Study on estimation of stature of adult from claviclerepository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/10994/1/201400119dhivya_prakash.pdf · Fingerprints 10. Foot prints 11. Tattoo marks 12. Lip prints 13

“Study on estimation of stature of adult from clavicle”

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree

M.D. (Forensic Medicine)

BRANCH – XIV

INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC MEDICINE

MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE

CHENNAI - 600 003

THE TAMIL NADU

DR.M.G.R.MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

CHENNAI

2016-2019

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled

“Study on estimation of stature of adult from clavicle” has

been carried out by Dr.Dhivya Prakash, a Post Graduate student under my

supervision and guidance for his study leading to branch XIV M. D. Degree in

Forensic Medicine during the period of May – 2016 to May – 2019.

Prof. Dr.R.Jayanthi, M.D., FRCP(Glasg) Prof. Dr.P.Parasakthi, M.D.,

Dean, Director & Professor,

Madras Medical College & Institute of Forensic Medicine,

Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Madras Medical College,

Chennai – 600 003. Chennai – 600 003.

Date:

Place:

DECLARATION

I, DR.DHIVYA PRAKASH, solemnly declare that this dissertation

entitled “Study on estimation of stature of adult from clavicle”

is the bonafide work done by me under the expert guidance and supervision of

Dr.P.Parasakthi, M.D., Profeesor and Director, Institute of Forensic

Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai - 3. This dissertation is submitted

to the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University towards partial fulfillment

of requirement for the award of M.D., Degree (Branch XIV) in Forensic

Medicine.

Place: Dr.Dhivya Prakash

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am greatly obliged to the Dean, Dr.R.Jayanthi, M.D., FRCP(Glasg),

Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital,

Chennai – 3 for allowing me to complete this study. I express my warmest

respects and profound gratitude to Dr.P.Parasakthi, M.D., Director and

Professor, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai

for her able guidance, constant encouragement, support and valuable time but

for which this dissertation could not have been made possible.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my esteemed Associate

Professor, Dr.T.Vedhanayagam, M.D., for his valuable guidance in

conducting this study.

I am especially thankful to my Assistant Professors,

Dr.S.Ramalingam, M.D., Dr. R.Narendar, M.D., Dr.M.Guhan, M.D.,

Dr.T.Ezhikothai,M.D., Dr.S.Sylvia M.D., and my tutors Dr.C.Anandhi,

MBBS, Dr.Venkat Raj, MBBS for their interest and encouragement in

bringing out this dissertation for my MD exam. I thank all my colleagues and

friends for their help in collecting material for my study. I also thank mortuary

workers for their help in collecting samples.

I express special thanks to my father Mr.R.Arul Prakasam , mother

Mrs.Malarvizhi Arul Prakash, and my husband Mr.G.Muhilan and other

family members for the moral support, encouragement and immense love

showered by them.

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that this dissertation work titled ………………………………..

of the candidate ………………………………………… with registration Number

……………for the award of …………………………………………… in the branch of

………………….. . I personally verified the urkund.com website for the

purpose of plagiarism Check. I found that the uploaded thesis file

contains from introduction to conclusion pages and result shows ………

percentage of plagiarism in the dissertation.

Guide & Supervisor sign with Seal.

INDEX

S.NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 31

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32

5 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 41

6 DISCUSSION 74

7 CONCLUSION 80

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 81

9 MASTER CHART 89

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

1 STATURE FORMULAE GIVEN BY TROTTER AND

GLESSER 11

2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE

CLAVICLE 19

3 SEX DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE STUDY

SAMPLE 41

4 AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE 42

5 AGE GROUP WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY

SAMPLE 43

6 STATURE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY

SAMPLE 45

7 CROSS TABULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

BASED ON AGE AND SEX 46

8 CROSS TABULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

NASED ON STATURE AND SEX 48

9 MEAN AND STATNDARD DEVIATION OF

SELECTED VARIABLES OF STUDY SAMPLE 50

10

MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF

SELECTED VARIABLES OF MALE POPULATION

OF STUDY SAMPLE

52

11

MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR

SELECTED VARIABLES IN FEMALE

POPULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

53

12 DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN STATURE IN MALES

AND FEMALES 55

13 DISTRIBUTION OF STATURE AMONG

DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS 57

14 CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND

LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE 59


LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE 60

16 SUMMARY OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS 62

17 ANOVA TABLE FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS 62

18 COEFFICIENTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS 63


LENGH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE IN MALES 64


LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE IN MALES 65

21 SUMMARY OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS –

MALES 66

22 ANOVA TABLE FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS –

MALES 66

23 COEFFICIENTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS –

MALES 67

24 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR

SELECTED VARIABLES IN FEMALES 68


LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE IN FEMALES 68


LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE IN FEMALES 70

27 SUMMARY OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS -

FEMALES 71

28 ANOVA TABLE FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS-

FEMALES 71

29 COEFFICIENTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS -

FEMALES 72

30

REGRESSION EQUATION FOR STATURE WITH

LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE IN MALE,

FEMALE AND BOTH SEXES TOGETHER

73

31 COMPARISON OF MEAN STATURE IN

DIFFERENT STUDIES 75

32 COMPARISON OF LENGTH OF CLAVICLE IN

DIFFERENT STUDIES 76

33 COMPARISON OF LENGTHIER SIDE OF

CLAVICLE AMONG DIFFERENT STUDIES 78

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 SEX DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE STUDY

SAMPLE 41

2 AGE GROUP WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY

SAMPLE 44

3 STATURE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY

SAMPLE 45

4 AGE AND SEX WISE DISTRIBUTION OF

STUDY SAMPLE 47

5 STATURE AND SEX WISE DISTRIBUTION OF

STUDY SAMPLE 49

6 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF

SELECTED VARIABLES OF STUDY SAMPLE 51

7


SELECTED VARIABLES OF MALE


52

8


SELECTED VARIABLES OF FEMALE


54

9 MEAN STATURE OF TOTAL STUDY

SAMPLES, MALES AND FEMALES 55

10 DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN STATURE IN

MALES AND FEMALES 56

11 DISTRIBUTION OF STATURE AMONG

DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS 58


LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE 59


LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE 61


LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE IN MALES 64


LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE IN MALES 65


LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE IN FEMALES 69


LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE IN FEMALES 70

LIST OF PICTURES

PICTURE NO.

TITLE PAGE NO.

1 THE CLAVICLE 18

2 MEDIAL TWO-THIRDS AND LATERAL ONE-

THIRD OF CLAVICLE 20

3 SURFACE ANATOMY OF CLAVICLE 24

4 MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS OF CLAVICLE 24

5 LATERAL AND MEDIAL ENDS OF

CLAVICLE 26

6 OSSIFICATION CENTRES OF CLAVICLE 27

7 STATURE MEASUREMENT IN CADAVER 34

8 STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT 36

9 ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT 36

10 RIGHT AND LEFT CLAVICLES REMOVED

FROM CADAVER 37

11 CLAVICLES AFTER CLEANING 38

12 DIGITAL VERNIER CALIPER 39

13 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OF LEFT

CLAVICLE 40

14 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OF RIGHT

CLAVICLE 40

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MASTER CHART

Identification is the process of establishing an individual’s identity. In

medico-legal cases, identification is necessary in both living and dead. Both living and

dead can be identified through various features. These features include bones, body parts,

and marks over the body, things associated with the individual,

The role of physical anthropology is very important in identification

process. Anthropology is the study of human and human

the present and the past. Anthropology is broadly classified into 4 main branches which

are depicted in the following graph:

ANTHROPOLOGY

1


legal cases, identification is necessary in both living and dead. Both living and


over the body, things associated with the individual, behavioral


process. Anthropology is the study of human and human behaviors


depicted in the following graph:

SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

BIOLOGICAL / PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY


legal cases, identification is necessary in both living and dead. Both living and


behavioral pattern, etc.


and societies in both


SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

BIOLOGICAL / PHYSICAL

2

Physical anthropology is further divided into many subfields, of which

forensic anthropology is a subfield which applies physical anthropology to the medico

legal issues. Forensic anthropology mainly involves the study and analysis of human

remains and assists in criminal investigative process. The four important parameters of

forensic anthropology are:

1. Sex

2. Age

3. Stature

4. Race

The establishment of all the above parameters together gives fair

information about the individual’s identity.

In this study, I have dealt with estimation of stature using the clavicle.

Stature literally means the length of the body of the individual. Stature estimation is an

important process of identification when the body parts are dismembered / mutilated or

only bones are recovered. Stature estimation is also useful in mass disasters like

earthquakes, tsunami, etc. where only bones or body parts of many people are found. In

early days, Karl Pearson, Trotter and Gleser derived regression formulae for estimation of

stature using the lengths of different long bones like humerus, femur, tibia, radius and

ulna. However these long bones may not be available in all cases. So efforts were also

made to estimate statue using other bones like clavicle, sternum, scapula and various

body parts.

