans: Nanaji has been the source of our
inspiration ever since we joined the active
public life. I have attended many discourse
and had many occasions for one–on–one
discussion with the great leader, being a son
of farmer, with my education in agriculture
and above all a practicing farmer myself,
I have seen the good and bad side of the
modern agriculture. I have been talking
about organic agriculture since last two
decades, when I say organic does not
necessarily mean the legally certified organic
as per the western perspective but in more
of Indian context a holistic, integrated and
interdependent system of growing crops
with livestock, fruits, vegetables, flowers,
spices, condiments, fiber and host of other
crops, using the basic means of production
in most judicious way non – exploitative and
everlasting. I have witnessed the Chitrakut
model evolving since its inception and
now feel that it is getting mature hence
needs mainstreaming.
Q 2: Sir, do you think that it is possible
to mainstream such model in the highly
technology centric supply – led system of
the government?
Ans: Ever since I took over the charge of the
Ministry of Agriculture, now rechristened as
Ministry of Farmers Welfare and Agriculture
Development in Madhya Pradesh, I have
been taking steps to correct the past ills
and changing the policy domain that is more
supportive and encouraging the scientists,
extension experts, academia, technocrats
and everybody concern with the current
plight of agriculture to understand the call of
the day and remodel the strategies that are
more inclusive, cohesive, environmentally
benign and sustainable. I have urged
the Universities to conduct appropriate
research and find out the solutions that are
more acceptable to the small and marginal
farmers. We are working towards making
the supply led system to more demand
Minister Farmers Welfare and
Agriculture Development,
Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.
Foot PrintS to Future
16
Interview with
Dr. ram Krishna Kusmaria:
led only when we have the right answers
to the problems faced by millions of small
and marginal farmers, women farmers and
farm workers.
Q 3: Sir, is it opportune time to talk
about sustainable agriculture when the
government is committed to convert the
agriculture as profitable venture?
Ans: I feel so; the sustainable agriculture
is the only profitable agriculture. Heavy
dependence of external, purchased and
factory produced inputs for the agriculture
production processes puts primary
producers into the realm of input traders
and then they start governing the price of
the output as well. When we rationalize
use of external purchased inputs, the cost
of production gets rationalized as well,
it is straight forward economics every
farmer understands and use to practice,
however, increasing ingress of market,
commoditization of natural resources,
increasing trends of state aid and subsidies
making farmer more dependent on the
external factors that influence the cost and
price of the input and outputs. Our efforts
are to break that nexus and take the farmer
out of the shackles of the exploitative
forces. The Chitrakut experiment is one of
the novel experiments having the elements
of interdependence and complementarities
among the processes, interventions,
actors, sectors vis–a–vis output and
the consumption.
Q 4: Sir, what is your take on the model
in particular?
Ans: To be very honest, I like the way
the integration is perceived not by the
technocrats and the professionals but by the
farmers and producers. The educate young
couples take the herculean task on the
clarion call of Nanaji joining the campaign
and reintroduction of the mixed farming
model, that makes it perfect fit for the small
holders and marginal producers. The sense
of self-reliance raises the self-esteem and
even the downtrodden under privileged,
victims of multitude of bias starts raising
their heads with pride that is what we feel
was taught to us as the cardinal philosophy
of “Ekatmak Manavtavad” – the integral
humanism. I owe a lot to this and the
very concept of Complementarities is
so thrilling in Chitrakut Experiment that it
needs volumes to speak about.
Q 5: One last question from Chitrakut
Experiment to where?
Ans: Entire Madhya Pradesh, whole nation,
every single farm family, let us go back to
basics with more modern, scientifically
proven facts and illustrated outcomes,
there should be no second thought but to
continue with the same spirit and zeal.
17
Q 2: There are many facets of his great
personality - a mass leader, a philosopher,
a visionary and a man who build
institutions, an educationist and above all
a great soul, what do you think is the right
way to define Nanaji and his many facets
to young and future generations?
Ans: “I am not for being myself but for
my people, the downtrodden and under
privileged are my people” was the motto
Nanaji lived and illustrated throughout
his life.
The deep dark clouds of Emergency
swallowed the democratic fabric of Indian
polity, those who raised voice against the
nepotism and authoritarian forces were
jailed, Nanaji was one of them, who had 25
year long devoted public life and had been
Q 1: It is believed that you have been
a close aide of Late Nanaji, how many
years you spent with the legendry Nanaji
and how did you came in contact with him?
Ans: In 1975 during the emergency period
and then in 1977 during the Janta Party’
regime, I heard a lot about Nanaji but it
was in 1990 during the National Conclave
of Vidhyarthi Parishad in Bhubaneswar and
then in a regional conference of full time
workers, we heard that a Rural University
is being established in Chitrakut. Since
1990 I received many invitations to visit
Chitrakut but for one or the other reason it
did not materialized. In July – Aug 2001 on
the advice of seniors office bearers a plan
was charted out to work with Deendayal
Research Institute (DRI), in September
that year during a visit to Delhi, I had an
opportunity to meet Nanaji, as per the
plan on 16 September 2001, I came to
Chitrakut with bag and baggage and since
then I am working with DRI. I had a great
fortune to be with Nanaji for over 9 years
during that period had numerous occasions
to attend his discourse and understand
his philosophy; I had many occasions to
discuss with him on many subjects.
Interview with shree Abhay Mahajan:
orGAnIsInG secretAry,
DeenDAyAl reseArch InstItute
Foot PrintS to Future
18
a force reckon, during jail days Nanaji had
an opportunity for introspection and deep
thinking about the issues hovering his mind.
The jail days gave him answers to many
such questions, the treacherous jail days
became the treasure, setting rest of his life
in its full force rebuilding the nation what we
witness today.
Nanaji was a great philosopher; he knew
that in democratic system, politics is one of
the powerful means, however, did not find
it appropriate pathway to achieve the goal
of holistic and sustainable development
of the country and hence leaving aside
the power echelons of active politics, he
treaded the path that was not easy for
everyone. He manifested with his dedication
and deeds that “equity and self–reliance”
is the key to attain supreme goal of making
India a strong nation recognized globally.
Deendayal Research Institute (DRI) under
the dynamic leadership of Nanaji treaded a
long and difficult path, attaining a status of
lighthouse, from where it can lead the rest
of the world.
Nanaji wrote many letters inspiring
youth to partake in the process of rural
reconstruction; many educated young
couples joined the self-reliance campaign
encouraging peasantry to participate in
the local self-sustaining and integrated
development. Today the backward and
remote villages deprived of the development
around Chitrakut are witnessing a new wave
of self-reliance; the early success of this
initiative is living testimony of the strategy
that could have changed the fate of over six
Lakh villages immediately after independence,
had the educated youth been encouraged
to work in the villages, unfortunately this
was grossly neglected post independence.
The system of education adopted post
independence did not imbibe the feelings
of patriotism or responsiveness to society,
even the new generations coming from the
most secured sections of the society did not
have the values of social responsiveness,
the better–off sections of the society today
exhibits the higher levels of self interest
leading to gross neglect of values of
patriotism and societal development among
young educated generation. The educated
class in these times grossly lacks interest in
nation building and societal development.
The present leadership and the plight of
the degenerating society fail to make them
realize their social responsibilities. On the
contrary the DRI and its approach attracting
many youth towards social development,
they now realize that without improving the
conditions in the villages we may not be
able to achieve the overall goal of national
development. Many newly wed couples with
good education and right orientation joining
the campaign, the Indian civilization and
rich culture and heritage had its deep roots
in rural India. The eternal Vedic teaching of
“be the whole universe one family” evolved
and accepted in rural India. Nanaji knew it
well that the political system of governance
alone can not solve the problems especially
in rural areas, society has to come forward
and play a pivotal role, the youthful energy
has to take lead. Nanaji urged youth of the
nation to take on the responsibility as Lord
Krishna urged Arjuna to hold the mystic
Bow Gandiv against evil.
19
Q 3: While dealing with a very narrow
focus on his works with peasants,
living in the remote villages under stark
poverty, what do you think about his
great contribution?
Ans: Individual wealth created through
industrialization exploits natural
resources heavily world over, this impede
upliftment of masses leading to skewed
development depriving millions reeling
under stark poverty. DRI in Chitrakut
initiated Community self-reliance
campaign addressing these issues.
The key feature of the campaign revolves
around community led initiative wherein
all the sections of village community
work towards common goal and not the
petty personal gains. The early results are
encouraging and addressing equity in real
spirit. The elites no more can exploit the
vulnerable, the long standing inequality
and discrimination are slowly replaced by
more equitable and non–discriminatory all
inclusive development processes based
on cooperation, community participation
and mutual assistance. Today over 500
villages around Chitrakut witnessing a silent
movement involving masses manifesting
not only Integral humanism but elements
of Gandhism, socialism with the spirit
of Sarvodaya with ever increasing self
containment quotient.
Q 4: He was the economist of masses
in his own right and always propounded
the theory of living within the limits of
nature, I believe he was against extracting
or exploiting the Mother Nature, he was
a true champion practicing the great
thought “there is enough for every ones
need but not for every ones greed? How
do you react to it?
Ans: Nanaji use to say that the very
existence of human society is evolved
and based on agriculture and industries
around it. Agriculture feeds the masses and
industries satiates other basic needs, the
production processes in both agriculture
and industry are heavily based on resources
available in nature, hence the natural
resources are needed for very existence
of human being.
Q 5: You yourself have been a student
of Agriculture Science, what do you think
about his vision of agriculture education
in the country?
Ans: I did M. Sc. Ag with specialization
Agronomy in 1886 and joined the social
work as my primary focus, for self
sustenance I took up a petty job, however
on the advice of seniors; I left the job and
became full time social worker.
Nanaji had no formal degree or education
in the field of agriculture, however, looking
to his original concepts, philosophy and
thinking in the field of agriculture and
rural development, the Director general
of ICAR, policy planners and higher officials
came and saw the experiments steered
under his leadership and use to consult him
on many higher level policy issues.
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20
Q 6: He was the founder father of the
Institutions like DRI, KVK, and then
MGCGVV to name few, would you
elaborate on his vision to establish and
strengthen these institutions?
Ans: Decades post independence, neither
the nation nor its people became self-
reliant, both remain victim to the over
dependence on outsiders and state. Our
freedom struggle wherein thousands of
people sacrificed was based on attaining
freedom with self-reliance, however,
we achieved freedom but self-reliance
remains elusive.
DRI is committed itself to evolve,
st rengthen and establ ish a
development model that exhibits self–
reliance, sustainability and is truly based
integral humanism, when we started we
only had the capital of rural masses though
grossly disenfranchised and disenchanted
with the hollow promises made by the
political leaders and their formations in the
past and the fragile and highly marginalized
nature resources around these villages.
In 1991 Nanaji established India’ first Rural
University in Chitrakut named as Chitrakut
Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya, during 1991-
94 Nanaji was the first founding Chancellor
of the newly established University, but
disgruntled with the policies of the then
government he left the Chancellorship and
handed over the University to the State
Government and started developing DRI.
500 villages were identified around Chitrakut
and clusters of 5 villages were earmarked
as a self contained unit of development, the
young and educated couple was identified,
trained and deployed as Samaj Shilpi
Dampati to coordinate the development
activities under the Self–Reliance Campaign.
DRI and the village community mutually
agreed to evolve and establish the
Self- Reliant Campaign based on the
core philosophy of Complementarities.
The communities took a pledge that
by 15 August, 2010 we will eradicate
unemployment, illness, poverty and illiteracy,
we all will lead a happy and self contained
life, making our villages “Zero Litigation”
villages, resolve all our old and long
pending legal and other disputes by mutual
understanding, compromises and local social
arbitration, our villages would clean and green
decorated with trees. The pledge reiterated
the very existence of DRI.
21
Q 7: He was the great proponent
of sustainable development and he
identified, evolved and developed holistic
yet sustainable agriculture development
model, I believe the institutions under is
dynamic leadership disseminated many
elements of these successful models, would
you elaborate on any of these models?
Ans: Converting the uneconomical land
holdings of marginal farmers in to profitable
and economically viable units was the central
idea of his thinking for agrarian development,
the technological advancement.
We are food self-sufficient country for
last several decades but the aspects
of human development like physical
development, mental development, social
and economical development goes beyond
mere food security and demand nutritional
and financial security. Human resource
development plays pivotal role in the overall
development. We are agriculture based
economy and hence the majority of the
contribution in livelihood of the masses
in the rural India comes from farm sector.
Our focus has been on the agriculture
that includes livestock, forest, fishery,
and other ancillary activities associated
with agriculture to enhance the livelihood
outcomes of the rural poor in the program
area. The technologies that ensures
enhancement in crop husbandry with new
and appropriate varieties acceptable by the
farmers, integrated pest management, weeds
management, along with the technologies
that increases livestock productivity have
shown encouraging results so far in the
program villages. The ever increasing
population has skewed the arable land–
human ratio resulting in to fragmented,
shrinking and uneconomical holdings.
The increasing demand for food and
attaining the household level food security
necessitates bringing in new land under the
plough, but we have limited land and it can
not be increased as and when required,
on the contrary we have to increase the
unit productivity of the available arable land
and realize its full potential. The results of
the new research show very high potential
and there appears a big gap between
productivity at the famers’ field level to that
of research farm productivity. Ever since
independence the new technologies are
being developed keeping in view the needs
and aspirations of large and well off farmers,
the green revolution technologies are the
best examples, this needs to be corrected.
The current policies and the agriculture
technology management strategies
based on sole crops for the small and
marginal farmers do not guarantee even
the subsistence level of food availability
and security to these households despite
using the large amount of external inputs,
the production levels are very low, this
discourages the small and marginal farmers
towards farming as a viable livelihood
option. Most policy planners perceive
that the holding less than 2.5 acre is
uneconomical and hence the farmers
falling in this category can not contribute
to national income, but the policy planners
should not forget that the average holding
size in our country is <1.6 acres and hence
agriculture policy at any level should not
neglect this fact. Scientists from the DRI
and its KVKs when conducted a survey
in Satna district of MP for the Self-Reliant
Campaign found that such families having
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22
6 or more members requires an average
income RS 33000/- (RS Thirty Three
Thousand) per annum for their sustenance,
but with the traditional practices they hardly
get RS 19000/- (RS Nineteen Thousand),
having a deficit of RS 14000/- (RS Fourteen
Thousand), the deficit is either met by
taking loans or earning through labour,
which leads to lowering down the socio –
economic status, besides getting caught
into the vicious circle of malnourishment,
indebtedness etc…To address such
issues, the DRI has evolved and adopted
diversification pathway with more number of
crops per unit area and time, which not only
provides diversified diet, food and nutritional
security but assures additional cash income
as well.
Q 8: How he would have reacted to
the events of farmers suicides, had he
been alive in these disturbed times? Any
reaction from your side knowing him
from very close quarters?
Ans: In past few years looking to the
increasing trend of suicides by the farmers
in Beed district in Maharashtra, he sent
me to Maharashtra to get the first hand
impressions and meet all the affected
families to enquire and understand their
plight, I spent over week in Beed with our
local functionaries and met all the families
to understand how come in last three
years 33 farmers have committed suicide,
we came to know that more than 50%
committed suicide due to heavy burden of
loan or failure of crops, 6 families received
assistance from our local sources and came
out of the grim situation, however, it was
over emphasized by media.
Q 9: .....and his possible reaction to
the burning of the fields after wheat
harvesting, had he lived these times?
Ans: In this universe all the life forms macro
or micro have definite role to maintaining
ecological balance, India has over 42
million ha area under wheat, if the fields
are burnt after the harvest at this scale,
we will destroy soil micro flora and fauna
which maintains the soil health, enhances
the water holding capacity and raises the
soil organic matter. If we continue with
this practice we will aggravate the global
warming. Nanaji was true believer in the
Vedic teaching of Vasudhayva Kutumbakam
“be the whole universe one family” which
means without harming any living being
one needs to attain the objectives. If stop
burning wheat, we may be able to protect
Mother Nature and our soils, and also help
reduce the menace of global warming,
achieve the super goal of sustainable
development.
DRI has initiated action in this regard, we
advocate deep ploughing during summer
using mould-board plough once in three years
interval, besides encouraging farmers to use
more Organic Manure, Farm Yard Manure,
NADEP Composting Methods, Vermiculture
etc… to help keep the environment clean and
soils healthy with increased water holding
capacity and productivity
23
Q 10: He had true love and affection for
cows and their role in agriculture, how he
would have reacted to the current plight
of the bovine in the country?
Ans: In Indian agriculture crop husbandry
and animal husbandry are complementary
to each other, both contribute to each
other nourishment and nutrition, farmers
in general does both growing crops as
well as tending animals, this ensures
better economic returns and income as
well as better family nutrition.
Crop husbandry and animal husbandry
as I said are mutually beneficial providing
nourishment to each other, waste from
the cropping provides feed and fodder for
the animals and animal waste like dung
and urine provides manure for the soil,
good nourishment of one assures better
productivity of other, cow dung manure is
by far the superior manure for the soils and
cow urine one of the competent insecticide.
Since Vedic period cow is a symbol of
religion, culture, civilization and economy.
India being the dominantly agrarian
economy has always seen cow as true
wealth. Cow milk - the life giving elixir,
besides, Ghee, Curd and Whey, cows
provide draught power to plough the field
and other agricultural operation, local
transport, the work bulls and oxen provides
all these and forms the backbone of
agrarian economy since early civilization.
Cow has been the symbol of national
integration since the dawn of civilization.
It is unfortunate that chemical fertilizers
and pesticides have been promoted
as modern and higher producing
technologies at the cost of organic
manure and pesticides from the cow dung
and urine, we now have started realizing
the ill effects of such faulty policies.
I t is evident f rom the American
experience wherein the technologies
like mechanization, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, hybrid and genetically
modified seeds have been adopted on
national scale, with 400 years of their
agricultural history they are witnessing
productivity stagnation and decline, while
Indian agriculture in its 10000 year old
history has withstand such things.
We have seen phenomenal growth in
terms of overall production post green
revolution but with it came many serious
threats, for example mechanization we
have already discussed. Nanaji was
always advocating the use of oxen in the
farming practices, we believed that this
will ensure the sustainable livelihoods
for small and marginal farmers, as well
generate employment locally within
villages for carpenters, blacksmiths and
other craftsmen. This was what he use to
illustrate the complementarities.
Q 11: What was his message for
the farmers?
Ans: The very existence of the human
society depends upon the agriculture
is the very basis for life sustenance.
