- -
VERBUM
1999
19
-
2017
I 87.3
V41
:. . , (),
. . , . . , . . (),. . , . . , . . , . . ,
(), . . , . . , (), . . , . .
. . . . . , . . . - , , 2017. 240 . (VERBUM: . 19).
ISBN 978-5-91116-633-5
I 87.3
V41
ISBN 978-5-91116-633-5
, 2017 , 2017 , 2017
V41
3
...................................................................
7
I.
.... 9. . : ( . . . , )
.......................................................................
24. . ............................................... 41 . .
.................. 52 , V
........................................................ 57. .
............................................... 65
II.
. . ....... 78. . :
............................................................. 89. .
()
....................................................................
102
III.
. .
...........................................................................
119
Verbum 19
4
. . Translatio Studiorum: (12001274 .) .......................
136 : (1134b 181135a 5)
..................................................................................
152. . ............. 163
.........................................................................
180 praxis : " "
.........................................................................
189
IV.
.................................................. 201. .
.......................................................................
213. . Phronesis differend ............................ 220
V. , , . . . .
...................................................................................
227
..........................................................................................
238
5
Contents
Editorial Notes
.........................................................................................
8
I. The Key Concepts and Moral Dilemmas of "Nicomachean
Ethics"John DudleyThe Physical and Metaphysical Foundations of
Ethics for Aristotle ....... 9Alexander Pogonyaylo Aristotle:
Physical Time and Ethical Time (Based on the Monographyof A. G.
Chernyakov "Ontology of Time. Being and Timein the Philosophy of
Aristotle, Husserl and Heidegger") ...................... 24Ruslan
Loshakov Diachronia as a Temporal Structure of Actionin
"Nicomachean Ethics" of Aristotle
.................................................... 41 Vyacheslav
Sukhachev On Non-Moral Interpretation of Some Basic "Moral"
Conceptsof "Nicomachean Ethics"
........................................................................
52Myrthe Bartels Political friendship and Need in "Nicomachean
Ethics", V .................... 57Elena Alymova Manliness as a
Subject of Aristotles Ethics
........................................... 65
II. "Nicomachean Ethics" in the Horizonof Old Testament and
Byzantine Thought
Larisa Tonoyan Ten Categories of Aristotle and Ten Commandments
of Moses ........... 78Natalia Perunova Aristotles Ethics of Virtue
as the Basis of Social Justice: in the Locusof Connection of
Ancient and Middle-Eastern Cultures ........................
89Grigory Benevich The Royal Way and the "Mean" () in John
Cassianand Maximus the Confessor
.................................................................
102
III. "Nicomachean Ethics" and Medieval Scholastic
CommentariesSvetlana Neretina The Understanding of Action in
"Nicomachean Ethics" of Aristotleand "Ethics" of Abelard
.........................................................................
119Alexander Klestov Translatio Studiorum: "Nicomachean Ethics" in
the Early University commentaries (12001274)
...................................................................
136
Verbum 19
6
Jos A. PobleteImmutability of Natural Law: Philosophical Ideas
Guiding Grossetestes Latin Translation of the Aristotelian
Passageon Natural Justice (1134b 181135a 5)
.................................................... 152Oleg
DushinAristotle and Thomas Aquinas about Moral Ignorance
....................... 163Edward Skidelsky Aquinas on Fortitude
............................................................................
180Magdalena Potka The Role of Praxis in Philosophy and Human
Life:Pauls of Worczyn "Commentary on 'Nicomachean Ethics'"in the
Polish Medieval Thought
............................................................
189
IV. "Nicomachean Ethics" in the Discourses of Pre-Modernand
Modern Philosophy
Iacopo CostaThe Medieval Interpretations of "Nicomachean Ethics"
and Kants Practical Philosophy
.............................................................................
201Sergey Nikonenko "Aristotelian Way of Life" in Analytical Moral
Philosophy .................. 213Yuliya Azarova Aristotles
"Phronesis" and Lyotards "Differend" ..............................
220
V. Translations and CommentariesDe virtutibus et vitiis
............................................................................
227Introduction, translation, commentaries by Evgeniy Karchagin and
Dmitry Yavorsky.
About Authors
......................................................................................
238
7
VERBUM , - - - 1819 2016 - V - - VIII : , - 2400- . - , , , , ,
, , - , , - -.
, - , - . - , 2001 , - VERBUM1.
1 .: . : - , 2002 (VERBUM. . 6).
Verbum 19
8
Editorial Notes
This issue of the almanac VERBUM publishes the proceedings of
scientific workshop Nicomachean Ethics in the history of European
thought, which was organized by the Centre for Medieval Culture
Studies of the Chair of History Philosophy of St. Petersburg State
University and was held 1819 November of 2016 at the Institute of
Philosophy under auspices of Fifth St. Petersburg International
Cultural Forum and as a part of the VIII Annual Conference
Theoreti-cal and Applied Ethics: Traditions and Perspectives,
dedicated to the 2400-anniversary of the birth of Stagirite. The
workshop was attended by reputable foreign and domestic scholars
and young researchers from Belgium, Great Britain, Germany,
Ireland, Poland, France, Chile and from the various Russian
scientific and educational Institutes of Volgograd, Krasnodar,
Moscow and St. Petersburg.
It is important that this discussion was the second significant
project of the Center concerning to the problematics of explication
of Aristotles philosophical legacy in the history of European
thought. The first event was the International Conference Aristotle
and the Medieval Metaphysics held at October of 2001, the
proceedings of which were published in almanac VERBUM, Issue 6.
9
I.
[email protected]
1
, , , - , , , . -, , , , . - , - (energeia).
: , , , , , , , energeia
John DudleyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven
THE PHYSICAL AND METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ETHICS FOR
ARISTOTLE
This article aims to show that there is a physical foundation of
Aristotles ethical theory, namely the two parts of the soul proper
to human beings and that there is a metaphysical foundation because
Aristotle holds that his God is a model for the perfect human life.
When humans strive for their good, they are in reality striving for
an unattainable goal, namely the goodness and eternity of God.
Aristotle also views happiness in metaphysical terms, namely as an
actualisation (energeia).
Key words: Aristotle, ethics, metaphysics, physics, soul,
teleology, happiness, energeia
, - ,
1 . . .
Verbum 19
10
.2 , , , , , , , , - .
, , -
. , , .3 , - .4 , . -, . 2 . - , . .: The Cambridge Companion to
Aristotles Nicoma-chean Ethics. Ed. by Ronald Polansky. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 4. , - . .: Burnet John. The
Ethics of Aristotle. Edited with an In-troduction and Notes. L.:
Methuen, 1900. P. XVII. . , - . .: Eriksen Trond Berg. Bios
Theoretikos, Notes on Aristotles Ethica Nicomachea X, 68. Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget, 1976. P. 26. : , - . , . .: Vanier Jean. Le
bon-heur, Principe et fin de la morale aristotlicienne. Paris /
Bruges: Descle De Brouwer, 1965. P. 63. : . - a priori , , ? .:
Verbeke Grard. Thmes de la morale aristot-licienne // Revue
Philosophique de Louvain, 61(1963). P. 212213 ( . . ).3 1095a 1820
( EN). - : Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea. Ed. by I. Bywater.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1894; Aristotelis Ethica Eudemia. Ed. by
Franciscus Susemihl. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1884; Aristotelis Physica.
Ed. by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950; Aristotelis
Metaphysica. Ed. by W. Jaeger. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969;
Aristotelis Politica. Ed. by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1957; Aristotelis De Anima. Ed. by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1956; Aristotelis De Generatione Animalium. Ed. by H. J.
Drossaert Lulofs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965; Aristotelis De
Caelo. Ed. by D. J. Allen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.4 EN 1099b
925; 1215a 819 ( EE).
11
. , -.5 , - , , .6 - (nous). . - , - .
(nous) . . , , , , . , , , . , , , , .7
, - - . , , , . -, . . , .8 - -, , , - .9
5 EN 1099b 32 1100a 1.6 EN 1102a 26 1103a 10.7 EN 1102a 26 1103a
108 193b 1118; 194a 2733 ( Phys.).9 - . , , ( ) ( - - ), . . - , ,
. , - , , - , , . , , -
Verbum 19
12
, - , , , , . - , - , .
, , , -. . - (theoretikon) , , - .10 , (doxastikon), -
(praktikon) .11 - , , (kat areten) .
- , - . (theoria), - (phronesis), . , - . , , , . , - , .
, ,12 - , , - , . - ,
, .10 1026a 1823 ( Met.).11 1254b 59 ( Pol.); Pol. 1260a 57;
1333a 161333b 5; 1334b 1719; EE V [= NE VI], i; 1139a 115; EE V
[=NE VI], v; 1140b 2530; EE V [= NE VI], xii; 1144a 111; EE IV [=
NE V], xi; 1138b 9. . : Dudley John. The Meaning of Nous in the
Ethics of Aristotle // Bollettino Filosofico (Calabria), 20 (2004).
