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Forrest W. Parkay
Chapter 11
Curriculum Standards, Assessment, and Student Learning
ISBN: 0132767465
© 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Becoming a Teacher: Parkay and Stanford 3
Focus Questions
1. What role will standards play in your classroom?
2. What is standards-based education?3. What controversies surround the effort to
raise standards?4. What methods can you use to assess
student learning?5. How can you develop high-quality classroom
assessments?
Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay
ISBN: 0132767465
© 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What role will standards play in your classroom?
Standard – level of knowledge or skill that is necessary to perform a specific task
Standards in EducationCalled: Content standards, goals,
expectations, learning results or learning outcomes
Statements reflecting what students should know and do within a particular discipline
Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay
ISBN: 0132767465
© 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What is standards-based education? Standards-Based Education (SBE)
Basing curricula, teaching and assessment of student learning on rigorous world class standards
Based on belief that all students are capable of meeting high standards
What is standards-based education?Common Core State Standards
Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSSI)
Voluntary
Not a Federal initiative
○Aligned with college and work expectations
○Clear, understandable, and consistent
○Rigorous content and application through higher-order skills
○Informed by other top-performing countries
○Evidenced and research-based
What is standards-based education?Content Standards
Content or knowledge and skills students should acquire in
various academic disciplines
Benchmarks (Indicators) Specific statements of what students should be able to do at specific grade levels or
development stages
What is standards-based education?Performance standard
Used to assess the degree to which students have
attained standards, reflect level of proficiency
Performance expectations Level of achievement, quality performance or level of
proficiency developed by professional associations
What is standards-based education?
Aligning Curricula and Textbooks With Standards and Curriculum
Curriculum Alignment Aligning curricula and textbooks with national and state standards
Horizontal – Specified grade level alignment of all subjectsVertical – Specified subject alignment of all grades
Curriculum Framework Document by state education agency with recommended guidelines, instructional and assessment strategies
What controversies surround the effort to raise standards?Arguments in Support of Raising Standards
Achievement improved by defining what is to be taught
Necessary for equality of opportunity
Valuable coordinating function
Supplies accurate information to parents and students
Serve an important signaling device to students, parents, teachers, employers and colleges
What controversies surround the effort to raise standards?
Concerns About Raising Standards National Curriculum will create an expanded role of government
in education
Conservative groups wish to undo the educational gains of underrepresented groups
Emphasis on testing results in decrease in emphasis on subjects not tested
Standards are vague and not linked to valid assessments
Standards describe activities
Scope and sequence unclear
Benchmarks are unrealistic and students rushed
Instruction no longer addressing student needs
What controversies surround the effort to raise standards?
Questions to help decide if Standards-Based Education (SBE) should be used:
1.Where will we get our standards?2.Who will set standards?3.Why types of standards to include?4.What format to write standards in?5.What will be the levels of benchmarks?6.How to assess?7.How to report student progress?8.How to hold students accountable?
What controversies surround the effort to raise standards?Standards, Testing and Accountability
Teachers and Schools may be ranked by test scores for accountability
Scores may determine whether students graduate
Funds may be provided for schools scoring high or denied to those scoring low on tests
Becoming a Teacher: Parkay and Stanford 15
What methods can you use to assess student learning?Assessment
process of observing student behavior and drawing inferences about student knowledge and abilities
Quantitative Assessment numerical scores to evaluate learning
Work Habits disposition necessary for effective thinking, learning, reflecting, independence, managing time, persistence, accuracy and working collaboratively
Qualitative Assessment Subjective assessment of student behavior
What methods can you use to assess student learning?
Challenges of Assessing Student Learning What students learn may be indeterminate and beyond
measurement
Purpose of Classroom Assessment Determine if material learned Identify feedback to enhance learning Develop strategies to improving teaching effectiveness Determine if students have reached expected levels
What methods can you use to assess student learning?Purposes of Classroom Assessment
• Measurement – gathering quantitative data related to knowledge and skill acquired
• Evaluation – making judgments or assigning value to measurements
• Formative Evaluation – measuring student skills to make decisions about teaching
• Summative Evaluation – determining grades at end of semester or year
Becoming a Teacher: Parkay and Stanford 19
What methods can you use to assess student learning?Standardized Assessments
International AssessmentsInternational Assessment of Educational Progress (IAEP)Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)
What methods can you use to assess student learning?
Norm Referenced Assessments
Students scores are compared to score of others who are similar
○Norm Group – comparison group of students
○Allow teachers to rank students by achievement
What methods can you use to assess student learning?Criterion Referenced Assessments
Students’ learning is compared with clearly defined criteria or standards
• Does not indicate “average”
• Indicate what students know and can do in a specific area
Becoming a Teacher: Parkay and Stanford 23
What methods can you use to assess student learning?Emerging Trends in Classroom Assessment Alternative Assessment
form of assessment that requires construction of meaning instead of memory of factsAuthentic Assessment – Student must use higher level thinking skills to perform, create or solve problems
Portfolio Assessment – Student’s collection of work showing growth
What methods can you use to assess student learning?Alternative Assessment
Peer Assessment – Students assess one another’s work informally
Self Assessment – Students assess their own work
Performance Based Assessment – Student ability to apply knowledge, skills and work is observed and judged
Alternate Assessment – Student with disability is observed to enhance future performance, part of IDEA 97
Project Based Learning – Student teams explore real world problems and present what learned.
Becoming a Teacher: Parkay and Stanford 26
How can you develop high-quality classroom assessments? Skills needed to assess student learning
Choose appropriate assessment methods for attaining objectives
Administer, Score and Interpret Results
Use results for future planning
Develop valid grading procedures
Communicate results
Recognize inappropriate assessments and result uses
How can you develop high-quality classroom assessments? Validity
Does the test measure what it should?
Reliability Are the results consistent over time, different times and conditions?
Becoming a Teacher: Parkay and Stanford 29
How can you develop high-quality classroom assessments?
Scoring Rubrics Rating scales of pre-established
performance criteria (scoring guides)
Holistic Rubric – Used to score whole product or process
Analytical Rubric – Used to score separate parts of the product or process
How can you develop high-quality classroom assessments?
Multiple Measures of Student Learning
Multiple methods of assessment will allow students to develop positive views of themselves and subject if more opportunities for success
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