Managing the soil health and its
productivity is the only answer to continue
producing food, as with every crop
harvest we reduce the soil fertility hence it
was to be replenished by putting manures
and fertilizers. Agriculture production
is complex organic process; hence Foot PrintS to Future
24
replenishing the soil fertility with organic
sources is the right way to address the
ever depleting soil fertility. Unfortunately
we have been neglecting the key
component of the agriculture i.e. livestock
especially cows and oxen and depending
more and more on external chemical
inputs. We need to once again start using
organic manures, keep more cows and
use oxen for the farm operations. The
Panch Gavya - five products from cow
could help address the malnutrition
as well. In nutshell Nanaji’ message to Indian
farmers was:
Adopt organic and natural farming;•
Conserve soil and water;•
Use home saved seeds, own •manures for better quality crops that
taste better as well;
Discourage as far as possible the •use of artificial hybrids;
Plant multipurpose trees on wasteland;•
Practice integrated farming system;•
Encourage and practice crop •diversification on farm;
Encourage and mainstream the role •of women in agriculture;
Practice cow based farming and •use oxen for the draught power in
farm operations;
Rationalize the • Vedic Agriculture
with modern scientific agriculture;
Integrated and rational use of available •natural resources in sustainable and
non – exploitative manner;
25
his love for nature:The agriculture program portfolio in the
self-reliant campaign revolve around the
technologies and the models that are
environmentally benign, low cost, low
external input based, within the realm of
local agro–ecological conditions, integrate
in a systems mode, requires low or
no deskilling, easy to use addressing
ergonomically designed technologies.
During the planning phase tools like
participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) were
used to identify the needs and gauge
the aspirations of the communities. The
community consultation processes as
evident from the following program portfolio
gives clear indications that low productivity,
lack of irrigation facilities, lack of availability
of appropriate and pure quality seeds
and varieties of the crops grown in the
area, poor soil health management, pest
management, lack of interest in developing
local livestock population, poor feeding,
housing and breeding management, lack of
integration of the available resources, small,
fragmented and uneconomical holdings
were some of the key causes making the
existing farming system extremely low
production potential system.
The Self–Reliant Campaign identified and
established cause and effect relationship
and introduced number of technologies:
soil and water conservation
technology: This includes soil and water conservation
on watershed scale with special emphasis
low cost measures using locally available
resources, rainwater harvesting to generate
the irrigation potential during the weak
monsoon season for protective irrigation
and generate potential for second crop
during winter season;
crop production technology: This includes organic farming, use of organic
manures like vermi–compost, NADEP and
other such methods using locally available
feedstock, integrated pest management
using low cost non chemical and biological
insect, disease and weed control agents,
crop diversification using 1.5 and 2.5 acre
model integrating crop diversification with
other farm enterprises like livestock using
the feed and fodder available from the
crop residues, introduction of high value
cash crops like ginger, turmeric and other
seasonal vegetables;
seed production technology: Every early during the diagnostic processes
for low productivity, it was evident that
the crop varieties and seed portfolio was
very weak, plagued with non availability of
appropriate varieties and genetically pure
seeds, very low seed replacement rates and
cultivar replacement rates, the campaign
integrated and holistic approach for Comprehensive development
Foot PrintS to Future
26
started participatory trials, identified new
and appropriate varieties of the diversified
crop portfolio, started seed production
within villages by developing seed self –
reliant villages, seed clubs etc…
Fruit production technology:1.
As diversification strategy, the
campaign identified number of fruit
crops grown locally traditionally
and introduced number of fruit
trees like gooseberry, mango and
papaya, farmers were encouraged
to grow fruit trees near homestead
in the backyard or developing small
orchards on the wastelands.
Vegetable production technology: 2.
The diagnostic studies conducted
before the launch of the campaign
as a part of creating baseline
and establishing cause – effect
relationship addressing issues of
chronic poverty poor health status
and malnutrition at household level
revealed that lack of disposable
cash to purchase vegetables for
daily diet remain the major cause.
Besides the household nutrition,
vegetable production was seen as
one of the quick cash generating
activity through on – farm enterprise.
Number of vegetable climatically
appropriate the region and grown
traditionally were reintroduced, crop
plans were developed and integrated
with 1.5 and 2.5 acre model as well.
Backyard or homestead vegetable
or kitchen gardens were a major
intervention addressing number of
issues illustrated above.
Dairy technology:3. Livestock
has always been an alternative
yet synergized intervention in the
traditional farming system in the
region, most household maintain
a small herd of livestock with
composition including cows, work
bulls or oxen, small ruminants
especially goats and some other
animals. The bovine population
though with non–descript local
breeds has very poor yield provide
dung for domestic fuel primarily and
to some extent manure for the fields
and work bulls or oxen the draught
power. The milk yield remains
abysmally low. The interventions on
breed improvement using genetically
pure indigenous breeds through
natural and artificial insemination,
veterinary services, proper housing
and use of cow dung for manures
discouraging its use as domestic fuel
were the key interventions.
Fodder production technology:4.
The herd size, its composition and
quality is the function of fodder
availability and feeding management
strategies. Considering this the
campaign introduced on–farm
fodder production both in 1.5 and
2.5 acre model, encourage the
farmers to use the marginal and
wastelands for fodder production,
use the crop residues as important
and nutritive fodder, use strategies
for fodder supplements like mineral
blocks, urea treatment and hey
making in more scientific manner.
Green fodder production using
the legumes and collection of 27
grasses from the open grazing
area by scientifically managing the
grazing regime was some of the key
interventions.
Health, education, training and 5.
skill development related to
technology introduction: Besides
a full scale program on health and
education emphasis was laid on
imparting time and appropriate
hand–on training to the farmers on
various aspects of technologies that
were introduced.
Adoption behavior:
During the study conducted in 8 villages
in Satna and Rewa districts, where the
DRI and its associated institutions like
KVK, Majhgawan and Rewa were actively
engaged with the local communities,
it was revealed and as depicted in
Table No. 1, that a 100% respondents
confirmed the adoption of the crop
production technologies introduced during
the campaign even before, with 97%
respondents reported adoption of soil and
water conservation technologies especially
the rain water harvesting and arresting soil
erosion through appropriate and low cost
measures. Similarly, 97% and 100%
respondents agreed that interventions
like health and education within the
ambit of technology management were
effective. The vegetable production,
fodder production and dairy technologies
still remain in the range of 20 – 50%,
on further scrutiny, it was reported that
water, availability of the additional land
and appropriate opportunities restricts the
adoption of these technologies.
Technology Adoption behavior of the Farmers of Satna and Rewa districts, Table No -1
N= 172 Number of farmers studied during the study
Technologies% Adoption
Years of
introduction
No. of Years
Soil and water conservation technology
97.60% 2006 5
Crop production technology 100.00%
1995
2006
16
5
Seed production technology 76.70% 2008 3
Fruit production technology 43.02% 2006-07 4-5
Vegetable production technology
21.51% 2003-06 5-8
Dairy technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6
Fodder production technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6
Education 97.09% 2004-05 6-7
Health and social development 100.00% 2000-05 6-11
Attainment Index:
Fliegel (1993), with support from Feder and Umali (1993), proposes
a more widely accepted, non-linear approach to the adoption of
agricultural innovations. He argues that the linear approach tends
to restrict diffusion to a rational, planned process that relies on
institutions such as government departments, rather than viewing
the farmer as a passive individual who responds to random forces
related to social participation and communication.
A non-linear approach to the adoption of agricultural innovations
Social structure:
Age •
Education•
Size of farm Income •
Tenure status•
Social participation:
Membership in farmers organizations;•
Participation in community organizations•
Outcome
Communication:
Extension contact•
Print media contact•
Radio contact•
Antecedents
Adoption decision by farmers
29
The study revealed that in case of the
campaign the adoption behavior followed
the pathway argued and illustrated above.
The adoption rates as shown in the
Table No. 1 were the function of social
parameters like age, education, farm size
and the land tenure as antecedents when
driven by the processes like community
participation on one hand and the
communication on the other hand yielded
the outcome as farmer’ decision to adopt
or reject certain technologies.
Farmers Satisfaction about the TechnologyTable No -2
N= 172 Number of farmers studied during the study
Name of technology % highly satisfied
% satisfied
% No difference
Soil and water conservation technology
39.5 8.7 2.3
Agriculture and production technology
44.1 55.8 0
Seed technology 33.1 63.3 3.4
Fruit production technology
37.7 51.1 11.0
Vegetable production technology
23.2 59.3 11.6
Dairy technology 36.0 61.0 2.9
Fodder production technology
34.8 62.2 2.9
Education 88.9 11.2 0
Health and social development
34.8 59.8 5.2
It is further argued that the farmers when
asked about the level of satisfaction, farmers
in all the cases reported very high to high
levels of satisfaction with a very small
percentage of respondents reported no
difference with their previous position in
terms of impact of technologies on the yield
and overall efficiency of the productivity of
the farming system. The Table No. 2 provides
the glimpses of the current scenario.
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30
horizontal and vertical
dissemination by default or design:
The campaign following the spirit of
cardinal principle of Complementarities,
strategies for vertical dissemination of the
key technologies by the adopter farmers,
besides this the dissemination strategy
encompasses the horizontal dissemination
within village and outside by other farmers.
This enabled farmer managed extension
to take place in the study villages. The
Table No. 3 illustrates the dissemination
by default within and outside villages the
respondent farmers gave a very vivid
account of the dissemination, however, the
methodology was based on Memory Recall
(MR) approach require further scrutiny.
The dissemination out of villages shows
the number of household in other villages
adopted in part of full the elements of
technologies from the respondent farmers.
31
Dissemination of Technologies Table -3
No. of villages 8
Technology Dissemination out of village
Soil and water conservation technology
168 1008
Agriculture and production technology
172 860
Seed production technology 123 738
Fruit production technology 74 222
Vegetable production technology
37 258
Dairy technology 43 219
Fodder production technology 43 219
Education 167 834
Health and social development 172 1656
No of farmers
Means of Dissemination:
The study further explored the means of dissemination and it was
found that, in most cases the respondents assign the reasons
for dissemination as designed communication through trainings,
exposures, field days, farmers’ consultations and hence the findings
are summarized in the Table No. 4.
Means of Technologies DisseminationTable -4
No. of study villages 8
Technology No. of farmers
Dissemination out of village
Means of Dissemination
Soil and water conservation technology
168 2504 Trainings, exposures
Agriculture and production technology
172 8032 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Seed production technology
123 7615 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Fruit production technology
74 1444 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Vegetable production technology
37 1296 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Dairy technology 43 1344 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Fodder production technology
43 1344 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Education 167 3340 Training campaign
Health and social development
172 4300 Trainings, exposures
Foot PrintS to Future
32
conclusion:The technologies and their adoption by the end users remain within the realm
of cost effectiveness, appropriateness, production potential and acceptability
by the farmers. The bundles of technologies evolved, developed, tested and
demonstrated by the DRI and its associated institutions qualified the litmus test
and have been adopted in full or part by most farmers in the region.
This not only illustrates the effectiveness of the technologies but the processes
and strategies followed to test, demonstrate and disseminate them.
Seemingly, it appears that the conceptual clarity and philosophical stand point
of complementarities accelerated the pace of technology adoption and altered
behavior of the farmers.
33
the livelihood outcomes:The Self–Reliant Campaign design to address the issues of chronic
poverty, decent and meaningful enhancement in the income levels
of the participating families and above all significant improvement in
the livelihood of the household, has all the elements that call attention
for external programmatic intervention, investments and enhanced
capacities of the subjected population.
The sustainable livelihoods framework presents the main factors
that affect the sources of people’s livelihoods and also make typical
relationship between them. In number of cases, participatory methods
have been used to identify the factors affecting sustainable rural
livelihoods (Wekwete, 1998). The conceptual livelihood framework
pays attention to measured changes in the different factors, which
contribute to livelihoods especially human, social, financial, physical
and natural capital assets (Pasteur, 2001). The figure depicts the
classic livelihood framework generically used by the development
professionals to describe the livelihood pattern, across spectrum.
Risky, un-irrigated and under invested areas of the region support
large population, contribute to food grain production and a vast
array of livelihood and environmental services. Climatic changes
are compounding challenges to livelihood, increasing distresses
and require managing of vulnerabilities, adaptations, coping and
mitigation. Participatory integrated management of resources within
watersheds consisting of transparency, contributions, equity, farming
systems and all inclusiveness as major driver of the development
process designed to achieve self–reliance typically at household
level. The strategy focuses on enhanced farm productivity,
diversification, and income generation through nonfarm activities
for landless, asset less and micro-enterprising. The improvement in
productivity and diversification aims at enhancing self-sufficiency and
Foot PrintS to Future
34
generating marketable surplus of small, marginal and subsistence
producers. Improved technologies, credit, insurance, innovative
safety-nets, collective purchase of assured quality inputs, sale
of outputs and value addition have been argued. Increased
investments in rainwater management, diversification of cropping/
farming systems, soil health management, mechanization by custom
hiring, low energy inputs etc. are important to improve productivity
especially for producing marketable surplus by subsistence
An economist of Masses:
Nanaji was an economist of masses in his own right, the
cardinal principle of Complementarities that he advocated was
based on the sound footings of hard economics. He was never
against the scientific advancements achieved by new and
modern science but always gave a caution to choose them
diligently avoiding the extractive, exploitative and reductionist
elements in any such technologies.
producers. Small ruminants, livestock, trees, marketable cash crops,
upgrading skills and crafts are vital for these areas.
The self–reliant campaign strategy was to move away from the crop
or commodity centric approaches to diversified farming systems of
harnessing complementarities, reducing vulnerability and cycling
and recycling of residues. Integrating crop, livestock, horticulture,
agro-forestry, fishery, biomass and income generating activities
was the main focus of the campaign strategy. In addition
to synergies, enhanced employment and income, risks got
spread over seasons and years leading to reduced distress. This
is also necessary due to shrinking per capita availability of natural
resources, capital intensive production and preserving integrity of
the environmental services by recycling of residues.
The livelihood analysis and the survey conducted by DRI
and its associated institutions revealed that over 59% of the
household income contributed by agriculture, followed by 20%
some kind of salaried services, >17% by daily waged labour
and a meager 3% by collection of forest produce. With the
campaign intervention the percentage contribution remain
the same however, increased the total value in real terms and
enhanced the overall income at household level.
35
lesson for future generations:The entire study provides the snapshot of the campaign, its inherent
philosophy and the underlying principles that governs the strategies
and that facilitates the attainment of the supreme goal of inclusive,
non–exploitative, integrated and sustainable development on
regional scale.
The few quick lessons drawn from the closure scrutiny of the
Chitrakut experiment are:
Community participation• is prime mover of such
development paradigm. The inclusiveness, integrated and
holistic approaches, technological innovations and their
adoption are a function of people’ participation.
Interdependent network of the autonomous institutions•
complementing each other yet functioning independently
drives the campaign of this scale. Each individual institution
has its well defined role, expertise, experience, enabling
infrastructure and capable human resources.
Convergence –• as debated by the governments and its
plethora of agencies remain elusive unless a cohesive
binding force based on the principle of Complementarities is
not understood well and operationalised in letter and spirit.
Young and budding talents both from rural and urban •society can contribute to the process, if they are motivated
to “walk the talk” the way the legendry leaders and the
lighthouse like Nanaji illustrated.
Samaj Shilpi Dampati –• unique concept developed and
operationalised by the campaign hold very high promise, as
this address the skewed gender bias, set right the fulcrum
in favor of the women and illustrates an example through
these “role models” that not only the male but their female
counterparts in the families are equal stakeholder and has
greater role to play not only in reproductive but productive
and economically significant activities.
Uneconomical holdings,• wastelands and low production
potential farming system can be converted to economically
viable production units if carefully planned and designed
models are demonstrated as done in 1.5 and 2.5 acre model;
Foot PrintS to Future
36
Agriculture –• necessarily includes livestock especially bovines,
the past neglect by the formal R & D has shown its ill effects.
Mixed farming as practiced traditionally holds the key.
The cows• provides the necessary inputs for sustainable soil
health management, reduces the soil erosion by maintaining
the soil organic carbon, reduces the emission of green house
gases like methane and carbon dioxide, enhance the sink
function of the soil and addresses the climate change and
global warming through local action. This could be the best
mitigation strategy in future to come.
Rainwater harvesting• holds the promise, it enhance the
cropping intensity, unit productivity of both soil and water,
recuperates the ground water, arrest soil lose and ultimately
maintains the soil health;
Diversification and not the intensification• is the choice of
pathway for the marginalized areas in rainfed semi – arid regions;
The technology adoption• is the function of plain and hard
economics, the farmers decision is based on non–linear
pathway wherein number of antecedents plays the key role.
Technology dissemination• through farmer managed default
extension is faster than the designed externally assisted
classic telling type conventional extension model.
Value addition and market linkages• designed to address
the generation of meaningful off–farm employment;
Farm economy is based on dynamic–organic and living •system functioning the principle of complementarities,
any external intervention disturbing the basic fabric of
complementarities would be counterproductive and
decelerate the process of development;
Ultimately it is the livelihood of the people that matters •the most and not the economic upliftment in isolation.
37
References:
Road to Self Reliance, Feb’ 2011 – Deendayal Research 1.
Institute, publication on Chitrakut Project;
Transforming Lives in the Rural India – Towards Self Reliance – 2.
Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakut, publication;
Report for National Krishi Vigyan Award, 2007 – 08 submitted 3.
by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Majhgawan, Deendayal Research
Institute, Chitrakut;
Interview with Shree Abhay Mahajan on dated 7 May, 2011 by 4.
the Action Research Study Team, School of Rural Management,
National Livelihood Resources Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust,
Ratlam (MP);
Interview with Dr. Ramkrishna Kusmaria, Minister, Farmers 5.
Welfare and Agriculture Development on dated 7 May, 2011 by
the Action Research Study Team, School of Rural Management,
National Livelihood Resources Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust,
Ratlam (MP);
Personal Communication with Dr. Bharat Pathak, DRI, Chitrakut 6.
on dated 10 May, 2011 by the Action Research Study Team,
School of Rural Management, National Livelihood Resources
Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam (MP);
Technology adoption behavior field level survey in 5 villages 7.
of Satna district and 3 villages of Rewa district conducted
by the Action Research Study Team, School of Rural
Management, National Livelihood Resources Institute,
Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam (MP) during 4 – 10 May, 2011;
Focused Group Discussion and Stakeholders Consultation 8.
conducted by the Action Research Study Team, School of
Rural Management, National Livelihood Resources Institute,
Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam (MP) during 4 – 10 May, 2011;
A literature review off the behavioral theories in agribusiness 9.
research domain, by Elizabeth L. Jackson et. al. Journal of
International Farm Management, Vol. 3, No,3, July, 2006.