3

Many studies have been conducted using clavicle in forensic context. The

most common studies include determination of age and sex from clavicle and its

radiographic estimation using various parameters like length of the clavicle, vertical

diameter, sagittal diameter, mid-clavicular circumference, weight, etc. However studies

on stature estimation using clavicle is limited. Certain studies have been conducted in

North India, but my study is first of its kind in Tamil Nadu.

4

Identification is defined as the establishment of individuality of a person.

This is done based on some physical characteristics. Identification is mandatory in:

1. Living individuals

2. Persons who died recently

3. Decomposed dead bodies

4. Mutilated and burnt bodies

5. Skeletonised bodies (1)

Identification of a dead victim is very important because it helps the police to

find victims past history, his daily routine, background, talk to his friends and relatives,

suspect the assailant, etc. If the victim’s identity is not established, the process of solving

the crime becomes tedious and sometimes impossible. Especially in murder cases,

sentence cannot be passed before the identification of the victim. There are various data

used in identification. Some important ones are as follows(2):

1. Sex

2. Age

3. General development and stature

4. Race

5. Complexion and features

6. Religion

7. External marks – moles, birthmarks, malformation, scars, wounds, occupation

marks

5

8. Anthropometric measurements

9. Fingerprints

10. Foot prints

11. Tattoo marks

12. Lip prints

13. Palate prints

14. Teeth

15. Personal things – clothes, pocket contents, jewellery, etc.

16. Gait

17. Handwriting

18. Speech

19. Voice

20. Memory and education

21. Habits

22. Handedness

The identification data can also be broadly classified into categories as

follows(2):

6

Identification methods

Biometric methods Non biometric method

Eg: physical characteristics

DNA profiling in living in dead living & dead

Retina scan behavioural superimposition dactylography

No single identification data is completely reliable except fingerprinting.

So four or five criteria are taken into consideration for identification of an individual.

Increased number if criteria increased accuracy of identification

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY:

Forensic anthropology is a subfield of physical anthropology that involves

the application of our knowledge and techniques of human skeletal biology to solve

medico-legal issues. It mainly involves the study of human remains that are recovered(3).

Forensic anthropology includes the examination of soft tissue but examination of skeletal

remains gives more valuable information. Thus the aim of forensic anthropology is

identification of human remains establishing the identity of the person and cause of death.

The objectives of forensic anthropology are(4):

1. To recover the bones from forensic site.

7

2. To determine whether the recovered remains are bones or not.

3. To determine whether the bones are human or not.

4. To determine whether the bones belong to one or more individuals.

5. To establish the biological profile of the individual.

6. To find any evidence of trauma.

7. To determine the length of postmortem interval.

8. Providing information to assist with positive identification of the deceased.

The four main factors that help anthropologist to assist in human identification

are sex, race, age and stature of skeletal material(5).

STATURE:

Stature originated from latin word “statura”= height or size of the body(6).

Stature latin verb “stare” to stand.

CLASSIFICATION OF STATURE IN ADULTS:

There are two main classifications of an adult person by stature(7):

Schmidt’s Classification:

In males:

Very short - <152.9 cm

Short - 153 cm -162.9 cm

8

Lower medium – 163 cm – 166.9 cm

Medium – 167 cm – 169.9 cm

Upper medium – 170 cm – 172.9 cm

Tall – 173 cm – 182.9 cm

Very tall – 183 cm – 203.9 cm

Giants - >= 240 cm

In females:

Very short - <141.9 cm

Short - 142 cm -150.9 cm


Medium – 155 cm – 157.9 cm


Tall – 160 cm – 169.9 cm


Giants - >= 189 cm

Martin’s classification:

9

In males:

Very short – 130 cm - 149.9 cm

Short - 150 cm - 159.9 cm


Medium – 164 cm – 166.9 cm


Tall – 170 cm – 179.9 cm


Giants - >= 200 cm

In females:

Very short – 121 cm – 139.9 cm

Short - 140 cm - 148.9 cm


Medium – 153 cm – 155.9 cm


Tall – 159 cm – 167.9 cm

10


Giants - >= 187 cm

STATURE ESTIMATION:

Many researches have been made on estimation of stature by

measuring the length of different bones of the body. In early days, stature was estimated

by rearticulating the skeleton and measuring it. For this method, all bones are needed to

rearticulate the skeleton and measure it which is a very difficult method since all the

bones are not available in most of the forensic cases. Another disadvantage of this

method is that it omits the space occupied by cartilage and soft tissues.

The most common method to estimate stature is using long bones of the

body. The earliest studies in estimation of stature were conducted by Trotter and Gleser.

They conducted two studies in a gap of 6 years. First study was conducted in black and

white male World War II military deceased and in Terry anatomical collections which

included a large sample of both black and white males and females. In the first study

conducted in 1952(8), they measured the length of humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia,

fibula and the bicondylar length of femur. They used bones from both sides and obtained

an average length. Trotter and Gleser derived regression formula for estimation of stature

from the above mentioned long bones and concluded that maximum length of femur and

stature had a linear relationship. Their study also concluded that lower limb bones are

better than upper limb bones to estimate stature since they had smaller standard errors.

11

In the second study conducted by Trotter and Gleser in 1958(9), they collected

samples from Korean war deceased. All were males of varying ancestry. They used the

height that was recorded by military during their enrollment. The same measurements

that were taken in the previous study were taken. The only difference was that this time,

they did not pair the bones from both the sides of the body instead measured them

individually. Their study also concluded that the lower limb bones were more useful in

estimating stature than the upper limb bones. With the help of new measurements they

reevaluated the original regression formulae for both black and white males. But

according to Jantz(10), there was no comparable reevaluation of regression formulae for

black and white female since Trotter and Gleser’s 1952 study included only black and

white males and not females.

TABLE 1: STATURE FORMULAE GIVEN BY TROTTER AND GLESER

Bone whites Negroes Mongoloids

Humerus Right 2.88 L + 77.70

(±4.61)

2.88 L + 75.52

(±4.26)

2.69 L + 82.80

(±4.32)

Left 2.89 L + 77.47

(±4.54)

2.89 L + 75.10

(±4.21)

2.68 L + 83.27

(±4.18)

Radius Right 3.77 L + 79.13

(±4.66)

3.28 L + 86.22

(±4.65)

3.58 L + 80.71

(±4.64)

12

Left 3.73 L + 80.62

(±4.59)

3.36 L + 84.63

(±4.50)

3.51 L + 83.40

(±4.55)

Ulna Right 3.59 L+ 76.95

(±4.71)

3.13 L + 84.42

(±4.73)

3.50 L + 76.07

(±4.84)

Left 3.64 L + 76.14

(±4.57)

3.28 L + 80.85

(±4.76)

3.46 L + 78.84

(±4.49)

Femur Right 2.25 L + 68.40

(±4.04)

2.07 L + 73.78

(±3.83)

2.12 L + 74.03

(±3.92)

Left 2.30 L + 65.82

(±3.97)

2.14 L + 70.19

(±3.99)

2.18 L + 71.11

(±3.67)

Tibia Right 2.40 L + 82.24

(±3.97)

2.20 L + 84.90

(±3.88)

2.42 L + 80.36

(±3.26)

Left 2.43 L + 80.98

(±3.95)

2.18 L + 85.82

(±4.04)

2.36 L + 82.54

(±3.28)

Fibula Right 2.57 L + 76.13

(±3.86)

2.38 L + 78.48

(±3.96)

2.39 L + 81.10

(±3.20)

Left 2.59 L + 75.37

(±3.83)

2.29 L + 82.02

(±4.08)

2.40 L + 80.38

(±3.28)

L=Length of the bone

13

In 1970, Trotter summarized the results of her both studies, including

formulae with standard errors for estimating stature on long bones. She also came to a

conclusion that precise stature of cadaver can be obtained by adding 2.5 cm to the living

stature derived from long bone measurements.

In 1992, Jantz reevaluated Trotter and Gleser’s regression equations for

females. He obtained samples from Forensic Anthropology Database(FADB) at the

university of Tennessee, and compared his measurements with those of Trotter and

Gleser. He found that all the measurements of his sample were larger than those of

Trotter and Gleser in both blacks and whites. This increase in length was attributed to

secular changes in the bone growth. Based on his research, he modified the stature

estimation for white females. He did not modify the equation for black females since

changes in bone growth were isometric in them. The disadvantage of studies conducted

by Trotter and Gleser were:

1. The measuring techniques were unclear.

2. Most formulae require information about sex and ancestry, which is not always

possible in forensic context.

Researchers continued to derive formulae for estimating stature based on

the lengths of long bones. Most of these new studies consider secular changes in different

population before arriving linear regression formulae.

Duyar and Pelin(11) hypothesized that “estimation of stature are more

accurate if different regression formulae are used for specific stature group”. They

14

obtained samples from Turkish males and grouped them into 3 stature groups: short-

<1652mm, medium- 1653-1840mm and tall- >1841mm. they generated different linear

regression formulae for each stature group using the length of tibia. Their work shows

that different regression formulae are not needed between males and females but it is also

possible for different stature grouping.

In 1967, study conducted by Genoves(12), in Mesoamerican population,

proved that femur and tibia are the best predictors of stature. De Mendonca(13)

conducted a similar study in adult portugese sample and Hauser et al.(14) conducted a

study in polish sample population and found that femur is the best predictor of stature

estimation.

