DAY 2 PSAE REVIEW

For the ISBE Science AssessmentWork KeysDAY 2 PSAE REVIEW LESSONSEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN/SCIENTIFIC METHODIndependent variable the factor that is changed/manipulated in the experimentGraphed on the x-axisDependent variable - the factor that is measured in the experimentGraphed on the y-axisyxExample: If fertilizer (independent variable) is added to soil, then the plants height (dependent variable) will increase, because fertilizer contains nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S); which are essential to the growth of plants. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN/SCIENTIFIC METHODHypothesis how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable and scientific evidence to support the reasoningControl group in which independent variable is unchanged Constants factors in experiment which remain unchanged

Comprehension Question: In the previous example about plant height and fertilizer, what was the hypothesis?

BIOCHEMISTRYMacromolecules Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, ex - Glucose),Lipids (Fatty Acids + Glycerol), Proteins (Amino Acids), Nucleic Acids (Nucleotides = Phosphate, Sugar, Base)

CELL TRANSPORTATIONDiffusion movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, towards equilibriumOsmosis diffusion of water

Plant cells will not burst under increased water pressure due to protection of cell wall.

ENERGY TRANSFERPhotosynthesis Energy from the sun is trapped by pigments in chloroplasts (in plants and some fungi and bacteria). This solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The rate of photosynthesis is effected by color and intensity of light and temperature.

Equation: Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen

Cellular Respiration In eukaryotes, food (glucose) is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic Respiration Oxygen is present. Glucose is used to produce ATP via the mitochondria.Equation:Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen Energy(ATP) + Carbon Dioxide + WaterCellular Respiration In eukaryotes, food (glucose) is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic Respiration Oxygen is NOT present. Also called fermentation.

CELL REPRODUCTIONBinary fission prokaryote reproductionMitosis produces body cells in eukaryotes (ex. Skin cells)Phases:Interphase (Phases: G1, S, G2) DNA replicates and prepares for reproductionDNA Replication reproduce DNA for cell reproduction. Original DNA strands are cut apart. Original strands are paired together with new nucleotides to make new DNA strands. Prophase nucleus breaks downMetaphase chromosome pairs line up in middle of cellAnaphase chromosome pair split to opposite sides of cellTelophase cell begins to reform nuclei and splitCyotkinesis cell splits into two exact cell copies

MITOSIS MEIOSIS CELL REPRODUCTIONMeiosis produces gametes ,sperm and eggs (technically called ovum) in sex organs (testes and ovaries)Goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase twice.During Prophase I, chromosome pairs swap DNA (crossing over) resulting in genetic recombination.

GENETICSDNA deoxyribnucleic acidDNA Bases = Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) Base Pairs: A and T pair together, G and C pair togetherDNA Sugar = deoxyriboseConsists of chains of nucleotides: base sugar - phosphate

GENETICSRNA ribonucleic acidSimilar to DNA but with the base Uracil instead of Thymine and Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose. Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) important in process of protein synthesis.

GENETICSGene portion of DNA which codes for a trait Chromosome a strand of DNA consisting of several genes. A human body cell has 46 chromosomes: 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad. The chromosomes are 1-22 and an X or Y, which determine gender. XX is female and XY is male.Two copies of every chromosome (1 from mom and 1 from dad), the copies are referred to as alleles.

GENETICSDominant Allele masks a recessive alleleRecessive Allele masked by a dominant alleleSince there are two copies of every chromosome (1 from mom and 1 from dad), the copies are referred to as alleles

CELL TRANSPORTATIONGenotype the type of alleles present for a particular gene. (ex. Bb)Homozygous 2 of the same alleleHomozygous Dominant ex. AAHomozygous Recessive ex. aaHeterozygous 2 different alleles (ex. Aa)

Phenotype the physical trait present due to a particular genotype. Ex. Aa = wing colorGENETICSSex-linked genes genes of the X or Y chromosome. Genotype is written by first identifying the individuals genotype for gender, followed by superscript genotype of gene. Ex. Gene for colorblindness found on the X chromosome. XCXc

GENETICSPunnett square

Pedigree ChartCircle (female) Square (male)GENETICSProtein Synthesis creation of protein moleculesTranscription The DNA code is copied in the nucleus. The result is mRNA, which is carried to the cytoplasm.DNA ACGTACGAmRNAUGCAUGCUTranslation - mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Every three mRNA bases (referred to as a codon) are paired with tRNA (bases referred to as the anti-codon). The tRNA has an attached amino acid. to produce a chain of amino acids which twist and fold together to produce a protein.TAXONOMYKingdoms Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

ECOLOGYEnergy cycles through an ecosystem. Primary producers contain the most energy followed by primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers and scavengers, which contain the least amount of energy.

ECOLOGYMutualism - both organisms benefitCommensalism - One organism benefits, the other is not effectedParasitism One organism benefits, the other is harmedSuccession- natural process of change in an ecosystem that occurs after a disturbance

STATES OF MATTERSolid definite shape and definite volumeLiquid definite volume, but no definite shapeGas no definite shape and no definite volumePlasma an ionized (charged) gas

STATES OF MATTERPhase Change a change from one state of matter to another

THE ATOMProtons - positive charge, located in nucleus Neutrons - neutral charge, located in nucleus Electrons - negative charge, in electron cloud (orbitals) around nucleus.

THE ATOMAtomic Number = number of protons, which equals the number of electrons in a neutral atomAtomic Mass = number of protons plus neutrons

THE ATOMIon an electrically charged particleAnion atom that gained one or more electrons (negatively charged ion)Cation atom that lost one or more electrons (positively charged ion)

THE ATOMBond sharing or transfer of electrons which holds two atoms together chemically, forming a new compoundCovalent Bond two atoms share electrons (Ex CO, carbon monoxide)

Ionic Bond An electron from one atom is transferred to another atom (Ex NaCl, sodium chloride)

C OPERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTSMoving across the periodic table: atomic radius (size) decreases, ionization energy and electronegativity increase. Moving down the period table: atomic radius (size) increases, ionization energy and electronegativity decrease.

CHEMICAL REACTIONSChemical Reaction A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are chemically changed into one or more new substances(products)Reaction TypeNotationExampleDecompositionAB A + BCaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)Combination/SynthesisA + B ABCaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s)Single ReplacementA + BC AB + CCu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) +2Ag(s)Double ReplacementAB + CD AD + CBAgNO3(aq) +NaCL(aq) AgCl(s) +NaNO3(aq)Combustion2C4H10(g) +13O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)Law of conservation of mass the total mass of the substance(s) that exist before a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the substance(s) that exist after the reaction. ACIDS & BASESAcids compounds which yield H+ ions when dissolved in waterBases - compounds which yield OH- ions when dissolved in waterpH measures acidityLower than 7 is acidic, greater than 7 is basic, and a pH of 7 is neutral

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE Earths LayersCrust most shallow layer, located at surface and made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminumMantle located between crust and core; made up of iron, magnesium, aluminum, and siliconCore located at very center of the Earth and made up of iron and nickel

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCERocks - a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more mineralsIgneous form at the surface from lava and inside the crust from magma that has cooled. Ex. Basalt and graniteSedimentary results from weathering, erosion, or precipitated fragments that have been buried under pressureEx. Limestone and ShaleMetamorphic form under conditions of extreme temperature and pressure changeEx. Gneiss and Marble

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCEIndex Fossils fossils from life forms present during limited periods of existence, used as a marker to identify the age of the rock

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCEPlate Tectonics large scale movement of the Earths lithosphere, which is broken up into plates

Plate boundaries Convergent plates push togetherDivergent plates pull apartTransform plates side past each other

Lithosphere rigid, brittle crust and the uppermost part of the mantle; divided into plates

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCEAtmosphere layers of gases surrounding a planet, held in place by the planets gravitational forces

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCEBiome large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups which are adapted to a particular environment