Foundations of Foundations of Individual BehaviourIndividual Behaviour

By:- Sayad Rashid By:- Sayad Rashid

Biographical CharacteristicsBiographical Characteristics

Personal characteristics- such as age, Personal characteristics- such as age, gender, and marital status – that are gender, and marital status – that are objective and easily obtained from objective and easily obtained from personal records.personal records.

Age – has impact on performance, – has impact on performance, turnover, absenteeism, productivity and turnover, absenteeism, productivity and satisfaction.satisfaction.

Gender – has impact on absenteeism – has impact on absenteeism and turnover.and turnover.

Education – This has its impact upon – This has its impact upon individual behaviour, largely through the individual behaviour, largely through the level of education received.level of education received.

Tenure – has its impact on job – has its impact on job performance, turnover.performance, turnover.

Marital status – has impact on – has impact on absenteeism, turnover, and absenteeism, turnover, and satisfaction.satisfaction.

Number of dependents – has its main – has its main impact on absenteeism and turnover.impact on absenteeism and turnover.

AbilityAbilityAn individual’s capacity to perform the An individual’s capacity to perform the

various tasks in a job.various tasks in a job.

Intellectual abilities Intellectual abilities

Physical abilities Physical abilities

The Ability – job Fit The Ability – job Fit

Intellectual abilities – Needed to perform – Needed to perform mental activities. Dimensions of Intellectual mental activities. Dimensions of Intellectual ability are:ability are:

Number aptitudeNumber aptitude Verbal comprehensionVerbal comprehension Perceptual speedPerceptual speed Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning Spatial visualizationSpatial visualization MemoryMemory

Physical abilities – The capacity to do tasks – The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics. Nine basic physical similar characteristics. Nine basic physical abilities are:abilities are:

Strength FactorsStrength Factors1.1. Dynamic strength Dynamic strength 2.2. Trunk strength Trunk strength 3.3. Static strengthStatic strength4. Explosive Strength 4. Explosive Strength Flexibility FactorsFlexibility Factors1.1. Extent FlexibilityExtent Flexibility2.2. Dynamic FlexibilityDynamic Flexibility3.3. Body coordinationBody coordination Other FactorsOther Factors 1.1. Balance Balance 2.2. Stamina Stamina

LearningLearning

Any relatively permanent change in Any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result ofbehaviour that occurs as a result of

experience.experience.

Theories of Learning

Classical Conditioning:Classical Conditioning: A type of A type of conditioning in which an individual conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.ordinarily produce such a response.

Operant Conditioning:Operant Conditioning: A type of A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary conditioning in which desired voluntary behaviour leads to a reward or prevents a behaviour leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.punishment.

Cognitive Theory of Learning: Cognitive Theory of Learning: Cognitive Cognitive theory of learning assumes that the theory of learning assumes that the organism learns the meaning of various organism learns the meaning of various objects and events, and learned objects and events, and learned responses depending on the meaning responses depending on the meaning assigned to stimuli.assigned to stimuli.

Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory: Social learning Social learning theory emphasizes the ability of an theory emphasizes the ability of an individual to learn by observing others.individual to learn by observing others.

Principles of Learning

Shaping BehaviourShaping Behaviour- Systematically - Systematically reinforcing each successive step that reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired moves an individual closer to the desired response. Methods of Shaping Behaviour:response. Methods of Shaping Behaviour:

Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcementPunishment Punishment ExtinctionExtinction

MotivationMotivation

Whole versus part learning Whole versus part learning

Learning curves Learning curves

Meaningfulness of material and Learning Meaningfulness of material and Learning styles. styles.

Thank You…..Thank You…..Presentation By: Presentation By: Sayad Rashid Parrey

Of: Of: International Institute of Business Studies, Bangalore

Section: Section: Innovation

Email: Email: Sayad_S19@Rediffmail.com