Foot PrintS to Future
38
39
^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku fp=dwV ,oa lac) laLFkkvksa }kjk v{k; ,oa vkRe fuHkZj
df”k ds fodkl ,oa O;kid izpkj ds fy, fodflr ekWMy ij ,d la’ysf”kr v/;;u
01- lans’k & MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k 42
02- ;g izdk’ku D;ksa \ 43&44
03- vkHkkj 45 04- nhu n;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku & 46&48 4-1 ,d flagkoyksdu 4-2 dk;Z{ks= dk fooj.k 4-3 ifj;kstuk ds ftys 4-4 ifj;kstuk {ks= dk fooj.k 4-5 O;olkf;d {ks=xr izkFkfedrk 4-5-1 laiwjdrk
05- ;qxn`”Vk ,oa mudk ladYi &
ukukth ,d cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo 48&57 5-1 MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k ls lk{kkRdkj 5-2 Jh vHk; egktu ls lk{kkRdkj
06- ukukth dk izd`fr ls izse 58&65 6-1 rduhdksa dk fooj.k 6-2 vaxhdj.k izfdz;k 6-3 r`Irh lwpdkad 6-4 m)Z ,oa f{kfrt vk;keks esa izlkj 6-5 izlkj ds ek/;e 6-6 fu”d”kZ 07- vkthfodk ifj.kke 66&67 08- Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, lh[k ,oa lans’k 68&69 09- lanHkZ 70
fo”k; lwph
Hkkjrh; d`f”k vkt nksjkgs ij [kM+h gSA if’peh ns’kks dk vuqdj.k dj geus tks uo vkfFkZd ‘kgj dsfUnzr ekMy dk vuqlj.k fd;k gS] vkt mldh dher nsuk iM+ jgh gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds i’pkr~ ;kstukc) fodkl ds fy, ^^fVªdyMkmu** fla)kr ds vuqlkj tks fodkl dk jkLrk geus pquk] mlus fodkl dks xfr rks iznku dh fdUrq og dqN {ks=ksa rd lhfer jgrs gq, HkkSxksfyd] {ksf=;] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd vlarqyu dks Hkh tUe fn;kA foxr pkj n’kdksa ds jktuSfrd thou esa ,d pqus gq, tuizfrfuf/k gksus ds dkj.k eq>s xkao dh pkSiky ls ysdj yksdlHkk rd tu ppkZ esa Hkkx ysus dk volj feyk gS] ftlls eq>s vusd vuqHko izkIr gq, gSA
iafMr nhun;ky mik/;k; }kjk izfrikfnr ^^,dkRed ekuorkokn** tks fd fodkl ds izfr lksp dk ewy ea= cuk] ftls ckn esa J)s; ukukth us e/;izns’k vkSj lhekorhZ mRrjizns’k ds nwjLFk vapyksa ds fu/kZu leqnk; ds chp viuh yxu vkSj fu”Bk ls thoar :Ik fn;kA
bl dfBu le; esa ‘kklu ds ,d egRoiw.kZ lnL; ds :Ik esa tks] fd d`f”k ds vkfFkZd i{k ds fu.kZ; dk mRrjnkf;Ro j[krk gks] eSa le>rk gwW fd esjk uSfrd mRrjnkf;Ro gksxk fd ,sls xzke fodkl ds tud ftUgksus ekuorkokn dh Hkkoukvksa dks vkRelkr fd;k] izdfr ds ewy :Ik dks v{kq..k j[kus ,oa misf{kr leqnk; dks Lokoyacu ds lkFk orZeku vk/kqfud fodkl ,oa izxfr ds iFk ij vkxs c<+k;k] ,sls deZB egkiq:”k dk Lej.k dj viuh J)katyh O;Dr djrk gwWaa A ;g dk;Z vk/kkjHkwr ewY;ksa ls fcuk le>kSrk fd,] larqyu cukdj ,d iryh jLlh ij pyus ds leku gSA eSa ;g Hkh ekurk gwWa fd] orZeku esa df”k ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds {ks= esa mHkjrs fooknksa dk fujkdj.k Hkh] gekjs fir iq:”k iafMr nhun;ky th o J)s; ukukth }kjk ekxZnf’kZr fl)karksa esa gh fufgr gSA
esjh ;g gkfnZd bPNk gS fd] eaS J`)s; ukukth ds lexz fodkl ds ikB dks fQj ,d ckj nksgjkÅ vkSj nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ,oa fodkl ds ek/;e ls muds }kjk fd, x, dk;ksZ ls izkIr vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.kksa dks js[kkafdr d:WaA
eSa d`rK gksdj bZ’oj dks /kU;okn nsrk gwW fd] mlus eq>s ^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vkSj* izdk’ku dks vkids lEeq[k j[kus
dk lqvolj fn;k vkSj eSa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa laca) laLFkkvksa }kjk v{k; df”k fodkl ,oa LokoyEcu vk/kkfjr d`f”k ds {ks= esa fd, x, dk;ksZ ,oa mlds izpkj&izlkj dh ,d >yd izLrqr dj ldkA
eq>s fo’okl gS fd vkus okys le; esa ;g izdk’ku xzkeh.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ds {ks= esa ubZ :fp tkx`r djsxk vkSj fp=dwV ifj;kstuk dk lQy ekWMy rFkk j.kuhfr izns’k o ns’k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa izk;ksfxd rkSj ij fdz;kfUor djus dks izksRlkfgr djsxkA
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku esa dk;Z djus okys vf/kdkjh;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa] f’kf{kr ;qokvksa] lekt f’kYih nEifRr;ksa ,oa lcls mij gtkjks& gtkj fL=;ks] iq:”kksa ,oa cPpks] tks fd bl ewd vkanksyu ls tqM+s gS] dks muds }kjk izLrqr vuqdj.kh; ekWMy ds ltu ds fy, /kU;okn nsrk gwWA
eSa Ldwy vkWQ :jy esustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV ds izeq[k ,oa muds ny ds lnL;ksa dks Hkh /kU;okn nsrk gwW ftUgksus bl v/;;u dks iw.kZ dj bl izdk’ku dks rS;kj fd;kA
eSa vk’oLr gwW fd vkus okys le; esa fp=dwV ifj;kstuk dk Hkze.k djus okys os lkjs yksx tks leqnk; tfur xzkeh.k fodkl ds i{k/kj gS] ;gka ds leqnk; ls izFke n`”V;k vuqHko ,oa dqN lh[k vo’; xzg.k djsxsaA
eSa bl volj ij bl fo”k; esa foLr`r vkSj xgu v/;;u ds fy, fo’ks”kKksa dk vkg~oku Hkh d:axk rkfd izkIr fu”d”kksZ ls vc rd vuqRrfjr jgs iz’uksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldsA
esjh ;g Hkh vkadk{kk gS fd] fodkl dh izfdz;k esa layXu jkT; ljdkj ds leLr foHkkx ,oa laLFkku] fp=dwV ekWMy ds varxZr fodflr] vkRefuHkZj leqnk; dh lQyrk ls izsj.kk ysdj vius dk;Zdzeksa ,oa j.kuhfr;ksa esa bldk lekos’k djsa] ftlls dh bu dk;Zdzeksa ij O;; gks jgh jkf’k dks tuksUeq[kh cukdj izns’k esa fodkl dk ekxZ iz’kLr gks ldsaA
MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;kea=h d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl foHkkx
e-iz- ‘kklu] Hkksiky42 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
lans’k
;g izdk’ku D;ksa \21 oh lnha esa d`f”k ds Lo:Ik esa gks jgs ifjorZu] ftlls cgqjk”Vªh; dEiuh;ksa dk c<+rk opZLo] tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa Xykscy okfeZax ds [krjs] d`f”k dh c<+rh ykxr] mRiknu ds ewY;ksa esa mrkj&p<+ko] fu/kZu oxZ dh d`f”k ij fuHkZjrk ,oa xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dk d`f”k ds izfr ?kVrk vkd”kZ.k] d`f”k {ks= ds fy, xaHkhj pqukSfr;ka mRiUu dj jgk gSA
d`f”k rduhdks esa o`gn ifjorZu gqvk gS] rduhd fuekZrkvksa vFkkZr~ oSKkfudkas dh /kkj.kk Hkh ifjofrZr gqbZ gS ftlls bu rduhdksa ds vfUre mi;ksxdrkZvks] y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdks] fo’ks”kdj efgyk d`”kdks esa ifjorZu ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
bl le; gekjs le{k tks eq[; eqn~ns gS muesa rduhdksa dh izHkko’khyrk] budk cktkj ls laidZ] Ik;kZoj.k ij izHkko] vkfFkZd egRrk ,oa mi;ksxdrkZ dh ‘kkjhfjd n{krk ds vuq:Ik mi;ksfxrk ds igyw Hkh lfEefyr gSA fodYiksa dh miyC/krk ,oa miyC/k fodYiksa esa lokZf/kd Js”B tks fd ijEijkxr ,oa izkphu fodYiksa dh rqyuk esa mRre gks] egRoiw.kZ ekinaM gS ftuds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu fodYiksa dk ewY;kadu ,oa mudh rqyuk rduhdh vaxhdj.k dh nj ,oa mi;ksxdrkZ ,oa xzg.kdrkZ ds O;ogkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA
lwpuk izks|ksfxdh ds bl ;qx esa ‘kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k] fu/kZu ,oa Js”Bh oxksZ ds chp esa c<+rh gqbZ nwjh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, rduhdks dk izlkj bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd gekjs d`f”k vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl dk ekxZ D;k gksA d`f”k foLrkj gsrq vc rd viuk;h xbZ ijiajkxr lksp ,oa uohu d`”kd izcaf/kr d`f”k iz.kkfy;ksa dh rqyuk gsrq ,d uohu ppkZ dh vko’drk gSA miyC/k rF; ijd lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fuf’pr :Ik ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku lksp ,oa mlls mRiUu fo”kerk,sa gekjh orZeku d`f”k fodkl dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dk migkl djrh izrhr gksrh gSA
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkku tSls& d`f”k foKku dsUnz] fp=dwV ds fudV e>xoka] ftyk lruk] e/;izns’k] mRrjizns’k ds lhekorhZ fp=dwV ftys ds varxZr xfuou esa fLFkr d`f”k foKku dsUnz] vkjksX;/kke] m|ferk fo|kihB] lqjsUnzikWy xzkeksn; fo|ky;] ijekuUn vkJe i)rh fo|ky;] jkeukFk vkJe ‘kkyk] xkSoa’k fodkl ,oa vuqla/kku dsUnz] lalk/ku dsUnz ,oa vU; LFkkuh; laLFkk,a tks fd bl laLFkku ds varxZr vkrh gS] us bl Lokoyach vfHk;ku dks tuojh 2002 esa izkjEHk fd;k Fkk] rc ls vc rd 500 xzkeksa dks bl
vfHk;ku es tksM+k tk pqdk gSA laLFkku ds vusd dk;Zdzeksa esa f’k{kk ,oa LokLF; lq/kkj] xSj d`f”k {ks=ksa ,oa lgk;d L=ksrks ls ifjokj dh vk; esa o`f)] ouksit vk/kkfjr vk; vtZu xfrfof/k;ksa] m|ferk fodkl bR;kfn] LFkkuh; d`f”k esa de ykxr dh i;kZOkj.k vuwdqy rduhdksa tks fd leqnk; tfur lgHkkxhrk }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gS vFkok iwoZ ls miyC/k gS] ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gSA
bu xzkeksa esa tgka Hkh”k.k fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh] cM+h la[;k esa dke dh ryk’k esa yksxksa ds iyk;u tSlh leL;k,sa Fkh] mlds LFkku ij foxr 9 o”kksZ esa bu xzkeokfl;ksa ds thou Lrj esa O;kid lq/kkj gqvk gS ,oa mUgsa _.k xzLrrk ls eqfDr ikdj mUgksus vkRefo’okl ,oa Lokoyacu ds ekxZ dks viuk;k gSA
vkaxrqdks] dk;Zdze izca/kdks ,oa izHkkfor leqnk; us dbZ vukSipkfjd ppkZvksa esa bl rF; dh iqf”V dh gS fd] mudh igys dh vR;Ur nqcZy Nfo vc ,d izxfr ds izfr vk’kkfUor xzkeoklh ds :Ik esa bu xzkeksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA bu ekSf[kd ekU;rkvksa ds lR;kiu ds fy, foLr`r ,oa rF;ijd lk{; ,df=r dj mijksDr n`f”Vdks.k dks izekf.kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
ifj.kkeksa dh lR;rk ds ijh{k.k ds fy, e/;izns’k jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ Hkksiky us bl laf{kIr fdUrq lkjxfHkZr v/;;u dks izk;ksftr fd;k gS] tks ifjn`’; esa gq, ifjorZu dks gekjs lEeq[k j[k lds vkSj izkIr Rofjr ifj.kkeksa ds leku xfrfof/k;ksa vFkok dk;Zdzeksa dks jkT; esa izkjEHk dj ldsaA
lruk ,oa jhok ftyks ds d`”kd ifjokjksa ds O;ogkj esa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa }kjk lapkfyr fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls vk;s bl ldkjkRed ifjorZu dks le>dj muds }kjk viuk;h xbZ egRoiw rduhd fof’k”V eqn~nksa dks n’kkZrh gS] tks Hkfo”; dh fopkj eaFku izfdz;k fo’ks”kdj lhekUr {ks=ksa esa lesfdr fodkl vkSj xjhch mUewyu dh fn’kk esa vko’;d gSA
43
gekjk /;ku vkdf”kZr djus okys eq[; fcUnq %
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkku }kjk J`a[kykc) xfrfof/k;ksa ,oa dk;Zdzeksa dh izHkkfodrk tkuus ds fy, foospukA
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku }kjk de ykxr ,oa i;kZoj.k ds vuwdwy rdfudksa ds izpkj&izlkj ,oa vaxhdj.k dh izfdz;k esa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa mlls laca/k laLFkku ds ;ksxnku dks js[kkfdar djukA
d`”kd leqnk; esa gqbZ {kerk lao/kZu dks tkuuk] vkadyu] ewY;kdau ,oa mldk js[kkdauA
,d lwpuk iqfLrdk ds ek/;e ls ;qx n`”Vk J`)s; ukukth ns’keq[k ds xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku dks tulkekU; ds le{k izLrqr djuk] bl vuqHkwfr ds lkFk dh ubZ ih<h esa fuLokFkZ lsok dk Hkko izTofyr gks ,oa ns’k ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsA
vk’kk gS ;g laf{kIr] f}Hkk”kh; izdk’ku fodkl dk;ZdrkZvksa dks fujUrj xjhch ls yM+us ds fy, LFkk;h lEiw.kZ ,oa le:Ik vL= fl) gksxk ftlls vkRefuHkZj xzke fodkl dk liuk lkdkj gks ldsA
44 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
vkHkkj;g izdk’ku ^^in fpUgks ls Hkfo”; dh vksj** nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku lewg fp=dwV }kjk v{k; ,oa vkRe fuHkZj d`f”k ds fodkl ,oa O;kid izpkj ds fy, fodflr ekWMy ij ,d la’ysf”kr ,oa ladfyr v/;;u] e/;izns’k] jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ e/;izns’k ‘kklu }kjk izk;ksftr ,d lkjxfHkZr izfrosnu gSA bl v/;;u dks Ldwy vkWQ :jy esustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV] jryke }kjk fd;k x;kA
fiNys dqN n’kdksa ls d`f”k rduhdh izca/ku dk fo”k; jk”Vªh;] izknsf’kd ,oa {ksf=; Lrj ij pfpZr jgk gS] ftlesa rduhdh ds izpkj&izlkj dk dk;Z ‘kS{kf.kd ,oa vuqla/kku laxBu] fo’ofo|ky; ,oa muds ekU;rk izkIr laLFkku] ‘kkldh; foHkkx] d`f”k foLrkj laLFkku] O;kikj ,oa m|ksx] okf.kfT;d laLFkkuks] fuxeksa] foRrh; laLFkkuksa] lkekftd laLFkkuksa] xSj ‘kkldh; laLFkkuksa] lgdkjh ,oa lkeqnkf;d laLFkkuksa }kjk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg {kerkuqlkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
miyC/k rduhdksa dk izca/ku fujarj vkiwfrZ ds vk/kkj ij gks jgk gSA ftlesa vafre miHkksDrk ¼d`”kd½ ds fy, leqfpr rduhd ds p;u dh lqfo/kk dk vHkko gSA
ge MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k] ea=h] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ,oa v/;{k e/;izns’k jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ] e/;izns’k ‘kklu Hkksiky ds vkHkkjh gSa ftUgksaus Ldwy vkWQ :jy esustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV] jryke dks bl egRoiw.kZ v/;;u ,oa blds izdk’ku dk volj fn;kA vkids lfdz; lg;ksx ls gh LFkk;h fodkl fo”k;d ij ;g v/;;u iw.kZ gks ldkA d`f”k ds v{k; fodkl gsrq vkidh vUrZn`f”V] fuckZ/k lg;ksx ,oa fo”k;oLrq esa fuiq.krk ls gh ;g izdk’ku lEHko gks ldk gSA
laLFkku] MkW- Hkjr ikBd] izeq[k] nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV ,oa Jh vHk; egktu th dk Hkh g~n; ls vkHkkjh gS] ftUgksus J`)s; Lo- ukukth ds laLej.kksa ds lkFk laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj Hkkoh ;kstukvksa ij izHkkoh fopkj O;Dr dj ekxZn’kZu ,oa lg;ksx fn;kA
ge bl izdk’ku esa vius vuqHko ,oa ;ksxnku ds fy, f’k{kkfon~ ,oa oSKkfudksa] fo’ks”kdj d`f”k foKku dsUnz e>xoka ds oSKkfud MkW- vkj- ,l- usxh] MkW- ,l- ,l- dkSf’kd ,oa muds dk;Zny ds vU; oSKkfud lnL;ksa dks Hkh /kU;okn nsrs gS ftUgksus Lo- ukukth ds fopkjksa dks yxHkx 500 ls vf/kd xzkeksa esa dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls fdz;kfUor fd;kA
laLFkku bl izdk’ku esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ,oa lgk;rk ds fy, Jh mes’k ‘kekZ] fo’ks”k drZO;LFk vkf/kdkjh] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl foHkkx] e/;izns’k ‘kklu] dk Hkh g~n; ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gS ftUgksaus bl fo”k; ij ppkZvksa] cSBdks ds vk;kstu esa lgk;rk nsdj izdk’ku dks lQy cuk;kA