P. 2539.12 EN I, xiii, 1102a 23; EN I, vii.
13
, , .13 , - , . , , , - , - , . -, , , , - . .
, , , .14 , , - .15 , - (II, 4): , ( , ), . , . - ( ), - [] -: ,
, , , , .16
, , -. -
13 EE 1219b 26 1220a 12.14 EN 1094a 13.15 , , . : Dudley John.
Aristotles Concept of Chance: Accidents, Cause, Necessity and
Determinism. NY: State University of New York Press, 2012. P. 274,
27716 415a 26 415b 6 [. : . . . .-. . . , . . / . : 4 . . 1. .: ,
1975. . 401402 ( , . 65)]; - 731b 24 732a 1.
Verbum 19
14
, .17 -. , , . - , .
, -, 18 .19 , . . , , .
, - , . -, , - . , , , - , . , , , , . -, .
. , . , , ( eudaimonia). , , - .20 , , , .21 .22 , , -
17 . : Dudley John. Dio e Contemplazione in Aristotele, Il
Fondamento Metafisico dell Etica Nicomachea. Milan: Vita e
Pensiero, 1999. P. 1217.18 . . -: Dudley J. Aristotles Concept of
Chance. P. 184, 234, 337339.19 Phys. 193b 1118; 194a 2733.20 EN
1101a 1819: .: EN 1097a 28 1097b 1; EN 1097b 2021;EN 1176a 3132.21
EN 1095a 1820.22 , , .
15
, . , , , , , eudaimonia - . -, -, , . , , . -, eudaimonia ( )
.23 , eudaimonia -, , . - . , -. -, , , , - , , - , -, . . -, , -,
, -, . , , , . , - , , - . , , -, , , . - , , , , . eudaimonia , ,
- , . , , eudaimonia, , - . , , - , , . , - ,
23 EN 1098a 1820; 1100a 45; 1101a 1416; 1177b 25; EE 1219a
341219b 8; - 1185a 46 (. Magna Moralia, MM). . : Aristotles Concept
of Chance... . 6; -: Dudley J. El sentido de la felicidad de la
vida perfecta (bios teleios) en la Etica de Aristteles // Ethos
(Buenos Aires). 1011 (19821983). P. 3954.
Verbum 19
16
- , . , -, .
, , . , -.24 , - ( ) .25 , , , . , . , - , , . , , . , , . , , ,
.
,
, , - , , -. , , ,26 , . 27 -. , - .
, , . - : () , , (), , ? , () , - , .28
24 EE 1223a 49; 338b 910.25 Phys. 194a 2122; 199a 1517; B13
(Dring).26 Met. 1072b 1827; EE 1248a 2229.27 Met. 1071b 21; 1074a
3336; 1075a 7; 1073a 311; EE VI (= EN VII), xiv; 1154b 2031. . :
Dio e contemplazione... P. 2224.28 EN 1178 b 2022: [ : . -
17
, , , .29
, - . .30 , - , .31 -, , , .32 - ,33 .34 , . : : , , - , , , , [
] -, - . [ - ] , .35
, -
. . .-. . . / . : 4 . . 4. .: , 1983. . 285 ( , . 90)]; - EE V
(= EN VI), 2; 1139a 278, , .29 EE 1245b 919; Met. 1072b 1920; 1074b
3335; MM 1213a 24.30 . : Dio e contemplazione . 2.31 EN 1177a 2434;
1179a 3032.32 Met. 1025b 25, 1026a 1819. . : Dudley J. Aristotles
Metaphysics as Mysticism // Tattva. Journal of Philosophy. 8(2012).
P. 99119.33 Met. 1005b 12; 1026a 1316, 2332; 1061b 1933; Phys. 192a
356; 194b 1415; 277b 10. () ( 464b 33; 653a 9) , (Met. 1037a 15). -
, ( /). (), , () .34 Met. 1005a 35; EE V (=EN VI), vii; 1141a 1820,
1141b 23.35 EE 1249b 1621 [. : . . . .-. . . , . . , . . . .: ,
2005. . 311].
Verbum 19
18
, . , , , : , , , -, , , , .36
, - , - .37 , , .38
, - (a homoioma ti) - .39 XII , , , 36 EN 1178b 2128 [. : . . .
4. . 285].37 , , , , . , , (EN 1174b 1423), , (EE V (=EN VI, vii;
1141a 18-20; 1141b 23)). , , - , - , (EN 1178b 2123), . , , , , ,
.38 , - (von Arnim Hans. Die drei aristotelischen Ethiken. Bd. 2,
Abhandlung. Vienna Leipzig: Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien,
1924. P. 6771 (Philosophische-historische Klasse. Sitzungsberichte
202)), , (EE VIII, iii). c , [ EN EE] (.: Defourny, Pierre.
Lactivit de contemplation dans les Morales dAristote // Bulletin de
lInstitut historique belge de Rome, 18(1937). P. 101). - , , , , ,
-, (.: Ross W. D. Aristotle [5th ed., rev.]. L.: Methuen and
Company, 1949. P. 234). -, .: Defourny P. Op. Cit. P. 9697;
Gauthier Ren-Antoine, Jolif Jean Yves. Aristote. LEthique
Nicomaque. Introduction, traduction et commentaire. 4 vols. V. II.
Louvain/Paris: Peeters, 1972. P. 852853; Hardie W. F. R. Aristotles
Ethical Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. P. 339.39 EN 1178b
27.
19
.40 , . : , .41
, theoria, - , , - . - , .
( ) , -, , : , , - , , , , , .42
VII : , , , ; , - - , .43
, , , - . , .
, .44 VII (EN = EE VI) - , , , . , - .45 , , .40 Met. 1072b
2426: 41 Met. 1072b 1415 [. : . . . .-. . . / . . . 1. . 310].42 EN
1178b 218 [ : . . . 4. . 285].43 Pol. 1323b 216 [ : . . 589590].44
Met. 1072b 1318, 24.45 EE VI (=EN VII), xiv; 1154b 2031.
Verbum 19
20
, -.46 . - . - . - . , .47 , , - , , , .48 , - , , , - ,49 , , ,
- .
, , -, , - , -. , .50
, , , .51 , - . , , , , . - , , -46 EE 1217a 324; EE VI (=EN
VII), xiv; 1154b 268; EE IV (=EN V), vii; 1134b 289; Pol. 1325b
2332. () -, (). - . , .47 EN 1177b 4: 48 EN 1177b 22.49 EN 1177a
2122; 1175b 14. : , - , , - . .: Aristoteles. Nikomachische Ethik.
Stuttgart, 2003. S. 584 (bersetzer: Franz Dirlmeier).50 Pol. 1325b
2732.51 EE 1244b 78; MM 1212b 33 1213a 8.
21
.52 . , - - .53
, . , . , , , . , , - . , --, .54 , - , . - , , . , - - .55 , ()
- , , .
, . , , .56
,
. -
52 .: Aristoteles. Eudemische Ethik. Hrsg. Dirlmeier, Franz.
Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1969. S. 456: [sc. EE], [ ], , , , .53
Pol. 1325b 2830; 1353a 14, 2729.54 EN 1097a 301097b 6.55 , . , . .:
Lockwood Thornton. Competing Ways of Life and Ring Composition //
The Cambridge Companion to Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics. P. 363.56
176 ab.
Verbum 19
22
, , , , .
, energeia, , - . -, , - . , , kinesis, kinesis. , - energeia.
-, kinesis , , energeia - .57 , kinesis , . energeia - , -, (
eidos) . , - . , .
-, . X - , energeiai, (energeiai), . , - , . VII (= EE VI) ,
energeiai, , . --- , - .
57 Met. 1048b 1835. , , , , . -, . : (Met. 1048 b 2527). [] - .
.: Ackrill John. Aristotles Distinction Between Energeia and
Kinesis // New Essays on Plato and Aristotle. Ed. by Renford
Bambrough. NY: The Humanities Press, 1965. P. 123. (178a 911):
23
,
. - I II - , , , - , .
, , eudaimonia. , -, , , - , , -, , .
, , - . , - . , , , - .
, . -, -, , , - . -, , , - , - . -, - . , , - , , .
Verbum 19
24
. . -
[email protected]
: ( . .
. , 1)
, - ( ), - . - , , , . , (nun), , , - ( ), VII . , (), , . . ,
nun (, ), airos, ( . . : ). - , .
: , , , , , .
Alexander G. PogonyayloSt. Petersburg State University
ARISTOTLE: PHYSICAL TIME AND ETHICAL TIME (BASED ON THE
MONOGRAPHY OF A.G. CHERNYAKOV
"ONTOLOGY OF TIME. BEING AND TIME IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF
ARISTOTLE, HUSSERL AND HEIDEGGER")
In his "Physics" Aristotle dwells on the time and motion
according to the contemplative logic of being (the order of
determination) which is constitutive for the future metaphysics.