In 2003, Ozaslan et al.(15) conducted study in Turkish population that

derived stature from length of leg. In 2007, Petrovecki et al.(16) conducted stature

estimation study using radiographs of long bones in Croatian population and found that

tibia is the best predictor in males and humerus is the best predictor in females.

STUDIES ON STATURE ESTIMATION USING FOREARM BONES:

Athawale(17) conducted a study of Indian population to obtain regression

formulae for estimation of stature using forearm bones. His study concluded that there

was more significant linear relationship between forearm length and stature than

individual forearm bones and stature.

In 2006, a study conducted in Turkish population by Celbis and

Agritmis(18) stated that stature can be estimated more accurately with radius and ulna.

15

This study also indicated that measurements taken from the cadaver is as useful as

measurements taken from dried specimens.

A contrast result was obtained in study by Mall et al.(19) in German

population which found a weak correlation between forearm bones and living stature.

STUDIES ON STATURE ESTIMATION USING VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

In South Indian population, Nagesh and Kumar(20) estimated the

cadaveric stature using crown-heel length. They measured each of three segments of

vertebra- cervical, thoracic and lumbar and also the entire length of vertebral column.

This study stated that total length of vertebral column is more reliable parameter in

estimating the stature than the length of each segment or combination of segments. The

study also concluded that if only one segment of vertebral column is to be used for

determining stature, lumbar segment is the best. From Terry’s anatomical collection,

Tibbetts(21) conducted a study in 1981 to estimate the stature from the vertebral column.

He found that though vertebral column is useful for estimating stature, long bones are the

best predictors.

Various studies have been conducted to correlate stature with foot

length, foot bone length, metacarpal and metatarsal length. In his study, Robbins found

that foot’s outline is 15% of stature while foot print length is 14% of stature. Giles and

Vallandigham(22) studied that the measurement of shoeprint length and linear regression

formulae are also useful in estimating stature. In 1992, Gordon and Buikstra(23)

expanded the above study and found that if sample population is broken into different

16

groups depending on race and sex, and formulae derived for each group, shoeprint length

gives more valuable information.

Using Terry anatomical collection and modern sample Meadows and

Jantz(24) derived regression formulae for estimating stature from metacarpal length.

They found that 2-5 metacarpals are best predictors for male.

Oftentimes, bones are fragmented in modern forensic cases, which

make it difficult to estimate stature. Several studies have attempted to use bone fragments

to estimate long bone length and, thus, the living stature of an individual. Steele and

McKern(25) used long bone fragments from prehistoric American populations in their

study. They measured the maximum lengths of the femur, humus, and tibia, and applied

regression formulae to bone segment lengths.

Steele and McKern found that, utilizing specific segments of the humerus, femur, and

tibia, they could estimate the corresponding long bone lengths and provide a reasonable

estimate of living stature. Simmons et al.(26) revised Steele and McKern’s technique.

Simmons et al. used standardized landmarks on the femur which are easy to both define

and locate and found that their estimates test better than Steele and McKern’s.

Holland(27) used the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection to measure a sample of

black and white males and females. He took five measurements of the tibial condyles

based on the known linear relationship between “stature and dimensions of the proximal

end of the tibia”. Holland found that every attempt should be made to estimate stature

17

from fully intact long bones, but if this is not possible, then measurements from the

proximal tibia may be reliable.

Similarly, Chibba and Bidmos(28) concluded that fragmentary tibia may

be useful for estimating stature in the absence of long bones. Based on measurements of

maximum skull length of a Central Indian population, Patil and Mody(29) determined

that height could be estimated from the skull using separate regression formulae for

males and females. They took measurements from lateral cephalograms and adjusted the

cephalograms accordingly to account for the percent of magnification from the x-rays.

This technique proved highly reliable for both males and females in the sample

population.

Today, this type of research is still important to the forensic sciences.

With 206 bones in the human body, there are still so many new ways that stature might

be estimated. Any investigations that aim to build a better and more complete biological

profile may be deemed useful in the forensic context because there is always the potential

for identification of a missing person based on these studies. This research aims to add to

the current body of knowledge on stature estimation.

ANATOMY OF CLAVICLE:

Clavis = a key; the roman key was S shaped

Clavicle is one of the long bones of the body(30). Clavicle is the only

horizontally lying long bone of the body. It differs from other long bones in the fact that

18

it has no medullary cavity. It lies at the root of the neck acts as a connection between the

acromion process of the scapula and the upper end of the sternum. Clavicle is directed

laterally and somewhat backwards.

The clavicle is subcutaneous throughout its whole length. The clavicle acts as a

strut which braces back the shoulder and allows the upper limb to swing clear of the trunk

and thus helps in transmitting part of the upper limb weight to the axial skeleton.

PICTURE 1: THE CLAVICLE

The difference between male and female clavicle are given below:

19

TABLE 2: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CLAVICLE

Male clavicle Female clavicle

Longer Shorter

Thicker Thinner

More curved Less curved

Rougher Smoother

Acromial end is carried higher than the

sternal end

Acromial end is carried lower than the

sternal end

Heavier Lighter

The best indicator of sex in clavicle is its midshaft circumference.

When it is used in combination with other parameters like length, weight, sagittal length

etc, best results are obtained.

Clavicle can be divided into medial two-third and lateral one-third for

anatomical understanding. Clavicle is a “S” shaped bone which is convex forwards in its

medial two-third and concave forwards in lateral two-third(31).

20

PICTURE 2: MEDIAL TWO-THIRDS AND LATERAL ONE-THIRD OF

CLAVICLE

The lateral third of the clavicle is flattened anteroposteriorly. This

part of clavicle has two surfaces and two borders.

Superior anterior

Surfaces borders

Inferior posterior

Anterior border:

� Thin, concave and roughened.

� Has deltoid tubercle which gives attachment to the deltoid muscle.

Medial 2/3 Lateral 1/3

21

Posterior border:

� Convex backwards; roughened by muscular attachments.

� Gives attachment to trapezius muscle.

Superior surface:

� Smooth central surface and roughened margins

� Subcutaneous in the central region.

Inferior surface:

� Has a ridge and a tubercle.

� The ridge is the trapezoid line which runs forwards and laterally from the

lateral side of the conoid tubercle to the acromial end.

� It gives attachment to the trapezoid part of coracoclavicular ligament.

� The conoid tubercle is at the junction of the lateral fourth with the rest of the

bone, close to the posterior border.

� It gives attachment to the conoid part of the corococlavicular ligament.

� There is a groove for subclavius muscle. This groove also gives attachment to

the clavipectoral fascia at its ends.

� The posterior edge of the groove ends in the conoid tubercle when conoid

ligament and fascia merge together.

� There is nutrient foramen which is inclined laterally.

22

Medial two-thirds of clavicle:

� This part of the clavicle is cylindrical in shape.

� It has 4 surfaces.

Anterior surface:

� It is convex forwards.

� Roughened throughout the extent except at its lateral end where it is smooth

and forms the upper border of infraclavicular fossa.

� Gives attachment to the clavicular head of the pectoralis muscle.

Superior surface:

� Smooth at its lateral end.

� Roughened in the medial segment.

� Gives attachment to the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid muscle in its

medial half.

Inferior surface:

� Has a roughened oval impression near the sternal end – costal tuberosity.

� Gives attachment to costoclavicular ligament and its margins which connects

the clavicle to the upper surface of first rib and its costal cartilage.

23

� At the lateral side of the inferior surface, there is subclavian groove for

insertion of the subclavius muscle. The nutrient foramen lies at the lateral side

of the subclavian groove.

Posterior surface:

� It is a smooth surface.

� It is devoid of muscular attachments except at its lower part near the sterna end

where it gives attachment to the lateral fibers of sternohyoid muscle.

� Medially it is related to the beginning of the brachiocephalic vein, termination

of subclavius vein and the lower end of internal jugular vein.

� Laterally it is related to the trunk of brachial plexus and third part of subclavian

artery.

� Superiorly it is related to suprascapular vessels.

PICTURE 3: SURFACE ANATOMY OF CLAVICLE

PICTURE 4: MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS OF CLAVICLE

24





25

Lateral end of the clavicle:

� The lateral end is also known as acromial end.

� Has a small oval articulating facet for articulation with the acromian process

forming acromio-clavicular joint.

� The facet faces laterally and downwards.

� The area surrounding the facet gives attachment to the joint capsule.

Medial end of the clavicle:

� Also known as the sternal end.

� Quadrangular in shape.

� Directed medially, downwards and forwards.

� Articulates with the clavicular notch of manubrium sterni and first costal

cartilage.

� Gives attachment to fibrocapsule joint.

� Gives attachment to interclavicular ligament superiorly and articular disc

superoposteriorly.

