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Forest Biomes
Chapter 9
Types of Forests
9.1 Coniferous ForestsObjectives
Describe the characteristics of the coniferous forest. Explain adaptations that enable organisms to survive in
coniferous forests
Many of Earth’s forests have been harvested to meet the demand for wood,
resulting in widespread ecosystem destruction.
Coniferous Forest (Taiga) Facts
Coniferous means cone bearingNorthern potion of the northern
hemisphereWarm summers long cold, snowy winters
(temperature range of -50 to +25)Needles for leaves - evergreen
Coniferous Forests Facts
Not diverseTrees grow in dense stands – blocks
sunlightSoil poor and acidicForest floor has limited plant life
Fern, lichens, sphagnum moss, fungi
Coniferous Forests Facts Heavy snow in northern forests (Taiga) insulates
groundKeeps ground from freezingProtects rootsHelps animals
Small herbivores eat seeds Large herbivores eat plants and bark Many species migrate or hibernate Growing needs for wood has led to tree harvesting
Temperate Coniferous Forests
Exist where soils are too shallow or nutrient-poor to sustain hardwood trees.
Often less dense than Taiga forests—grasses can grow.
Winters are less harsh, so diversity may be greater Fire is important to the ecosystem, as in a
grassland.
Quick Quiz 9.1QQ T or F1. Coniferous means evergreen.2. Exist in Northern portion of the southern hemisphere3. Taiga has cool summers & short dry winters4. Conifers have needles for leaves 5. Taiga is very diverse6. Trees grow in dense stands – blocks sunlight7. Soil poor and acidic8. Forest floor has limited plant life: Fern, lichens, sphagnum moss9. Heavy snow insulates ground: protects roots & helps animals10. Small herbivores eat seeds & large herbivores eat plants and bark11. Large animal species die off in winter12. Growing needs for wood has led to tree harvesting13. Temperate deciduous forests exist where it is too wet for hardwoods to
grow.14. Temperate deciduous forests are more diverse than Taiga.
9.2 Deciduous forestsObjectives
Identify the characteristics of the deciduous forest Describe the organisms that inhabit the deciduous
forest
A tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season of the year.
What is a Deciduous Forest
Deciduous Facts
Grow in the temperate zones Temperatures from –30oC to +30oC 50cm to 300 cm of rainfall During growing season
Photosynthesis occursGrows rapidlyStores large amounts of food
Deciduous Facts Continued
During winterPhotosynthesis stopsLeaves lose green colorSheds leaves
Helps to conserve waterMinimizes snow damage
Becomes dormantConsumes food stored in trunk, branches and roots
Deciduous Forest Video
Types of Deciduous Trees
Maple Oak Beech Ash Hickory Birch
More diverse than coniferous forest
Deciduous Forest Levels Canopy
Upper branches of tall treesCaptures most of sunlight
UnderstoryYounger and smaller trees
Shrubs Forest Floor
Mosses, ferns and other plants; also fungi
Deciduous Leaves
Decay quickly Produce a deep rich layer of soil – humus Humus and leaves are home to many insects and
other invertebrates
Deciduous Animals
Man’s Impact on the Deciduous Forests
Very little original deciduous forest remainsLess than 0.1%
Cut down forFarm landLumberPaperFuel
Replanting the Forest
Replanted forests usually low in diversity The forest ecosystem regenerates slowly Communities come back slowly, if at all
Past, Present & Future
Quick Quiz 9.2 QQ T or F1. A deciduous tree sheds its leaves during a particular season of the year2. Temperatures from –30oC to +30oC3. 50 cm to 300 cm of rainfall4. During growing season: photosynthesis, grows rapidly, store large amounts of
food5. During winter: photosynthesis stops; leaves lose green color; becomes dormant;
consumes food stored in trunk, branches and roots6. Shedding leaves: helps to conserve water & minimizes snow damage7. More diverse than coniferous forest8. Types: maple, oak, beech, hickory9. Decaying leaves produce humus10. Replanted forests usually low in diversity11. The forest ecosystem regenerates slowly12. Only 30% of original forest remain
9.3 Rain ForestObjectives
Describe the characteristics of the tropical zone and the rain forest
Illustrate the complexity and diversity of the rain-forest ecosystem
The rain forest is the most productive and diverse biome on Earth.
Rain Forest Facts
Located in the tropical zones near the equator Average 25oC all year 100 cm to 450 cm rainfall per year Growing season lasts all year
A rain forest is a biome with a dense canopy of evergreen, broadleaf trees supported by at least 200 cm
of rain each year.
More Facts
Contain 70% to 90% of all Earth’s species Only 6% of earth’s surface but 40% of biomass Trees are the basis of the forest
Cyprus – Balsa – Teak – Mahogany – many more!Many reach heights of 50 - 60 m (195 feet)
Rainforest Video
Rainforest Structure Upper canopy
Captures 99% of sunlight Lower canopy Understory Forest floor
Sparse population Shallow roots
Tree trunks have buttresses to support tree
Rain Forest Soil
Thin and poor Most nutrients in top 5 cm Organic matter decomposes quickly and is lifted
back up into trees
Organisms
High plant diversity leads to high animal diversity Wide variety of habitats at different levels Complex food web Millions of species of plants, animals, bacteria and
fungi
Organisms of the Canopy
Deforestation
Deforestation
Rain forests have been reduced from 10% of Earth’s surface to 6%
The destruction of forest as a result of human activity is called deforestation
Because of humans need for space and wood The rain forest cannot regenerate! The many organisms will be gone for ever.
Quick Quiz 9.3QQ
1. The rain forest is the most productive and diverse biome on Earth2. Rain forests have been reduced from 10% of Earth’s surface to 6%3. The destruction of forest as a result of human activity is called deforestation4. The rain forest cannot regenerate!5. High plant diversity leads to high animal diversity6. Wide variety of habitats at different levels7. Complex food web8. Millions of species of plants, animals, bacteria and fungi9. Soil is thin and poor with most nutrients in top 5 cm10. Organic matter decomposes quickly and is lifted back up into trees11. Contain 70% to 90% of all Earth’s species, only 6% of earth’s surface but 40%
of biomass12. Many trees reach heights of 50 - 60 m (195 feet): Cyprus – Balsa – Teak –
Mahogany