The eidos of time is dealt with as a "number of movement", as a
countable number, then the one by which we count. Yet the "count of
number" that runs from the "now" (nun) is ultimately the very same
"fundamental count of being" (the sought-for science of being)
which we are taught in Book 1 . . . -, . : , 2001.
25
VII of Platos "Republic". However, in the Nicomachean Ethics,
where a debate is developing between sophia and phronesis
(Chernyakov), another "way of getting of the truth by the soul" is
depicted, i. e. the ontology of action, where the initial point of
consideration of time is not the nun ("now", "at the present
time"), but kairos, "it is a time", ( in translation of Bibikhin).
The book of the outstanding Russian philosopher is devoted to those
topics: how these two ontologies correlate in Aristotles doctrine
and what is the impact of this correlation on the fate of Western
metaphysics.
Key words: time, soul, idea, motion, physics, ethics.
, , ?2
, . - , -- --- -- . , - , , - , , -- , . - , , -: (, , ) () . -
( ? ?), -, .
, , , , ? : , , ? , , , .
- , , , - , , 2 Phys. 223a 25. . . . .: - . . . . . 88.
Verbum 19
26
. , - -. . , , , , , 3 -, -, , , ( , - , . . ), , , . -, . , , -
, , .
- . - : - . , , - . (, , ), . : . . . , , . , - , . . ; , . , -,
, , . . - - , , , , . , - , . , . , , , .
. - - , -- , , , (-
3 , .
27
). , - , - , , / , , . , - - (-) - , , . , - , , - , - .
, , , - , , , . , . . - , -. , , .
, , , , , , , , . VI - , - ( ) , , , . , , . . (), . , (), , -,
, (), .
: . - ; , , - . - , , . -, , , ; , , ,
Verbum 19
28
, ; . , , , , . .
, -, -, -, , , - . , , - ?
, , ,4 . . , .5
-.6 - [, , , , (EN 1139b 15)], . . , - Dasein.7
, , : , (, , ) , - [] . - , .8 - , . , , -. ,9 -. -, () - , - :
(-).
, , . . 4 EN 1139b 15. . .-. . . . .: . . . . . 220. . . : . .:
-. . ., 2002. . 160. 5 . . . . . 227. 6 -. . . , VII : - (Met.
1028a 10), IV (Met. 1003a 33). 7 . . . . . 220.8 .: EN 1139a 5.9 -
- .: . . . . . . . ., 2001. . 110112. . II, 4.
29
(), -- : -, , , - , ? - , - : , . , . , , - , , - , - ().
() , -. () , . () -. , , , - , , , - . (, ) ( ) , - , , (nun),
.
-, , ( ) , , , (10), . . - . , , , , . - -, : , , . . ( ) (). ,
. . -, , , ; .11
The "basic axiom of classical ontology" to be means to be able
to become an object.12 subjectum (hypokeime-non13) , - (conceptus
objectivus), , .
, , , - , , , , , , 10 . . / . . : 4 . . 3. ., 1984. . 110.11 .
. . . . 112. 12 . . 456.13 "That which lies under". .: . . 455.
Verbum 19
30
, , , . - (to epistemonikon) , . .14
, - -, ( ) , , , () , . - ( ) - (- -). .
, - (to logistikon)15 , - , , . , . . - ( ) . , , . , , . , : ,
. Tertium non datur. () - , - VII , , , , . , - .
, -, , , . . , -, -, --. , , -, , , ,
14 . , : . , - . .: . . . . . 227. 15 , - , . .: EN 1139a
1015.
31
tekhnai,16 , .
, , - . : - ; , - , , , .17
- ( - . ), . . , , (1130a 31) . - , , , .18
, , , , , ( - ), , , -, , . -, , -, : , , . , , - , .
, , , , - , , - , , . , , . . . : ( ) . -; , ,19 subjectum - .
subjectum
16 , , - .17 EN 1139b 710. 18 . . . . . 237.19 S. Thomas
Aquinas. De ente et essentia. San Jos, 1981. P. 54.
Verbum 19
32
(conceptus objectivus) (conceptus formalis), , - , - , , , , , .
, , . .20
, - , , - , , - , , : .
, , , , . , , , . - , . (-), , ( ) . - .
. . - , . . (-, , -) . , . .21
( . . ) , , - () .22
. [] - ,23 - () .24 - ,
20 .: . . . . II, 2.21 . . . . . 8889.22 . . 89.23 Phys. 219b
1.24 , , ( ). .: . . . . . 89.
33
, - , - . - , , , , , , , .25
, - , . . , , , , . : , ?
-.26 , : - , , , (- ), , - , , , - . -.
, , , (nun), - , , , : (). , , , , - , : , ?
: , , , . , . ( -) , , () , , , . - , ,
25 . . 110.26 . . - . , .
Verbum 19
34
. . , . - .
, , , , --; . - , , , , . - , , . - ( ) (-) .27
, , , - (-).28 , . . -, .
: ; ( ?) , , -, . -- , . , - . , () , . .
, , : , , , -, , (, , ), [ ,] .29 - , -.30
- . , - . -? ? 27 . . . . . 233. , , . 28 .: EN 1140b 6 29 EN
1140 252830 . . . . . 246.
35
, , , (. ) . , , , . , - , - ( ) , , .31 - , , , .32 - , . , - ,
( - ) , .
.
(praesens) (presentia).
, , - . , . . , . , , , , . - , , , . - . () -. . - , ( ), . . ,
: .33 , - , .
31 . : . . . . . 141. . . : - . .: . . . . ., 2003. . 211. 32 -,
-, : - .: . . . . . 253. 33 - , - , - , , (zeitigt die Zeit). .: .
. 258.
Verbum 19
36
, , .34 -, ( !), . 35 .36
, , - , . ( ), , , , ( ).
: , , , - . , , - (-) . -, , (nun) , . , . . : - , zeitigt die
Zeit.
, - () - . , , , - . - -. , - . , -, , .
, , , - , - , -, . , . , -.
-, , - -, -34 , . VII I. -.35 I 36 .: . . ., 2007.
37
, , , ( , - ), , ( -: !) .
-: , , - , - ratio, , , . .
, - , . , , , . . . , .
, , , , , , , , -, , , , - . -, , . , . , , - , , , . . , - , .
- .37
, -, . , - , - -. - .
: , . , , . . , -. , , . - , . , . ( 37 .: . : 6 . . 6. ., 1966.
. 2535.
Verbum 19
38
, ) ( ). , , . , . , -, . () () - - -, , , .
, () -. , . Nescio quid mei - ,38 , , . quid mei , , , , , - ,
-. , , - , .
, , () : - - () , , . , , - .
. , , , : , , , , , . . -: , , , . - (Zuhandensein) -
(Vorhandensein). - - - . , - . - , , , .
: Handlung, -; ,
38 Nescio quid mei, quod sub imaginationem non venit ( , ). .:
Descartes R. Meditationes de Prima Philosophia. ., 1995. . 50. . .
. , quid . .: . -: 2 . . 2. ., 1994. . 25.
39
() , - , ,39 -, - , , - . -, , , -,40 : ? , .
, , , . -, , , - , . , , , -. - , .
. - --, . . , - , , , , . . .41
, ( , . . , . . ) , , , - , . , , , , - . -.42 ?39 .. . . ,
2013. . 531.40 , , , - , () : - - man, , -, .41 "" , - . , "" - (,
), "" . .: . -. ., 2009. . 176.42 . . ., 1997. . 84. :
Verbum 19
40
(, -, ), . - . , . (Zuhandensein) (Vorhandensein). -: -
(Handlung), -, -, - (). - . -
, . ? , -, actualitas? ? - ? , , , - - , , , , - ? , , , - , , ,
.
, . , . - . , -. -- (Um-zu) . , , , - , , - - (Bewandtnis). - -,
. .: . . . , 1997. . 68.
41
. .
[email protected]
() , -, . - , - .
: , , , , -, .
Ruslan A. LoshakovUppsala University
DIACHRONIA AS A TEMPOAL STRUCTURE OF ACTIONIN "NICOMACHEAN
ETHICS" OF ARISTOTLE
In this article the temporality of humans action (deed) is
considered in the light of the temporal paradox of movement which
was analyzed by Aristotle in his Physics. The main conclusion is
that the solution of this paradox leads to the concept of diachrony
as a temporal structure of deed.
Key words: "suddenly", event, deed, diachrony, energy,
unpresented past.
- , - . (), , , - , , .
,
, 1, -
1 , . .: Met. 1065b 16 / . . . 1. . 289.
Verbum 19
42
2, , . - , ( ) ; , , . , - , , . , . , - , - , . . . , , - , , ,
, . , , , -- , .
, , , . - , , ? , ? , , : , , , , . - , , . . ( ) (), .
, - , , -, (), . , - .