v:.k vkj- tks’kh ¼laLFkku izeq[k½;’k dkuwuxks ¼ladk; lnL;½MkW- oj.k flag ¼ladk; lnL;½
Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV] jryke
45
LoxhZ; ukukth ds vuqdj.kh; thou us lekt lsok ds dk;Z dks u;k vFkZ iznku fd;k gS rFkk lekt gsrq foKku dh Hkwfedk dks fodflr ,oa ifjHkkf”kr fd;k gSA muds thou ls izsfjr gksdj vusd vuq;k;h tks fd fu%LokFkZ lsok Hkko ls ns’k ds fiNM+s ,oa nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa fu/kZu leqnk;ksa ds mUu;u gsrq m|r gq, gSA muds ;ksxnku ls Loizsfjr LokoyEcu vk/kkfjr d`f”k dh fopkj/kkjk dk izkjEHk gqvkA ;g v/;;u muds egku ;ksxnkuksa dks vkil esa lglEcf/kr dj bu ubZ rdfudksa ds viuk,sa tkus ds izfr leqnk; ds O;ogkj] vaxhd`r dh xbZ nj] bldh izHkko’khyrk] d`f”k dks ,d lqn`< fodYi ds :Ik esa yk[kksa xjhc ifjokjksa dh vkthfodk fodkl ,oa mldh lao/kZu {kerk dk v/;;u gSA
Lokoyacu vfHk;ku dks bl rjg rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk fd ftles xjhch] csjkstxkjh] vf’k{kk] LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk] gfj;kyh ls vkPNkfnr vkoklh; ifjlj] eqdnesckth ,oa fooknks ls ijs vkSj vUrr% le`)h’kkyh ifjokj ds LoIu dks lkdkj fd;k tk ldsaA
mDr m)s’;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k LFkkuh; o {ksf=; izkFkfedrkvksa ds vuqlkj ,oa LFkkuh; leqnk; rFkk nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds Lo;a lsoh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lfEefyr fopkj&foe’kZ ls igpkuh xbZ leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, fd;k x;k ,oa blh ds vuq:Ik dk;Zdze rS;kj fd, x,A
ifj;kstuk {ks=nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa }kjk 512 xkaoks esa vius dk;Zdze izkjaHk fd;s x;sA ftuesa ls 244 xkao e/;izns’k ds lruk ,oa jhok ftys esa ,oa 268 xkao lehiorhZ mRrjizns’k ds ftys dh lhek esa vkrs gSA ;g v/;;u] e/;izns’k jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ] lruk ,oa jhok ftyks ds e/;izns’k ds xzkeksa rd gh lhfer gSA
dk;Z{ks= dk fooj.k %
ifj;kstuk ds ftys %
lruk ,oa jhok ftys cqansy[kaM ds c?ksy[kaM iBkj ds varxZr fLFkr gSA ;g ,d xeZ ,oa ‘kq”d {ks= gS (16 Cd5) ;g d`f”k ikfjfLFkfrdh {ks= cqansy[kaM dh ifjf/k dk e/;izns’k esa vkus okyk {ks= gSA bl mi[kaM esa 5-8 fefy;u gs- {ks= gS tks 26 izfr’kr d`f”k ikfjfLFkrhdh {ks= gS rFkk 1-8 izfr’kr ns’k ds dqy HkkSxksfyd Hkwfe dk Hkkx gSA
lruk ftys dk dqy {ks=Qy 7502 oxZ fd-eh- gS ftldh dqy tula[;k o”kZ 2001 esa 1870104 gS tks fd izns’k dh dqy vkcknh dk 3-1 izfr’kr FkhA ftys dk tula[;k ?kuRo 249 Los;j izfr oxZ fd-eh- ,oa izfr n’kd o`f) nj 27-6 izfr’kr gSA ftys dks 8 fodkl[k.Mksa es ftuesa vej ikVu] eSgj] e>xoka] uSxksn] jke uxj] jkeiqj] ck?ksyu] lruk rFkk mpsgjk esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ftys ds dqy {ks= 1784 xkao esa foLr`r gS dqy {ks= dk 50 izfr’kr {ks= d`f”k ;ksX; Hkwfe] 27 izfr’kr Hkwfe ou] 6 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k
nhu n;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku& ,d flagkoyksdu
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk lekt lq/kkjd LoxhZ; ukukth ns’keq[k }kjk o”kZ 1968 esa] iafMr nhu n;ky mik/;k; }kjk izfrikfnr ,dkRed ekuorkokn ds ewy o nwjn’khZ fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr fla)krksa ij fd;k x;kA laLFkku us xzkeh.k leqnk; dh vkthfodk fodkl ds fy, d`f”k lq/kkj ij lokZf/kd cy fn;k gSA
laLFkku }kjk xzkeh.k tuthou ds vusd fo”k;ksa dks vius lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa ,oa fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa tSls d`f”k foKku dsUnzks dk lapkyu] de ykxr dh Ik;kZoj.k vuwdwy rduhdksa dk ijh{k.k] izk;ksfxd fdz;kUo;u] izn’kZu ,oa izpkj&izlkj] xkSoa’k ds laj{k.k ds fy, xkS’kkyk dk lapkyu] O;ofLFkr ,oa oSKkfud ‘kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds }kjk xkS foKku dk fodkl] ty xzg.k {ks= fodkl] ty izca/ku] Hkwfe dk leqfpr mi;ksx] Hkwlaj{k.k] vykHkdkjh tksrksa dks ykHkdkjh cukus ds fy, vusd mik;] cht xzke ,oa cht lewg ds ek/;e ls cht mRiknu o izpkj&izlkj dh Ja`[kyk dk lapkyu vkfn vusd dk;Zdze fdz;kfUor fd, gSA
46 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
,oa tyxzg.k] 10 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k ds vuqiyC/k rFkk 3 izfr’kr Hkwfe vd`f”k ;ksX; rFkk vuqi;ksxh Hkwfe ds varxZr vkrh gSA ftys dk dqy ldy Qlyh {ks= 4-28 yk[k gs- gS] ftlesa 1-30 yk[k gs- flafpr {ks= gSA ftys dk Qlyh ?kuRo 133-7 izfr’kr gS] ftys dk jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx 51 fdyks izfr gs- gSA ftlesa vukt ,oa frygu dk mRiknu vf/kdrk ls gksrk gSA
ftys dk Qly mRiknu Hkh de gS tks 900 fdyksa izfr gsDVs;j gSA
jhok ftys dk dqy {ks=Qy 6314 oxZ fd-eh- gS ftldh dqy tula[;k o”kZ 2001 esa 1973306 gS tks fd izns’k dh dqy vkcknh dk 3-3 izfr’kr FkhA ftys dk tula[;k ?kuRo 313 izfr oxZ fd-eh- ,oa izfr n’kd o`f) nj 26-9 izfr’kr gSA ftys dks 9 fodkl[k.Mksa es ftuesa xaxkos] guqeuk] tkok] emxat] ukbZx<+] jk;iqj] jhok] fljeksj vkSj R;ksUFkj esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ftys ds dqy {ks= 1638 xkao esa foLr`r gSA dqy {ks= 59 izfr’kr {ks= d`f”k ;ksX; Hkwfe] 14 izfr’kr Hkwfe ou] 1 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k ,oa tyxzg.k] 15 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k ds vuqiyC/k rFkk 4 izfr’kr Hkwfe vd`f”k ;ksX; rFkk vuqi;ksxh Hkwfe ds varxZr vkrh gSA ftys dk dqy ldy Qlyh {ks= 5 yk[k gs- gS] ftlesa 0-87 yk[k gs- flafpr {ks= gSA ftys dk Qlyh ?kuRo 134-8 izfr’kr gS] ftys dk jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx 39 fdyks izfr gsDVs;j gSA ftlesa vukt ,oa frygu dk mRiknu vf/kdrk ls gksrk gSA
ftys dk Qly mRiknu Hkh de gS tks 968 fdyks gsDVs;j gSA
ifj;kstuk {ks= dk fooj.k %lruk ,oa jhok ftyks esa p;fur 244 xkaoks dh dqy tula[;k 90513 gS] ftlesa yxHkx 15000 ifjokj fuokl djrs gSA 15-5 izfr’kr ifjokj vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa 26-5 izfr’kr ifjokj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa 34-6 izfr’kr ifjokj vU; fiNM+k oxZ rFkk 23-4 izfr’kr ifjokj lkekU; ifjokjksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSA
d`f”k thfodksiktZu dk eq[; /ka/kk gS ftlesa i’kqikyu dk Hkh lekos’k gSA 68-8 izfr’kr ifjokj Hkwfe /kkjd gSA tcfd 31-2 izfr’kr ifjokj Hkwfeghu gSA 94 izfr’kr Hkw Lokeh ifjokj y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa ds varxZr gSA dsoy 2-7 izfr’kr ifjokjks ds gh edku iDds gS ‘ks”k ;k rks dPps feV~Vh ds edku gS vFkok vLFkk;h >ksifM+;k gSA
pkoy] Tokj] cktjk] vjgj] lks;kchu] o”kkZ _rq esa mxkbZ tkus okyh eq[; QLkys gS tcfd puk] tkS] nkysa] vylh] ljlks] fry ,oa ekSleh lfCt;kW ‘khr _rq dh eq[; Qlys gSA
dk;Z {ks= ds ladqyksa esa pkoy dk vkSlr mRiknu 13-32 fDo- izfr gs- gS tks jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 26 izfr’kr vf/kd gS] vkSj jk”Vª ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 52 izfr’kr de gSA jk”Vª dk vkSlr mRiknu 20 fDo- izfr gs- gSA Tokj dk vkSlr mRiknu jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 27 izfr’kr vkSj jk”Vª ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 6 izfr’kr de gSA xsagw dk vkSlr mRiknu jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 15 izfr’kr ,oa jk”Vª ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 88 izfr’kr de gSA
ladqy {ks= esa lks;kchu dk vkSlr mRiknu jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 20 izfr’kr vkSj ns’k ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 14 izfr’kr de gSA
ljlksa] elwj] puk] vjgj] vylh dk mRiknu Hkh izns’k ,oa ns’k ds vkSlr mRiknu ls de gSA
ladqy xzke esa flafpr {ks= dh deh gS] flapkbZ lalk/kuksa dk nksgu ifj;kstuk ds vkjEHk gksus rd ugh gks ldk Fkk ;|fi mldh O;kid laHkkouk gSA
ladqy esa xkSoa’k fd la[;k 16500 gS] HkSalks dh la[;k 7200] cdfj;kas dh la[;k 13000 gSA ysfdu budh vkSlr mRikndrk leku {ks=ksa ds jkT; vFkok ns’k ds vkSlr ls de gSA dqN ifjokjksa ds ikl d`f”k ;a= gSA dqN ifjokjks ds ikl ns’kh gy ds vykok dqN egRoiw.kZ vk/kqfud d`f”k ;a= gSA fiNys ,d n’kd ls Mhty iEi flapkbZ dk ,d eq[; lk/ku gSA ‘kkldh; vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj 1900 ls vf/kd ifjokjksa dh igpku xjhch js[kk ls uhps ds ifjokjks esa dh x;h gSA tcfd okLrfodrk esa ;g la[;k cgqr vf/kd gks ldrh gSA 2000 ls vf/kd xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dh igpku csjkstxkj ;qokvksa ds :Ik esa dh xbZ gS ;|fi vkaf’kd jkstxkj] U;wu jkstxkj ,oa vkfFkZd :Ik ls mi;qDr jkstxkj dks leqfpr :Ik ls ifjHkkf”kr u dj ikus ds dkj.k folaxfr;ka ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
47
O;olkf;d {ks=xr izkFkfedrk tSlk fd iwoZ esa mYysf[kr gS] LokyEcu vfHk;ku] ,dkRed ekuorkokn ds n’kZu dks laiwjdrk dh vo/kkj.kk ds foLr`r iVy ij cgqvk;keh mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq izkjEHk fd;k x;kA lekos’kh fodkl dk ekMy tks lexzrk] v{k; fodkl] leqnk; lapkfyr izfdz;k ds }kjk dkykrhr fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh] LokLF;] LoPNrk] i;kZoj.k] f’k{kk ,oa U;k;ky;hu fooknksa ls ijs izR;sd ifjokj ds Lrj ij ,d vkn’kZ vkfFkZd lEiUurk iznku djus tSls nwjn’khZ vk;keksa dks la;ksftr djrk gSA
laiwjdrklaiwjdrk ijLij fofue; ds varZlac/kksa ij vk/kkfjr izfdz;k gSA blds varxZr nks ;k vf/kd i{k ijLij fuHkZj gksdj ,d nwljs dks laefUor :Ik ls ykHkkfUor djrs gSA
LokoyEcu vfHk;ku laiwjdrk ds fla)kr ij vk/kkfjr n’kZu dks fofHkUu dkjdksa] {ks=xr izfdz;kvksa] lalk/kuksa ,oa mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu ds lkFk la;ksftr djrk gSA
;g v/;;u laiwjdrk ds fla)kr dks d`f”k rduhdh ds ,oa gLrkarj.k ,oa vaxhdj.k izfdz;k rd flfer dj fu”d”kZ izkIr djus dk iz;kl gSA
;qxn`”Vk ,oa mudk ladYi& ukukth ,d cgqvk;keh
O;fDrRoLo- ukukth us i- nhun;ky mik/;k; ds lPps vuqxkeh ds :Ik esa muds fla)kUrks ,oa vkn’kksZ dks ,d lkekU; tu ds thou esa mldh vko’drkvksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, vuqlj.k djus dk iz;kl djrs gq, vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA
ftl egrh mn~ns’; dh izkfIr dh ladYiuk esa nhun;ky fo’ofo|ky; fp=dwV dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA tks dkykUrj esa 16 ijLij fuHkZj fdUrq Lo’kklh laLFkkvksa ds :Ik esa fodflr gqbZA ;g ukukth ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dk ifjpk;d gSA
d`f”k foKku dsUnz] e>xoka ftyk lruk ,oa xfuoku ftyk fp=dwV] mRrjizns’k] d`f”k rduhdh izca/ku] O;ogkfjd vuqla/kku] mi;qDr ekWMy ds fodkl gsrq] iz{ks= vuqla/kku] ml {ks= ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd d`f”k ikfjfLFkrhfd ds vuq:Ik gks] ,sls dk;Zdze lapkfyr dj jgk gSA orZeku esa d`f”k foKku dsUnz] lgHkkxh vuqla/kku dk thoUr dsUnz gS] tks izk;ksfxd rkSj ij ,sls fodYiksa dh [kkst es yxk gS] ftuls xzke Lrj dh vkSlr mRikndrk ,oa jkT; rFkk jk”Vªh; Lrj dh vkSlr mRikndrk ds c<+rs varj dks de fd;k tk ldsA
bu laLFkkuksa esa dk;Zjr oSKkfudx.k vk/kqfud d`f”k foKku esa ikjaxr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk egku ;qx n`”Vkvksa }kjk izfrikfnr lEiwjdrk ds fla)kr ds izfr lefiZr Hkh gSA
vkjksX; /kke ,d loZ lqfo/kk;qDr vk/kqfud dsUnz gS tks xzkeoklh leqnk;ksa ds LokLF; dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djrk gSA ;g dsUnz ckg~; jksfx;ksa gsrq tkap lqfo/kk] vLirky ,oa ifjpkfjdk lqfo/kk] izlo lqfo/kk] cky jksx fpfdRlk] ‘kY; fdz;k ,oa uotkr f’k’kq bdkbZ bR;kfn laiw.kZ lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk vk;qosZn ,oa izkdfrd fpfdRlk i)fr ds vk/kkj ij viuh lsok,a iznku djrk gSA
fp=dwV jl ‘kkyk vk;qZosfnd tM+h cqVh dks vkjksX; /kke ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS rFkk bldh vuqla/kku ‘kk[kk ifjlj ds fudVorhZ {ks=ksa esa vkS”k/kh; ikS/kks dh igpku ,oa mRiknu dj ubZ nokvksa ds mRiknu ds dk;Z esa layXu gSA
cM+h la[;k esa vkoklh; ,oa xSj vkoklh; fo|ky; leqnk; dks mPp xq.koRrk dh Hkkjrh; laLdfr ,oa ewY; vk/kkfjr f’k{kk iznku dj jgs gSA ftudh dh lkekU;r% vU; fo|ky;ksa ,oa f’k{kk dsUnzksa esa tkus vutkus esa mis{kk dh tkrh jgh gSA
xksoa’k fodkl ,oa vuqla/kku dsUnz fo’ks”kdj xk;ks ds fy, rduhdh lgk;rk ,oa ijEijkxr Kku dks fodflr djus ds fy, ‘kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds dk;ksZ esa yxk gqvk gSA
xzkeksn; n’kZu ikdZ] lektf’kYih nEifRr;ksa ds fy, lalk/ku dsUnz] ‘kS{kf.kd lalk/ku dsUnz] laxzkgy; ,oa vU; tu lqfo/kk,a] Lora= vfLrRo j[krs gq, Hkh ,d nwljs dks ijLij lg;ksx djrs gq, lEiwjdrk ds fla)kr ij dk;Zjr~ gSA
48 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
lqlaxfBr laLFkkxr~ <kapk ftlesa izR;sd laLFkk vius mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq Lora= :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gq, Hkh ijLij lg;ksx iznku dj ewy mn~ns’; dh izkfIr ds lg;ksxh gSA ;g ifjn`’; bu laLFkkvksa ds fuekZrk ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dks ifjyf{kr djrk gSA
laLFkku ds fe’ku ,oa dk;Zdzeksa ds lQyrkiwoZd lapkyu dks HkyhHkkafr tkuus ds fy, v/;;u ny us Lokyacu vfHk;ku ls laca) dk;ZdrkZvksa fo’ks”kdj iw.kZdkfyd vf/kdkjh;ksa ds lkFk jkT; ds d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ea=h tks fd d`f”k foKku ds fo’ks”kK Hkh gS] ls thoUr lk{kkRdkj dj v/;;u ds mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq fo”kn foospuk djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k gSA
bl izdk’ku esa izLrqr lk{kkRdkjksa dks muds ewy Lo:Ik es izdkf’kr fd;k x;k gS rkfd lk{kkRdkj nkrkvksa dh ewy Hkkoukvksa ,oa ekSfyd fopkjksa ls ikBdks dks voxr djk;k tk ldsA
lk{kkRdkj dh fo”k;oLrq] v/;;u ds mn~ns’;ksa dks /;ku es j[krs gq, d`f”k rduhdksa ,oa fodflr gksrs ekWMy rFkk d`”kd leqnk;ksa }kjk muds vaxhdj.k] O;ogkj ,oa vU; {ks=ksa esa mudh mik;ksfxrk rd lhfer j[kh xbZ gSA
49
iz- vki lnSo LFkk;h fodkl ds leFkZd jgs gS] fo’ks”kdj tSfod [ksrh ds ifjizs{; esaA bl lanHkZ esa vki fp=dwV esa fodflr ekWMy dks fdl rjg ns[krs gSa\
