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Foundations of Modern Geology
Two schools of thought: Neptunists
Abraham Gottlob Werner Universal ocean
Plutonists James Hutton Endless cycle of formation
Foundations of Modern Geology Principle of Uniformitarianism
Charles Lyle
Actualism1. Geologic processes observed today
occurred in the past2. Some past geologic processes no longer
occur3. The rate and intensity of geologic
processes may vary through geologic time
Geologic Time
Birth of a Solar System
Solar nebula model
Birth of a Solar System
Planetesimal hypothesis
Birth of a Solar System
Condensation Sequence
Rocky Planets & Gas Planets Rocky
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Gas Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus
Rocky & Gas Planets
Figure 2-8
Other Celestial Bodies
Dating the Solar System
Dating the Solar System
Chapter 3
14
Interior of the Earth – Seismology Meteorites
Composition & age Density
Seismic Waves
Chapter 3
15
Seismic Waves
Surface waves Travel slowly along Earth’s surface
Body waves Travel at higher speeds through Earth’s
interior
Body waves
Chapter 3
16
Seismic Waves
Body Waves P-waves (primary)
All three states: solid, liquid, & gas
S-waves (secondary) Only solids
Chapter 317
Chapter 318
Models of Earth’s Formation
Sources of Earth’s Water
Cosmic gases Comets Meteorites
Wet Magma Ocean Hypothesis