2 [] - , , [] . .: Phys. 201 10 / -. . . 3. ., 1981. . 104.
43
: -, ? , , . , ( , , ), ? , -, ?3 - , - , , () : , .4 , (- -), .
. - ? () , () . ; , -, , - 5, , , , . - , , , .6 -, , , , , ,7 . .
, , - , , , , . , - , -
3 . . 140 / . : 4 . . 2. ., 1993. . 367.4 143b / . . 371.5 145c
/ . . 375.6 , , , - . .: 144d / . . 373. 7 146c-d / . . 377.
Verbum 19
44
: , , , .8 - , , , , (, - ) . ? ? - , , , ? , - , , , - ; , , ,
, , .9 , -, -, , , , , - .
, , , , : , , , . , , , -, - ( ), , , . , -, VI . - , , . . , ,
, - .10 , - : , [] , .11 , - ,
8 156e / . . 394.9 156e / . . 395.10 Phys. 237a 35 / . . . 3. .
193.11 Phys. 236 15 / . . 190.
45
. , - , , . - ( ) , , .
(). - , , , , () , . , - , . , , .12 - , - ( ), , . . - , ( ),
.
- : ( ), ? () -, . - , , . , , .13 , . : - , - . , , , . - , - ,
,
12 Phys. 219b / . . 149.13 Phys. 220a 20 / . . 150.
Verbum 19
46
, , , - . , .
, , , , , , - , , - , , , . , , , , - , - , . , . - , : , - (),
; , , , , , - . , , , .14 : , . , ( ) , .15 , , - , - . , : - , , ,
. , , -, , - , - , .
14 .15 Phys. 219b 10 / . . 149.
47
, , , - . , , , -.16 , .
-, - , , .17 , - , Dasein. - - , , , , , , , - .18 . -
(Um-halt), , , - , , , , . , - , , , , , , - , , , - .
: , - , -, . . . .
, ,
, , , . , , , - , , , , , , -, , , . 16 .17 . . : , 2001. .
326.18 . . 327.
Verbum 19
48
, : . - : , [], - , , , [ ] -, - .19
, , , , . , . . - . , - , . - - , . . . , , : , , , - - (to
poieton) , - () . (to prakton) [ ], : - (eypraxia) , .20
? , - (), . . - , - , , . , - - . , -, , -- . . , - . , , - . ,
, . , ,
19 EN 1139b / . . . 4. ., 1984. . 174.20 .
49
. , - , a priori . , - , - . -, , , . , , - , , . . , -. .21
, , : -, , . , : - , [. . , -], [. . , - ], .22 , , , , . , - -,
. , . - , - .
, , - , , . , , - , . ,
21 , , , ( ), - [] , [ ], , , -. .: EN 1142b 10 / . . 183. 22 EN
1139b / . . 174.
Verbum 19
50
. , -, ( ), -, ( ). , . , . - . , , - , , () (), . IX - : , . ,
, , , - , ( , - ); , .23 , .
, , - , . , - , -, , . X , - , : , - , .24 , , . ( ) -, , ( ) ,
- . , , - , - , . , - . ,
23 Met. 1048b 25 / . . . 1. . 24224 EN 1174b / . . . 4.
.273.
51
, , . , , . . , , - . - , , . .
, , - , , , - , . , . -, , , . - - - .
, , , . , - . , ? , ?25 - - , , .
25 . . : , ? , , , ? ?.. ? . , . : . . / . . : 12 . . 5. .: ,
1987. . 285.
Verbum 19
52
- 1
- , - , - - .
: , , -- , , arte, arche
Saint Petersburg State University
ABOUT THE OUT-OF-MORAL INTERPRETATION OF SOME BASIC "MORAL"
CONCEPTS OF "NICOMACHEAN ETHICS"
The article raises the question about the logical and
ontological foundations of the modern interpretation of
"Nicomachean ethics" of Stagirite, in which under the influence of
various historical and sociocultural beddings the true Greek
understanding of the ethical is lost, that in Aristotelian theory
is organically connected with physics and metaphysics through the
strategy of "care for yourself" and the experience of tragic
cognition.
Key words: Aristotle, "Nicomachean ethics", logical and
ontological foundations of the ethical, logos, arte, arche
, , , arche , , -. , - . 1 (12 1955 11 2016 ) , , , -. . . ,
.
. . 1
Vyacheslav Y. Sukhachev
53
, , , , , , - , , (: , ; - ; , ; + - - ) (, -, ) . -, - , . , -
, - .
, -, , , - . , - , - , , , - , - , .
, - , , - . - , , - .
, , , . . , , , , - , .
Verbum 19
54
- , , - .
, - -. -, , , , , . . . , - , -. - , . , : , ,2 , , distinctio
formalis, distinctio realis, . . , , , , , , , , - , , epimeleia
heaton, . - , . , - , , - , . , , , -, , , , .3
, - (praktike) [], - [] (to logon ekhon). { [] , }. [,
2 .: . 105b 2025 / . . . 2. ., 1978. . 363. 3 . / . -: 13 . . 1:
. 18691873 . .: - , 2012. . 93.
55
] , [] , , , -.4
-. ? - , - . , , , , . [logik, . . tekhn, ] . , . , , logosa ,
-. ? , , , - , . - , , , , , , . , , , , , -, , , , , -, , , - , -
[ethos+techne].
, , - arete. , arete - , arete , , . - orthos, , , , , .5 ,
-
4 EN 1098 34. .-. . . . 5 EN 1103 3435.
Verbum 19
56
, arete , hexis, , , , , arche, , , - .6
, - , -, (nunc) , , , chronos, aeon, kairos. - : , (. . ). -, (
hieros + arche - -), , . .
, -, (. ), , , . - .
6 EN 1106 14.
57
[email protected]
, V1
, - - . , , - , . , - V , .
: , , - ,
Myrthe BartelsUniversit of Erfurt
POLITICAL FRIENDSHIP AND NEED IN "NICOMACHEAN ETHICS", V
This paper challenges the common view that political friendship
in Aristotle is a warm-hearted bond of friendship between fellow
citizens. Instead, it is argued that political friendship refers to
those bonds be-tween individuals that are motivated by natural
need, and are thereby also constitutive of the polis. This becomes
clear when a passage from Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics, that
discusses the exchange between two types of craftsmen, is taken as
key evidence for political friendship.
Key words: Aristotle, political friendship, Nicomachean Ethics,
need
(politik philia). - : , (- ). , , -1 . . . .
Verbum 19
58
: , , .
, - - . philia V - , , , . , (philia dia to khrsimon) , ,
(khreia). - , - (autarkeia) , politik philia , - - ( , ). , politik
philia - , politik philia , - .
,
, - . , , , , , - , . -, , ( ) .2 -
2 , ( - . , ). , , : Blundell M. W. Helping Friends and Harming
Enemies. A Study in Sophocles and Greek Ethics. Cam-bridge, 1989.
P. 39; Millett P. Lending and Borrowing in Classical Athens.
Cam-bridge, 1991. P. 113; Stern-Gillet S. Aristotles Philosophy of
Friendship. Albany, 1995. P. 162; Konstan D. Friendship in the
Classical World. Cambridge, 1997. P. 1114; Pakaluk M. Aristotles
Nicomachean Ethics. An Introduction. Cam-
59
, , , - -. , . , , -, , , , - : , , , ( , ).3
, , - , - , -,4 , , , . , - (-) .5 : , - . , - ; : .6 - (): , ,
( ) , .
Philia dia to khresimon philia politik philia philia
(kata dia to chrsimon): . , ,
bridge, 2005. P. 264. .: Cooper J. Aristotle on the Forms of
Friendship // Re-view of Metaphysics 30 (1977). P. 620. 3 Price A.
W. Love and Friendship in Plato and Aristotle. Oxford, 1989;
Kon-stan D. Greek Friendship // The American Journal of Philology
117.1 (1996). P. 7194; Idem. Friendship in the Classical World.
Cambridge, 1997; Idem, Aristotle on Love and Friendship // Vol.
II.2 (2008). P. 207212. .: Pakaluk, Op. cit. P. 257285.4 Konstan.
Aristotle on Love and Friendship. P. 207. 5 Adkins A. W. H.
"Friendship" and "Self-Sufficiency" in Homer and Aristotle //
Classical Quarterly 13 (1963). P. 3045; Millett. Op. cit. 6 Adkins.
Op. cit. P. 36.
Verbum 19
60
;7 , -, . , , , , " r ", , , " ".8
philia dia to khrsimon -. - - ( kerdos/). chr-, khreia/, , .
khreia , - , , to sympheron (), to phelimon (), to kerdos (). Chr-
, , - ( , , , ). , , - . , philoi . philia dia to chrsimon - , - (,
, ). , philia, dia to chrsimon, , - .
, V
. (1132b 211133b 28) - politik philia, - politik philia .