m- tcls eSaus lfdz; jktuhfrd thou izkjEHk fd;k gS rc ls J)s; ukukth gekjs izsj.kkL=ksr jgs gSaA eSa dbZ voljksa ij muds lkFk O;fDrxr :i ls ppkZ djrk jgk gwWA ,d d`”kd ifjokj dk csVk gksus ds dkj.k ,oa esjh d`f”k foKku vk/kkfjr ‘kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds dkj.k eSa lnSo vk/kqfud d`f”k ds vPNs ,oa cqjs i{k dks ns[krk jgk gwWA ;g lR; gS fd eSa fiNys nks n’kdksa ls tSfod d`f”k ij tksj nsrk jgk gwW] ij tSfod d`f”k ls esjk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd tSfod d`f”k ges’kk if’pe ns’kks fd Hkkafr izekf.kr tSfod d`f”k gh gksA eSa bls lnSo Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es lexz] laiw.kZ ,oa ijLij fuHkZjrk ds fla)kr ij vk/kkfjr d`f”k mRiknu iz.kkyh ftlesa fd i’kq/ku] Qy] lfCt;ksa] Qwyksa] elkyksa ,oa lqxaf/kr elkys] Qkbcj ,oa vU; Qlys] U;k; laxr] ‘kks”k.k jfgr ,oa v{k; mi;ksx ds fla)krks ij voyfEcr gksA
eSa fp=dwV ekWMy ds izkjfEHkd voLFkk ls blds iw.kZ fodflr gksus rd bldh izfdz;kvksa dk lk{kh jgk gwW vkSj eSa le>rk gwW fd ;g ekWMy vc ifjiDork dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdk gS ftls vc eq[; /kkjk esa ykus dh vko’;drk gSA
iz- D;k vki lksprs gSa fd ‘kklu dh mPp izks|ksfxdh dsfUnzr vkiwfrZ iz/kku iz.kkyh esa bl ekWMy dks eq[; /kkjk esa yk;k tk ldrk gS\
m- tc ls eSaus d`f”k ea=ky; dk izHkkj fy;k gS vkSj ea+=ky; dks eSaus d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ea=ky; dk uke fn;k gS] rc ls eSa fujUrj] iwoZ ls pyh vk jgh ck/kkvksa dks [kRe dj uhfrxr ifjorZu tks d`f”k oSKkfudksa] d`f”k foLrkj dk;ZdrkZvksa] d`f”k f’k{kkfonkas] rduhdh Kkrkvksa ,oa ml izR;sd O;fDr dks tks fd d`f”k {ks= dh ihM+k dks le>rk gS] rRlacaf/kr j.kuhfr;ksa ds iquZfu/kkZj.k tks fd lekos’kh] laxfBr ,oa i;kZoj.k ds izfr laosnu’khy rFkk v{k; d`f”k fodkl dks lqn`<+ djrh gks] ds fy, iz;kljr~ gwWA
eSaus fo’ofo|ky;ksa ls vuqjks/k fd;k gS fd os bl rjg dk vuqla/kku djs tks fd y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djs ,oa ftls os Lohdkj dj iz;ksx esa yk;sA ge vkiwfrZ vk/kkfjr O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij ekax vk/kkfjr iz.kkyh ds fodkl esa fujUrj yxs gq, gS] ftlls yk[kks] djksM+ks y?kq& lhekUr d`”kdkas] efgyk d`”kdksa ,oa d`f”k Jfedksa dks viuh leL;kvksa dk leqfpr gy fey ldsA
MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k] ea=h] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl foHkkx] e/;izns’k ‘kklu ls lk{kkRdkj
50 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
iz- D;k v{k; d`f”k fodkl ds ckjs esa ckr djus dk ;g mi;qDr le; gS tcfd ‘kklu d`f”k dks ,d ykHknk;h m|e cukus ds fy, izfrc) gS\
m- th gkW] LFkk;h d`f”k fodkl gh dsoy ykHknk;h d`f”k m|e gSA dkj[kkuksa esa fufeZr d`f”k vknku] tSls ckgjh lalk/kuks ij d`f”k mRikn dh fuHkZjrk dh orZeku izfdz;k izkFkfed d`f”k mRiknd dks vknku O;kikfj;ksa ds pqxay esa Qlk nsrh gSA tks fd mRiknu ds ewY; dks Hkh vijks{k :Ik ls izHkkfor djrs jgrs gSA tc geus [kjhns tkus okys bu ckgjh vknkuksa dh dher dks fu;fU=r fd;k rc ls mRiknu ykxr esa Hkh deh vkbZ gSA ;g ,d lh/kk vFkZ’kkL= gS ftls gj fdlku le>us yxk gSA gkykafd cktkj dh c<+rh gqbZ ?kqlisSB] izkd`frd lalk/kuska dk oLrqdj.k] ‘kkldh; lgk;rk ,oa vuqnkuksa ds c<+rs gq, izpyu ls d`”kdksa ds e/; ckgjh dkjdks ij fuHkZjrk tks fd d`f”k vknkuksa ds ewY; ,oa mRiknks dh dher dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gks] d`”kdksa ds bl lh/ks vFkZ’kkL= dks izHkkfor djrs gSA gekjk iz;kl d`”kdks dks bu ‘kks”k.kdkjh rRoksa ls eqDr dj ,sls lHkh xBtksM+ks dks rksM+us dk gSA fp=dwV iz;ksx vius vki esa uohu iz;ksx gS ftlesa ijLij fuHkZjrk ,oa ijLij ykHkdkjh izfdz;kvksa] dk;Zdzeksa] dkjdks ,oa {ks=ksa dk vR;Ur euksgkjh lekos’k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
iz- bl ekWMy ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f”Vdks.k gS\
m- ;fn eSa bZekunkjh ls dgwW rks eq>s ,dhdj.k ds izfr tks n`f”Vdks.k bl iz;ksx esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ftldk fu/kkZj.k] rduhdh ,oa O;olkf;d fo’ks”kKksa dh vis{kk fdlkuksa ,oa mRikndksa }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS] vR;Ur vuqdwy izrhr gksrk gSA ukukth ds vkOg~ku ij vusd ;qok f’kf{kr nEifRr;ksa us bl vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls lexz d`f”k ds ekWMy dks iquZLFkkfir djus dk chM+k mBk;k gS] tks fd NksVs mRikndksa ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa ds fy, loZFkk mi;qDr gSA ^^,dkRed ekuorkokn** ds lkoZHkkSfed n’kZu ds vuq:Ik vkt Lokoyacu vkReksRlxZ dk lk/ku cu x;k gS rFkk loZgkjk oxZ tks fd vusd :Ik ls ihfM+r gS] viuk lj xoZ ls mWpk djus ds ;ksX; cu lds gSA fp=dwV iz;ksx esa ijLij ykHk dk fla)kr vR;Ur mRlkgo/kZd gSA blds ckjs esa foLr`r foospuk dh tk ldrh gSA
iz- vafre iz’u gS fd fp=dwV iz;ksx ls vkxs D;k laHkkouk,sa gS\
m- iwjs e/;izns’k] iwjs jk”Vª] izR;sd d`”kd ifjokj lnL; rd tk;sxsa D;kasfd gesa vius ewy vk/kkj ij okil tkuk gksxkA bles vk/kqfud :Ik nsdj fl) rF; ,oa lfp= ifj.kkeksa dk lekos’k fd;k tk ldrk gS blesa dksbZ nwljk er ugh gSA bls gesa iwjh ln~Hkkouk ,oa yxu ls fujUrj tkjh j[kuk gksxkA
51
Jh vHk; egktu ls lk{kkRdkj
iz- ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vki LoxhZ; ukukth ds lcls fudVre jgs gaS] vkius muds lkfu/; esa fdruk le; O;rhr fd;k ,oa vki muds laidZ esa dSls vk;s \
m- lu~ 1975 esa vkikrdky ,oa lu~ 1977 esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj ds nkSjku J)s; ukukth ds ckjs esa cgqr lquk Fkk] fudV ls ns[kus dk volj 90 ds n’kd esa Hkqous’oj esa fo|kFkhZ ifj”kn ds jk”Vªh; vf/kos’ku esa feykA 1989&90 esa fo|kFkhZ ifj”kn ds {ks=h; iw.kZ dkfyd oxZ ds nkSjku fp=dwV esa ,d fo’ofo|ky; LFkkfir gksus tk jgk gS] ,slh tkudkjh dk;ZdrkZvksa dks gqbZ FkhA ;ksxk;ksx ,slk cuk fd 90 ds ckn 10 o”kksZ rd fp=dwV ls fuea=.k Hkh dbZ ckj feykA vkus dh ;kstuk Hkh cuh ijUrq fdUgh dkj.kksa ls vkuk ugha gks ik;kA tqykbZ&vxLr 2001 esa ofj”B dk;ZdrkZvksa us nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ls tqM+dj dke djuk gS] ,slh ;kstuk cukbZ blh nkSjku flrEcj esa fnYyh tkuk gqvk fnYyh esa J)s; ukukth ls HksaV gqbZA
;kstuk vuqlkj 16 flrEcj 2001 dks lkeku lfgr fp=dwV igqWapk rc ls J)s; ukukth ds lkfu/; esa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds dk;ksZ ls tqM+k gwWaA yxHkx 9 o”kZ J)s; ukukth ds lkFk esa dk;Z djus dk ekSdk feyk vusd ekSdksa ij fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa esa muds fopkj lqus lkFk gh dbZ ckj fofHkUu fo”k;ksa ij ppkZ djus dk Hkh volj feykA
iz- ukukth ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo ds vusd igyw Fks] ,d yksd uk;d] ,d nk’kZfud] ,d ;qxn`”Vk ftUgkasus laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ,d f’k{kkfon vkSj lcls gVdj ,d iq.; vkRekA vkids fopkj esa bu vk;keksa esa dkSu lk vk;ke ;qok ,oa Hkkoh ih<+h dks ifjfpr djokus ds fy, loZJs”B gksxk \
m- ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls ljkcksj ukukth ds thou dk izR;sd {k.k ^^eSa vius fy;s ugha viuksa ds fy, gwWa] vius os gSa tks ihfM+r vkSj misf{kr gSa** bl fpUru dks izR;{k d`fr esa ifjofrZr djus esa mudk lEiw.kZ thou chrkA lu~ 1975 esa vkikrdky dh Nk;k ls Hkkjrh; yksdra= iwjk vkPNkfnr gks x;k Fkk] vf/kuk;d okn ds fo:) vkokt mBkus okys lHkh tu&usrkvksa dks tsyksa esa can dj fn;k FkkA muesa ls ,d ukukth ns’keq[k Fks ftUgksaus 25 o”kksZ rd jktuhfr esa lfdz; gh ugha] vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys ukukth dks tsy esa fpUru ds lkFk gh vkReyksdu dk Hkh volj feykA rFkk ,sls vusd iz’uksa dk mRrj [kkstusa esa ukukth us tsy&thou dks lkFkZd cuk fn;kA tsy ls fudyus ds ckn ukukth us iwjh rkdr ds lkFk vius thou dks jk”Vª uo&fuekZ.k ds iz;ksx esa lefiZr dj fn;kA
Lo- ukukth ,d vPNs nk’kZfud Hkh FksA mudks dkQh igys vkHkkl gks x;k Fkk fd ns’k dks fodkl ds xUrO; rd ys tkus dk lcls l’kDr ek/;e jktuhfr ls ;g y{; gkfly gksus okyk ugha gSA rHkh mUgksaus jktuhfr ds lcls lqugjs 52 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
volj dks Bqdjkdj lekt ds fy;s ,slk jkLrk pquk ftl ij pyuk lcds cl dh ckr ugha FkhA mUgksaus lkfcr dj fn;k fd lerk vkSj Lokoyacu ds ewyra= esa og rkdr gS tks Hkkjr dks fo’o iVy ij l’kDr jk”Vª ds :i esa LFkkfir djk ldrk gSA dfBukb;ksa Hkjk yEck jkLrk r; djrs gq;s nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku vkt ml eqdke ij igqap x;k gS tgkWa ls og ns’k ,oa nqfu;k ds fy;s ekxZn’kZu dh Hkwfedk esa fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA ukukth us ,sls dbZ i= ;qokvksa ds uke fy[ks gS] ftlesa mUgksus ;qokvksa ls vihy dh gS] fd lk/kkj.k ls ysfdu f’kf{kr ;qok nEifr;ksa us LFkkuh; xkzeokfl;ks ls Lokoyacu ds vk/kkj ij lkewfgd iz;klksa }kjk xzkeksa ds prqfnZd fodkl dk dk;Z dj fn[kk;k gSA fp=dwV {ks= ds vfr fiNMs+ vkSj misf{kr xkWoksa ds fuoklh [kq’kgkyh ds fnu ns[kus yxs gaSA bl vuqHko ls Li”V gS fd vxj Lora=rk ikrs gh ;qokvksa dks N% yk[k xkWoksa ds fodkl ds fy, iszfjr fd;k tkrk rks vkt gekjs nqnZ’kkxzLr xkWo ns’k ds Hkfo”; fuekZ.k eSa vk/kkj&LrEHk ds :Ik esa dke vkrs] bl ewyHkwr dk;Z dh loZFkk mis{kk dh xbZ gSA
viuk ns’k vkSj lekt cgqr iqjkuk gSA vusd ckj v/kksxfr dk f’kdkj cuk A ,slh voLFkk esa ubZ ih<+h us gh mls mUufr dh jkg ij [kM+k fd;k gSA vkt fQj ls ubZ &ih<+h dks gh og nkf;Ro fuHkkuk gksxkA
Lora= Hkkjr esa viukbZ xbZ f’k{kk i)fr] ubZ&ih<+h dks ns’k HkfDr vkSj lekt&fu”Bk ls iw.kZr% oafpr dj jgh gSA lqf’kf{kr dgykus okys ifjokjksa esa Hkh tUe ikus okyh larku lkekftd nkf;Ro dh iszj.kk ugha ikrkA lHkh izdkj ds mPPkLrjh; yksxks dh thou ‘kSyh ls LokFkZflf) ds gh ikB i<+us dks fey jgs gSA vr% uof’kf{kr oxZ ns’k vkSj lekt dh mUufr dk fopkj rd ugha djrkA orZeku usr`Ro ugha] c<+ jgh nqnZ’kk gh ubZ ih<+h dks viuk nkf;Ro le>kus
dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA uo;qod &;qofr;ksa dks nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds dk;Z dh fn’kk ilan vk jgh gSA og ;g le>us yxs gSa fd xzkeh.k fodkl ds fcuk vke yksxks adk thou lq/kj ugh ldrk A Qy Lo:i] uo&fookfgr gksdj Hkh ifr&iRuh ds mPp f’k{kk izkIr tksM+s xzkeh.k vapy esa dke djus ds fy;s jkth gks jgs gSaA Hkkjr dh fpjathoh ,oa xfr’khy lH;rk rFkk laLd`fr xzkeh.k vapy esa gh fodflr gqbZ gSA ^^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~** dh vo/kkj.kk ogha izLQqfVr gqbZ FkhA ukukth dk ;g fo’okl n`<+ gks pyk Fkk fd jktuhfr ds Hkjksls ns’k dk fo’ks”kdj xkWoksa dk fodkl ugha gks ldrkA blds fy;s lekt dks gh vkxs vkuk gksxk vkSj lekt dks mtkZ nsus dk dke flQZ ;qok&oxZ gh dj ldrk gSA ukukth us ns’k dh r:.kkbZ dk iqu% vkg~oku djrs gq;s dgk gS fd og viuk mRrjnkf;Ro le>s vkSj xkaMho mBk,A
iz- ukukth ds izeq[k dk;Zdze ftlesa vHkkoxzLr yksxksa ds lkFk dke djuk] nwjLFk xzkeh.k fu/kZu leqnk; ds lkFk jguk] bl egku ;ksxnku ds ckjs esa vki D;k lksprs gSa \
m- O;fDrxr ;k dkj[kkuksa dh le`f) lkekU;tuksa rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk Hkh”k.k ‘kks”k.k djrh vk jgh gSA fo’o ds lHkh ns’kksa esa ;gh izFkk izpfyr gSA ;g izFkk lkekU; tuksa dh mUufr esa cgqr cM+k jksM+k cuh gqbZ gSA vf/kdka’k turk xjhch dh ;kruk,¡ lfn;ksa ls Hkksx jgh gSA
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us fp=dwV {ks= ds xkaoksa esa ^lkewfgd Lokoyacu** vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls mi;qZDr vekuoh; izFkk dks cnyk gSA xkao ds lHkh xzkeoklh ¼efgyk&iq:”k½ feydj] O;fDrxr mUufr ds fy, ugha] vfirq iwjs xkao dh [kq’kgkyh ds fy, dke dj jgs gSaA fodkl dk ykHk lHkh
dks fey jgk gSA lHkh ds thou esa [kq’kgkyh laHko gksus yxh gSA bu xkaoksa esa vc /kuoku O;fDr fdlh dk ‘kks”k.k ugha dj ikrkA vkcknh esa tks fo”kerk pyh vk jgh Fkh] mls ln~Hkkouk vkSj ijLij lg;ksx esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k gSA QyLo:i] fp=dwV {ks= ds 500 xkaoksa ds tuthou esa dsoy ,dkReekuo n`f”V gh ugha vfirq xka/khokn] lektokn vkSj loksZn;okn Hkh izfrfcafcr gks jgk gSA lcdh [kq’kgkyh esa c<+ksrjh gksus ds dkj.k xkao dk gj O;fDr larq”V gSA
iz- ukukth ,d yksd vFkZ’kkL=h Hkh Fks ftUgksus izd`fr dh lhek esa jgus ds fla)kr dks izfrikfnr fd;kA eSa le>rk gwW fd os izd`fr ds ewy Lo:Ik ds vR;f/kd nksgu ds fo:) FksA os bl egku fopkj/kkjk ds i{k/kj Fks ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd izd`fr ds ikl lHkh ds fy, Ik;kZIr lalk/ku gS ij izR;sd ds vflehr ykyp ds fy, dqN ugha gSA vki bl ij D;k izfrfdz;k nsxsa \
m- J`)s; ukukth us dgk gS fd ekuo ds vfLrRo dk vk/kkj d`f”k ,oa m|ksx gSA d`f”k }kjk mldk mnj&Hkj.k gksrk gS rFkk m|ksx mldh ‘ks”k vko’;drk;sa iw.kZ djrs gSa] bu nksuks lk/kuksa dh izfdz;k;sa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh vkiwfrZ ij fuHkZj djrh gS vr% izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh vkiwfrZ lnSo cuk;s j[kuk ekuo thou dh furkUr vko’;drk gSA dPpk eky m|ksxksa dh vfuok;Zrk gSA dPps eky ds fuEu izkd`frd lzksr gSa d`f”k tU;] outU;] HkwxHkZtU;] Ik’kq tU; inkFkZ ;s vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa dPps eky ds :i esa dke vkrs gaSA tgkW dPps eky dks ekuoksi;ksxh oLrqvksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS] mls m|ksx rFkk ftl izfdz;k ds ek/;e ls dPps eky dks rS;kj eky esa :IkkUrfjr fd;k tkrk gS mls
53
rduhdh dgk tkrk gSA blh dks vk/kkj ekudj oSf’od vkS|ksfxd [kkst ds fy, nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us fp=dwV dks dsUnz cukdj pkjksa vksj dh 50 fd0eh0 dh ifjf/k esa vkus okys {ks= esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh uwru iz;ksx’kkyk ds :Ik esa viuk;k gS xzke ds uo;qod&;qofr;ksa dks ftudh vk;q iSarkfyl o”kZ ;k blls de gS rFkk ftudh vk; dk lzksr ux.; gS] vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k ds ek/;e ls Lojkstxkj }kjk mUgsa vkRefuHkZj cukus dk vfHk;ku izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ukukth us m|ferk fo|kihB dh LFkkiuk fp=dwV esa dh gSA mUgksus izf’k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ‘kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk dh bdkbZ vfuok;Zrk ugha dh gSA ‘krZ dsoy ;g j[kh gS fd izf’k{k.k izkIr djus ds ckn izf’kf{kr ;qod ;k ;qorh dks vius {ks= esa viuk m|ksx izkjEHk djuk gksxkA