26

PICTURE 5: LATERAL AND MEDIAL ENDS OF CLAVICLE

OSSIFICATION OF CLAVICLE:

Clavicle is the first bone to ossify in the body(31). It has three ossification

centres. There are 2 primary centres – medial and lateral. They appear on the 5th-6th week

of intrauterine life and fusion takes place on the 45th day of life. The shaft of the clavicle

is ossified in condensed mesenchyme from these 2 centres. Then occurs the development

of cartilaginous mass at the ends of the clavicle. The cartilagenous mass at the medial end

contributes more to the growth in length than the cartilage at the lateral end. The 2

primary centres meet at the middle and lateral thirds of clavicle.

27

The secondary centre at the medial end appears at about 18-19 years and

fusion takes place at 20-22 yrs. there is no ossification at the lateral end of the clavicle or

it is rudimentary and rapidly joins the shaft.

PICTURE 6: OSSIFICATION CENTRES OF CLAVICLE

FUNCTIONS OF CLAVICLE:

� Attaches upper limb to trunk

� Protects underlying structures supplying upper limb

� Transmits force from upper limb to axial skeleton

The weight of the upper limb is transmitted to the clavicle through

coracoclavicular ligament that is attached to the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line. This

weight is counteracted by trapezium aupporting the lateral part. Then the weight is

transmitted fron the conoid tubercle to the axial skeleton through the medial 2/3 rd of the

shaft of clavicle.

28

MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF CLAVICLE:

Clavicle is useful in estimation of:

1. Age of the individual

2. Age of the fetus

3. Sex of the individual

4. Stature of the individual

Many studies have been done in estimation of age and sex from clavicle but

only fewer studies have been conducted in estimation of stature from clavicle.

STUDIES USING CLAVICLE:

Natalie Renee Shirley(32) conducted a study of age and sex estimation

from the human clavicle in American population. This study compared the traditional

methods of estimation of age and sex to the novel approaches. In 2012, Megan Kathleen

Cleary conducted a study on American population and estimates sex from clavicle.

In 2015, C.G.Falys and D.Prangle(33) carried on a study to estimate age

in 40+ from sternal end of the clavicle and found that sternal end of the clavicle is more

reliable factor for estimation of age. This study was again tested by Blom and Anne in

2016(34) which also found sternal end of clavicle to b a reliable factor in estimation of

29

age above 40 years. Price Meghan(35) also tested Falys and Prangle’s study and stated

that sternal end of clavicle is an useful parameter for estimation of age of the individual.

In 2002, Kaur et al(36) conducted a study on length and curves of

clavicles in Northwest Indians. Makander et al.(37) conducted a study on determination

of sex and race from adult clavicle in South Indian population.

Various studies were conducted using radiographic images of the

clavicle. In 2014, Marjan Mansorvar(38) conduted a study on bone age assessment using

hand and clavicle x-ray images. Robert and owen(39) conducted a study on radiographic

changes in the clavicle and proximal end of femur and their use in determination of

skeletal age at death. They used samples from Hamann- Todd collection. They found that

clavicle had most consistent relationship with age of the individual.

STUDIES ON ESTIMATION OF STATURE OF CLAVICLE:

There are only very few studies on estimation of stature from clavicle. This

is because long bones proved to be reliable parameter for estimation of stature. But in

forensic context, long bones may not be available in every case. So it is important to

estimate stature from other bones like clavicle.

In 1952, Singh and Sohal(40) conducted a study to estimate stature from

clavicle in Punjabi population. Imrie and Wyburn carried a study in Glasgow university.

They estimated age, sex and height from immature human bones in which they also

estimated stature from clavicle.

30

Balvir et al.(41) estimated stature from the length of clavicle in Vidarbha

region of Maharashtra. They derived regression formula for estimating stature from

clavicle. Rani et al.(42) conducted a study on correlation of stature of adult with length

of clavicle and derived regression formulae for both males and females separately.

31

1. To find out correlation between length of right and left clavicle with stature of

an individual.

2. To estimate the stature of individual with maximum length of clavicle.

3. To obtain the regression formulae to estimate stature from adult clavicle for

both sexes.

32

STUDY SETTING:

The present study was carried out in Institute of Forensic Medicine, Madras

Medical College & Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai-3.

STUDY DESIGN:

The present study was a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical

components. The descriptive component was used to determine mean stature, length of

right and left clavicle in both male and female subjects. The analytical component was

used to find the correlation between the stature and length of clavicle and to formulate

regression equation for stature from clavicle length in both males and females.

SUBJECT SELECTION:

This study was conducted on cases in the age group 23-70 years subjected for

medico-legal autopsy in the mortuary attached to Rajiv Gandhi Government General

Hospital, Chennai - 600003.

STUDY PERIOD:

The data collection was spread over a time period of one year extending from the

month of April 2017- March 2018.

33

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

All cases in the adult age group (>22 years) subjected for medico-legal autopsy.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Cases with fracture of clavicle.

2. Pathological deformity of clavicle.

3. Cases with skeletal deformity.

4. Age less than 22 yrs since medial end of clavicle fuses between 20 – 22 years.

5. Cases not from Tamil Nadu

DATA COLLECTION:

The stature of the cadaver was measured initially after noting down the

particulars of the deceased. The cadaver is placed in supine position on the autopsy table.

The cadaver is placed in such position that the head was opposed to the upper end of the

table. A ruler was placed at the level of sole. The measurement from upper and of the

table to the ruler was made using measuring tape. The living stature is obtained from

cadaveric stature by deducting 15 mm for males and 20 mm for females(43),(44).

34

PICTURE 7: STATURE ESTIMATION IN CADAVER

35

REMOVAL OF CLAVICLE:

� The cadaver was placed in supine position. I shaped incision was made and flaps

were raised over the neck and chest region.

� The important steps in removal of clavicle includes dissection of sternoclavicular

joint and acromioclavicular joint.

� Dissection of sternoclavicular joint:

• The articulation of the sternal end of the clavicle with the manubrium

sterni was located.

• The anterior sternoclavicular ligament and the interclavicular ligament

were identified.

• With the scalpel blade turned horizontally, the anterior sternoclavicular

ligament was shaved off until both the joint surfaces and articular disc

can be seen.

• Then all the soft tissues underlying the sterna end of the clavicle were

dissected.

36

PICTURE 8: STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT

� Dissection of acromioclavicular joint:

• The fibres of anterior an dmiddle deltoid were released from the lateral

end of the clavicle and then the deltoid was turned distally.

• The acromioclavicular ligament is identified between the acromial end

of the clavicle and the acromion and then dissected.

• The corococlavicular ligament passing from corocoid process of scapula

to the clavicle was identified and dissected thenand all the soft tissues

underlying are dissected to release the lateral end of the clavicle.

PICTURE 9: ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT

37

� All the muscular attachments of the clavicle are dissected and is removed from the

body.

� The same procedure is carried out for the other side of the clavicle.

PICTURE 10: RIGHT AND LEFT CLAVICLES REMOVED FROM CADAVER

38

� The remaining soft tissues attached to the clavicles were removed.

clavicles were cleaned.

PICTURE 11: CLAVICLES AFTER CLEANING

� The length of the clavicle is measured using digital vernier caliper.

PICTUR

39

The length of the clavicle is measured using digital vernier caliper.

RE 12 : DIGITAL VERNIER CALIPER

The length of the clavicle is measured using digital vernier caliper.

: DIGITAL VERNIER CALIPER

40

� The external jaws of the caliper were brought together and the reading was

adjusted to zero.

� The clavicle was placed in between the external jaws of the caliper and the values

are measure in millimeter

PICTURE 13: MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH LEFT CLAVICLE

PICTURE 14: MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE

In this study,

mortuary attached to Institute of Forensic Medicine, Madras Medical College were taken

as study sample. In all these cases, stature and lengths of both right and left clavicle were

measured using appropriate methods.

TABLE 3: SEX DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 1: SEX DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE STUDY SAMPLE

Sex

Male

Female

Total

41

200 cases which were subjected to medico legal



measured using appropriate methods.

: SEX DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE STUDY SAMPLE


158 cases

79%

42 cases

21%

Males Females

Frequency Percentage

158 79

42 21

200 100

medico legal autopsy in



AMONG THE STUDY SAMPLE


ercentage

42

According to Table 3 and Figure 1, the distribution of sex among the total

number of 200 cases is as follows: Male – 158 cases which is 79 percentage of total study

sample; Female – 42 cases which is 21 percentage of total study sample.

TABLE 4: AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

Age in years Frequency Percentage

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

10 5 4 4 7 8 13 4 4 2 8 - 11 4 1 2 2 4 2 6 7 2 19 7 3 4 3 1 2 5 2

5 2.5 2 2 3.5 4 7.5 2 2 1 4 - 5.5 2 0.5 1 1 2 1 3 3.5 1 9.5 3.5 1.5 2 1.5 0.5 1 2.5 1

43

54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

- 18 - - 6 - 1 5 - 2 3 6 - - - - 3

- 9 - - 3 - 0.5 2.5 - 1 1.5 3 - - - - 1.5

total 200 100

Table 4 shows the age wise distribution of cases taken for study starting from

23 years up to 70 years. While collecting study samples cases below 23 years of age were

excluded since the developmental process would not have been completed and clavicle

would have not fused completely.