7 . , . .: EE 1242a 69 [. : . . . .-. . . , . . , . . . .: - ,
2005. . 269].8 . , , , , , , . .: EE 1242b 2127 [. : . . . 273]. .:
EE 1242a 813.
61
, politik philia - , - (EN IX.1) , , - , , , , , politik
philia.
, (to dikaion) () (to ison), , , , ( , () -). , , , , , , - , (
- ). , . - philia, , dia to chrsimon, philia, , - (, philia - ,
philia9).
: , , , - , , . [] , . - [], , , - [ ]. , , [] -; (10), , [] . :
, , , - , , [ ] . [] - , , [-
9 .: EE 1239b 21240a 4. 10 .: Meikle S. Aristotles economic
thought. New York, 1995. -, , . , () (, ) - / , (, ) - . ( ) . .:
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Philosophical Introduction and
Commentary by Sarah Broadie and Translation by Christopher Rowe.
Oxford University Press, 2002.
Verbum 19
62
], [], - .11
, ( ). : -, , - , , , (isazein). -, , - (khreia), .
, , , , - . - , , , -, , , [. . ]; , , , -; , , (nomos) -
.12
-
11 o , , , . , . , , -. , , . , , . , , -. .: EN 1133a 718 [. :
. . . .-. . . / . : 4 . . 4, .: , 1983. . 155156]. 12 , . , , , , .
.: EN 1133a 2531 [. : . . . 156]. .: EN 1163b 321164a 12.
63
politik philia , -. - , - , . - , , - , , . , , . - , - , .
, -, -, ; , , - , - , , (zn). , - - , , -: , . - , , , 3, - , .
, . - : () , , , - . . -, ( ) , politik philia , , - , . -
Verbum 19
64
. -, , raison dtre, , . -, politik philia , : . , , , , - , - (
oikia ), . politik philia - : ( : , . .), , .
65
. . -
[email protected]
- ( ). , , , , - , , : - .
: , , , , -.
Elena V. AlymovaSt. Petersburg State University
MANLINESS AS A SUBJECT OF ARISTOTLES ETHICS
This paper treats the concept of manliness in Aristotles ethics
(the pivotal text is the Nicomachean Ethics). Authors purport is to
make it clearly that the traditional opposition Aristotle Plato at
least in the domain of ethics is not so evident as it is considered
to be. Aristotles interpretation of manliness in its essentials is
close to that of Plato.
Keywords: manliness, courage, ethics, virtue, Plato,
Aristotle.
:
, ,
, ,
. 1
, , , ,
.. , 194b 122
1 . . .: , 2001. . 178 (- . ). 2 Platonis Laches. 194b 12 /
Platonis opera, recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit
I. Burnet. T. III. Oxonii: e Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1903. ( .
.)
Verbum 19
66
- . - . , - , , - - , , - (), , - . - . , , , (, -), 3, - .
(). -, , , -, . : - , , , : , - , - .
, , ().4
. , , , : () , ( , , , , - . ( ) , ),5 , - (X ). . : : , (
3 . . // . : 4 . . 4, .: , 1983. . 12.4 EN 1115a 6. :
Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea, recognovit brevique adnotatione
critica instruxit I. Bywater. Oxonii: Typographeo
Clarendoniano.1894. 5 EN 1094a 13.
67
[ : ], ( ) -, -).6
: , , -, ( ki) ( ki) , () (). , ki , , (). ----: ( , , ),7 , ( ,
, , ).8 , ( ). - , , () () . ( ) , , .
- ().9 : (, , -),10 (), ().
, . , (- , - , , , ).11
: ; ; ; . : ,
6 EN 1139a 1617.7 EN 1111b 30.8 EN 1112a 78.9 EN 1117b 23.10 EN
1117b 2324.11 EN 1115a 69.
Verbum 19
68
. ; ; : . -. ( - -? , , . . , -, , -. ? ? . , - . -, . , , -
).12 , -, , , . - .
:-, , .
, ( . , -, - , - , );13
-, . ( . -- , );14
-, , , - ( - ,
12 EN 1115a 2435.13 EN 1116a 17 1116b 3.14 EN 1116a 35.
69
- , . . );15
-, ( -), , , ( , , );16
-, ( ):17 , - , .
, . : ( ) (sc. c - ), ( ).18 -, , . : - . -, , , .19 ( ),20 , (
- , ),21 , .
, , , , . -
15 EN 1116b 30 1117a 5.16 EN 1117a 89.17 EN 1117a 910, 2223.18
EN 1116a 1517. .: Roochnik D. Courage and Shame: Aristotles
Nicoma-chean Ethics III. 69 // Etica & Politica / Ethics &
Politics. 2015. Vol. XVII. No. 2. P. 207209. 19 .: , , () ; , - ,
-, () , . , , , , , -, () , , - (. . . .-. . . / . : 4 . . 4, .: ,
1983. . 379).20 EN 1115b 2324.21 EN 1116b 23.
Verbum 19
70
, , , , , , .
, : , . , (). , : ( ).22
, par excellence , . , , -
, , , ( ): (sc. ) ( - []).23 , - , - : ( , , )24 , , ( , , [ ]
).25 , , : (- , , , , , , [], ).26
. : , ( -. , , - , , ).27
22 EN 1102a 56.23 EN 1176a 3132.24 EN 1101b 2325.25 EN 1178b
2527.26 EN 1178b 2123.27 EN 1177b 46.
71
: ( , . ).28 , - : , ( , - ).29 , ( , , ),30 ( ).31
, - . , - . : : ( , , : , , , , ).32
, , . -, ; , , . . : . , - .
( ) -. , , . , .
-: ,
28 EN 1178a 58.29 EN 1177b 3031.30 EN 1178b 32.31 EN 1178b 78.32
EN 1139b 15 7.
Verbum 19
72
, , , . -: - . . ( , , - , , , - , [ ] , , , , -, , . , , , , -
- . , , , [. . ]. -, ).33
. -, : ( , [], , . , , -, , : ).34 - , , , , . , - ... ( - , , ,
, , , [-] , . - , , :
33 EN 1139a 2234.34 EN 11140b 57.
73
, , );35 ( - ).36
, , , , , - - . , (). . - . , (- , -).37 . , - , -, , ( - , - -
[]).38 .
, - , -, ( ),39 ( ).40
-. : , ( , - : , - ?41), , , , , : - ,
35 EN 1140a 2531.36 EN 1139a 1213.37 EN 1140b 1113.38 EN 1116b
30 1117a 5.39 Laches, 192 4. 40 Laches, 192 8.41 . . . .-. . . / .
: 4 . . 3, .: , 1994. . 137.
Verbum 19
74
. - : , - , , . , - .42
. - . : () () c- () () () (). () *leudh (, -).43 , - , , , , -,
, . , , () 44 (, ), *swe45 () (). , , , - , , -.46 , : , , , .47 ,
, .
42 Platonis Respublica, recognovit brevique adnotatione critica
instruxit S.R. Slings. Imprint. Oxonii: e Typographeo
Clarendoniano; New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press, cop. 2003. 376
ac / . . . 138139.43 . . .: - -, 1995. . 213. 44 .: . privatus ,
.45 *swe / *swos / *sus suus (. ), .: . .: . . . 216217.46 : (,
(Resp., 450 d 2)). : - , ( ) -, . I. 47 I, , - : , ( , - ), .
75
- : - , , , . , : () - , - , - , , .48 , , . , .
? : , ,49 , - , ( ).50 : - , .51 ? - : , - , , - - , , .52 ():
.
. , - . , , : , , , , - *snovos, *snow, , , .53
48 , , , . .: Resp., 424a 23.49 .: . . e // . 2016. . 17. . 4. .
412. 50 Resp., 395b 10 c 1.51 Resp., 486a 14.52 Resp., 486a 8 b 4.
53 Schadewaldt W. Die Anfnge der Philosophie bei den Griechen. Die
Vorsokra-tiker und ihre Voraussetzungen. Frankfurt am Main, 1995.
S. 71, 163; Frisk H. Ety-mologisches Wrterbuch: In 3 Bde. Bd. 2.
Heidelberg, 1960. S. 323.
Verbum 19
76
,54 - , servo , . , , - , - , ,55 , , (, , ), (), , , , - , , ,
.56 , , ,57 , , , .
, : - , , , , , ( , , ). .
- , , , - ( , ) , . , - . - , . , , - , , , , - : , . : , - - (
( ,
54 Chantraine P. Dictionnaire tymologique de la langue grecque.
Histoire des Mots: en 5 v. V. III. Paris: ditions Klincksieck,
1974. P. 757.55 Resp., 430cd.56 . . . . . . 200.57 Resp., 386b.
77
)58), , - , ( , 59) . , - . -, () , ().
58 EN 1119b 1516.59 EN 1116a 12.
Verbum 19
78
II.
. . -
[email protected]
1
- - , . - ? -, - , , , .