iz- vki Lo;a d`f”k foKku ds Nk= jgs gaSA mudks ns’k dh d`f”k f’k{kk ds izfr nwjn’khZ lksp ij vkids D;k fopkj gSa \
m- eSaus 1986 esa M.Sc.Ag(Agronomy) dh i<+kbZ iwjh dhA blds ckn lkekftd dk;Z esa yxkA dqN le; Lo;a ds [kpZ ds yk;d ukSdjh Hkh dhA ckn esa ofj”B dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vuqjks/k ds ckn mlls Hkh lsok fuo`fRr ys yhA
J)s; ukukth ds ikl esa dksbZ Official degree ugha Fkh ysfdu muds —f”k laca/kh ewyHkwr fparu dks lqudj o ns[kdj Hkkjrh; d`f”k vuqla/kku ifj”kn ds egkfuns’kd ,oa vU; vf/kdkjhx.k rFkk dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj ds uhfr fu/kkZjd rFkk iz’kklfud vf/kdkjh Lo;a ukukth ds ekxZn’kZu esa —f”k ds lQy iz;ksxksa dks ns[kdj mudh
iz’kalk dj pqds gSaA rFkk mUgksaus dgk gS fd bl izdkj ds jpukRed dk;Z gh vius ns’k ds fodkl esa vuqdj.kh; ,oa lgk;d cu ldrs gaSA
iz- ukukth & nhu n;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] egkRekxka/kh xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky; vkfn vusd laLFkkvksa ds laLFkkid Fks] bu laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj fodkl ds izfr mudh nwjn’khZ lksp ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls izdk’k Mkysxsa \
m- LojkT; ikdj v/kZ ‘krkCnh ls Hkh vf/kd dky chr x;k gS fdUrq u ns’k Lokoyach cuk gS] u ns’k ds ukxfjdA ifj.kke Lo:Ik ge vusd izdkj ds vuq;kb;ksa ds f’kdkj cu jgs gSA ns’k ds lHkh ukxfjd Lokoyacu ,oa LokfHkeku iw.kZ thou ;kiu dj lds] blh ,d mnkRr y{; dh izkfIr ds fy;s Lora=rk laxzke esa vla[; yksxks us dYiukrhr ;kruk,W lgh Fkh vHkwriwoZ R;kx fd;k Fkk ,oa vusdksa us galrs&galrs vius izk.k rd U;kSNkoj fd;s FksA
Lokoyacu ds vk/kkj ij fodkl dk vuqdj.kh; uewuk izLrqr djus dk nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us ladYi fy;k gSA gekjs ikl iwWth gS & jktusrkvksa ds dksjs vk’okluksa ls fujk’k gq;s xkze okfl;ksa esa mRiUu gqbZ LoijkØe dh Hkkouk rFkk miyC/k izkd`frd laLkk/ku lu~ 1991 esa ukukth us fp=dwV esa ns’k ds igys xzkeh.k fo’ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj uke j[kk fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky;A lu~ 1991 ls 1994 rd ukukth xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky; ds laLFkkid dqykf/kifr jgsA ysfdu ljdkj dh uhfr ls mcdj 1995 esa dqykf/kifr in ls R;kx i= fn;k vkSj fo’ofo|ky; dk dke ljdkj ds ftEes NksM+ fn;kA vkSj ukukth us nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds uke ls vyx dk;Z ‘kq: fd;kA
LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds fy, fp=dwV ds pkjks vksj ds ikWp lkS xzkeksa dk p;u fd;k gSA ikWp&ikWp xzkeksa dk ,d xzke lewg cuk;k x;k gSA gj xzke lewg ds fy, ,d&,d lektf’kYih LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds la;kstd ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku rFkk xzkeoklh ijLij iwjdrk ds vk/kkj ij vius xzke dks LokoyEch cuk;asxs Lora=rk fnol rd ge vius xzke ls csdkjh] xjhch] fcekjh ,oa vf’k{kk dk fuewZyu djsaxsA gekjs xzke dk izR;sd ifjokj [kq’kgkyh dk thou vftZr djsxk gekjs xzke dk dksbZ eqdnek dpgjh ugha tk;sxkA iwjkus eqdnesa vkilh le>ksrks ls ge gy dj ysaxsA gekjk xk¡o lkQ lqFkjk ,oa isM+ ikS/kksa ls lq’kksfHkr gksxkA ge lc feydj vius xk¡o dks lkewfgd iz;Ru ls Lokoyacu vkSj [kq’kgkyh ds vuqdj.kh; uewus ds #i esa izLrqr djsaxsA bl lkewfgd ladYi ds vk/kkj ij gh nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
iz- ukukth LFkk;h fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk dks izfrikfnr djus okys egkiq:”k Fks tks lexz ,oa LFkk;h d`f”k fodkl ds fl)kar ds tud ds :Ik esa tkus tkrs FksA muds dq’ky usr`Ro esa laLFkku ds vusd lQy ekWMy dk izpkj&izlkj gqvk gS muesa ls fdlh ,d ekWMy ij izdk’k Mkysxsa \
m- ;|fi [kk| lqj{kk ds ekeys esa gekjk ns’k vkRe fuHkZj gS ysfdu ekuo ds lEiw.kZ ‘kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, [kk| lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk iks”k.k ,oa vkfFkZd lqj{kk vfuok;Z gSA fdlh Hkh jk”Vª ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa ekuo lalk/ku dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA gekjh vFkZ O;oLFkk d`f”k vk/kkfjr gS vkSj d`f”k xzkeokfl;ksa dk eq[; /ka/kk gSA blfy, 54 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
xkao dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd mUufr ds fy, d`f”k ,oa i’kq/ku dks mUur cukus gsrq QlyksRiknu rduhd tSls vf/kd mRiknu nsus okyh fdLeksa] [kjirokj] jksx ,oa dhV izca/ku ds lkFk&lkFk i’kq/ku mRiknu rduhfd;ksa dks fodflr ,oa fdz;kfUor fd;k x;k gS ftlls d`f”k ,oa d`f”k ls tqM+s vk;keksa ds mRiknu esa vk’kkrhr o`f) gqbZ gSA ijUrq c<+rh vkcknh ds dkj.k tksr Hkwfe ij ncko c<+rk tk jgk gSA blfy;s c<+rh vkcknh dh [kk| lqj{kk dh iwfrZ gsrq vfrfjDr tehu dks d`f”k ds vUrxZr ykus dh vfuok;Zrk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ijUrq tehu rks lhfer gS d`f”k {ks= dks c<+k;k ugh tk ldrk ysfdu gekjs ns’k esa mRiknu c<+kus dh lEHkkouk gSA D;ksafd ‘kks/k laLFkkuksa }kjk lq>k;h xbZ okLrfod mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa dkQh vUrj gSA vktknh ds ckn rFkk gfjr dzkafr ykus ds ckn ls gh gekjh d`f”k cM+s d`”kdksa dh vko’;drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cukbZ tkrh gSA blfy, fd ;g vUrj de gks lds blds fy;s iz;kl djus dh vko’;drk gSA gkykafd uhfr fu/kkZjdks }kjk lq>kbZ xbZ ,oa NksVs d`”kdksa }kjk viukbZ tk jgh ,dy Qly i|fr ls bu fdlkuksa ds ifjokjksa dk Hkj.k&iks”k.k dj ikuk Hkh eqf’dy gks jgk gSA tehu ls izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy ij mi;qDr ek=k esa vknku Mkyus ds ckctwn Hkh i;kZIr mRiknu izkIr ugha gks jgk gSA ftldh otg ls budk [ksrh ds izfr yxko ,oa mRlkg [kRe gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g ckr d`f”k uhfr fu/kkZjdksa ds fnekx esa dwV&dwV dj Hkjh gS fd 2-5 ,dM+ ;k blls NksVh tksr vykHkdj gSA blfy, de tksr okys d`”kd jk”Vªh; vk; esa dqN Hkh ;ksxnku ugha dj ldrs gSaA ijUrq uhfr cukus okyksa dks ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, dh gekjs ns’k esa izfr ifjokj tehu dh miyC/krk 1-6 ,dM+ gh gSA blfy, d`f”k uhfr cukrs le; budks utj vankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] d`f”k foKku dsUnz ds oSKkfudksa us tc lruk ftys ds dqN ,sls ifjokjksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k ftuds ikl 2-5 ,dM+ ;k blls Hkh de tehu miyC/k gSA ftl ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 6 gSA ,sls ifjokj dh okf”kZd vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s yxHkx 33000 :- dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ysfdu ijaijkxr fof/k ls [ksrh djus ij mls dsoy yxHkx 19000 : dh vk; izkIr gksrh gSA rkRi;Z :- 14000 dh deh iM+ tkrh gS ftldh HkjikbZ ds fy;s ;k rks fdlku dtZ ysrk gS ;k etnwjh djrk gSA ftlls mldk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj c<+us ds ctk; ?kVus yxrk gSA lkFk gh vusd izdkj dh leL;k,a tSls dqiks”k.k ,oa vYiiks”k.k dh leL;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa ls fuiVusa ,oa izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy mRikndrk c<+kus dh n`f”V ls dsUnz }kjk bu fdlkuksa dh Qly i)fr dk fofo/khdj.k dj Qly izca/ku ;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZ gS ftlls fdlkuksa dks u dsoy [kk| ,oa iks”k.k lqj{kk iznku gqbZ gS cfYd vf/kd vk; Hkh izkIr gks jgh gSA
iz- d`”kdksa dh vkRegR;k tSls laosnu’khy eqn~ns ij mudh D;k izfrfdz;k gksrh Fkh fo’ks”kdj bl fo”ke nkSj esaA muds fudVre lg;ksxh gksus ds dkj.k ,sls le; esa mudh D;k izfrfdz;k gksrh \
m- foxr o”kksZ esa chM+ ¼egkjk”Vª½ esa fdlkuksa dh vkRe gR;kvksa dks ns[krs gq, og cgqr fpafrr Fks bl dkj.k mUgksaus fo’ks”k :i ls eq>s Hkh Hkstk vkSj dgk fd vki ogkW ij tkdj oLrq fLFkfr dk irk djsa vkSj izR;sd ifjokj ds lkFk cSBdj mu dkj.kksa dk irk yxk;sa ftuds dkj.k fdlkuksa us vkRe gR;k;sa dhA geus ,d lIrkg chM+ esa :ddj irk
fd;k fd rhu o”kZ esa 33 fdlku us vkRegR;k;sa dhA chM+ ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk tkdj izR;sd fdlku ds ?kj esa ppkZ dh FkhA buesa ls dtZ ,oa [ksrh dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj vkRegR;k djus okys yxHkx 50 izfr’kr ifjokj Fks rFkk 6 ifjokj ,sls Fks ftlus muds fy;s LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ls feydj enn Hkh djokbZ Fkh rFkk vHkh Hkh og ifjokj [kq’kgky thou O;rhr dj jgs gSaA ehfM;k esa nq”izpkj dh otg ls ;g ckr T;knk lkeus vk;hA
iz- fdlkuksa }kjk Qly dVus ds ckn [ksrksa esa gh Qly vo’ks”kksa dks tykus ij mudh D;k izfrfdz;k gksrh\
m- czg~ek.M esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks larqfyr j[kus ds fy, lHkh tho&tUrqvksa dh viuh&viuh Hkwfedk gS] pkgs os lw{etho gksa ;k cM+s tUrq A Hkkjr o”kZ esa xsgWw dks yxHkx 42 fefy;u gsDVs0 {ks=Qy esa mxk;k tkrk gS A ;fn brus cMs+ {ks=Qy essa xsgWw ds vo’ks”kksa dks tyk;k tk;sxk rks ,d rjQ lw{e tho tks fd e`nk esa vi?kVu dh fØ;k dj e`nk rkiØe cuk;s j[kdj ck;ksQkfeZax dks izksRlkgu nsrs gSa] lkFk gh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds en~ns Hkwfe thoka’k inkFkZ ,oa ty /kkj.k {kerk dks c<+kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;fn ge xsgWw ds vo’k”kksa dks tykrs jgs rks fo’oLrjh; **Xykscy okfeZax** dh leL;k dks c<+kus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSa A ukukth dh tks lksp Fkh oks ^^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~** okyh Fkh A vFkkZr fdlh Hkh tho&tUrq pkgs oks NksVk gks ;k cM+k] fcuk uqdlku igWqpk;s vius mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk gS A bl izdkj ge
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xsgWw ds vo’ks”kksa dks u tykdj dsoy viuh /kjrh ekW dh j{kk dj ldrs gSa cfYd fo’o Lrjh; leL;kvksa tSls & Xykscy okfeZax vkfn ds lek/kku esa Hkh viuk ;ksxnku nsdj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dk lkeatL; fcBkdj fVdkÅ fodkl dh ifjdYiuk dks lkdkj dj ldrs gSa A
nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us bl fn’kk esa igy dh gS rFkk xehZ ds ekSle esa eksYM cksMZ gy ls rhu o”kZ esa ,d ckj xgjh tqrkbZ dj nsuh pkfg, A lkFk gh Qly vo’ks”kksa dk tSfod [kkn] xkscj dh [kkn] ukMsi dEiksLV] dsapqvk [kkn vkfn cukdj okrkoj.k dks LoPN j[kus ds lkFk & lkFk Hkwfe dh ty/kkj.k {kerk ,oa moZjk’kfDr dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS A
iz- xk;ksa ls mUgs lPpk izse Fkk ,oa xk; dh df”k esa Hkwfedk ds os i{k/kj FksA vkt dh ifjfLFkrh esa xkSoa’k dh ihM+k ds izfr mudk nf”Vdks.k D;k gksrk \
m- Hkkjrh; d`f”k vkSj xks&ikyu dk ijLij ?kfu”V laca/k gS] ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA ,d ds }kjk nwljs dk iks”k.k gksrk gSA d`”kd tks [ksrh djrk gS rFkk xks ikyu Hkh djrk gS mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr etcwr gksxh vkSj og vius ifjokj dk iks”k.k cM+h lqxerk ls dj ysxkA d`f”k vkSj xksoa’k ,d nwljs ds ikjLifjd iwjd gSA d`f”k dk osLV xksoa’k dk Hkkstu gS rFkk xksoa’k dk vof’k”V vFkkZr~ xkscj&xksew= d`f”k dh [kkn o Hkkstu gSA ,d dk vPNk iks”k.k] vPNk LokLF; nwljs ds vPNs mRiknu dk dkj.k gSA xk; ls izkIr xkscj dh [kkn mPp dksfV xq.koRrk okyh loksZRre [kkn gS rFkk xksew= ykHknk;h fe= dhVuk’kd gSA
oSfnddky ls gh xk; Hkkjrh; /keZ] laLd`fr] lH;rk ,oa vFkZ dk izrhd jgh gSA Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk d`f”k iz/kku gSA Hkkjr esa lnSo ls gh xks/ku dks gh /ku ekuk tkrk jgk gSA ve`rrqY; xks nqX/k] ngh ,oa ?k`r ds vfrfjDr [ksr tksrus ,oa Hkkj <ksus ds fy, cSy rFkk Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mRre [kkn tks gekjh jk”Vªh; d`f”k vFkZO;oLFkk dk izeq[k vk/kkj gS] xk; ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA xk; Hkkjr dh ,drk dk fpjdky ls izrhd jgh gSA xk; ,oa xksoa’k ds xkscj&xksew= ls cuus okyh [kkn ds iz;ksx ls /kjrh vUu vkSj /ku&/kkU; ls Hkj nsrh gSA ;g ns’k dk nqHkkZX; gh dgk tk;sxk fd Lo.kZ dh [kku xk; vkSj xksoa’k dh [kkn dks NksM+dj jklk;fud [kknksa ,oa dhVuk’kdksa ds iz;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k x;k ftlds nq”ifj.kke gekjs lkeus gSA
Hkkjr VªSDVj] moZZZjd] dhVuk’kd vkSj ;U=hd`r [ksrh dh i)fr u viuk;s D;ksafd buls pkj lkS o”kZ dh [ksrh esa gh vesfjdk dh tehu dh moZjk ‘kfDr dkQh gn rd lekIr gks pyh gS] tcfd Hkkjr dk mitkÅiu dk;e gS] tgk¡ fd nl gtkj lky ls [ksrh gks jgh gSA Hkkjro”kZ esa gfjr Økafr ds ckn d`f”k ds {ks= esa mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa ldkjkRed o`f) gqbZ A ysfdu bl o`f) ds lkFk gh geus d`f”k txr esa dbZ lkjh leL;k,W tSls %& d`f”k esa d`f”k ;kaf=dhdj.k tSlh leL;k iSnk dh A ukukth ges’kk d`f”k esa cSyksa ds mi;ksx ij tksj nsrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ,slk djus ls y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa dh vkthfodk lqpk# :i ls py ldrh gS A xkWo esa c<+bZ] yqgkj] ,oa vU; d`f”k ls tqMs f’kYidkjksa ds fy, xzke Lrj ij jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr gksaxsa A
iz- ukukth dk fdlkuksa ds fy, D;k lans’k Fkk \
m- ekuo lekt dk vfLrRo fpjaru gSA d`f”k mit mlds thou dk vk/kkj gSA d`f”k Hkwfe dh moZjk ‘kfDr lnSo cuk;s j[kuk mldk mik; gS Qly mRiknu dh izfØ;k esa Hkwfe dh moZjk ‘kfDr dke vkrh gSA QyLo#i gj Qly ds ckn [kkn }kjk mldh {kfriwfrZ djuk fdlkuksa dh vfuok;Zrk gSA d`f”k dh mRiknu izfØ;k tSfod gSA vr% tSfod [kkn ls gh moZjk ‘kfDr dh {kfriwfrZ djuk gj n`f”V ls ykHkizn gSA d`f”k dk;Z esa vkRefuHkZjrk iw.kZ ijaijkxr xks/ku ds LFkk;h lk/ku dh mis{kk dh tk jgh gSA xks/ku }kjk izkIr cSy [ksrksa dks tksrus rFkk eky <ksus ds lkFk gh tSfod [kkn ds ?kjsyq dkj[kkus ds #i esa viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A iapxO; ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k vapy esa QSyk dqiks”k.k Hkh nwj gks ldrk gSA gj ,d fdlku dks xks ikyu Hkh djuk pkfg,A