TABLE 5: AGE GROUP WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

Age group Frequency Percent

23-30 years 52 26.0

31-50 years 93 46.5

51-70 years 55 27.5

Total 200 100.0

44

FIGURE 2: AGE GROUP WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

The number of cases in the 23 – 30 years age group constitutes 26%

of total study sample i.e. 52 cases of total 200 cases. The number of cases in the 31 – 50

years age group constitutes 46.5% of total study sample i.e. 93 cases of total 200 cases.

Likewise the 51-70 years age group constitutes 27.5% of total study sample i.e. 55 cases

of total 200 cases.

26%

46.5%

27.5%

23-30 years

31-50 years

51-70 years

45

TABLE 6: STATURE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

Stature group in cm Frequency Percent

139.0-145.0 4 2.0

145.1-150.0 3 1.5

150.1-155.0 17 8.5

155.1-160.0 19 9.5

160.1-165.0 78 39.0

165.1-170.0 51 25.5

170.1-175.0 28 14.0

Total 200 100.0

FIGURE 3: STATURE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

2%2%

8%

10%

39%

25%

14%139-145

146-150

151-155

156-160

160-165

165-170

170-175

46

The total no of cases were classified into 7 groups according to their stature.

There were 4 cases in stature group 139.0 - 145.0 which constituted 2% of total sample

size. There were 3 cases in stature group 145.1 – 150.0 which constituted 1.5% of total

sample size. There were 17 & 19 cases in stature group 150.1 – 155.0 & 155.1 – 160.0

respectively which constituted 8.5% & 9.5% of total sample size. The stature group with

highest number of cases was 160.1 – 165.0 with 78 cases which constituted 39% of total

sample size. There were 51 & 28 cases in stature group 165.1 – 170.0 & 170.1 – 175.0

respectively which constituted 25.5% & 14% of total sample size.

TABLE 7: CROSS TABULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE BASED ON AGE & SEX

Age group SEX Total Male Female

23-30 years Count 46 6 52

% within SEX 29.1% 14.3% 26.0% 31-50 years Count 64 29 93



% within SEX 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Pearson Chi-Square=10.887** p=0.004

FIGURE 4: AGE AND SEX WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

A cross tabulation was

female cases. The age group 23

of total male cases and 6 female cases which constituted 14.3% of total female ca

age group 31-50 consisted of 64 male cases which constituted 40.5% of total male cases

and 29 female cases which constituted 69% of total female cases. The age group 51

consisted of 48 male cases which constituted 30.4% of total male cases and

cases which constituted 16.7% of total female cases. The p value calculated for the above

data was 0.004 which was statisti

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Male

29%

41%

30%

47


A cross tabulation was made dividing each age group

female cases. The age group 23-30 consisted of 46 male cases which constituted 29.1%

of total male cases and 6 female cases which constituted 14.3% of total female ca

50 consisted of 64 male cases which constituted 40.5% of total male cases

and 29 female cases which constituted 69% of total female cases. The age group 51

consisted of 48 male cases which constituted 30.4% of total male cases and


hich was statistically significant.

Female

29%

14%

41% 69%

30%

17%


made dividing each age group into male and

46 male cases which constituted 29.1%

of total male cases and 6 female cases which constituted 14.3% of total female cases. The

50 consisted of 64 male cases which constituted 40.5% of total male cases

and 29 female cases which constituted 69% of total female cases. The age group 51-70

consisted of 48 male cases which constituted 30.4% of total male cases and 7 female


51-70 years

31-50 years

23-30 years

48

TABLE 8: CROSS TABULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE BASED ON STATURE

AND SEX

Pearson Chi-Square=47.525** p<0.001

Stature group SEX Total

Male Female

139.0-145.0 Count 2 2 4

% within SEX 1.3% 4.8% 2.0%

145.1-150.0 Count 0 3 3

% within SEX 0.0% 7.1% 1.5%

150.1-155.0 Count 6 11 17

% within SEX 3.8% 26.2% 8.5%

155.1-160.0 Count 11 8 19

% within SEX 7.0% 19.0% 9.5%

160.1-165.0

Count 70 8 78

% within SEX 44.3% 19.0% 39.0%

165.1-170.0 Count 43 8 51

% within SEX 27.2% 19.0% 25.5%

170.1-175.0 Count 26 2 28

% within SEX 16.5% 4.8% 14.0%

Total Count 158 42 200

% within SEX 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

FIGURE 5: STATURE AND SEX WISE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SAMPLE

Another cross tabulation was made dividing each stature groups into

male and female cases. The stature group 139.0

which constituted 1.3% of total male cases and 2 female cases which constit

total female cases. The stature group 145.1

female cases which constituted 7.1% of total female cases. The stature group 150.1

155.0 consisted of 6 male cases which constituted 3.8% of total male

cases which constituted 26.2% of total female cases.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Male

1%0%4%

7%

44%

27%

17%

49



male and female cases. The stature group 139.0 - 145.0 cm consisted of 2 male cases

which constituted 1.3% of total male cases and 2 female cases which constit

total female cases. The stature group 145.1 – 150.0 cm consisted of nil male cases and 3

female cases which constituted 7.1% of total female cases. The stature group 150.1

155.0 consisted of 6 male cases which constituted 3.8% of total male

cases which constituted 26.2% of total female cases. The stature group 155

Female

5%

7%

26%

19%

44%

19%27%

19%

17%

5%



145.0 cm consisted of 2 male cases

which constituted 1.3% of total male cases and 2 female cases which constituted 4.8% of

150.0 cm consisted of nil male cases and 3

female cases which constituted 7.1% of total female cases. The stature group 150.1 –

155.0 consisted of 6 male cases which constituted 3.8% of total male cases and 11 female

The stature group 155.1 – 160.0

170.1-175.0

165.1-170.0

160.1-165.0

155.1-160.0

150.1-155.0

145.1-150.0

139.0-145.0

50

consisted of 11 male cases which constituted 7% of total male cases and 8 female cases

which constituted 19% of total female cases. The stature group 160.1 – 165.0 consisted of

70 male cases which constituted 44.3% of total male cases and 8 female cases which

constituted 19% of total female cases. The stature group 165.1 – 170.0 consisted of 43

male cases which constituted 27.2% of total male cases and 8 female cases which

constituted 19% of total female cases. The stature group 170.1 – 175.0 consisted of 26

male cases which constituted 16.5% of total male cases and 2 female cases which

constituted 4.8% of total female cases. The p value calculated for the above data was

<0.001 which was statistically significant.

TABLE 9: MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF SELECTED VARIABLES

OF STUDY SAMPLE

Selected variables Mean

Std.

Deviation N

Stature (in cm) 163.9050 6.56976 200

Right clavicle length (in mm)

145.8490

11.92696

200

Left clavicle length (in mm)

150.4250

12.32379

200

51

FIGURE 6: MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF SELECTED VARIABLES

OF STUDY SAMPLE

Table 9 and figure 7 shows descriptive statistics for the statue and lengths of

right and left clavicle for all the samples. The mean stature of the total sample was 163.9

cm. The mean right clavicle length of total sample was 145.8 mm and the mean left

clavicle length of total sample was 150.4 mm.

145.80

150.40

143.00

144.00

145.00

146.00

147.00

148.00

149.00

150.00

151.00

RIGHT CLAVICLE LEFT CLAVICLE

len

gth

in

mm

variables

RIGHT CLAVICLE

LEFT CLAVICLE

52

TABLE 10: MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF SELECTED VARIABLES

OF MALE POPULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

Variables Mean Std. Deviation N

Stature in cm 165.3101 cm 5.46780 158

Right clavicle length in mm

147.4127 mm

11.13996

158

Left clavicle length in mm 152.4475 mm 11.64737 158


OF MALE POPULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

144.00

145.00

146.00

147.00

148.00

149.00

150.00

151.00

152.00

153.00


len

gth

in

mm

variables

RIGHT CLAVICLE

LEFT CLAVICLE

53

Table 10 and figure 8 shows descriptive statistics for male population of

the statistics. The mean stature of the total male population was 165.3 cm. The mean right

clavicle length of total male population was 147.4 mm and the mean left clavicle length

of total male population was 152.4 mm.

TABLE 11: MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR SELECTED

VARIABLES IN FEMALE POPULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

variables Mean Std. Deviation N

STATURE 158.6190 cm 7.66669 42

RIGHT CLAVICLE 139.9667 mm 13.05255 42

LEFT CLAVICLE 142.8167 mm 11.94187 42

54


OF FEMALE POPULATION OF STUDY SAMPLE

Table 11 and figure 8 shows descriptive statistics for male population

of the statistics. The mean stature of the total female population was 158.6 cm. The mean

right clavicle length of total female population was 139.9 mm and the mean left clavicle

length of total female population was 142.8 mm.

Figure 9 shows the distribution of mean stature among the total study

sample, male and female population of study sample.

139.97

142.82

138.50

139.00

139.50

140.00

140.50

141.00

141.50

142.00

142.50

143.00

143.50


len

gth

in

mm

variables

RIGHT CLAVICLE

LEFT CLAVICLE

55

FIGURE 9: MEAN STATURE OF THE TOTAL STUDY SAMPLE, MALES AND

FEMALES

From the descriptive statistics, it is clear that all the values including the

stature, length of right clavicle and length of left clavicle are higher in males when

compared to females. It is also noted that length of left clavicle is more than right clavicle

in both male and female.

TABLE 12: DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN STATURE IN MALES AND FEMALES

163.9

165.3

158.6

154

156

158

160

162

164

166

total study sample male female

sta

ture

in

cm

SEX

N Mean Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

t value P value

STATURE Male 158 165.3101 5.46780 .43499

6.435** <0.001

Female 42 158.6190 7.66669 1.18300

56

FIGURE 10: DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN STATURE IN MALES AND FEMALES

Table 12 and figure 10 shows independent sample test for stature in

both male and female. The mean stature for male was 165.3 cm and female was 158.6

cm. the p value was calculated for this data and found to be <0.001 which proves that the

data is statistically significant.

165.31

158.62

154.00

156.00

158.00

160.00

162.00

164.00

166.00

Male Female

sta

ture

in

cm

sex

Male

Female

57

TABLE 13: DISTRIBUTION OF STATURE AMONG DIFFERENT AGE

GROUPS

Age

in

year

s N

Mean

stature

Std.

Deviatio

n

Std.

Error

95% Confidence

Interval for

Mean

Minimu

m

Maxim

um

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

f value

23-

30 52 167.32

69 4.67249 .64796

166.02

61

168.627

8 150.00 174.00

16.792**

31-

50 93 164.01

08 5.70373 .59145

162.83

61

165.185

4 152.00 175.00

51-

70 55 160.49

09 7.73609 1.04313

158.39

96

162.582

3 139.00 170.00

Tot

al 200 163.90

50 6.56976 .46455

162.98

89

164.821

1 139.00 175.00

The table 13 shows descriptive statistics for age group wise distribution of

stature in the study sample. The study group is divided into 3 groups: 23-30 yrs, 31-50

yrs, 51-70 yrs. The mean stature of 23-30 yrs group is 167.33 cm with minimum stature

of 150 cm and maximum stature of 174 cm. The mean stature of 31-50 yrs group is

164.01 cm with minimum stature of 152 cm and maximum stature of 175 cm. The mean

58

stature of 51-70 yrs group is 160.49 cm with minimum stature of 139 cm and maximum

stature of 170 cm. in total the mean stature of total population is 163.90 cm with

minimum stature of 139 cm and maximum stature of 175 cm.

FIGURE 11: DISTRIBUTION OF STATURE AMONG DIFFERENT AGE

GROUPS

Figure 11 shows the distribution of mean stature in different age groups of

the study population.

167.33

164.01

160.49

156.00

158.00

160.00

162.00

164.00

166.00

168.00

23-30 31-50 51-70

sta

ture

in

cm

age in years

23-30

31-50

51-70

59

TABLE 14: CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND LENGTH OF RIGHT

CLAVICLE

Correlations RIGHT CLAVICLE **P value

Pearson Correlation STATURE .586** <0.001

FIGURE 12: CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND LENGTH OF RIGHT

CLAVICLE

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Rig

ht

Cla

vic

le l

en

gth

in

mm

STATURE in cm

60

The correlation between stature and right clavicle length was calculated using

Pearson’s correlation formula and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.586 and p

value was <0.001. This proves that there is positive correlation between the stature and

length of right clavicle, i.e., when length of right clavicle increases stature of the

individual increases and vice versa.

TABLE 15: CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND LENGTH OF LEFT

CLAVICLE

Correlations LEFT CLAVICLE **P value

Pearson Correlation

STATURE .550** <0.001

61

FIGURE 13: CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND LENGTH OF LEFT

CLAVICLE

Similarly, the correlation between stature and left clavicle length was

calculated using Pearson’s correlation formula and the correlation coefficient was found

to be 0.586 and p value was <0.001. This proves that there is positive correlation between

the stature and length of left clavicle, i.e., when length of left clavicle increases stature of

the individual increases and vice versa.

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Left

Cla

vic

le l

en

gth

in

mm

Stature in cm

62

STATURE PREDICTION:

. TABLE 16: SUMMARY OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Model

R R Square Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 -

.590a .348 .341 5.33225

a. Predictors: (Constant), left clavicle length, right clavicle length

TABLE 17: ANOVA TABLE FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

ANOVAb

Model

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 2987.906 2 1493.953 52.543 .000a

Residual 5601.289 197 28.433

Total

8589.195

199

a. Predictors: (Constant), Left clavicle length, Right clavicle length b. Dependent Variable: Stature

63

TABLE 18: COEFFICIENTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

T Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant)

115.506 4.772

24.205 .000

Right clavicle

length

.251 .068 .456 3.694 .000

Left clavicle

length

.078 .066 .146 1.186 .237

a. Dependent Variable: Stature

From the above tables, it is clear that length of right clavicle is a good

predictor of stature with p value <0.05. On the other hand, the length of left clavicle is not

a good predictor of stature since the p value is >0.05.

Thus from above values, a regression formula for estimation of stature

of an individual from maximum length of right clavicle irrespective of gender is

formulated as below:

STATURE = 0.251(RIGHT CLAVICLE LENGTH) + 115.506

64

STATURE PREDICTION INMALES:

TABLE 19: CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND LENGTH OF RIGHT

CLAVICLE IN MALES

Correlations Right clavicle

length

**p value

Pearson Correlation stature .498** <0.001


CLAVICLE IN MALES

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Rig

ht

Cla

vic

l le

mg

th i

n m

m

Stature in cm

65

The correlation between stature and right clavicle length was

calculated using Pearson’s correlation formula and the correlation coefficient was found

to be 0.498 and p value was <0.001. This proves that there is positive correlation between

the stature and length of right clavicle, i.e., when length of right clavicle increases stature

of the individual increases and vice versa.


CLAVICLE IN MALES

Correlations Left clavicle length **p value

Pearson Correlation Stature .450** <0.001


CLAVICLE IN MALES

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Left

Cla

vic

le l

em

gth

in

mm

stature in cm

66

The correlation between stature and left clavicle length was calculated

using Pearson’s correlation formula and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.450

and p value was <0.001. This proves that there is positive correlation between the stature

and length of left clavicle, i.e., when length of left clavicle increases stature of the


TABLE 21: SUMMARY OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS - MALES

Model

R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .499a .249 .240 4.76790

TABLE 22: ANOVA TABLE FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS - MALES

ANOVAb

Model Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 1170.208 2 585.104 25.738 .000a

Residual 3523.595 155 22.733

Total 4693.804 157

a. Predictors: (Constant), Left clavicle length, Right clavicle length

b. Dependent Variable: Stature

67

TABLE 23: COEFFICIENTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS - MALES

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 128.662 5.194 24.769 .000

Right clavicle

length

.214 .069 .437 3.097 .002

Left clavicle

length

.033 .066 .071 .500 .617


From the above tables, it is clear that length of right clavicle is a good

predictor of stature with p value <0.05. On the other hand, the length of left clavicle is not

a good predictor of stature since the p value is >0.05.

Thus from above values, a regression formula for estimation of stature

of an individual from maximum length of right clavicle for male population is formulated

as below:


68

STATURE PREDICTION IN FEMALES:

TABLE 24: MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR SELECTED VARIABLES IN FEMALES

Variables Mean Std. Deviation N

Stature 158.6190 7.66669 42

Right clavicle length 139.9667 13.05255 42

Left clavicle length 142.8167 11.94187 42

TABLE 25: CORRELATION BETWEEN STATURE AND LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE IN FEMALES

Correlations Right clavicle

length

**p value

Pearson Correlation

Stature

.663**

<0.001

69


CLAVICLE IN FEMALES

The correlation between stature and right clavicle length was calculated



and length of right clavicle, i.e., when length of right clavicle increases stature of the


50

70

90

110

130

150

170

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Rig

ht

Cla

vic

e l

en

gth

in

mm

Stature in cm

70


CLAVICLE IN FEMALES

Correlations Left clavicle length

**p value

Pearson Correlation Stature .592** <0.001


CLAVICLE IN FEMALES

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Left

Cla

vic

le l

en

gth

in

mm

stature in cm

71

The correlation between stature and left clavicle length was calculated



and length of left clavicle, i.e., when length of left clavicle increases stature of the


TABLE 27: SUMMARY OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS - FEMALES

Model

R R Square Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .663a .439 .411 5.88544

TABLE 28: ANOVA TABLE FOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS - FEMALES

ANOVAb

Model

Sum of Squares

df

Mean

Square F Sig.

1 Regression 1059.008 2 529.504 15.287 .000a

Residual 1350.897 39 34.638

Total 2409.905 41

a. Predictors: (Constant), Left clavicle length, Right clavicle length

b. Dependent Variable: Stature

72

TABLE 29: COEFFICIENTS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS - FEMALES

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (constant) 104.883 11.032 9.507 .000

Right clavicle

length

.412 .166 .702 2.484 .017

Left clavicle

length

-.028 .181 -.043 -.152 .880


From the above tables, it is clear that length of right clavicle is a

good predictor of stature with p value <0.05. On the other hand, the length of left clavicle is

not a good predictor of stature since the p value is >0.05.