- . , , -. , 10? () , -, ( , , -, , ). , - , , . : - . : - , , ,
- , (. 10:27).
- .
, , - , , , ().
1 , 15-03-00138 : -.
79
() -.
: , - , .
Larisa G. TonoyanSt. Petersburg State University
TEN CATEGORIES OF ARISTOTLE AND TEN COMMANDMENTSOF MOSES
Researchers note a slight influence of Aristotles "Nicomachean
Ethics" in Antiquity and considerable influence in the Middle Ages,
which has resulted in numerous Byzantine and scholastical
commentaries on the treatise. How the Christian and pagan ethics
were combined in the Middle Ages? Apparently, as in the case with
the logic, theologians borrowed the categorical apparatus of Greek
philosophy from the ancient culture.
Aristotle applies the doctrine of the categories to resolve
specific issues of ethics. Having remembered the ten categories of
Aristotle, it is possible to compare them with the ten Commandments
given by God to Moses. What is similar in them, except the quantity
of 10? Immediately you will notice the exceptional value of the
first category (the essence) and, accordingly, the first
commandment (I am Being, or, in another translation, I am that I
am). The rest of the nine categories, as well as the nine
Commandments, do not have a sense without the first one, they are
only the properties or the conclusions of it. Ten categories of
Aristotle were later reduced to two basic ones: substance and
accidence. Ten Commandments of Moses are reduced in the New
Testament to two main ones: "You shall love the Lord your God with
all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and
with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself" (Lk 10:27).
Many associations are arising during the comparison of the other
categories and commandments.
Comparison of the table of categories and commandments lets us
understand why medieval theologians, which have developed the
Christian ethics that arised from the ancient ethics of Old
Testament could not do without the categorical apparatus of ancient
philosophy, without the ability to use the mind for achieving the
happiness (blissness). Aristotle emphasized this so important
virtue in his "Nicomachean Ethics" as a so-called dianoethic
(reasonable) virtue.
Keywords: ten categories of Aristotle, ten Commandments of
Moses, categorial order of ethics
Verbum 19
80
. , - - . , - , . , . - (I . . ., VI III .) - , .
. - . . -, , . , . , -. , (, ) , -. , , , - .
- , . , - , - , , , . , [ ] , , [-] ( ), . . (), - , ( ), , []
.2 , , , - . , - , . , ( ) (, , , , , , , 2 . . URL:
https://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/Aristotel_Nikomakhova.pdf (
27.01.2017).
81
( ), , (), - ), , - . , .3 , , , , . - , .
, , - , , . -- , . , - , - . , , , , - , - . . , - . , , , - ,
.4
. , . , , -: 10, - , . , 10.5 - , - .
3 .4 . . .: , 1996. . 126. 5 : , , , , , , , , , .
Verbum 19
82
, , () , -, ( ). , - , - . . JHVH, , - , . . , .6
, , - , , . : () . - . , : : : , ! ; , , , - , ! : - , . (.
12:2832).
, -, -, -, . (. , . 4) - (. 20:117):
1. (, ) 1. , , , ; .
2. (, -, )
2. - , , ; , ,
6 . . - . .: , 2016. . 3839.
83
3. (, , )
3. , , , - , -.
4. (, --)
4. , : 6 - , , .
5. (, , )
5. , , , , .
6. (, , ) 6. !7.
(, , )7. !
8. (, , )
8. !
9. (, ) 9. -!
10. (-) (, )
10. -, -, , , - , , , , , .
. , , ( ). - IV - . , . - , , .
- . - ( , ) , ( - ).
- , -. , , - , . -. , - . -
Verbum 19
84
(, ) : - , ? , . - : , . , : , .
, . , , - , , , , , - , . , , - , .7 - . - , , . , -: , . .
, .
: \ :
, , . , .
, , - . . . - : 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 ( ). , - , . , , - , .
: \ : - .
, . , - . -: .
- . 7 . . 1026 10-13. . .-. . . / . : 4 ., . 1, .: , 1975. .
181.
85
. -, . , , , , - . .
: \ : .
, . , , - .
, , : , .
- ( -). . . (18021872) , : , . -, , .
, , , - , - . , : IIV VX. - . , -, - . , , . - - , , , , .
: \ : .
-, . - , , . : .
: \ : ! ,
Verbum 19
86
, , - . , . () : , . () - : (-), , . : , - , . : 1) , - ; 2) , ,
. : , - , (. 6:31).
- , , ( , - ). , , . -, - .
: \ : -!
- . , - , - . , . , , - , , . , , , , - . , , , . , - .
: . : ! - ? .
. , . : \ :
! (. . ).
87
. , , . , - . .
: \ : ,
, , , , . . -: , . -, , , - . , . , , - . , . ? ; . - , , , , -,
(. 15:1819). , - .
. , , , . - , , -, . , (. 5:312, . 6:2023).8
- : , , , -, . , , .
, : , -, , - . , .
-
, , , -, , - , 8 . . . . . 124.
Verbum 19
88
. . -: , -. , , -, , . . , , .
, , - , , - . () . () . , : , . , , -, , -. , , , , , - - .
89
. .
[email protected]
:
-, , - . - - .
: , , - , .
Natalia V. PerunovaKrasnodar State Institute of Culture
ARISTOTLES ETHICS OF VIRTUE AS THE BASIS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: IN
THE LOCUS OF CONNECTION OF ANCIENT
AND MIDDLE-EASTERN CULTURES
The article based on the materials of the Ancient and Middle
Eastern cultures is devoted to the comparative analysis of concepts
of virtue, of relationship of the moral law and social right, of
search for the best form of government. Author proposes to put the
problem of social justice in the field of reflection on the role of
original moral choice and its consequences in the constitution of
social whole.
Keywords: ethics of virtue, moral choice, social justice,
anatomy of the moral act
, , - . , : - , , . , - , -,
Verbum 19
90
, , , , .
- , - . , - , . - , , , , . - . , , , , .
- . - , , , - - .
- , - , . - , - - , -- . - . , -- , - .1 , 1 .: . . - : -. .: -,
2013.
91
, , , - . , - , .
, , . - -, . - , . , - , , - : , , . , - , [ ] , . , , , , ; , ,
, , . , , - [ ], , -, , , .2
-, - , , . , , - , , - . , . . , - .3
, , , -
2 EN 1113b 814 / . . . 4, ., 1983. . 105.3 . . // . . 2. .,
2001. . 45.
Verbum 19
92
. -. , [] [ ], [ ] .4 , , , - , .5 (boylos) , (kata ton
logismon) .6 : [ ], , , .7 - , . , . . , .8
- , , . , , - , .9 , - , - , , . , - , . . , , , : , , , - ,
.10
. -
4 EN 1145a 12 / . . . 4. . 190.5 EN 1142b 28 / . . 183.6 EN
1141b 1314 / . . 180.7 EN 1156a 34 / . . 221.8 . . . .-. . . . .,
2015. . 93.9 . . 84.10 .
93
, . - , . - : - , , , .
. . , -, : , - . , . , - , . , , , -.11 , , , : - , .12 , , -
.
. . : , - - , - ( ) , -, -.13 . . , , , - , , .14
. . , - , - .15 -11 . . : - // . . 2. ., 2001. . 97.12 . . 93.13
. . . . .: , 1965. . 6.14 . . -- // . . ., 2015. . 27.15 . . . . .
7980.
Verbum 19
94
, . , , . , , . , , . , , ; , . . .16
. . - . : (eide) - (parekbaseis), (phthorai) . - , , - (
timematon); , , , [] (politeia). - , .17 , . . , - , , .18 : . - ,
: , . .19 : - , - , ; -
16 . . . .: -, 2004. . 70.17 EN 1160a 3035 / . . . 4. . 234.18 .
. . . . 65.19 . . 75.
95
.20 - : , , - , - .21 - - .22 . . , .23 , - : -, , , -. , , - -
, .
- , . , ; , - , . . .24 -, , , - . , - . , - , , , - .
. . , , , - , - , - . :
20 . . . 101.21 . . 103.22 . . 108.23 . . . . . 85.24 . . . .:
-, 2004. . 254.
Verbum 19
96
. - ( - ), , - , -.25 , , .26
, , - , , - . , . -, , . - , , - , - , .
- . - , . -, , . , . - , .27 , , - , -, , . - , . , . - , - , ,
- . , , . , , .
25 . . 6364.26 . . 64.27 . . . . . 61.
97
, , - . - , - , , -, . - -, , , . , - .
- , . - - . - . , .
. . , , , .28 , - - ; -.29 - , . - , , - .
. . , , , , - .30 , .
28 . . . . 90.29 . . 57. 30 . . . . 5960.
Verbum 19
98
, , , . , . . -, , - , - , .31
, , , , . , - , , , , -. . . , , , , , - . . . - , , , , - , , -
.
, - . - , , , - . , - , , . - , , . -, , , . , - , 31 . . .
77.
99
, . , , .