56 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
[ksrh ls [kq’kgkyh ds fy, ukukth dk fdlkuksa ds fy, lans’ktSfod [ksrh i)fr ds i{k/kj A
e`nk ,oa ty laj{k.k % [ksr dk ikuh [ksr esa ] xkWo dk ikuh xkWo esa A
viuk cht] viuh [kkn]
viuh [ksrh] viuk [kknA
[ksrh esa ladj chtksa ds mi;ksx ds izfr mnklhu A
iM+r Hkwfe ij cgqmn~ns’kh; Qy o`{kksa dk jksi.k A
,dhd`r [ksrh i)fr A
Qly fofo/khdj.k A
[ksrh esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkj ij tksj A
xkS vk/kkfjr d`f”k ds lkFk [ksrksa esa cSyksa ds iz;ksx ij tksj A
oSfnd ,oa vk/kqfud d`f”k rduhdksa dk lekos’k A
izkd`frd ,oa miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx A
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integrated and holistic approach for Comprehensive development
ukukth dk izd`fr ls izse
LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds varxZr pyk;s x;s d`f”k lq/kkj dk;Zdze] de ykxr] i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy] U;wure ckgjh rduhdh vknku] LFkkuh; d`f”k ,oa ekSle ds vuqdwy] ,dhd`r ,oa O;ofLFkr] mi;ksx djus esa ljy lqyHk bR;kfn
rduhdksa ds vk/kkj ij gh rS;kj fd, x,A
dk;Zdzeksa dh ;kstuk cukrs le; y{khr leqnk; dh vko’;drkvksa ,oa fodkl ds izfr mudh vkdka{kkvksa ds tkuus ds fy, xzkeh.k lgHkkxh ewY;kadu ¼ih-vkj-,-½ tSls
lgHkkxh ek/;eksa dks mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
leqnk; ds lkFk gqbZ J`a[kykc) ppkZvksa ,oa cSBdksa esa de mRikndrk] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko] mPp xq.koRrk ,oa
vPNh fdLeksa ds chtks dk vHkko] vdq’ky e`nk LokLF;
izca/ku] dhV izca/ku] LFkkuh; i’kqikyu ds fodkl esa :fp dk vHkko] i’kq vkgkj izca/ku] uLy izca/ku ,oa LoPN i’kq vkokl ds izfr mnklhurk] LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa ds lexz mi;ksx ds izfr tkx:drk dk vHkko] NksVh ,oaa fc[kjh gqbZ vykHkdkjh d`f”k tksrsa bR;kfn leL;kvksa ds ladsr feys] ftlls ;g Li”V gqvk dh orZeku d`f”k mRiknu iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dh O;kid laHkkouk,sa gSA
Lokoyacu vfHk;ku }kjk igpkuh xbZ bu leL;kvksa dk dkj.k ,oa izHkko Kkr dj rduhdkas dks izLrqr fd;k x;k] ftldk laf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gS %
1- Hkwfe ,oa ty laj{k.k rduhdh % bu rduhdksa ds varxZr Hkwfe ,oa ty lja{k.k dk dk;Z] tyxzg.k dk;Zdze ds varxZr de ykxr rduhdkas dk mi;ksx] LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx] o”kkZ dh de miyC/krk okys le; esa o”kkZ ty dks lajf{kr djuk rkfd bl lajf{kr ty ls izkIr ueh dk mi;ksx vkxkeh ‘khr _rq ds Qly mRiknu esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
2- QLky mRiknu rduhdh % bu rduhdksa ds varxZr tSfod d`f”k] tSfod [kkn dk mi;ksx tSls & dspqvk
[kkn dk mi;ksx] ukMsi }kjk izkd`frd [kkn dks izksRlkgu]
,dhd`r dhV izca/ku] ftlesa dh de ykxr ,oa jklk;uhd rRoksa dk iz;ksx u gks] chekjh ,oa [kjirokj fu;a=.k] d``f”k ds 1-5 ,oa 2-5 ,dM+ ekWMy ds vuqlkj Qlyksa dk fofof/kdj.k] Qly vo’ks”kksa ls Ik’kqikyu izca/ku] uxn Qlyksa] tSls vnjd] gYnh ,oa ekSleh lfCt;ksa dh [ksrh tSls dk;Zdze izkjaHk fd, x,A
3- cht mRiknu rduhd % leL;kvksa dh igpku fd, tkus dh izfdz;k esa tks de mRikndrk dk fcUnq lkeus vk;k Fkk] mlds xgjkbZ esa ;g ckr lkeus vk;h dh Qly dh fdLe rFkk mUur chtksa dh miyC/krk dh fLFkfr esa dkQh lq/kkj dh vko’;drk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k okafNr fdLeksa ,oa ‘kq) vuqokafa’kdh okys chtksa dh vuqiyC/krk] U;wu cht LFkkiu nj ,oa fdLe LFkkiu nj izeq[k FksA ftldk fuokj.k vfHk;ku ny us u;s chtks dk lgHkkxh ijh{k.k] ubZ ,oa vuqdwy fdLeksa ,oa ‘kq) chtksa dk mRiknu] cht mRiknu esa fofo/krk ds lkFk xzke esa gh cht mRiknu] cht Lokoyacu]
xzke ,oa cht mRiknu lewg dks izksRlkfgr djrs gq, fd;kA 4- Qy mRiknu rduhd % mRiknu dh fofo/krk] j.kuhfr ds varxZr vfHk;ku }kjk iajijkxr :Ik ls Qyksa ds mRiknu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] u;s Qyks|ku tSls & vke] iihrk] djksank ds Qyksa dh [ksrh dks c<+k;k x;k] ftlds varxZr ifjokjksa dks bu Qyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, ?kj ij gh ckxokuh djus vFkok csdkj iM+h Hkwfe ij Qy ckx yxkus gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;kA
5- lCth mRiknu rduhd % LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds fdz;kUo;u ls iwoZ leL;kvksa dks xgjkbZ ls tkuus] vk/kkjHkwr tkudkjh ,df=r djus ds fy, tks v/;;u fd;k x;k Fkk]
58 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
mlesa dkj.k vkSj izHkko ds fo’ys”k.k ls ;g Li”V gqvk Fkk fd fpjdky ls pyh vk jgh xjhch dk dkj.k] ifjokjksa dk detksj LokLF; ,oa dqiks”k.k Fkk] D;ksafd uxn vkenuh dh deh ds dkj.k ;g ifjokj lfCt;ksa dh [kjhnh ugha dj ldrs Fks vkSj muds Hkkstu esa iks”kdrk dh deh gksus ds dkj.k LokLF; ij Hkh foifjr izHkko iM+rk FkkA tgka lCth mRiknu rduhd ds izpkj&izlkj us ifjokj ds iks”kd rRoksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;rk dh] ogh nwljh vkSj lCth mRiknu ‘kh?kz uxn jkf’k fnykus okyh xfrfof/k fl) gqbZ] ftls d`f”k m|ferk ls Hkh tksM+k x;kA cM+h la[;k esa] LFkkuh; ekSle ,oa {ks= ds vuqdwy iajijkxr :Ik ls mxkbZ tkus okys lfCt;ksa dks iquZLFkkfir fd;k x;k] buds fy, i`Fkd ls QLky ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ vkSj budk lekos’k 1-5 ,oa 2-5 ,dM+ ekWMy esa fd;k x;kA ?kjksa esa miyC/k tehu ij bl rjg dh lfCt;ksa dks mxkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k x;k] ftlds vusd mnkgj.k lkeus vk;s gaSA
6- nqX/k mRiknu rduhd % ifj;kstuk {ks= esa i’kqikyu ges’kk ls gh oSdfYid vk; dk ,d iajijkxr L=ksr jgk gSA vf/kdrj ifjokj lhfer la[;k esa i’kqvksa tSls & xk;] cSy] cdfj;ksa ,oa vU; i’kqvksa dks ikyrs jgs
gSaA gkykfd i’kqvksa dh miyC/krk] uLy dh n`f”V ls bruh vPNh ugha Fkh fQj Hkh ;s ifjokj xkscj ls ?kjsyw baZ/ku izkfIr dh n`f”V ls] budks iky jgs gSA cgqr de ek=k esa xkscj dk mi;ksx [kkn ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA cSyksa dk
mi;ksx d`f”k esa gy }kjk tqrkbZ ds fy, gksrk FkkA nqX/k mRiknu dh ek=k Hkh cgqr de FkhA LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds varxZr uLy lq/kkj dk;Zdze izkjEHk fd;k x;k] ftlesa mPp vuqokaf’kdh okyh LFkkuh; ,oa Hkkjrh; uLyksa dks izkd`frd ,oa d`f=e xHkkZ/kku dk;Zdze ds lkFk tksM+dj c<+k;k x;kA i’kq LokLF; lsok,a] i’kqvksa dk O;ofLFkr j[kj[kko ,oa xkscj ds bZa/ku esa iz;ksx dks grksRlkfgr djus ij cy fn;k x;kA
7- pkjk mRiknu rduhd % ifjokj ds }kjk ikyh tkus okyh i’kqvksa dh la[;k] izdkj vFkkZr~ xkSoa’k] HkSal ,oa cdfj;kaW vkfn ds lkFk gh mudh xq.koRrk] i’kq [kk| ds fy, mPp xq.koRrk ds pkjs dh miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mPp xq.koRrk ds pkjs dh miyC/krk ,oa i’kq
pkjk izca/ku] bl rduhd ds varxZr izkjEHk fd, x,A bu j.kuhfr;ksa dks LokoyEcu vfHk;ku esa 1-5 ,oa 2-5 ,dM+ ekWMy esa lfEefyr dj d`”kdksa dh csdkj iM+h Hkwfe ij pkjk mRiknu] Qly vo’ks”kksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx] i’kqvksa ds fy, iks”kd vkgkj] tSls dk;Zdzeksa ds lkFk feujy Cykd] ;wfj;k fVªVesaV ,oa pkjk laj{k.k rduhdksa
dks oSKkfud vk/kkj ij lfEefyr fd;k x;kA lkFk gh gjk pkjk mRiknu ftlesa nyguh QLkyksa dk lekos’k dj fudVLFk pkjkxkg {ks=ksa ds oSKkfud izca/ku] [kqyh pjkbZ gsrq ,d fuf’pr j.kuhfr vkfn] tSlh egRoiw.kZ izfdz;kvksa ,oa dk;Zdzeksa dks eq[; :Ik ls lfEefyr fd;k x;kA
8- LokLF;] f’k{kk] izf’k{k.k ,oa dkS’ky fodkl rduhd % bu {ks=ksa esa Hkh LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds varxZr Ik;kZIr cy fn;k x;k A f’k{kk ,oa LokLF; ds {ks= esa cM+s iSekus ij vusd dk;Zdze izkjEHk fd;s x;sA blds vfrfjDr d`”kdksa ds fy, cM+s Lrj ij izf’k{k.k ds dk;Zdze Hkh pyk;s x;sA
59
Technology Adoption behavior of the Farmers of Satna and Rewa districts, Table No -1
N= 172 Number of farmers studied during the study
Technologies% Adoption
Years of
introduction
No. of Years
Soil and water conservation technology
97.60% 2006 5
Crop production technology 100.00%
1995
2006
16
5
Seed production technology 76.70% 2008 3
Fruit production technology 43.02% 2006-07 4-5
Vegetable production technology
21.51% 2003-06 5-8
Dairy technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6
Fodder production technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6
Education 97.09% 2004-05 6-7
Health and social development 100.00% 2000-05 6-11
vaxhdj.k izfdz;k
bl v/;;u dks lruk ,oa jhok ftys ds 8 xkaoks esa fd;k x;k] tgka ij nhun;ky ‘kks/k
laLFkku ,oa mlds lac) laLFkkuksa tSls d`f”k foKku dsUnz e>xoka ,oa jhok lfdz; :Ik ls
xfrfof/k;ksa dk LFkkuh; leqnk; ds lkFk feydj lapkyu dj jgs gSaA vaxhdj.k dh bl
izfdz;k dks rkfydk dza- 1 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlds vuqlkj 100 izfr’kr izfrHkkxh;ksa us
Qly mRiknu dh rduhd dks viuk;k] 97 izfr’kr xzkeokfl;ksa us Hkwfe ,oa ty laj{k.k
rduhdksa fo’ks”kdj o”kkZ ty laj{k.k ,oa de ykxr ds vuqdwy mik;ksa }kjk e`nk laj{k.k
tSls dk;Zdzeksa dks vaxhd`r fd;kA blh rjg 97 izfr’kr ,oa 100 izfr’kr d`”kdksa us LokLF;
,oa f’k{kk ds rduhdh izca/ku dks izHkko’kkyh crk;kA lCth mRiknu] pkjk mRiknu ,oa
nqX/k mRiknu rduhd vHkh Hkh 20 ls 50 izfr’kr ds vaxhdj.k dh lhek esa gS] ftls c<+k;k
tkuk gSA tSlk fd iwoZ esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] flapkbZ ds fy, ty dh vuqiyC/krk ,oa
vfrfjDr Hkwfe dh miyC/krk ls bu dk;Zdzeks ds vaxhdj.k dks lhfer djrs gS] vr% bu
dkjdks ij /;ku fn;k tkuk vko’;d gksxkA
60 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
A non-linear approach to the adoption of agricultural innovations
Social structure:
Age •
Education•
Size of farm Income •
Tenure status•
Social participation:
Membership in farmers organizations;•
Participation in community organizations•
Outcome
Communication:
Extension contact•
Print media contact•
Radio contact•
Antecedents
Adoption decision by farmers
r`Irh lwpdkadfQtsy ¼1993½] QsMj ,oa mekyh ¼1993½ }kjk la;qDr :Ik ls fd, x, v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ,oa muds erkuqlkj d`f”k uokpkjks dk vaxhdj.k ,d vljy js[kh; i)fr ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA muds vuqlkj ljy js[kh; i)fr uokpkjksa ds foLrkjksa dks rkfdZd ,oa ;kstukc) izfdz;k tks fd ‘kkldh; laLFkkvksa ij fuHkZj djrh
gS] ds v/khu gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ d`”kdksa dh Hkwfedk fujis{k :Ik esa lkekftd Lrj ij lgHkkxhrk ,oa laokn ds
lk/kuksa dh ‘kfDr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
61
Farmers Satisfaction about the TechnologyTable No -2
N= 172 Number of farmers studied during the study
Name of technology % highly satisfied
% satisfied
% No difference
Soil and water conservation technology
39.5 8.7 2.3
Agriculture and production technology
44.1 55.8 0
Seed technology 33.1 63.3 3.4
Fruit production technology
37.7 51.1 11.0
Vegetable production technology
23.2 59.3 11.6
Dairy technology 36.0 61.0 2.9
Fodder production technology
34.8 62.2 2.9
Education 88.9 11.2 0
Health and social development
34.8 59.8 5.2
tgka rd d`”kdksa dh dk;Zdzeksa ls larqf”V dk iz’u gS
mlesa yxHkx lHkh izdj.kksa esa muds }kjk vfr larq”V]
larq”V ,oa ;Fkkor~ ds :Ik esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA
cgqr lhfer ek=k esa d`”kdksa us dksbZ ifjorZu ugha
vFkok iwoZ Lrj ij mRikndrk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
rkfydk dza-2 ij d`”kdksa }kjk larqf”V ds ckjs esa nh
xbZ izfrfdz;k dks O;Dr fd;k gSA
62 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
Dissemination of Technologies, Table -3 No. of village 8
Technology Dissemination out of village
Soil and water conservation technology
168 1008
Agriculture and production technology
172 860
Seed production technology 123 738
Fruit production technology 74 222
Vegetable production technology
37 258
Dairy technology 43 219
Fodder production technology 43 219
Education 167 834
Health and social development 172 1656
No of farmers
m)Z ,oa f{kfrt vk;keks esa izlkj
Lokoyacu vfHk;ku laiwjdrk ds fla)kr ls vksrizksr
gksdj m)Z ,oa f{kfrt vk;keksa esa rduhdksa ds izlkj ,oa
ifj.kke Lo:Ik d`”kdksa }kjk vaxhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA
izlkj j.kuhfr ds varxZr vfHk;ku xzkeksa ds lkFk&lkFk xSj
vfHk;ku xzkeks rd rduhdh izlkj gsrq iz;kl ifjyf{kr
gksrs gSaA d`”kd izcaf/kr d`f”k foLrkj ls ;g laHko gqvk izrhr
gksrk gSA rkfydk dza- 3 esa d`”kdksa }kjk nwljs xkaoks esa
rduhdska ds izpkj&izlkj dh fLFkfr dks n’kkZ;k x;k gS]
tks fd izfrHkkxh;ksa }kjk viuh Lej.k ‘kfDr ds vk/kkj ij
fn;s x;s mRrjksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftldk ijh{k.k Hkfo”;
esa vf/kd foLrkj ds lkFk fd;k tkuk vko’;d izrhr
gksrk gSA xSj ifj;kstuk xzkeksa esa izpkj izlkj ds n’kkZ;s
x;s vkadM+s ykHkkfUor d``”kd ifjokjksa dh la[;k dks n’kkZrs
gaSA bu ifjokjksa us rduhdksa dks laiw.kZ ;k vkf’kad :Ik ls
vaxhd`r fd;k gSA
63
Means of Technologies DisseminationTable -4 No. of study village 8
Technology No. of farmers
Dissemination out of village
Means of Dissemination
Soil and water conservation technology
168 2504 Trainings, exposures
Agriculture and production technology
172 8032 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Seed production technology
123 7615 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Fruit production technology
74 1444 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Vegetable production technology
37 1296 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Dairy technology 43 1344 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Fodder production technology
43 1344 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days
Education 167 3340 Training campaign
Health and social development
172 4300 Trainings, exposures
izlkj ds ek/;ebl v/;;u esa rduhdh ds izpkj&izlkj esa gq, ek/;eksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k
gSA izfrHkkxh;ksa }kjk crk;k x;k fd izpkj&izlkj ds varxZr rduhdh dh tkudkjh mUgsa
izf’k{k.k dk;Zdzeksa] iz{ks= fnolksa ,oa d`”kdksa ds lkFk gqbZ ijLij ppkZ ds ek/;e ls izkIr
gqbZ gSA izpkj&izlkj ds ek/;e dk fooj.k rkfydk dza- 4 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
64 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
fu”d”kZ
laLFkku ds fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls iznku dh tkus okyh fofHkUu rduhdksa ,oa vfUre mi;ksxdrkZ
d`”kdksa }kjk mudk vaxhdj.k] izHkko’khy ykxr] rduhdksa ds mi;ksx esa vuqdwyrk ,oa mRiknu esa o`f)
ds vk/kkj ij gh jgh gSA nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa }kjk fodflr] ijhf{kr
,oa iznf’kZr fofHkUu rduhdksa] yxHkx lHkh d`”kdksa }kjk iw.kZ ;k vkaf’kd :Ik ls viuk;k x;h gSA
bldk dkj.k dsoy izHkko’kkyh rduhdksa dk fodkl gh ugha gS] vfirq [ksrksa ij muds ijh{k.k izn’kZu ,oa
izlkfjr djus dh leqfpr izfdz;k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fu”d”kZ :Ik esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo”k;oLrq
dh Li”Vrk ,oa fo”k; n’kZu esa lEiwjdrk us rduhdksa ds fodkl ,oa vaxhdj.k dh xfr dks c<+kus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA
65
vkthfodk ifj.kkeLokoyacu vfHk;ku us fpjdky ls pyh vk jgh fu/kZurk] ifj;kstuk {ks= ds ifjokj dh vk; esa lkFkZd o`f) ,oa vUrr% mudh vkthfodk esa lq/kkj tSls fo”k;ksa ij vius dk;Zdze dsfUnzr fd, gSA vfHk;ku dh ;g fo’ks”krk jgh gS fd blesa ckg~; fu:fir dk;Zdzeksa dks bl izdkj ls lek;ksftr fd;k gS] tks uohu fuos’k ,oa ifj;kstuk ls izHkkfor gksus okyh tu leqnk; ds {kerko/kZu ds fy, vuqdwy gSA
v{k; vkthfodk dh lajpuk O;fDr dh vkthfodk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa ds lkFk&lkFk buds e/; vkilh fof’k”V laca/k dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrh gSA ,sls dbZ izdj.kksa esa lgHkkxh i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftuds }kjk ,sls ?kVdksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS (Wekwete, 1998). vkthfodk lajpuk dh Hkkouk mDr ?kVdksa esa ifjorZu ds dkj.kks dh vksj Hkh bafxr djrh gS] ftlls dh vkthfodk ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fo’ks”kdj ekuoh;] lkekftd] foRrh;] HkkSfrd ,oa izkd`frd iwath;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS (Pasteur, 2001). izLrqr fp= esa fodkl v|rkvksa }kjk vkthfodk lajpuk esa gks jgs ifjorZu dh
lajpukvksa dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
vflafpr ,oa ckjkuh tksf[ke Hkjs ‘kq”d {ks= tgka ,d vksj [kk|kUu mRiknu ij fuHkZj turk dk mnj iks”k.k djrs gS ogh vusd izdkj dh vkthfodk ,oa i;kZoj.k lsokvksa dks Hkh iznku djrs gSA orZeku tyok;q esa ifjorZu ls mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ka xzkeh.k vkthfodk ij vius nq”izHkko Mky jgh gSA vr% tyok;q ifjorZu dks de djus okyh j.kuhfr;ksa ,oa muls mRiUu ifjfLFkr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds dk;Zdzeksa gsrq LokoyEcu tSls vfHk;ku
vR;ko’;d gSA lgHkkxh ,oa lesfdr lalk/ku izca/ku fo’ks”kdj tyxzg.k {ks= dh ifjf/k esa ftuesa mi;qDr ikjnf’kZrk] le:irk ,oa d`f”k i)fr ds vk/kkj ij lekos’kh fodkl fd;k tk lds] dh vusd laHkkouk,a gSA Lokoyacu vfHk;ku bl lanHkZ esa xzkeh.k ifjokj ij ,slh ;kstukvksa dks
66 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
ukukth ,d tu vFkZ’kkL=h ukukth Loizsfjr :Ik ls lPps tu vFkZ’kkL=h Fks] os lEiwjdrk ds fla)kr ds iz.ksrk FksA lEiwjdrk dh mudh vo/kkj.kk vFkZ’kkL= ds dBksj fla)krks ij vk/kkfjr FkhA os foKku }kjk iznRr izxfr ds i{k/kj Fks rFkk uohu rFkk vk/kqfud foKku ds la;kstu dks mfpr ekurs Fks fdUrq ‘kks”k.kdkjh rduhdksa ,oa ladqfpr oSKkfud nk;jksa ds izfr lpsr jgus ds fy, rRij jguk vko’;d ekurs FksA
lQy cukus esa l{ke gqvk gSA vfHk;ku }kjk viuk;h x;h j.kuhfr dk Qksdl] mRikndrk o`f)] fofof/kdj.k] xSj d`f”k ek/;eksa ls vk; lao/kZu] fo’ks”kdj Hkwfeghu] lalk/kughu ,oa NksVs&NksVs v/;kolk;ksa esa layXu ifjokjksa esa lanHkZ egRoiw.kZ gSA mRikndrk esa lq/kkj ,oa fofof/kdj.k ds }kjk vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] ogh y?kq ,oa lhekUr mRikndks }kjk foi.ku ;ksX; vfrfjDr mRiknu dh laHkkouk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mUur rduhdksa] lk[k] chek ,oa uokpkjh lqj{kk ek/;eksa] lkewfgd vknku dz; ,oa mRiknu foi.ku rFkk ewY; lao/kZu vkfn vusd xfrfof/k;kW bl fn’kk esa mi;qDr izrhr gksrh gSA o”kkZ ty ds lap; ,oa izca/ku gsrq vf/kd iwath fuos’k] d`f”k i)fr ,oa Qlyks dk fofof/kdj.k] e`nk LokLF; izca/ku] lkewfgd d`f”k ;kaf=dhdj.k ,oa de mtkZ [kir okys vknkuksa dk mi;ksx] mRikndrk o`f) fo’ks”kdj NksVs mRikndksa dsssss lanHkZ foi.ku ;ksX; mRiknu djus esa l{ke gksrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA NksVs nq/kk: i’kq vFkok cdjh oa’k] vU; i’kq/ku] okfudh] cktkj lefFkZr uxn Qlys ,oa {kerk o/kZu dqN egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;kWa] LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds egRoiw.kZ vo;o gSA vfHk;ku dh j.kuhfr ,dy Qly vFkok oLrq dsfUnzr u gksdj foLr`r ,oa fofo/k d`f”k i)fr dks laiqjdrk ds fla)kr ij lapkfyr djuk gSA bl izdkj tgka ,d vkSj O;kIr
nqcZyrkvksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS ogh mRiknu izfdz;k esa mRiUu gksus okys vof’k”Bksa dk iquZpdzhdj.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ lesfdr :Ik ls vusd izdkj dh Qlys] i’kq/ku] m|kfudh] d`f”k] okfudh] eRL; ikyu] vk; lao/kZu xfrfof/k;kW bR;kfn lHkh vfHk;ku dh ifjf/k esa lekfgr gSA bl izdkj ls ijLijrk }kjk vfrfjDr jkstxkj dk fuekZ.k] vk; esa o`f) ,oa ekSle ds ifjorZu ls mRiUu foifjr ifjfLFkfr;ks esa ifjokj ij iM+us okys vkfFkZd ncko dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g blds fy, Hkh vko’;d gS fd orZeku esa izfr O;fDr uSlfxZd lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ?kV jgh gS ogh nwljh mRikndrk o`f) gsrq vf/kd iwath fuos’k vko’;d gksrk tk jgk gS vr% i;kZoj.k lsokvksa dks lesfdr :Ik ls lajf{kr djus gsrq vif’k”Vksa dk iquZpdzhdj.k vR;Ur vko’;d gSA
laLFkku ,oa mlls lac) laLFkkvksa }kjk izkjfEHkd rkSj ij fd, x, losZ{k.kksa ls vkthfodk fo’ys”k.k ls izkIr vkdM+s o dqN izkjafHkd vkadyu ;g bafxr djrs gSa fd 59 izfr’kr ls vf/kd ikfjokfjd vk;] 20 izfr’kr oSrfud lsokvksa ls] 17 izfr’kr nSfud Je ls ,oa ek= 3 izfr’kr ouksit ds ladyu ls izkIr gksrh gSA v/;;u ds vuqlkj LokyEcu vfHk;ku ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ifjokj Lrj ij vk; esa of) vo’; gqbZ gS vfirq vk; ds fofHkUu lk/kuksa dk izfr’kr vHkh Hkh iwoZor~ gSA
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Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, lh[k ,oa lans’kizLrqr v/;;u vfHk;ku dk ,d Rofjr voyksdu ek= gS] bl izdk’ku ds ek/;e ls vfHk;ku ds varZfufgr n’kZu ekxZn’khZ flankrksa ,oa j.kuhfrd lksp dks izfrfcafcr fd;k x;k gSA vfHk;ku dh j.kuhfr;kW lexz :i esa ml egku m)s’; ftlds :Ik esa lekos’kh] ‘kks”k.k jfgr] lesfdr ,oa v{k; fodkl dks ,d foLr`r HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA v/;;u ds ek/;e ls fuEukfdar Rofjr fu”d”kZ izLrqr gS] tks Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, ekxZn’khZ gksxsa%&
fodkl ds bl ekWMy esa leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh loksZifj gSA lekosf’krk] lesfdrrk] •rduhdh uokpkj ,oa mudk vaxhdj.k cxSj lkeqnkf;d lgHkkxhrk ds laHko ugha gSA
Lo’kklh laLFkkvksa dk ijLij fuHkZj laLFkkxr ra= vR;Ur vko’;d gSA vFkkZr~ •ijLij lg;ksx djrs gq, Hkh Lora= :Ik ls lapkfyr laLFkkvska dk ra= gh bl vkdkj ds vfHk;ku dks lQy cuk ldrk gSA ra= esa lekosf’kr izR;sd laLFkk dk viuk ,d fuf’pr mn~ns’; vuqHko ,oa vko’;d v/kkslajpuk rFkk ;ksX; ekuo lalk/ku] bl gsrq vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA
vfHklj.k vkt ns’k dh ljdkjks ds chp ,d cM+h ppkZ dk fo”k; gSA ljdkjksa •ds Lrj ij vusd foHkkx ,oa laLFkk,a miyC/k gS fdUrq laiwjdrk dh Hkkouk ds vHkko esa vfHklj.k tSlh egrh vko’;drk izkIr djus es a;g lHkh ,stsUlh;kW vius vki dks vleFkZ ikrh gSA
xzkeh.k ,oa ‘kgjh lekt {ks=ksa esa miyC/k ;qok izfrHkk dk ;ksxnku bl izfdz;k •esa vR;ko’;d gSA ;fn os ;qqxn`”Vk ukukth tSls O;fDrRo dk iw.kZ fu”Bk ,oa mRlkg ls vuqlj.k djs tSlk fd bl vfHk;ku esa ns[kk x;k gS] rks ;g vU;= Hkh mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA
lektf’kYih nEiRrh ,d vf)rh; vo/kkj.kk izrhr gksrh gS ,oa vU;= Hkh •laHkkoukvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS ,oa vU; {ks=ks esa blds nksgjko dh O;kid laHkkouk,as gSA fodkl dk;ksZ esa ySafxx Hksn fo’ks”kdj iq:”k iz/kku esa ges’kk lekos’kh fodkl ,d vojks/k gSA bl iz;ksx esa iyM+k fL=;ksa ds i{k esa curk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ,oa ;s nEiRrh ,d jksy ekWMy ds :i esa izfrfcafcr gSA ftl izdkj ls Hkkjrh; ifjos’k esa L=h ,oa iq:”k dh Hkwfedk ifjiwjd gS vFkkZr~ fL=;kW dsoy f}rh; ntsZ ds dk;kZs rd u lhfer gksdj izkFkfed o vkfFkZd :Ik ls egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;kas esa Hkh cjkcj dh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj ldrh gSA
vkfFkZd :Ik ls vuqRiknd] tksrs] iM+r Hkwfe] de mRikndrk okys d`f”k ra= •vkfn dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls l{ke mRiknu bdkb;ksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lko/kkuh iwoZd fu;kstu] :ikadu ,oa izn’kZuksa tSlk fd 1-5 o 2-5 ,dM+ ds ekMYl }kjk ;g izekf.kr gksrk gSA
d`f”k vfuok;Zr% i’kqikyu fo’ks”kdj xkSoa’k dks lekfgr djrh gSA iwoZ esa •vkSipkfjd vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laLFkkvksa dh Hkwy ds dkj.k bUgs misf{kr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA vuUr dky ls ikjEifjd d`f”k dk ekWMy gh orZeku leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh dqath gSA
68 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
xkSoa’k fuf’pr gh v{k; e`nk LokLF; izca/ku gsrq vko’;d tSfod moZjd iznku •djrs gS] bl izdkj ;s Hkw&{kj.k dks de djrs gq, e`nk dkcZfud inkFkksZ dks mfpr Lrj ij cuk;s j[krs gSA lkFk gh i’kq/ku ls fudyus okys mRltZu esa ^^xzhu gkml xSlsl** tSls fd feFksu o dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dks Hkwfe esa ‘kksf”kr dj lafpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ls ^^tyok;q ifjorZu** o ^^Xykscy okfeZax** tSls lkoZHkkSfed fofHkf”kdkvksa ds fo:) ;s LFkkuh; mipkj izHkko’kkyh gks ldrs gSA
o”kkZ ty lap; dh vlhe lEHkkoukvksa dks O;ogkfjd Lrj ij izkIr fd;k tk •ldrk gS bl rjg flapkbZ {ks= esa foLrkj] Qly lajpuk] e`nk ,oa ty dh bdkbZ mRikndrk] Hkwty Lrj esa o`f)] e`nk {kj.k ij jksd ,oa e`nk LokLF; izca/ku leqfpr :Ik ls laHko gSA
v/kZ ‘kq”d] ckjkuh ,oa lhekUr {ks=ks esa l?kuh dj.k dh vis{kk fofof/kdj.k ,d •mi;qDr j.kuhfr izrhr gksrh gSA
rduhdh vaxhdj.k fdlkuksa dk ,d dBksj vkfFkZd fu.kZ; gS ,oa ,d vjs[kh; •ekxZ ij vusd vgZrkvksa tSls fd vk;q] f’k{kk] tksr] vk; ,oa HkwLokfeRo ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
rduhdksa dk foLrkj fdlku izcaf/kr i)fr esa rsth ls laHko gSA ikjEifjd d`f”k •foLrkj dh vis{kk fdlku izcaf/kr Loizsfjr foLrkj] rhoz ,oa LFkk;h gksrk gSA
ewY; lao/kZu ,oa cktkj ds lkFk ijLijrk vd`f”k {ks=ks esa uohu jkstxkj ds •voljksa dks mRiUu djus esa l{ke gSA
d`f”k vFkZO;oLFkk ,d Lo LQwrZ] ltho ,oa tSfod izfdz;k gSA laiwjdrk bldk •vk/kkj LraHk gSA vuko’;d ckgjh dk;Zdze laiwjdrk ds rkus&ckus dks fopfyr djrs gS ,oa fodkl dh izfdz;k dh xfr dks ean djrs gS vFkkZr~ d`f”k vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl laEiwjdrk ds fla)kr esa fufgr gSA vUrr% xzketu dh lexz vkthfodk ladqfpr] vkfFkZd mUu;u dh vis{kk vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS] vFkkZr~ fodkl dk vk/kkj dsoy vkfFkZd u gksrs gq, vkthfodk ds leLr igyqvksa ij voyfEcr gksuk pkfg,A
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lanHkZLokoyEcu dk ekxZ Qjojh 2011& nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV izdk’kuA1- LokoyEcu dh vkSj xzkeh.k thou dk cnyko& nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV izdk’kuA2- jk”Vªh; d`f”k foKku iqjLdkj 2007&2008 ds fy, d`f”k foKku dsUnz e>xoka& nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV }kjk rS;kj 3- izfrosnu Afnukad 7 ebZ 2011 dks v/;;uny] Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk Jh vHk; egktu 4- ls fy;k x;k lk{kkRdkjAfnukad 7 ebZ 2011 dks v/;;uny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk MkW- jked`”.k 5- dqlefj;k] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ea=h] e/;izns’k ‘kklu ls fy;k x;k lk{kkRdkjAMkWaa- Hkjr ikBd] izeq[k nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV ls fnukad 10 ebZ 2011 dks v/;;u ny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy 6- eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku dh gqbZ O;fDrxr ppkZA fnukad 4 ls 10 ebZ 2011 ds e/; rduhdh ds vaxhdj.k ij lruk ftys ds 5 xkao ,oa jhok ftys ds 3 xkaoks esa 7- v/;;uny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk fd;k losZ{k.k dk;ZAfnukad 4 ls 10 ebZ 2011 v/;;uny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk lewg dsfUnzr 8- ppkZ ,oa vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd ppkZ,aAvarjk”Vªh; iz{ks= izca/ku tjuy d`f”k O;olk; fo”k; ij O;ogkfjd v/;;u ds fy, fyVjspj fjO;w& ,fytkcsFk ,y- tsD’ku 9- bVh- ,y- varjk”Vªh; d`f”k izca/ku okY;we 3] ua- 3] tqykbZ 2006
70 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**
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ACTION RESEARCH STUDYCONDUCTED BY NATIONAL LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES INSTITUTEGRAMIN VIKAS TRUST, RATLAM (MP)
DeenDAyAl reseArch InstItute, chItrAKut DIstrIct – sAtnA, MADhyA PrADesh