Thus from above values, regression formulae for estimation of stature of

an individual from maximum length of right clavicle for females is formulated as below:


73

TABLE 230: REGRESSION EQUATION FOR STATURE WITH LENGTH OF

RIGHT CLAVICLE IN MALE, FEMALE AND BOTH SEXES TOGETHER

SUBJECTS CORRELTION

COEFFICIENT

REGRESSION EQUATION P VALUE

Both sexes

together

0.586 STATURE= 0.251(RIGHT

CLAVICLE LENGTH)+115.506

<0.001

Male 0.498 STATURE= 0.214(RIGHT


<0.001

female 0.663 STATURE= 0.412(RIGHT


<0.001

74

Stature estimation is an important part of identification process of

unknown individuals, especially in case where human bodies are found as skeletal

remains or in mutilated conditions.(42) Several researches have been made to estimate

stature from different long bones like femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, fibula. But

these long bones may not be available in all cases. So studies have also been conducted to

determine stature from other bones, body parts, etc. Clavicle is a long bone which is least

studied in context with stature estimation. In India very few studies have attempted to

determine stature of an individual from various measurements of clavicle. This study was

conducted to estimate stature from length of the clavicle and obtain regression formula. A

total of 200 cases were studied of which 158 were male and 42 were female.

STATURE:

The mean stature of my study was found to be 165.3 cm in males and 158.6 in

females. In a study conducted by Balvir et al(45) in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, the

mean stature of male was 162 cm and female was 154.2 cm. According to Nataraja

Moorthy et al(46), the mean stature of Tamil Nadu population was found to be 173.7 cm.

In a study conducted by Angus Deaton et al(47), the mean stature of Tamil Nadu

population was found to be 165.8 cm in males and 153.4 cm in females. According to

Jadav et al(48), the mean stature in Gujarat was 165.92 cm. these values are compared in

the table give below:

75

TABLE 31: MEAN STATURE IN DIFFERENT STUDIES

S.NO STUDY REGION MEAN STATURE

MALE FEMALE

1. My study Tamil Nadu 165.3 158.6

2. Balvir et al.(41) Maharashtra 162 154.2

3. Nataraja Moorthy et

al.(46)

Tamil Nadu 173.7 cm

4. Angus Deaton et

al.(47)

Tamil Nadu 165.8 153.4

5. Jadav et al.(48) Gujarat 165.9

LENGTH OF CLAVICLE:

The mean length of right clavicle in males in the present study was 147.4

cm and that of left clavicle was 152.4 cm and the mean length of left clavicle in females

in the present study was 139.9 cm and that of left clavicle was 142.8 cm. The mean

lengths of right and left clavicle in both the sexes in various studies are tabulated below:

76

TABLE 32: COMPARISON OF LENGTH OF CLAVICLE IN DIFFERENT

STUDIES

sex side Parson

(1916)

(49)

Oliver

(1956)

(50)

Jit &

singh

(1966)

(51)

Singh &

gangrade

(1968)

Jit &

sahni

(1983)

Kaur et

al.

(2002)

(36)

Nationality english french Indian

(amrits

ar)

Indian

(Varanasi)

Indian Indian

Sample size M B 50 110 236 97 280 748

F 50 60 112 80 2552

length of

clavicle

M R 152.0 154.2 145.6 141.5 148.0 149.4

L 152.0 155.0 147.6 144.2 149.8 151.1

F R 138.0 137.9 130.4 125.8 132.4 134.5

L 139.0 138.7 129.8 122.8 134.0 136.2

77

se

x

sid

e

Moham

med

(2006)

Patil et

al.

(2009)

(29)

Rani et

al.

(2011)

(42)

Ishwarkumar

et al.

(52)

Present study

Nationality Iraqi indian Indian South African Indian

(tamilian)

Sample size M B 63 107 70 66 158

F 37 109 30 34 42

Maximum

length of

clavicle

M R 155.2 141.8 149.7 153.5 147.4

L 155.7 142.3 146.2 151.8 152.4

F R 137.4 125.9 118.4 138.0 139.9

L 139.2 125.9 115.6 141.0 142.8

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LENGTHS OF RIGHT AND LEFT CLAVICLE:

In the present study, the mean length of right clavicles is less than left

clavicles in both males and females. But in a study conducted by Sudha et al.(53) in south

Indian population the mean length of right clavicle was less than the mean lengths of left

clavicle. A study was conducted by Makandar(37) in south Indian population using

clavicle stated that mean length of left clavicle of south Indian population was greater

than the mean length of right clavicle. Previous studies by, Kaur et al(36), Haque(54),

78

Mays et al.(55), Jit and Singh(51) and Parsons(17) revealed that the mean length of the

left clavicles was greater than that of the right. Trotter et al, Singh and Gangrade differed

by saying that the mean length of right clavicles was greater than the left clavicles.

TABLE 33: COMPARISON OF LENGTHIER SIDE OF CLAVICLE AMONG

DIFFERENT STUDIES

Study

Population

Side of clavicle which has

higher mean length

Present study Tamil Nadu Left

Sudha et al. Tamil Nadu Left

Makandar et al. Tamil Nadu left

Kaur et al. Indian Left

Haque Nepal Left

Mays et al. English Left

Jit and Singh Amritsar Left

Parsons English Left

Trotter et al America Right

Singh and Gangrade Varanasi Right

79

REGRESSION EQUATION:

In the present study, the regression equation was determined to estimate the

stature from maximum length of right clavicle in both males and female.

For males:

STATURE = 0.214 (RIGHT CLAVICLE LENGTH) + 128.662

For females:

STATURE= 0.412 (RIGHT CLAVICLE LRNGTH) + 104.883

In a study conducted by Balvir et al.(14), regression formulae were

determined for both males and females from both right and left clavicles.

For males:

Right clavicle:

STATURE = 1630.58-0.0772 (MAX LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE)

Left clavicle:

STATURE = 1617.47 + 0.0157 (MAX LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE)

For females:

Right clavicle:

STATURE = 1707.2-1.31 (MAX LENGTH OF RIGHT CLAVICLE)

Left clavicle:

STATURE = 1674.58 + 1.0385 (MAX LENGTH OF LEFT CLAVICLE)

80

In the present study, it has been concluded that

� The mean stature is more in males than females.

� The mean length of right clavicle is less than the mean length of left clavicle in

both males and females.

� The mean length of right clavicle is more in males than in females.

� The mean length of left clavicle is more in males than in females.

� There is a positive correlation between stature and length of right clavicle in both

males and females.

� There is a positive correlation between stature and length of left clavicle in both

males and females.

� Length of right clavicle proved to be a good predictor of stature (p value <0.05) in

both males and female

� On the other hand, length of left clavicle did not prove to be a good predictor of

stature (p value > 0.05) in both males and females.

� The multiplication factor for males and females showed considerable difference.

This shows that sex identification prior to stature estimation will give more

accurate results.

� The regression formulae obtained in this study can be used to estimate stature in

South Indian population.

81

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1 F 50 161.3 159.3 159 146.3 143.82 M 45 163.5 161 161 149.7 139.23 M 29 171.7 170.2 170 160.5 170.24 M 35 166.8 165.3 165 143.1 153.45 M 42 163.9 165.4 165 143.1 139.16 M 45 164.1 162.6 163 143 1557 M 65 167.6 165.1 165 145 1608 M 28 172.6 171.1 171 142 1529 M 39 161.5 160 160 142.3 154.1

10 M 58 163.1 161.6 162 144.9 16911 M 55 140.2 138.7 139 115.3 126.212 M 55 171.7 170.2 170 159.3 16913 M 55 167.8 166.3 166 159.1 178.614 M 23 174 172.5 172 138.2 145.415 F 23 152.2 150.2 150 144.5 144.316 M 41 163.3 161.8 162 153.8 155.217 M 58 166.6 165.1 165 147.9 147.718 M 46 161.5 159 159 126.4 133.119 M 28 176.7 174.2 174 146.4 143.420 M 55 166.8 165.3 165 135.1 144.421 M 64 168 166.5 166 131.1 148.222 M 23 164.5 163 163 134.2 138.223 M 29 166.7 165.2 165 158.3 157.524 M 55 163.9 161.4 161 141.8 139.625 M 28 171.7 170.2 170 143.1 155.126 M 25 172.5 171 171 152.8 153.827 M 49 176.1 174.6 175 166.2 169.428 M 32 172.6 171.1 171 136 137.529 M 70 166.5 165 165 139.8 13630 M 25 166.5 165 165 146.5 147.431 F 48 169.4 167.4 167 139.8 132.632 M 48 172 170.5 170 128.5 141.733 M 45 174.1 172.6 173 118.5 125.134 M 31 167.6 166.1 166 131.5 132.935 M 61 154.7 153.2 153 127.9 133.436 M 24 167.4 165.9 166 151.4 157.437 M 27 162.7 161.2 161 142.9 144.638 M 38 168.3 166.8 167 146.3 152.239 M 65 166.3 164.8 165 150.5 150.940 F 45 157.3 155.3 155 123 124.5

41 M 36 170.6 169.1 69 149.9 15142 F 40 168.2 166 166 122.8 130.843 F 46 165.9 163.9 164 136.4 138.444 M 26 166.5 165 165 140.9 145.345 F 40 155.5 153.5 154 132.9 133.946 M 30 168.4 166.9 167 146.9 147.247 M 29 168.6 167.1 167 146.2 144.448 M 55 168.2 166.7 167 152.8 151.649 M 65 161.5 160 160 160.8 157.450 M 61 166.7 165 165 143.4 150.251 M 28 166.9 165.4 165 162.8 165.252 M 45 171.3 169.8 170 144.9 146.253 M 29 166 164.5 164 142.3 148.154 M 30 165.5 164 164 165.9 169.155 M 29 169.7 168.2 168 155.1 159.456 F 52 161.2 159 159 138.3 144.557 M 60 166.6 165.1 165 151 152.158 F 51 160.5 158 158 145.9 143.559 M 46 164.4 162.9 163 153.5 154.360 M 27 172.4 170.9 171 160.3 169.861 M 33 164.7 163.2 163 152.5 155.862 M 43 172.5 171 171 159.5 169.163 F 35 154.1 152.1 152 145.2 149.464 M 55 164.7 163.2 163 149.7 153.465 M 29 174.6 173.1 173 161.2 169.966 F 42 168.3 166.3 166 153.5 160.167 M 63 158.9 157.4 157 146.1 149.268 F 43 153.8 151.8 152 129.3 133.469 M 24 169.4 167.9 168 155.1 161.370 M 52 155.7 154.2 154 131.5 141.471 M 33 171.4 169.9 170 160.5 162.372 F 45 165.4 163.4 163 149.5 149.173 M 35 166.5 165 165 153.4 154.774 M 47 165 163.5 163 148.5 153.175 M 23 172.3 170.8 171 160.9 162.176 M 61 159.8 158.3 158 145.9 151.277 F 31 160.5 158.5 158 135.5 140.278 M 28 170.7 169.2 169 159.2 161.379 F 53 152.1 150.1 150 119.8 123.480 M 45 162.1 160.6 161 149.7 139.281 M 33 171.9 170.4 170 160.5 162.382 M 55 171.6 170.1 170 159.3 16983 F 45 162.8 160.8 161 149.7 139.284 M 42 166.5 165 165 143.1 139.185 M 39 161.8 160.3 160 142.3 154.186 F 55 141 139 139 115.3 126.287 M 23 173.4 171.9 172 138.2 145.4

88 M 55 166.7 165.2 165 135.1 144.489 M 29 166.6 165.1 165 158.3 157.590 F 29 174.9 172.9 173 161.2 169.991 M 45 164.5 163 163 149.5 149.192 M 36 170.4 168.9 169 149.9 15193 M 25 168.4 166.9 167 146.2 144.494 M 27 166.5 165 165 143.4 150.295 M 26 169.5 168 168 155.1 161.396 F 33 172.1 170.1 170 160.5 162.397 M 30 168.6 167.1 167 146.9 147.298 M 55 167.1 165.6 166 159.1 178.699 F 29 167.3 165.3 165 158.3 157.5

100 M 47 164.7 163.2 163 148.1 152.9101 M 24 172.3 170.8 171 160.8 162.3102 F 45 163.3 161.3 161 149.4 139.4103 F 55 141.1 139.1 139 114.9 125.1104 M 35 166.1 164.6 165 153.6 154.7105 M 23 166.5 165 165 146.7 147.3106 M 70 166.8 165.3 165 139.8 136.4107 M 65 166.8 165.3 165 145.4 160.3108 M 45 174.1 172.6 173 117.5 124.1109 M 38 168.7 167.2 167 146.4 152.1110 M 58 163.5 162 162 145.1 169.2111 M 46 164.6 163 163 153.3 154.3112 F 35 154 152 152 145.4 149.3113 F 43 154.4 152.4 152 129.6 133.1114 M 23 173.7 172.2 172 138.2 145.4115 M 35 166.9 165.4 165 143.9 153.7116 M 36 170.6 169.1 169 150.9 159.9117 F 42 167.6 165.6 166 153.5 159.8118 M 55 164.8 163.3 163 149.7 153.4119 F 42 168.4 166.4 166 153.5 160.1120 M 29 170.2 168.7 169 159.2 161.3121 M 48 171.2 169.7 170 168.5 172.7122 M 25 172.4 170.9 171 168.2 173.8123 M 52 155.9 154.4 154 133.5 144.4124 F 53 152.1 150 150 119.1 125.4125 M 35 166.5 165 165 143.4 150.2126 F 35 161 159 159 146.3 143.8127 M 61 159.8 158.3 158 145.9 151.2128 M 33 171.2 169.7 170 166.5 170.3129 M 35 166.6 165.1 165 143.1 153.4130 M 45 162.7 161.2 161 139.7 149.2131 F 51 160.4 158.4 158 145.9 143.5132 F 45 159.2 157.2 157 145.9 142.6133 F 28 173.1 171.1 171 162.9 163.2134 M 27 162.8 161.3 161 142.9 144.6

135 M 65 166.7 165.2 165 145.5 160.1136 M 24 167.1 165.6 166 151.4 157.4137 M 43 172.1 170.6 171 159.5 169.1138 F 46 166.5 164.5 164 136.4 138.4139 M 65 166.9 165.4 165 150.5 150.9140 F 45 157.2 155.2 155 134.4 144.5141 M 58 166.8 165.3 165 147.9 154.7142 M 26 166.7 165.2 165 140.7 145.5143 M 64 166.2 164.7 166 137.1 145.2144 M 28 175.1 173.6 174 169.4 174.4145 F 40 155.4 153.4 153 122.9 133.7146 M 55 162.5 161 161 141.8 139.6147 M 23 164.6 163.1 163 134.2 138.2148 M 55 168.9 167.4 167 152.8 151.6149 M 43 166.7 165.2 165 143.4 150.2150 M 28 171.3 169.8 170 143.1 155.1151 M 55 140.9 139.4 139 115.3 126.2152 F 31 159.9 157.9 158 135.5 140.2153 M 32 172.5 171 171 136 137.5154 M 70 166.1 164.6 165 139.8 136155 M 44 170 168.5 168 155.1 159.4156 M 45 165 163.5 163 143 155157 F 23 167.5 165.5 165 152.1 155.1158 M 45 174.1 172.6 173 168.5 175.1159 M 52 169.8 168.3 168 154.1 159.1160 M 45 165.9 164.4 164 143.4 156.5161 M 27 172.3 170.8 171 161.3 170.8162 M 33 164.5 163 163 152.5 155.8163 M 43 172.7 171.2 171 159.5 169.1164 M 24 167.6 166.1 166 151.4 157.4165 F 45 157 155 155 123.5 134.5166 M 41 163.8 162.3 162 153.8 155.2167 F 40 168.2 166.2 166 122.8 130.8168 M 46 160.7 159.2 159 126.4 133.1169 M 63 158.5 157 157 146.1 149.2170 M 26 166.6 165.1 165 140.9 145.3171 M 64 167.2 165.7 166 131.1 148.2172 M 47 164.4 162.9 163 148.5 153.1173 M 35 165.6 164.1 164 165.9 169.1174 M 58 166.8 165.3 165 147.9 147.7175 M 33 166.5 165 165 162.8 165.2176 M 44 166.9 165.4 165 162.8 165.2177 M 49 176.1 174.6 175 166.2 169.4178 M 29 171.6 170.1 170 160.5 170.2179 M 30 165.9 164.4 164 142.3 148.1180 M 42 166.7 165.2 165 143.1 139.1181 F 48 169.2 167.2 167 139.8 132.6

182 M 55 168.6 167.1 167 152.8 151.6183 M 37 171.1 169.6 170 144.9 146.2184 M 31 167.8 166.3 166 131.5 132.9185 M 61 154.9 153.4 153 127.9 133.4186 M 58 163.8 162.3 162 144.9 169187 M 27 162.5 161 161 142.9 144.6188 F 35 154 152 152 145.2 149.4189 M 23 173.2 171.7 172 138.2 145.4190 M 29 174.1 172.6 173 161.2 169.9191 M 36 171 169.5 169 149.9 151192 M 49 176.1 174.6 175 166.2 169.4193 M 46 160.9 159.4 159 126.4 133.1194 M 52 155.7 154.2 154 131.5 141.4195 M 27 166.8 165.3 165 146.5 147.4196 M 33 161.8 160.3 160 160.8 157.4197 M 55 162.4 160.9 161 141.8 139.6198 M 43 157 155.5 155 138.3 144.5199 F 29 157.5 155.5 155 142.2 147.6200 F 45 163.2 161.2 161 149.7 159.2

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Study on estimation of stature of adult from claviclerepository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/10994/1/201400119dhivya_prakash.pdf · Fingerprints 10. Foot prints 11. Tattoo marks 12. Lip prints 13