, , , , , . , , . - , , , , , - . , , . -, , , , -- . - -.
- . . -, , , . . . -: , , , , , , , - . , , , , , , , .32 , - ,
, - . , - . : - , , , - -32 . . 67.
Verbum 19
100
.33
, , . - , , . - . . , , - . , . - , . - , . . , - : - , , .
, . - , , , , ; .34 - , . , , , , . - .35 - , , , .
, , - , . - -
33 . . 23.34 . . . . 50.35 . . . . 90.
101
, , , - , , . , -. - , . - . - , , , , , - . , , , - , . - , , .
- , - , .
Verbum 19
102
. .
[email protected]
()
1
, - . - . - - , , , .
: , , , , -
Gregory I. BenevichRussian Christian Humanitarian Academy
Saint-Petersburg
THE ROYAL WAY AND THE "MEAN" () IN JOHN CASSIAN AND MAXIMUS THE
CONFESSOR
The article shows that John Cassian and Maximus the Confessor
actively used the doctrine of the "mean" of Aristotle. John Cassian
combined the doctrine of the "mean" with the tripartite
anthropology and creatively developed it in his doctrine of the
ascetic life. Maximus embedded it into a wider perspective of his
Christian mystagogy, and ultimately into his doctrine of
deification in which there will be neither ascetic struggle, nor
any duality of "right" and "left".
Key words: ethics, ascetics, exegesis, virtue, duality
- , . , . , -, - . , 1 14-63-01003. . . . . - .
103
, , () - . - , , , , . - , .
()
- : . 5:32; . 21:22; . 4:2627. , - , , . . - . , , - , , , , , ,
.
( ) - -. - : [] (), ( ) , [,] -, . () [] , - , .2
- (), , - . . , , -, , - , , , - , -
2 N 1107a 15 / . . . .-. . . ( ) / . : 4 . . 4, ., 1983. .
87.
Verbum 19
104
, - , -.3
, ,4 . - , , -, , - .
IVV ,
. , - , .5 , , -: , - : , .6 , , - , , , .7 - , , , , , , .
- : -,
3 .: Broadie S. Philosophical Introduction // Aristotle.
Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford, 2002. P. 2022.4 Pascher J. [H basilik
hodos]: der Knigsweg zu Wiedergeburt und Vergot-tung bei Philon von
Alexandreia. NY: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968. (Studien zur
Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums; 17. Bd., ft. 3. und 4. Heft).5
.: Joannes Cassianus. Collationes: 2.2; 2.16. : Jean Cassien.
Conferences. Texte latin, introduction, traduction et notes par
D.E. Pichery. Vol. 13, Paris: Les ditions du Cerf, 19551959
(Sources chrtiennes: 42, 54, 64). 6 Joannes Cassianus. Op. cit. 2.2
/ . . . . . . ., 1993 (). . 199. 7 N 1107a 34 / . . . 4. C. 87.
105
. , , , .8 .
, , . - . : - , : , , (. 5:17). , -: - [ . .], ; , - .9 , : , -
-, , , , , , , - , 10 , , , -. , : ( ) - , , , , , ( 3:1516).11
, , - , , , , (. 21:22; . 4:2627): ,
8 Joannes Cassianus. Op. cit. 2.16 / . . . . 190.9 Joannes
Cassianus. Op. cit. 4.7 / . . . . 228.10 Ibid, 4.12 / . . 231.11
Ibid / .
Verbum 19
106
- ; , [ ] , , , [] , - ; - , , .12
- . - . , , , . , . - , , . , , , , , , , , , , - , -. , , , . ,
.
-, . -, , , . , - . -, -, , , , - , , . , , . , - , 12 Ibid / .
. 232.
107
. , - - ; , - -. , - - , , , .
, , - -, , , . - , , , , . - ? , - , , - , - , . , , , , .
: ( - . .) , , , , (EN III.9, 1117b 915).13 , , - - , , . - , ,
, . , , - , , - .
, , : ,14 - , , , . , , ( , , , -13 Broadie S. Philosophical
Introduction // Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Ox-ford, 2002. P.
24.14 Ibid.
Verbum 19
108
, ), .
, , , - , - , . , - .
, . - . , . -, , ( ), . .
. - , - , , , ( ), ( ). , : , - , ( ), - , . . (.: , ) (: , ) e
, - , (: , ) , , [] .15
, , , , . , , , . , , - , , - . . , , 15 Max. Ep. 5 // PG 91,
421C / . . . .-. . ( ). , 2015. . 105.
109
, .16 - . , - . . . - , -: . , , -. . - , .17
. , - - . -, - . . (Ambigua ad Johannem, 628630 .) . - : , , , ,
, , , , [] ( ), - , [] , ; [ ], , : , [] [], ( , , ) - , , , , - -
, ; , () ( ), - , ; (), , [] [: ], - .18
, . . - , , ,
16 .: EN 1104b 820.17 .: Joannes Cassianus. Collationes: 6.10 /
. . . . 270. 18 Max. mb. 10 // PG 91, 1117AB. . .-. . . (- ). . .
.
Verbum 19
110
. , , , , ( ), , -, . - , , , , . , , -. , , , , , - . , ( - ),
, , , . - ( ) ( - ), , , , , , , , : .19 , . - , - , , .
, , . - . (Quaestiones et Dubia), : [] , (. 16:20): "" - " ", -
. - , , [] ( ), , , . , , , , , [ ] , [ ,] -, , , , [ ,] - , , - ,
.20
19 .: EN 1103b 30.20 Max. Qu. Dub. 27 / . . . .-. . . . ., 2010.
. 89 (Smaragdos Philocalias; - . . 6).
111
, , - , . . , . , , , - , - , - - . , , . . , , , , , , , . , ,
() / () . , , , , , - , . , - (Quaestiones ad Thalassium, 64).
,
(. 630634 .). , -, , . - , , , . , : , , ,21 . . - . . : - - , ,
.22 (Gen. ) . -
21 Max. Thal. Epist. 107110 / Maximus Confessor. Quaestiones ad
Thalassium. Sous-Quaestiones ILV una cum lat. interpret. Ioannis
Scotti Eriugenae iuxta posita. Ed. C. Laga, C. Steel. Vols. 2,
Turnhout, 19801990.22 . . . .-. . . - / . . . II, . 1. ., 1993. .
20.
Verbum 19
112
, . , , , . , . . : , , , - , .23
, -, , , (- . . , ), , , - . , , , . , , , , - . , , , - , - . :
(. . ) - ( ) [] ().24
- . , , - - (). - , - []. , , - (), - .25 . , -
23 . . 180, . 25.24 . , , - . .: Nemesius of Emesa. De natura
hominis, 31.3032. - - , . .: Nemesius of Emessa. On the Nature of
Man. Translated with introduction and notes by Sharples R. W. and
van der Eijk P. J. Liverpool, 2008. P. 175. 25 Max. Thal 40, 7782 /
. . . II, . 1, ., 1993. . 105.
113
() , , , (: , ), . , . , - - , , . , . - . , .
, . . - , , : - ; - , , , , [ , . . ] [. . ], , , .26
, . , - , - , - , ( , ), ( ) , . - . , - .27 , . , - , -
26 Max. Thal. 56, 103110 / . - . . .-. . . // URL:
http://www.pravmir.ru/voprosootvetyi-k-falassiyu-lvi-lviii (
10.01.2017). - . . : , - , : . .: Max. Thal 56, 109110. Ed. C.
Laga, C. Steel. 27 . . . . 232.
Verbum 19
114
, , , , . , , , , , , .
-
(IV .), - . , , : , , - (. 7:14), , - . , - . , -; , , , , . -:
, - , - . , , , , , . , , , , , (1 . 4:2). , , , - , . , , (1 .
5:19), - , -, . . , , , , - .28
, , :
28 Greg. Nys. De Vit. Mos. 2.287.52.289.15 / , -. , . // URL:
http://lib.pravmir.ru/library/readbook/706#part_2315 (
10.01.2017).
115
, , , , - , . , , , - , , , - . : (: , ) (. 10:16). - ( ), , . ,
, : , , . ( , -, . [], [] , .29
, - ( - ( )), - , , -, . , , .
,
. - . : - , : - , , (. 4:11).30 , , . , , - . , , , , : , -
29 Ibid. 2.289.5 / . 30 Max. Thal. 64, 24 / . . LXIV. URL:
http://www.pravmir.ru/voprosootvetyi-k-falas-siyu-vopros-lxiv/v (
10.01.2017).
Verbum 19
116
, , (. 4:11) - , , .31
64, . , - . 4:11, . , - , -. , , . , : , -, [] [ ] , - .32 , . .
(. 4:11). , , - , , , , ? - , , : , [], - , , . . , , . , [] , [] -
, , , -,33 : , , , - , - , .34
, - . : (: , ) () , . . () (: ) , - , - , -.35
31 Max. Qu. Dub. 184.18 / . . ., 2010. . 187.32 Max. Thal. 64,
370375. / . - . LXIV. // URL:
http://www.pravmir.ru/voprosootvetyi-k-falassiyu-vopros-lxiv/v (
10.01.2017).33 . . .34 Ibid. / .35 Max. Thal. 64, 370375.
117
, - , - , , , - , -, . . , , , . , - , , , 56 . - , .
. . 4:11 , - , , : - , , , - , []. [] - . , , , , . (: -), , ,
[]: , , , . , [] , , [] -, .36
, - . , , , - , , - , . , ( ) . . -
36 Max. Thal. 64, 400410. / . - . LXIV. // URL:
http://www.pravmir.ru/voprosootvetyi-k-falassiyu-vopros-lxiv/v (
10.01.2017).
Verbum 19
118
, , , , . , - . , . , - .
, - , . . ( , , . ), - -, , , .
, , - (-) , , . , -, - . - . . , - , -, , - , - .
, , , . , , , , , , - . , , , , , , , - . .
119
III.
. .
[email protected]
- : , . , , . - . - , . , .
: , , , , , , , , , .
Svetlana S. NeretinaInstitute of Philosophy, Russin Academy of
Sciences
THE UNDERSTANDING OF ACTION IN "NICOMACHEAN ETHICS"OF ARISTOTLE
AND IN "ETHICS" OF ABELARD
When we are comparing the ethical works of Aristotle and Peter
Abelard, it is determined by a number of concepts: good, action and
intention. Aristotle understood the Good as a life, which was
focused on the policy and the basis of it was mans own thought.
Abelard un-derstood action as an intentional concept. A personal
conscious action is expressed by the term "compunction", the
meaning of which was "repentance as a remorse of conscience." The
direction of personal in-tention to the natural law was accepted as
a concentration of feel-ings, prudence and intelligence.
Key words: ethics, morals, morality, action, life, intention,
conscious soul, will, mind, feeling.
- , , -
Verbum 19
120
, , , . - ( ), - . , -, 1 -, , , -, , . , - , - ( ) .2
, , , , , , - .3 . - , , , . -, - , - .4 , , , , , , - - , -
Verbum, - ,5 . - , , , .6
. - VI, , , - . , , . , -1 .: . . . . . . . .: +, 2010.2 EN 1095
30 / . . . 4. . 57. 3 . , / . . . . 529.4 . . 536537.5 . . 532.6 .
. 537.
121
, , .7 - [, . . -], . , [ ]. , . , []. - , , - , , , , , , ,
.8
, , , , , - . , , , , . , . . - , , , , , -, , . , , , - -, - .9
, , , , - , - -, ,10 -. . , , ?
, . , . - , , . -
7 EN 1094 15 / . . . 4. . 54.8 EN 1094 25 1094b 5 / . . 55.9 . .
. . 539. 10 EN 1096 29 / . . . 4. . 59.
Verbum 19
122
, , , - , , , (, ), - , ( , ), , , .
, () , .
( ) . , ? ( , ), . ,11 , - . , -, c , . , , - 12 , , , - .13 , ,
- , .14
, , , - , . , , , ? , , , . . , - , , , - . - : , , , , , , , ,
- (animus), anima, . 11 Lottin O. Psychologie et moral aux XII et
XIII sicles. V. III. Louvain, 1949. P. 99 et seq.12 Petri
Abaelardi. Logica "Ingredientibus" (Gloses de Milan) / Peter
Abaelard. Philosophische Schriften. Hrsg. von B. Geyer. T. I.
Mnster, 1919. S. 109. 13 .: EN 1098 1015 / . . . 4. . 64.14 . . . .
561568.
123
, , .
, - - , , - . , , , . , , , , , - . , , , , - , : - , -. , . , ,
, , [ ] . , , , , , , c , . . . , : , , . - , , : -, .15
, , -, , , , , -. Ethica seu Scito teipsum (, ), . . , -, , -
.16 , , . , - : , , [] ( , ), - , , , .17
15 . . 597 ( ).16 . . 558, 556.17 EN 1098b 1015 / . . . 4. .
66.
Verbum 19
124
: 1. - , , , ; 2. , - , ( arbitrium liberum, , arbitrium morale,
, voluntate libera, , ).18 -, : - ( ) . - , . . , , , . . , , -. .
, , , -, . , , , - () , , - , . , - , , , , , , .
, , , , . , -, , - ( ). , - , , . , , - , , , , , , , , , , -, -
.
, , - ?18 .: . . . . 553, 559.
125
, , (praxis), ( , - ). , -, , , .19 , . , , , -, . - , , , - , .
, - -, , [] , .20 . - , , [] ,21 [] - : - , [ ] (-], , [ ] , .22 ,
(, -), , . (praxis), , -, . , praxis .
, . , -, , . , , , unum argumentum,
19 EN 1024 1520 / . . . 4. . 54.20 EN 1101 15 / . . 7172.21 EN
1104 12 / . . 80. 22 EN 1098 30 / . . 65.
Verbum 19
126
: -, , (, ). . , - , , , , , . -, - , , , praxis , . , , - , , ,
-.23
, -24 , , , , , involuntarium ( ; voluntarium, ), . . , - . , ,
, . , , . - , , , , . , , , .
, / . / , , - / . , , -: . , , - ( ), , , , .25 , -, - , .
23 . . . . . . . . .: - , 2004. . 51.24 . Vita activa, . . . . .
. . .: , 2000. . 32.25 . . . . 564.
127
-, : , , , , .26 , , ; , -, , .27
, . , . , , , . (mores) , , - (animus), . . , -.28 , . - , , : ,
,29 - , . ( , -), , , . - - .
, mores - , , , -, . . , . . , , , . , , (, , - ) compunctio,30
, . - .31 conscientia ( -: c, ), poenitentia
26 . . 429.27 . . 542.28 . . 404.29 . . 41430 . . 453.31 .:
Petri Abaelardi Epistolae // Migne. Patrologia Latina. T. 178. Col.
208.
Verbum 19
128
, . , - , (. ) , .
. - , . .
-, -. , : , , - , . , , . (per se) ( ) . , , , . , -, . , -. , ,
, - , , - , .32 (-, , .), - , , , - . (). , , , [ ],33 . , , , - ,
- ( , , , -). , , , . : . , . -, , , , , ! : -
32 EN 1142a 6 / . . . 4. . 181.33 EN 1134b 20 / . . 160.
129
, . , , par excellence, . , , , , --
. . , -, , , , , , .
, , , , . , - , . : , -, : . , . , , . - , . - . - , - . , , , .
: =-= - . , , , , , , (to aisthanomenon), , , , , , -, , , , [ ],
(esmen) ( "" (to einai) ).34 -, - , ( ) , , - , . , , . , .35 -
34 EN 1170 29 1170b 1 / . . . 4. . 261.35 . ? / . . . .: , 2006.
. 40 ( - ).
Verbum 19
130
- . - , - , , , . : , -, - ( ) -- ( ). . , . , Vita ( - ), .
, : , , - , . . , , mundus (, , .), , XII . , natura. . , -
.
-Vita , , , -vivere , - . , , : , - , , - , . Vita vis, ,
vivens, . . , , -vis vita. , - () .36 V, (violens), vis, vita,
veritas, vinum .37 , , . , , . -ere ruere -, , , , -, . , , , , , ,
- , , , -, 36 .: . . 247 / . : 3 . . 2. .: , 1970. . 367.37 . //
Vox. . 2016. 20 URL: http://vox-journal.org/html/issues/338 (
06.01.2017).
131
, , .
, , . - , . . , . -, , . , : , , , , -. , - . , (), , , , , , ,
, - , .38 , - () , , -,39 ( , - ) , - . , , , , - . , , ( , ). . ,
, - , . . , , , -. -, , , , , -
38 . . 443 / . . . . 3. .: , 1971. . 239. , , , - , ( )
multivocatio , .39 .: . . . . 245, 249.
Verbum 19
132
, , -, -, .
, , - , -. , . , -, . , , , , .40 . - ( ), - , ( ) - ,41 , . , ,
.42
, - , , , , - (, , , -). (, ) - . , , () -, , , , . , , , - , ,
. - , , , , , . , , , , ; , -.43 , - ( . ). . -, , -
40 . . . . 429.41 .42 . . 422.43 . . 423424.
133
. , -.
esse obiective ( -) , XIII . res in animo ( ), , , ( -).44 . - (
. ) (, , , , ). - , , , , -. () , -, . . , -, -. ocest ,
haecceitas.
. . - , -, , , . , , , , , . . -, , .45 ,
44 .: . . . . . . . .: , 2012. . . . , - , -, - . , XIX . , . .:
. . - XIX . // . . . . 50. 45 . . . . 418.
Verbum 19
134
, ( - - ). , , , . , , . . , , - . : , , .46 , : , , , - , , . .
, , . , , - . .
:
