FP7 285556 SafeCity Project - CORDIS...** Nature of the Deliverable: P= Prototype, R= Report, S= Specification, T= Tool, O= Other Abstract: This document is an analysis of Helsinki’s

FP7‐285556 SafeCity Project

Deliverable D2.5

Helsinki Public Safety Scenario

Deliverable Type: CO

Nature of the Deliverable: R

Date: 30.09.2011

Distribution: WP2

Editors: VTT

Contributors: VTT, ISDEFE

*Deliverable Type: PU= Public, RE= Restricted to a group specified by the Consortium, PP= Restricted to other

program participants (including the Commission services), CO= Confidential, only for

members of the Consortium (including the Commission services)

** Nature of the Deliverable: P= Prototype, R= Report, S= Specification, T= Tool, O= Other

Abstract: This document is an analysis of Helsinki’s public safety characters. It describes the critical

infrastructure of Helsinki, discuss its current limitations, and give ideas for the future.

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

© SafeCity Consortium ii

DISCLAIMER

The work associated with this report has been carried out in accordance with the highest technical

standards and SafeCity partners have endeavored to achieve the degree of accuracy and reliability

appropriate to the work in question. However since the partners have no control over the use to which

the information contained within the report is to be put by any other party, any other such party shall

be deemed to have satisfied itself as to the suitability and reliability of the information in relation to any

particular use, purpose or application.

Under no circumstances will any of the partners, their servants, employees or agents accept any liability

whatsoever arising out of any error or inaccuracy contained in this report (or any further consolidation,

summary, publication or dissemination of the information contained within this report) and/or the

connected work and disclaim all liability for any loss, damage, expenses, claims or infringement of third

party rights.


© SafeCity Consortium iii

List of Authors

Partner Authors

VTT Sami Ruponen, Timo Kyntäjä, Titta Ahola, Kimmo Ahola


© SafeCity Consortium iv

Document History

Date Version Editor Change Status

1.8.2011 0.4 Sami Ruponen First chapters added. First Draft

21.9.2011 0.7 Titta Ahola More text added. Combined

contributions from VTT team.

26.9.2011 0.9 Titta Ahola Combined contributions from

VTT team.

30.9.2011 1.0 Titta Ahola Text added and focused

according to comments from

Isdefe.

14.10.2011 1.1 Titta Ahola Text added and focused

according to comments from

Isdefe. Changed the

deliverable type to CO.

Draft for Review

27.10.2011 1.3 Titta Ahola,

Sami Ruponen

Changes according to peer

review.

Final


© SafeCity Consortium v

Table of Contents

List of Authors ............................................................................................................................................. iii

Document History ....................................................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... v

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................ix

Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................ x

References ....................................................................................................................................................xi

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Purpose of the Document ........................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Scope and Structure ................................................................................................................ 1

2. Helsinki General Overview .................................................................................................................. 2

2.1 Area and Population ................................................................................................................ 2

2.1.1 Population ................................................................................................................ 2

2.1.2 Land Use ................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.3 Languages ................................................................................................................. 6

2.1.4 Climate and Air Pollution .......................................................................................... 7

2.2 Critical Infrastructures ............................................................................................................. 8

2.2.1 Transportation System ............................................................................................. 8

2.2.2 State and Municipal Authorities ............................................................................. 12

2.2.3 Infrastructural Settings ........................................................................................... 16

2.3 Communication Infrastructures ............................................................................................. 17

2.3.1 Public ICT Infrastructures ....................................................................................... 17

2.3.2 Private ICT Infrastructures ...................................................................................... 23

3. Public Safety Characterization ........................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Area A: Citizens Behavior ....................................................................................................... 25

3.1.1 Camera Surveillance Network ................................................................................ 25

3.2 Area B: Road Track Surveillance and Management ............................................................... 25

3.2.1 Traffic Cameras ....................................................................................................... 26

3.2.2 Traffic Lights ........................................................................................................... 27

3.2.3 Helsinki Public Transport Signal Priority and Passenger Information

(HeLMi) ................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.4 Real‐time Parking Guidance ................................................................................... 30


© SafeCity Consortium vi

3.2.5 Road Weather Cameras .......................................................................................... 30

3.2.6 Speed Camera System ............................................................................................ 32

3.2.7 Bus Lane Surveillance ............................................................................................. 33

3.3 Area C: Environmental Monitoring ........................................................................................ 33

3.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring ............................................................................................ 33

3.3.2 Water Quality Monitoring ...................................................................................... 35

3.4 Area D: Alerting Citizens ........................................................................................................ 35

3.4.1 Public Alarm System ............................................................................................... 35

3.4.2 HelsinkiTurva.fi Portal ............................................................................................ 36

4. Social, Ethical and Legal implications ................................................................................................ 37

4.1 Helsinki Social and Environmental Implications .................................................................... 37

4.2 Monitoring Public and Private Areas ..................................................................................... 37

4.3 Improving the Safety ............................................................................................................. 38

4.4 Legal Aspects ......................................................................................................................... 38

5. Challenges in Public Safety ................................................................................................................ 39

5.1 Current Limitations and Gaps ................................................................................................ 39

5.2 On‐going innovative Initiatives .............................................................................................. 39

5.3 Ideas for the future ................................................................................................................ 39

5.4 Future Characterization ......................................................................................................... 40

Annex A – SafeCity End User Questionnaire .............................................................................................. 41

Annex B – Use Case Example ..................................................................................................................... 57


© SafeCity Consortium vii

List of Figures

Figure 1 Geographic of Helsinki and Helsinki Region. .................................................................................. 2

Figure 2 Total Population Progress in Helsinki [1]. ....................................................................................... 3

Figure 3 Land Use and Districts in Helsinki [1]. ............................................................................................ 4

Figure 4 Population Density in Helsinki [17]. ............................................................................................... 5

Figure 5 Neighborhoods of Helsinki. ............................................................................................................ 6

Figure 6 Populations by Language in Helsinki [1]. ........................................................................................ 7

Figure 7 Climatological Statistics of Helsinki for the Period 1971–2000 [3] [4]. .......................................... 7

Figure 8 Tram and Metro Lines of Helsinki [7]. ............................................................................................ 9

Figure 9 Highways and Railways in Finland. ............................................................................................... 10

Figure 10 West Metro [10]. ........................................................................................................................ 11

Figure 11 City Rail Loop [12]. ...................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 12 Police Stations and Rescue Departments in Helsinki. ................................................................ 12

Figure 13 Headquarters of the Finnish Authorities in Helsinki................................................................... 13

Figure 14 The Location of the Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre. ....................................................... 14

Figure 15 Offences Registered in the Helsinki Police District [1]. .............................................................. 15

Figure 16 Elisa Coverage at Helsinki Region [18]. ....................................................................................... 18

Figure 17 Sonera Coverage at Helsinki Region [19]. .................................................................................. 19

Figure 18 DNA Coverage at Helsinki Region [20]. ...................................................................................... 19

Figure 19 Sonera 4G Coverage Area [21]. .................................................................................................. 20

Figure 20 DNA 4G Coverage Area [22]. ...................................................................................................... 21

Figure 21 Datame 4G Coverage [25]. ......................................................................................................... 21

Figure 22 VIRVE Coverage Area [43]. ......................................................................................................... 23

Figure 23 Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre [41]. ..................................................................... 26

Figure 24 Traffic Cameras in Helsinki [41]. ................................................................................................. 27

Figure 25 HeLMi Communication System [41]. .......................................................................................... 29

Figure 26 The Example Sign of the Real‐time Parking Guidance System [41]. ........................................... 30

Figure 27 Road Weather Cameras of the Helsinki Region [23]. ................................................................. 31

Figure 28 An Example Figure of the Road Weather Camera [23]. ............................................................. 32

Figure 29 Map of Air Quality in Helsinki. .................................................................................................... 34

Figure 30 Air Quality and Pollutant Concentrations in Helsinki. ................................................................ 34

Figure 31 Public Alarm Systems in Helsinki. ............................................................................................... 36


© SafeCity Consortium viii

Figure 32 New Sensors to Important Crossings in route 51. ...................................................................... 40


© SafeCity Consortium ix

List of Tables

Table 1: Operator subscriptions in Finland ................................................................................................ 20


© SafeCity Consortium x

Glossary

Acronym Meaning

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

ICT Information and Communication Technology

HeLMi The public transport telematic system of Helsinki (Helsingin joukkoliikenteen

liikennevaloetuus‐ ja matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmä in Finnish)

HKL Helsinki City Transport

HSL Helsinki Region Transport (Helsingin Seudun Liikenne in Finnish)

HUS Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa

MDSL Multirate Digital Subscriber Line

NSN Nokia Siemens Networks

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

TEDS TETRA Enhanced Data Service

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

VIRVE National TETRA network for Finnish authorities (Viranomaisverkko in Finnish)

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network


© SafeCity Consortium xi

References

Number Reference

[1] City of Helsinki Urban facts, “Statistical Yearbook of Helsinki 2010” (Helsingin Tilastollinen

Vuosikirja in Finnish), Bookwell Oy, Porvoo 2011.

[2] Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia

[3] Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/normal‐period‐1971‐2000

[4] Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki

[5] HKL Helsinki City Transport, “City Transport Annual Report 2010”, Tornion Kirjapaino Ky,

Helsinki 2011. http://www.hel.fi/hki/hkl/en/About+HKL/Annual+Reports

[6] HSL Helsinki Region Transport, “Helsinki Region Transport Annual Report 2010”.

http://www.hsl.fi/EN/abouthsl/Pages/default.aspx

[7] Helsinki City Transport. http://www.hel.fi/hki/hkl/en

[8] The Finnish Transport Agency (Liikennevirasto in Finnish).

http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/f/liikenneverkko/tiet

[9] Helsinki Airport. http://www.helsinki‐vantaa.fi/enemman‐tietoa/medialle

[10] West Metro (Länsimetro in Finnish). http://www.lansimetro.fi/en/stations

[11] Finnish Transport Agency, The Ring Rail Line (Kehärata in Finnish).

http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/e/projects/under_construction/ring_rail_line

[12] Finnish Transport Agency, The City Rail Loop (Pisara‐rata in Finnish).

http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/e/projects/planning_phase/city_rail_loop_pisara

[13] Finnish Police. http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/home.nsf/pages/index_eng

[14] Finnish Rescue Services, Emergency Announcements. http://www.peto‐media.fi/

[15] Finnish Border Guard. http://www.raja.fi/

[16] HS.fi Uutiset.

http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/artikkeli/Hanavesi+voittaa+pulloveden+puhtaudessa/113522889

4066

[17] Service Map of Helsinki. Demographic Map ‐> All population

[18] Elisa coverage area. http://www.elisa.fi/kuuluvuus/

[19] Sonera coverage area.

http://www.sonera.fi/asiakastuki/puhelin+ja+liittymat/kuuluvuus+ja+nopeuskartta/kuuluvu

uskartta

[20] DNA coverage area.

http://www.dna.fi/yksityisille/puhe/Kuuluvuus/kuuluvuuskartta/Sivut/Default.aspx

[21] Sonera 4G goverage area.

http://www.sonera.fi/tietokone+ja+yhteydet/nettiyhteydet/4g+langaton+laajakaista/4g+ku

uluvuus


© SafeCity Consortium xii

Number Reference

[22] DNA 4G goverage area.

http://www.dna.fi/yksityisille/liikkuvalaajakaista/4G‐testi/Sivut/4g‐peittokartta.aspx

[23] Finnish Transport Agency, The Road Weather Cameras.

http://alk.tiehallinto.fi/alk/english/kelikamerat/kelikamerat_8.html

[24] Elisa Press Release. http://www.elisa.com/on‐elisa/140/130.00/16791

[25] Datame 4G coverage area. http://4gsaatavuus.ppo.fi/

[26] Helsinki WLAN hotspots. http://ptp.hel.fi/wlan/

[27] Helsinki Region Transport, Free Wireless Internet.

http://www.hsl.fi/EN/passengersguide/mobileservices/Pages/Freewirelessinternet.aspx

[28] HSL Live. http://transport.wspgroup.fi/hklkartta/defaultEn.aspx.

[29] Mobiili– ja PDA blogi (Mobile and PDA Blog in English).

http://lehto.net/blogi/2007/01/helsingin‐wlan‐bussit‐ja‐ratikat.htm

[30] Joukkoliikenteen liikennevaloetuusjärjestelmien jatkokehitys

http://www.hel.fi/static/public/hela/Helsingin_kaupungin_HKL‐

liikelaitoksen_johtokunta/Suomi/Esitys/2009/HKL_2009‐03‐19_HKLjk_04_El/663D8FDF‐

0FD6‐4780‐AE35‐1BE249FACFE0/Joukkoliikenteen_liikennevaloetuusjarjestelmien_ja.html

[31] Maxinetti. http://www.maxinetti.fi

[32] SparkNet/OpenSpark. http://www.sparknet.fi/

[33] FON. http://www.fon.com

[34] 24Online. http://www.24online.fi

[35] SuomiCom. http://www.suomicom.fi

[36] Datame. http://www.datame.fi

[37] Nebula. http://www.nebula.fi

[38] Academica. http://www.academica.fi

[39] Helsinki City Rescue Department, Civil Defence.

http://www.hel.fi/hki/pela/en/Civil+defence

[40] Wimax. http://www.wimax.fi/peittokartta.php

[41] Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre.

http://www.hel2.fi/liikenteenohjaus/yhteinenliikenteenhallintakeskus.asp

[42] Swarco. http://swarconordic.com/default.asp?menu=1912

[43] VIRVE. http://www.pelastustoimi.fi/artikkelit/4551

[44] The translation of the Finnish legislation. http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/

[45] Helsinki Region Environmental Service Authority (HSY).

http://www.hsy.fi/en/Pages/Default.aspx

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

© SafeCity Consortium 1

1. Introduction

SafeCity refers to public safety in large EU cities. The objective is to enhance the safety with the help of

Future Internet. New capabilities and applications could make urban public safety systems not just more

connected and efficient, but smarter. These new systems could assist authorities in their everyday work.

However, before these new systems and applications can be designed, the current system and especially

the requirements of the real end users must be explored.

1.1 Purpose of the Document This document presents Helsinki Public Safety Scenario. It gives an overview of Helsinki and analyzes the

characteristics of Helsinki’s current critical infrastructure. In the document, the idea is first to familiarize

the current system, and consider its advantages and disadvantages. Thereafter, the ideas for the future

enhancements are discussed.

For this document, several real end users were interviewed. The present system and the future needs

were surveyed in association with representatives of Finnish Police and City of Helsinki.

1.2 Scope and Structure The scope of this document is to give an analysis of Helsinki’s public safety characters by describing its

critical infrastructure, discuss the current limitations, and give ideas for the future enhancements.

This document is organized as follows. Section 1 is an introductory chapter and shortly describes the

document. Section 2 gives a general overview of Helsinki describing its geographical and demographical

features. It introduces Helsinki’s critical infrastructure such as transportation system, state and

municipal authorities, and other infrastructure concentrating especially on those that are most

important for public safety. Furthermore, both public and private information and communication

technology (ICT) of the city in described.

The present applications that enhance public safety are researched more closely in Section 3. Section 4

considers social, ethical, legal implications of the public safety applications, and finally, Section 5

discusses the challenges in public safety. It lists the limitations and gaps of the current systems, reveals

on‐going initiatives, and gives ideas for the future enhancements.



2. Helsinki General Overview

The City of Helsinki, later Helsinki, was founded in 1550 and is located in the southern Finland on the

shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in Finland and was proclaimed

the capital city in 1812, three years after Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian

Empire. Helsinki continued as the capital after Finland declared its independence in 1917. Today,

Helsinki covers an area of 716 km2 with 588 549 inhabitants. The next sections give an overview of the

city.

2.1 Area and Population

2.1.1 Population

Helsinki has three neighboring cities: Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen. Together, these four cities

comprise the Helsinki Metropolitan Area that has 1 045 263 inhabitants. Helsinki is also a center of a

major economic zone that consists of 14 cities and municipalities, the Helsinki Region. The Helsinki

Region covers an area of 5 518 km² and has 1 349 453 inhabitants1, which is one quarter of the total

Finnish population. The geographic of the above‐mentioned cities and regions can be seen in Figure 1.

HelsinkiHelsinki

SwedenSweden

RussiaRussia

NorwayNorway

FinlandFinland

Figure 1 Geographic of Helsinki and Helsinki Region.

During last decade, the population of Helsinki has been growing and become more international. Figure

2 shows the total population progress in Helsinki that has generally increased over the years. This is due

to migration from the rest of Finland and abroad. The same trend can be seen in the population of the

whole Helsinki Region and Helsinki Metropolitan Area, only much more intensively. A major reason for

the migration is because of the excellent education and employment offerings in the region compared

to the rest of the country.

1 1.1.2011.



HelsinkiHelsinki

Helsinki Helsinki Metropolitan AreaMetropolitan Area

Helsinki RegionHelsinki Region

Figure 2 Total Population Progress in Helsinki [1].

The population age structure varies between the different areas in the Helsinki. In the Helsinki

Metropolitan Area, the population is more aged than in the Helsinki Region. There are relatively more

children under 15 in the rest of the region than in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. However, the age

structure in the Helsinki Region is predicted to change as the population ages by the year 2040. It is

expected that the number of children will increase, but the highest growth is forecasted in the number

of people aged 70 and over.

2.1.2 Land Use

The town planning regulates the usage and construction of land. The plan defines where for example

residential areas, workplaces, park and garden areas, and traffic are placed in the city. The city planning

in Helsinki is responsibility of the City Planning Department. The department’s tasks are the structural

and architectural development of Helsinki. Figure 3 presents the land use in Helsinki at high level. In the

figure, three large industrial areas at the coast are the three important harbors of Helsinki, the industrial

area in Central Major District is the railway depot in Ilmala, and in southeastern neighborhood of

Helsinki there are industrial areas of Herttoniemi and Roihupelto.



Figure 3 Land Use and Districts in Helsinki [1].

Helsinki's current population density of 2 753 people per square kilometer is by far the highest in

Finland. For example, the population density of Helsinki Metropolitan Area is 1357 people per square

kilometer, and in whole Finland, the population density is only 18 people per square kilometer. Figure 4

presents the population density in Helsinki. If you compare Figure 3 and Figure 4, you can see that the

Southern Major District and the Central Major District have the highest population densities in Helsinki.

The other noteworthy fact is that residential areas are concentrated near to railway and metro lines. In

fact, planning of Helsinki has promoted fluency and service of public transport, and thus, emphasized

friendliness to the environment.



Figure 4 Population Density in Helsinki [17].

Figure 5 shows the 59 neighborhoods of Helsinki. This is the official division created by the city council

and used for city planning and other similar purposes. Each neighborhood is identified by both a two‐

digit number between 01 and 59 and an official name in both Finnish and Swedish. The next list presents

some facts of the most known neighborhoods.

In Kruununhaka, there are for example Helsinki Cathedral, Presidential Palace, Government

Palace, Bank of Finland and several buildings of the University of Helsinki.

Kluuvi is the location of railway station, main post office, shopping centres, financial institutions,

and several buildings of the University of Helsinki.

In Kaartinkaupunki, there are a lot of enterprise premises.

Kamppi is the location of bus station and a large shopping centre.

Punavuori has the highest population density in Helsinki.

Eira is known as residential area of wealthy people.

Ullanlinna is a diplomatic district where there are many embassies and consulates.

Katajanokka is the location of Uspenski cathedral, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and Katajanokka

terminal.

Kaivopuisto one of the oldest parks in Helsinki, and residential area of high repute.

Kallio and Sörnäinen were formerly known as the residential areas of working population, but

nowadays, there live many students and artists.



Taka‐Töölö is the area of parks and sports. There lies the Olympic Stadium, the Rowing Stadium,

and the Swimming Stadium.

Meilahti is known for its large hospital area in which lie for example many clinics of the Hospital

District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS), University of Helsinki’s Faculty of Medicine, and

Biomedicum Helsinki.

Pasila is the second biggest railway station in Finland.

Länsisatama is a location of West Terminal and West Harbor.

Viikki and Kumpula are known as campus areas of the University of Helsinki.

Malmi is the location of the Helsinki‐Malmi Airport.

Vuosaari is the biggest neighborhood, and a location of Vuosaari harbor.

Ultuna, Östersundom, Karhusaari, Talosaari and Salmenkallio were added to Helsinki from Sipoo

in 2009.

Figure 5 Neighborhoods of Helsinki.

2.1.3 Languages

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Figure 6 presents the language division of the

Helsinki residents. The majority of the population speaks Finnish as their first language. A minority

speaks Swedish, and around 10% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or



Swedish. The amount of people that speak other languages as their first language has grown

significantly in the past few years.

FinnishFinnish

SwedishSwedish

OtherOther

Figure 6 Populations by Language in Helsinki [1].

The largest groups of foreigners are from Estonia and Russia, but the other languages, such as English,

French, Somali, Serbo‐Croat, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Spanish, Albanian and Kurdish (Sorani)

are also represented.

2.1.4 Climate and Air Pollution

The Helsinki climate shows the characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate, depending

on the direction of airflow. In addition, the climate has great variations between seasons and their

lengths. Using a thermal criteria, with seasons defined by the daily mean temperatures of 0°C and 10°C,

the year can be distinguish to four seasons. In Helsinki area, spring usually begins in early April, and lasts

about six to nine weeks. The summer begins in later May, and can last until the middle of September.

The highest summer temperatures are about late July. Because Helsinki is near the sea, the summer

temperatures over 30°C are extremely rare. The highest temperature ever recorded in Helsinki is 31.6°C

(1945) [2]. The autumn arrives at the late September, and the winter begins usually in the middle of

November, and lasts for about 100 days. Like the temperature, also the length of daytime varies during

the seasons. In Helsinki Region, daylight lasts almost 19 hours around Midsummer, and only 6 hours

around Christmas. Figure 7 presents climate data for Helsinki.

Figure 7 Climatological Statistics of Helsinki for the Period 1971–2000 [3] [4].



In the early 21st century Finland has experienced record‐breaking warm winters, but also some rather

cold and snowy winters. Summers have also varied significantly in terms of temperature and

precipitation. For example, the highest temperature ever recorded in Finland was recorded in last

summer (Kuopio 37.2°C) [2].

In terms of air quality, the Helsinki is among cleanest metropolitan areas in Europe. For health, the most

harmful air pollution is fine particles originating from traffic and wood burning. A part of this arrives

from fires in Russia and the Baltic by the wind. In addition to particles also nitrogen dioxide

concentrations may become high in busy traffic areas especially in spring. Furthermore, in Helsinki, the

airborne dust is a big problem in spring times. The sun dries up the sand that is spread on icy streets in

wintertime, and the dust is raised up into the air due to traffic and wind.

2.2 Critical Infrastructures The next sections describe the most critical infrastructure of Helsinki. The transport system, public

authorities, and infrastructural settings are shortly presented.

2.2.1 Transportation System

In Helsinki, there is a sufficient urban transportation system consisting of metro, tram, and bus lines and

regional trains. In addition, there are good highway and railway connection to the other parts of Finland,

and international connection by tracks, by sea and by air.

2.2.1.1 Urban Transportation

In Helsinki, about 232,2 million journeys are made in public transportation each year [5]. The public

transportation network contains metro, tram, and bus lines, regional trains, and Suomenlinna ferry. The

public transportation has two main actors. Helsinki City Transport (HKL) is responsible to produce tram

and metro services, and Helsinki Region Transport (HSL) is responsible for running public transport in an

area which encompasses Helsinki Metropolitan Area as well as nearby situated Kerava and

Kirkkonummi. The regional trains are operated by VR, and Suomenlinna ferry is operated by

Suomenlinna Liikenne Oy.

The metro and tram lines are presented in Figure 8. The Helsinki metro has two lines Ruoholahti–

Vuosaari and Ruoholahti–Mellunmäki. These lines connect the centre of Helsinki and the eastern parts

of the city. There are 54 trains, 17 stations and 21.1 km of tracks. There also found 92 km of tram tracks

and 132 trams with 265 stops that crisscross from centre mainly to the north and south from the city

centre. In addition, the amount of 1250 buses, 77 commuter trains, and four ferries transport residents

around Helsinki Region [6].



Figure 8 Tram and Metro Lines of Helsinki [7].

2.2.1.2 Railways and Highways

The Finnish Transport Agency is responsible for the management, development and maintenance of the

state‐owned roads and railways. The Finnish road network is approximately 454,000 kilometres long in

total. It includes around 350,000 kilometres of private and forest roads and 26,000 kilometres of

municipal streets [8].

The Figure 9 presents the road and railway networks in Finland. Highways and main roads comprise

more than 13,000 kilometres, 700 kilometres of which are motorways. In the left map, the motorways

are marked in green, other main roads in red, and 2nd class main road in yellow. The twelve biggest

urban areas are marked with black dots. The map in the right presents railway network. In total, Finland

has 5,919 kilometres of railways. The railways are illustrated in different colors according to their speed

limits.



Figure 9 Highways and Railways in Finland.

As the figure shows, there are great highway and railway connections from Helsinki to other parts of

Finland. For instance, nearly all motorways connections start from Helsinki. In addition, Helsinki is also

essential in railway network for both commuter and long distance connections.

2.2.1.3 Ferry Connections

From Helsinki, there are ferry connections to Mariehamn, Tallinn (Estonia), Stockholm (Sweden), Gdynia

(Poland), Travemünde (Germany), Rostock (Germany) and Saint Petersburg (Russia). Also, nearly 300

cruise ships and up to 360 000 cruise passengers visit Helsinki yearly. The ferry traffic uses the following

terminals:

Makasiini Terminal, South Harbour

Olympia Terminal, South Harbour

Katajanokka Terminal, Katajanokka

Hansa Terminal, Vuosaari

West Terminal, West Harbour

In addition to these passenger harbors, the international ships dock also in Hernesaari, and the Vuosaari

Harbour, which is the central port for cargo traffic.

2.2.1.4 Airport

Helsinki Airport is situated in Vantaa, and was opened in 1952 for the Helsinki Olympic Games. Helsinki

Airport is important long‐haul airport in Northern Europe offering 10 daily flights to Asian destinations

and two daily destinations to the USA, altogether over 120 non‐stop destinations around the world and

300 departures a day [9]. In year 2010, Helsinki Airport had a total of 12,9 million passengers, and

170 500 takeoffs and landings. The airport has three runways, two terminals and a total of 30 000

employees. There are several bus connections from Helsinki to Helsinki Airport.



There is also another airport in Helsinki: Helsinki‐Malmi Airport. Until the opening of the new Helsinki

Airport in 1952, it was the main airport of Helsinki and all Finland. Today, the airport is still actively used

in general aviation and flight training. For a long time, Helsinki has had plans to close the airport in order

to use the area for construction of new residential areas. However, the closure of the airport has been a

very controversial issue and its future remains unclear.

2.2.1.5 Future Plans

In 2010, the public transport system in the Helsinki region launched three important rail projects, the

West Metro, the Ring Rail Line, and the City Rail Loop.

The West Metro will extend the Helsinki metro services from Ruoholahti via Lauttasaari to Matinkylä in

Espoo, like presented in Figure 10. The new metro will include seven underground metro stations and

bus connections and parking places at the stations. The Helsinki metro will go automatic in few years,

and therefore, also the West Metro will have an automatic control system. The construction work has

started in November 2009, and the extension is expected to be in operation in 2015 at the earliest.

Figure 10 West Metro [10].

The Ring Rail Line (Kehärata in Finnish) will provide a transport connection between the main line and

the Vantaankoski line, and have four stations: Kivistö, Aviapolis, the Helsinki Airport and Leinelä. A fast

train connection between Tikkurila and Helsinki Airport will be opened in 2014. Then northbound

travelers will be able to change from long‐distance trains in Tikkurila to the Ring Rail Line. The journey

from Tikkurila to the airport will take just eight minutes. The rapid train connection will make it easy to

travel also between the city of Helsinki and the airport. The fastest journey time from Helsinki will be

around 30 minutes [11].

The Finnish Transport Agency and the City of Helsinki have commissioned a general plan for the City Rail

Loop (Pisara‐rata in Finnish), an underground railway passing under the Helsinki city centre. At the

moment, the rail capacity between Pasila and Helsinki is nearing its maximum, and there is no room for

more rail tracks. The idea is that the urban railway traffic and the Ring Rail Line could be transferred to

the City Rail Loop, thus freeing Helsinki Central Railway Station to regional and long‐distance traffic.

Figure 11 pictures the planned new railway track.



Figure 11 City Rail Loop [12].

2.2.2 State and Municipal Authorities

In the Helsinki, there operates the following agencies that are important in public safety:

Finnish Police Helsinki City Rescue Department

Emergency Response Centre

Finnish Border Guard Customs

The next chapter contains an overview of the main public safety agencies and their main responsibilities.

Figure 12 represents the locations of the Police Departments and Rescue Departments in Helsinki.

Police StationPolice Station

Rescue DepartmentRescue Department

Figure 12 Police Stations and Rescue Departments in Helsinki.



There is no common command centre of different authorities in Helsinki. Therefore, Figure 13 depicts

only the headquarters of the different Finnish authorities in Helsinki. The Helsinki Urban Traffic Control

Centre locates in Pasila, and is presented in Figure 14.

The Defence Command of the Finnish Defence Forces

National Board of Customs

Central Rescue Station of the Helsinki City Rescue Department

Headquarter of the Finnish Border Guard

Headquarter of the Helsinki Police Department

Figure 13 Headquarters of the Finnish Authorities in Helsinki.



Figure 14 The Location of the Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre.

2.2.2.1 Finnish Police

In Finland, there is only state police, not any municipal police departments. The local police consist of 24

police departments, each of which has a central police station and one or more other police stations.

The Helsinki Police Department differs from other local police units, because in addition to the normal

local police duties, it has a number of special duties at national level. The police employ about 10,900

people, of whom 7,800 are police officers. This means that in Finland there is one police officer per 681

citizens [13].

The main objective and responsibilities of police is defined in the Police Act:

“Under the Police Act, the function of the police is to secure judicial and social order, to maintain public

order and security, to prevent and investigate crimes, and to submit cases to prosecutors for decision.”

The Police also provide the public with various license services and operate a comprehensive lost

property system throughout the country.

In last year, the Police responded to approximately one million calls related to public order and safety.

Figure 15 presents the offences registered in the Helsinki from 1980 to 2009. During last years, the

number of reported crimes has decreased in Helsinki area. One significant upswing has been in the

traffic‐related violations. This number has risen due to increase in automatic traffic surveillance and

stricter limits in high speeding. In total, the Police operated about 100 surveillance cameras, which were

mounted on 1000 fixed surveillance poles all around Finland. It is hard to said the exact number how



many of the cameras are in Helsinki are, but for example the Ring Road III has several poles. More

information on these cameras can be found in Section 3.2.6.

Total offencesTotal offences

Crime against Crime against propertyproperty

Crime against life Crime against life and healthand health

Figure 15 Offences Registered in the Helsinki Police District [1].

In last years, crimes against property has also increased, in particular the crimes involving residences

and commercial premises. The significant increase can be seen after 2007, when Estonia was admitted

to the Schengen Zone and border inspections were discontinued. Since that time, crimes committed by

itinerant criminal groups crossing the Gulf of Finland began to rise [13]. It is pleasant to notice that even

if the number of total offences has increased, the crimes against life and health has slightly decreased.

2.2.2.2 Helsinki City Rescue Department

The Helsinki City Rescue Department is one of Finland’s 22 regional rescue departments. It operates 24

hours a day all year round. They have eight rescue stations and one ambulance station. The Helsinki City

Rescue Department employs approximately 700 people. If needed, the Rescue Department is helped by

the 15 contract fire departments whose emergency departments have approximately 300 people.

The Rescue Department is responsible for accident prevention, fire fighting, and rescue operations.

Together with the emergency medical care unit of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS),

the Rescue Department is responsible for the emergency medical care and urgent ambulance services

that aim to treat the patients before transportation to a hospital. In addition, the Rescue Department

coordinates how Helsinki prepares for civil defense, and taking care of approximately 50 bedrock civil

defense shelters located in different parts of Helsinki.

2.2.2.3 Emergency Response Centres

In Finland, there are 15 Emergency Response Centres that operate under the Ministry of the Interior.

They receive all emergency calls called to our only emergency number (112) and deal them for the

police, rescue services, and social and health authorities. City of Helsinki is one of the 15 Emergency

Response Centres. It received approximately 570 000 emergency calls in year 2009, which is almost 15 %

of all emergency calls in Finland.

In order to deliver news related to authorities’ emergency service tasks, the Rescue Services have

created an electronic media service system, 112info, which is maintained by the Department for Rescue

Services of the Ministry of the Interior [14].

2.2.2.4 Customs

Finnish Customs is supervised by the Ministry of Finance and a part of the customs system of the

European Union. The main duties of Finnish Customs is to ensure the operation of EU’s internal market,



facilitates international goods trade and collect the duties, taxes and charges on foreign trade and on

the production of goods. Finnish Customs has approximately 2 370 employees.

2.2.2.5 The Finnish Border Guard

The Finnish Border Guard is an expert in border security and sea rescue operations. It operates under

the Ministry of the Interior. The main responsibilities of the Border Guard are border surveillance and

checks, crime prevention, maritime safety, international cooperation and national defense [15].

During last years, the border surveillance, in other words preventing unauthorized border crossings,

have had a significant role. Due to its location on the external border of the Schengen area, Finland has

important role in cross‐border crime prevention.

2.2.3 Infrastructural Settings

This section introduces the infrastructural settings of Helsinki that are somehow significant to public

safety in perspective of the SafeCity project.

2.2.3.1 Health Care Services

All residents of Helsinki are entitled to municipal health care at local health stations, which are dispersed

around the city. For the specialized medical care, Finland is divided into 20 hospital districts. The largest

of these is the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) that servers the residents of its 26

member municipalities. HUS has 20 hospitals, and one of them is the largest university hospital in

Finland, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and the experts in a total of 49 specialties are employed in

the hospitals. For emergency situations, the medical care is offered to the Helsinki region, and in some

special cases, to whole of Finland. Several hospitals and Emergency Health Centres are always on duty,

and the telephone health service is given in Finnish, Swedish and English by professional nurses.

2.2.3.2 Water Supply

Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority provides water and waste management services to the

Helsinki area. The household water of the Helsinki area is piped along the longest single rock tunnel in

the world from Päijänne, the second biggest lake in Finland. The drinking water in then produced in

water treatment plants in Helsinki (Pitkäkoski and Vanhakaupunki) and Espoo (Dämman). The household

water in Helsinki is of extremely high quality. In the laboratory tests commissioned by Finnish

newspaper Aamulehti, it was found that the common bottled water had hundreds times more bacterial

than the Finnish household water [16].

The waste water is treated in waste‐water treatment plant in the Suomenoja, Espoo and in the

Viikinmäki, Helsinki. The interesting fact about the Viikinmäki is that it is mostly constructed inside the

bedrock.

2.2.3.3 Electricity and Heating

Electricity produced in power plants is transmitted to customers through an electricity network. In

Helsinki, the Helen Sähköverkko Oy administers this electricity network and is in charge of providing the

electricity transmission and distribution services.

As discussed in the climate section, the average temperature in Helsinki can be below the zero nearly

third of the year. Therefore, the heating system is crucial part of the city infrastructure. The most

prevalent system is the district heating that is used in over 90 per cent of the buildings in Helsinki.

In addition to its reliability, the district heating is also environmentally friendly alternative. The half of

the heat is produced by natural gas, and the half by coal, nuclear, hydro and wind power in conjunction

with electricity.



2.2.3.4 Underground Helsinki

Helsinki has largely taken advantage of the opportunities of the underground construction. This is

mainly because of the sturdy Finnish bedrock that makes the building process somewhat easier but also

because of the huge development in underground engineering technology. There are more than 400

premises and over 200 kilometers of tunnels crisscrossing underneath of the city, and more than 200

new reservations for underground projects. The Helsinki Underground Master Plan controls the

planning and building of the city's underground spaces. The following list divides the underground

facilities into the four categories and gives some examples of each category.

Community technical systems

o Facilities for community technical systems (such as energy and water supply and

telecommunications)

o Utility tunnels

Energy and water supply o Päijänne tunnel (the household water of Helsinki comes through this tunnel)

o Viikinmäki waste‐water treatment plant

o District heating system

Traffic and parking o Bus station

o Metro goes in tunnel between Ruoholahti–Sörnäinen and Itäkeskus–Puotila

o Railway tunnels in Malminkartano and Kumpula

o Vehicle tunnels in Mallaskatu, Hakamäentie, and Vuosaari harbor

o 20 underground parking space

Civil Defense o Bedrock shelters

Services o Shopping malls

o Underground swimming centre

o Underground churches

o Gyms, running tracks, and ice hockey pitches

2.3 Communication Infrastructures This section describes the information and communication technology (ICT) of the City of Helsinki with

particular regard to the infrastructure around telecommunications and Internet provision. The research

is divided to private and public infrastructures.

2.3.1 Public ICT Infrastructures

This section describes the ICT infrastructure that provides network connection to the general public. The

major operators for both mobile communications and broadband communication are presented.

2.3.1.1 Mobile Operators

2.3.1.1.1 2G and 3G

There are three national mobile operators in Finland: DNA Oy, Elisa Oyj and TeliaSonera Finland Oyj.

They also host virtual operators, for example Cubio, Globetel, Academica, Aina Com, and Dicame.

Sonera (Sonera is registered trademark of TeliaSonera Finland Oyj and is used in Finland) is formerly the

state owned telecommunication company, which is now privatized and merged with Telia from Sweden.

In Finland, it has over 4600 employees, and also large coverage of fixed infrastructure (about 476000



subscriptions). TeliaSonera Finland Oyj has also another registered trademark for inexpensive

customers, named Tele Finland.

Elisa Oyj has previously been known as Helsingin Puhelinyhdistys, which was regional telecom operator

in Helsinki area. Nowadays Elisa is national mobile operator and has also bought several regional

telecom companies from outside of the Helsinki region. Elisa acquired Saunalahti Group Oyj at 2005 and

nowadays uses “Saunalahti” as its own customer brand.

DNA Oy was established at 2007 when Finnet Oy and six local telecom operators combined to be the

third national mobile operator. DNA is famous for its commercials, and has established itself as the third

largest mobile operator in Finland.

Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18 shows the coverage areas of these operators. In Figure 17, the

orange color shows the coverage area of 3G 2100 MHz, and the green color is the coverage area of 3G

900 MHz. in the next figure, Figure 18, the lighter violet marks 3G 2100 MHz, and the darker is for 3G

900 MHz.

Figure 16 Elisa Coverage at Helsinki Region [18].



Figure 17 Sonera Coverage at Helsinki Region [19].

Figure 18 DNA Coverage at Helsinki Region [20].



National mobile operator’s customer subscriptions in Finland are presented below in Table 1.

Operator Name Customer subscriptions

Elisa 3.5 million 2

TeliaSonera 3.2 million 3

DNA 2.1 million 4

Table 1: Operator subscriptions in Finland

2.3.1.1.2 4G

The latest generation of mobile cellular networks is known as 4G and there are some operators and

networks ready in Helsinki area. Sonera has started its 4G network in centre of Helsinki and Turku. The

coverage area in Helsinki is showed in Figure 19.

Figure 19 Sonera 4G Coverage Area [21].

DNA has also started to test its 4G networks in Helsinki and Hämeenlinna. This testing phase is ending

quite soon and after that commercial sales are starting. The coverage area is shown in Figure 20. The

explanations for the colors in Figure 20:

2 http://www.elisa.fi/ir/docimages/attachment/sijoittajat/110719Elisa%20Operational%20Data%20Q2%202011.xls

3 http://www.teliasonera.com/Documents/Reports/2011/Q2/TeliaSonera‐Financial_and_operational_data_Q2_2011.xls

4 http://www.dna.fi/DNAOy/Talous/julkaisut/osavuosikatsaukset/Documents/DNA_Q2%202011.pdf



Blue – good coverage inside Orange – good coverage inside

Red – moderate coverage outside Yellow – moderate coverage outside

Figure 20 DNA 4G Coverage Area [22].

Elisa has also started pre‐commercial tests in 4G network in Helsinki area. Those tests are still ongoing,

but they have opened corporate 4G network in Espoo, more precisely at Karaportti area. The first

corporate user is NSN (Nokia Siemens Networks) [24].

Datame is also offering 4G network in Helsinki area, but with quite restricted coverage area, see Figure

21.

Figure 21 Datame 4G Coverage [25].



2.3.1.2 Public WLAN in Helsinki Area

Helsinki offers public WLAN access in several places at downtown. The WLAN access points are mainly

located near city’s buildings or administered areas and are also used by city personnel. The location of

WLANs and usage patterns of access points can be seen at [26]. Also libraries in Helsinki are offering

WLAN access to their customers (also known as Stadinetti), i.e. normally the library card is needed for

the WLAN. There are also guest accounts available in libraries.

Furthermore, the Helsinki Region Transport (HSL) offers WLAN access in several busses and trams in

Helsinki. More info about WLAN in public transport vehicles can be found in [27]. The WLAN enabled

vehicles and their current location can be found from HSL Live [28].

The communication from trams and busses to the network was mainly realised with @450 network

(Flash‐OFDM based wireless broadband network, operated by Digita at the beginning and now by

Datame) [29]. The purpose was to install WLAN to every buss and tram, but the expense of @450

communications was too expensive [30]. The original plan was to use the @450 connection for safety

camera pictures from trams.

They are also some commercial companies or crowsourced WiFis, who offers public WLANs in Helsinki

region. For example Maxinetti [31], SparkNet/OpenSpark [32], and FON [33] offer connection to the

Internet with their users or with access codes, which can be found from host companies (cafes,

restaurants, etc.).

2.3.1.3 Broadband Operators

The broadband connections can be divided to two different access modes, fixed and wireless/mobile.

There are several fixed broadband operators in Helsinki region, both small and big companies. The fixed

side is mainly divided to two technologies, xDSL and cable tv. Wireless side is offered at least three

different technologies, 3GPP 3G/4G, WiMax and Flash‐ODFM. The following list contains the largest

operators in both access modes.

DNA operates in Helsinki region as a wireless and fixed broadband operator. Their fixed side was

expanded considerably when they acquired Welho from Sanoma at 2010. Welho was very Helsinki

Region centric and offered quite high‐speed connections when comparing with competitors. Now when

Welho is part of DNA, fixed broadband connections are sold within Welho Broadband brand, which still

consists of xDSL and cable TV technologies. DNA has also 3G/4G network, which offers the wireless

broadband connections.

Sonera has several access technologies for broadband access: 3G/4G, cable TV and xDSL networks.

Lately also Fiber‐based connections are built to the new residential regions and also in downtown area.

Elisa is also big broadband operator in Helsinki region, mainly because of compony’s roots in that area.

They offer the same access technologies than Sonera.

24Online [34] is private telecommunication company, which is established at 2003. Their operation

expanded significantly when Elisa bought Saunalahti and Saunalahti’s core network “Saunaverkko” was

ordered to be sold by Finnish Competition Authority. 24Online bought the Saunaverkko and also

Finnet’s Helsinki region broadband business.

SuomiCom [35] operates the large wireless WiMax network in Helsinki Region (coverage can be found in

[40]) and offers also the xDSL connections.

Datame [36] offers wireless broadband access, mainly by using WiMax and Flash‐OFDM (@450)

networks. Lately they have also expanded to the 4G side in Helsinki, but that side is still in testing phase.



Nebula [37] has also own fiber backbone network for xDSL users, which operates in Helsinki Region.

They acquired Maxinet broadband business at May 2011 which added about 850 customers to Nebula.

Nebula offers also wireless broadband access through @450 network.

Academica [38] has also own fiber backbone network in Helsinki Region and they offers Internet

connections to business users.

2.3.2 Private ICT Infrastructures

Private ICT infrastructure is managed and controlled by local authorities. The availability of information

for private ICT infrastructure is unfortunately restricted to only authorized persons. In that sense there is

little that can be said of this area.

2.3.2.1 VIRVE Network

The VIRVE (“Viranomaisradioverkko”) network is the national TETRA network for Finnish authorities. It

started operation in 2002 being the world’s first nationwide TETRA network. Currently VIRVE network

comprises of 1300 base stations. The network is owned and operated by a limited company, State

Security Networks Ltd. Its ownership is managed by the Ministry of the Interior and The Ministry of

Transport and Communications issues the licenses. VIRVE network is used by over 60 000 users including

the Finnish Police, emergency and rescue services, the Finnish Defence Forces, the Frontier Guard, social

and health services, and other national security related organizations.

The coverage area of the VIRVE network is presented in Figure 22. Currently, the VIRVE network is under

development which includes updating about 400 base stations, for example. This should further

enhance the service coverage and reception. The updating of base stations will also enable the use of

TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS) providing faster data services to the users.

Figure 22 VIRVE Coverage Area [43].



2.3.2.2 HelenNet

The HelenNet is a TETRA network used as a communication tool at various public events and big

meetings. The HelenNet service was one of the key telecommunication tools used at the Asia‐Europe

Meeting (ASEM) during Finland’s EU presidency. The HelenNet network plays an important role in

control of public transport in the City of Helsinki and in various security services.

Helsingin Energia ICT Services is responsible for providing information system, information technology,

and telecommunication services as well as for communication technologies including the operations of

HelenNet and the regional optical fibre network that is also used by HelenNet. Helsingin Energia is an

energy company owned by the City of Helsinki and it operates as a municipal corporation. HelenNet

coverage area is roughly the area of City of Helsinki partly extending toward its neighbour city Espoo on

the west. HelenNet has around 1500 users of which 450 belong to Helsingin Energia.

Helsingin Energia uses HelenNet mobile radios in demanding underground conditions, such as the

Salmisaari coal store, in substations, as well as in multi‐utility tunnels in collaboration with Helsinki

Water. The HelenNet mobile radio network plays an important part in the improvement of tunnel

safety. As a side notice the HelenNet mobile network services is also taken into use in the Korkeasaari

Zoo in Helsinki.

2.3.2.3 Radio Network

IT‐radio network is a city‐owned radio network developed especially for the telematics of the public

transportation. There are several dedicated base stations in the different parts of Helsinki, for example

in high chimneys in Ruskeasuo, Salmisaari and Hanasaari. All buses and trams are equipped with an on‐

board computer and radio modem. The frequencies can be used to polling the buses, signal priority, and

for updating the displays in the stops. The utilization of this network is described more detailed in

Chapter 3.



3. Public Safety Characterization

This section research the current state of the art of the key systems that enable Public Safety capabilities

in the City of Helsinki. The identified applications are divided into the four functionality areas: citizen

behavior, road track surveillance, environmental monitoring and alerting citizens.

In Finland detailed information concerning applications and networks in the public safety areas are

unfortunately restricted to only authorized persons. Therefore, this section does not contain very

detailed information such as locations of the CCTV cameras.

3.1 Area A: Citizens Behavior

3.1.1 Camera Surveillance Network

3.1.1.1 General Description

The arrangement regarding the CCTV surveillance camera system used for public order and safety in

Helsinki is somewhat exceptional. This is the result of national legislation, but also the fact that the

police service is a state service, and therefore has no budget allocation for any specific cities. The

infrastructure is installed and owned by the city of Helsinki, but the Finnish Police is the authority

operating it.

Currently there are approximately one hundred CCTV surveillance cameras installed and in use. There

are surveillance cameras in inner city area (downtown), biggest shopping centres, traffic stations, and

harbor areas. However, the exact locations of these cameras are restricted only to authorized persons.

The surveillance cameras are connected to a dedicated private packet network. Most of the cameras use

fixed line connections. There are also cameras connected through private wireless networks. The

surveillance of these cameras is done by police operators without any helping applications. If some

complication is recognized, the nearest police patrol is notified. The videos are saved for 14 days, and

then destroyed unless they contain material that is important for some investigation.

3.2 Area B: Road Track Surveillance and Management The road track surveillance and management can be divided to the functions that enhance the safety,

and to the functions that track offences and are therefore operated by the Police.

In addition to the Police, the other main actor in road traffic management is the Helsinki Region Traffic

Management Centre that originates from the merge of the Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre and

Traffic Control Centres of Espoo and Vantaa in 2009. The new centre contains traffic light management

of all these three cities, and the parking guidance systems of Helsinki, like represented in Figure 23.



Figure 23 Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre [41].

In the centre, there work permanently twelve representatives from The Finnish Transport Agency, one

from municipals, and four police officers. In their daily work, they can exploit all traffic cameras in the

Helsinki Region area.

3.2.1 Traffic Cameras


Traffic cameras are used, as the name already revels, to control traffic. With the help of these cameras,

the abnormalities in the traffic are easier to notice, and perform some required actions. This action

could be for example steering the traffic to other place or adjusting the traffic lights.

3.2.1.2 Application and Infrastructure deployment

The Figure 24 shows the locations of the traffic cameras in Helsinki.



Figure 24 Traffic Cameras in Helsinki [41].

3.2.1.3 Use case & Actuation Proceedings

In addition to the noticing exceptional weather conditions and recognizing abnormal situation in traffic,

the traffic cameras are extremely useful with the traffic of weekly sport and cultural events. One

example of this is the cameras number 9 and 11 in Figure 24 that are placed so that the exiting traffic

from the ice hockey arenas can be easily noticed. In same way, there is also a camera near the Finnish

National Opera (number 8). Other important places for traffic cameras are harbor areas, and the other

important traffic junctions.

3.2.2 Traffic Lights


The system for remote controlling and monitoring of signalized intersections, called OmniVue [42], is

used in Helsinki. More than 200 traffic lights/intersections are connected with each other via IP

network. Different kind of management appliances can also be attached to the system by using for

example fixed lines, ADSL, GPRS, WLAN or GSM techniques.

3.2.2.2 Application Requirements

OmniVue traffic light management system

ELC‐3 or ELC‐2 Traffic controllers

Multirate Digital Subscriber Line (MDSL) in each traffic controller

TCP/IP network

3.2.2.3 System Architecture

In OmniVue, each traffic controller is attached with the Multirate Digital Subscriber Line (MDSL) unit

that handles the communication between the server and the actual traffic light controller. The MDSL



unit contains Linux based computer and MDSL modem. These units work as routers in forming their own

local network, and also as proxies for the traffic controllers if needed. Formed TCP/IP network uses the

private network of the Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre that is connected to the HelNet.

The OmniVue ervers in the Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre offer a user interface to

remotely control the traffic lights. The OmniVue server sends the changes to the traffic controller’s

MDSL unit, which in turn relays the changes to the traffic controller itself.


The OmniVue system has several different ready traffic light programs that can be used. These programs

can be run automatically according selected times or selected manually in the Helsinki Region Traffic

Management Centre. Some of these programs, such as morning rush, afternoon or evening traffic

program, are used daily.

The new co‐operation in traffic light management of different municipals in Helsinki area has several

benefits. If for example the construction works or some public event requires exceptional arrangements,

they can now be handled easier from one place. In addition, the problems with traffic lights can now be

reported to one office.

3.2.3 Helsinki Public Transport Signal Priority and Passenger Information (HeLMi)


The public transport telematics system called HeLMi (Pearl) was launched in Helsinki already in the year

1999. The system offers public transport telematics functions like real‐time passenger information, bus

and tram priority at traffic signals, and the schedule monitoring for trams and buses. Nowadays, the

system contains all tram lines and 21 bus lines, and 30 real‐time passenger information displays.


In each HeLMi bus/tram

o On‐board computer o Radio modem o GPS o Odometer

HeLMi antennas in traffic signal controllers

Eight Base Station

IT‐Radio network

o Satel radio modems

30 Passanger Information Displays

ITRadioTM (Information Technology Radio Traffic Management) application and map

3.2.3.3 System Architecture

The corner stone of the system is the location of the bus that is determined is following three steps. First

the rough location of the bus is received using GPS. Then, the bus door opening at the bus stop places

the bus exactly on the right position along the route. Thereafter, the bus location along the route is

based on the odometer counting the accurate distance of the bus from the preceding bus stop [41].

Figure 25 presents the whole HeLMi system communication containing traffic signal priority, passenger

information and fleet management.



Figure 25 HeLMi Communication System [41].

The system polls each vehicle every ten seconds, and thus it always has the exact locations of each bus

(three hundreds vehicles can be polled simultaneously). This schedule information is then transmitted to

the driver and to the fleet management room where the progress of all buses can then be followed. At

the stops, the real‐time passenger information displays provide passenger waiting the displays showing

the time in minutes when the next bus arrive. In addition, in a case of and disturbance, the operator is

able to send additional information to the display.

The HeLMi contains also the traffic signal priority function that is based on the request of the

approaching bus. The bus sends a first request via radio modem 150‐250 meters before the junction,

and the receiver traffic signal controller can either call or extend the green for bus. After the bus has

passed the junction, it sends the second message indicating that the green for it can be terminated. The

buses that are ahead their time‐table cannot use the signal priority.

All buses and trams are equipped with an on‐board computer and radio modems. Also, the visual

displays at stops and signal controller equipment contains radio models. There are eight base stations

located on high chimneys and roofs in different parts of the city. The total number of frequencies used

for the radio network is six: three for polling buses, one for signal priority, one for updating visual

displays on bus and tram stops and one for the data maintenance at depots during nights [41]. The

HeLMi system is almost solely based on the wireless communication via city‐owned radio network, only

the data transmission between base stations and central work stations is realized via cable network.

3.2.3.4 Future Plans

In the same time than the HeLMi is extended, also the totally new ticket and information system for

Helsinki Region will be developed. The main idea is to develop a new travel card system and unify

current passenger information and traffic signal priority system to relate entire Helsinki Region. The new

system should be ready in 2014.



3.2.4 Real‐time Parking Guidance


There are two real‐time parking guidance systems installed in Helsinki, one in the city centre and the

other in Pasila. The idea is to give the real‐time parking information to the drivers, and thus, reduce

unnecessary traffic. The variable message signs inform drivers of the free parking spaces in each car

park. Figure 26 is an example of this kind of sign. It simply informs is there any free space in the nearby

parking areas. Message display format used in Helsinki is unique: information on the free spaces is

shown with a white figure "P", and if the car park is full or closed, the red back flash is drawn over the

figure P.

Figure 26 The Example Sign of the Real‐time Parking Guidance System [41].

Totally there are 56 parking signs with 80 variable messages. The control system of these signs is

completely automatic. Only some minor manual operations are needed for special events when open

hours of the car parks should be changed.

3.2.5 Road Weather Cameras


In Finland, there are over 300 CCTV road weather cameras on public roads. These cameras are especially

important in winter times when the weather conditions can vary fast. The road weather cameras take

photos in every 10 to 120 minutes, depending on the model of camera, the network connection type

(fixed or dial‐up connection), and prevailing weather conditions. These photos are then retrieved using

the Axis video server and uploaded to the webpage of the Finnish Transport Agency. All photos are

deleted within 12 hours.


The locations of the road weather cameras at Helsinki Region are presented Figure 27.



Figure 27 Road Weather Cameras of the Helsinki Region [23].

Considering the ethical part, the Finnish Law allows photography in public places. The road weather

cameras take photos, and then the selected photos are uploaded to the Internet by the operator. From

some photos, the model and color of the car can be recognized, but never the registration mark. And

like mentioned earlier, all photos are deleted within 12 hours.

In addition to cameras, the road information is based on data from detectors and municipalities. The

Finnish Transport Agency works in close co‐operation with the police, regional emergency centres,

border guard detachment, voluntary road services and radio stations. The real‐time traffic and weather

information is also broadcasted via the Traffic Message Channel (TMC) that is a specific application of

the FM Radio Data System (RDS). Data messages are received silently and decoded by a TMC‐equipped

car radio or navigation system.


CCTV cameras

o Old models: Baxall, Philips, Videotronic and Pelco

o New model: Bosch LTC 0620/11

Network connection

Axis video server


The following Figure 28 represents an example photo of the road weather camera uploaded to the

webpage of the Finnish Transport Agency. Below the photo, also the weather information from the

nearest road weather station is presented. The information contains the temperature of the air (ilma),

the temperature of the road (tie), precipitation (sade) and road condition (keli).



Figure 28 An Example Figure of the Road Weather Camera [23].

3.2.6 Speed Camera System


Automatic speed surveillance cameras are mostly used on high volume roads. These are also used for

junction and traffic light surveillance where traditional traffic surveillance is impractical. Automatic

surveillance is indicated by roadside signs. Surveillance conducted using mobile surveillance equipment

is not indicated by any signs. The traffic enforcement is performed by the National Traffic Police.

Currently there are approximately 1 000 automatic speed cameras nationwide, but not all of them have

the actual camera unit (inside electronics) installed. The camera units are periodically changed from one

post to another.



During the year 2011 speed cameras have been installed also in Helsinki area on the Ring Road III that is

one of the busiest road portion in Finland. There are 17 camera posts and couple of cameras cycling in

the posts.


If the speed camera detects a vehicle that is speeding, it takes a photo and stores it on a memory

card. The photo shows the vehicle, the registration number, and the driver. Also, the date and time of

the picture are also printed on it. Any person sitting next to the driver will be blackened out in the

photo.

Afterwards, the police will send a letter to the vehicle’s owner and asks about the driver of the car in the

photo. When the owner has provided the information on the person driving the car, the police will send

a request for an investigation to the police authorities in the driver's area of residence.

3.2.7 Bus Lane Surveillance


In Helsinki there is an ongoing trial of using automatic camera surveillance to detect illegal use of bus

lanes. The trial will last until the end of 2011. The trial consists of camera installed in junction that

concludes the permission to use the bus lane from the license plate number. The detection is based on a

database that holds the license plate numbers of vehicles that are permitted to use the bus lanes,

mainly the busses and taxis. The trial is carried out by the Helsinki Region Transport together with the

Police, the Helsinki City Planning Department, the Finnish Taxi Owners Federation, and the Finnish Bus

and Coach Association.

3.3 Area C: Environmental Monitoring Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY) provides environmental services, such as water and waste management, for the companies and residents in Helsinki. In addition, HSY takes care of monitoring and informing the public on both air and water quality.

3.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring


HSY is responsible of monitoring air quality in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. There are total of eleven air quality monitors from which eight have permanent location, and three are movable.


Up‐to‐date information on air quality can be seen in [45] on the map like presented in Figure 29.



Figure 29 Map of Air Quality in Helsinki.

From the map, you can select a monitor to a closer look. For example, the closer examination of the monitor in Mannerheimintie, downtown Helsinki gave the following figures represented in Figure 30.

Figure 30 Air Quality and Pollutant Concentrations in Helsinki.

This monitor locates in one of the main street of the city centre, and the result can be generalized to describe the air quality in the busy downtown districts. The top diagram shows air quality and the bottom diagram shows pollutant concentrations (µg/m3) over the last 24 hours. The measuring station monitors the concentrations of nitrogen monoxide NO, nitrogen dioxide NO2, thoracic particles PM10, fine particles PM2.5, ozone O3, and carbon monoxide CO.



3.3.2 Water Quality Monitoring


Helsinki monitors both the quality of the swimming water and sea water. There are 29 beaches in

Helsinki, and HSY regularly monitors the quality between 15th of June and 31st of August. The quality

indicators for the swimming water are microbiological quality and the amount of blue‐green algae.

The quality of the seawater is affected by impurities in storm waters, diffuse loading, human activities

and wastewaters led to the outer archipelago through tunnels [45]. In addition, the silt containing water

masses flowing from the River Vantaanjoki affects the Helsinki sea area. The quality of seawater is

monitored regularly at several observation stations.

3.4 Area D: Alerting Citizens Public notifications are emergency announcements of either an immediate or an imminent threat or

danger. The public notifications are broadcasted via the radio and TV. For the critical emergency

situations, the public alarm system can also be used. By the end of this year, Helsinki will also launch a

web portal that informs citizens about the on‐going incidents.

3.4.1 Public Alarm System


The former section 2.2.2.2 introduced the most important tasks of the Helsinki City Rescue Department.

One of these tasks was a civil defense. For civil defense purposes, Helsinki has been divided into seven

district, 34 civil defense sections and into a further 369 subsections [39]. In case of an emergency, the

civil defense operations are lead from the command centre of the regional rescue service, and other

offices and departments of the city organizations as well as other authorities take part in operations

according to their areas of responsibility.


In a case of emergency, the public notifications are broadcasted via the broadcasting service, as well as

commercial radio and TV companies. The content of public notifications is always determined by the

notifying authority, but it must always contain what has happened, and how people should react. In a

case of a critical emergence, the notification must be published immediately. Otherwise, the notification

must be published as soon as possible when is does not unreasonably disturb the program. In TV, the

actual public notation appears as a rolling text in red background in the upper edge of the screen, and

international CQ call is played with Morse signals ( — ∙ — ∙ — — ∙ — ).

Furthermore, the public warning sirens can be used to warn people who are outdoors. The alarm system

contains a control system, fixed and movable public warning sirens, and speakers that can be attached

to vehicles. Public warning sirens can be activated at the Emergency Response Centre or the command

centre of the rescue services.


Figure 31 presents the locations of the public alarms in Helsinki.



Figure 31 Public Alarm Systems in Helsinki.

The public warning signals are used only in a case where there is an immediate threat to the general

public. The public warning signal is a minute‐long undulating sound in which the signal rise and fall in 7

second sequences respectively. If you hear a signal, you must move indoors and close all windows,

doors, and shut down all ventilation equipments. Then, turn on the radio and wait for further

instructions. You should avoid using the telephone, and stay inside unless advised to do otherwise by

authorities.

3.4.2 HelsinkiTurva.fi Portal


HelsinkiTurva (“Helsinki Safety”) is a web portal that targets on responding to the existing urgent

demand of information of incidents and to reduce the amount of non‐critical calls to the 112 emergency

number. It serves two purposes: normally it provides general safety information of different authorities

to the citizens and e.g. tourists, and at the time of crisis it functions as a crisis announcement channel

supporting city’s and authorities’ communication towards the citizens. Such incidents could be

catastrophes, metro accidents, natural disaster etc. It does not replace the current authority

communication but enhances it. The portal is designed to support large volume of queries and is

separated from city’s other infrastructure. It is planned to be operational by the end of year 2011.



4. Social, Ethical and Legal implications

Certain Public Safety applications, especially those enabling surveillance capabilities, usually have

inherent implications of ethical aspects. This section researches the Finnish laws and restrictions for this

type of applications.

4.1 Helsinki Social and Environmental Implications The Helsinki is considered to be one of the safest cities in the world. Today this applies especially

regarding terrorism. Still there are issues that cause disturbances in public and residential places, which

cause a lot of work for the police and other officials. Different kind of mass happenings increase the

density of these incidents.

Another difference compared to most of the other countries is the climate. This affects the traffic

approximately half of the year. To prevent the consequences of the slippery roads during the wintertime

the state and each municipality possesses large enough capacity of machinery to keep the vital areas of

transportation in function (roads, rail roads, airports, harbors, and sea passages). Still rapid changes of

the weather cause every year unpredicted circumstances that cause sometimes very dramatic accidents.

The Helsinki scenario includes both the traffic and citizens monitoring systems, and its objective is to

increase the autonomous sensing of abnormal situations. The alarms raised when noticing such

situations can be applied creating services e.g. for

sending warnings early to the public, guide the users of the road, send notifications to the officials about incidents, and help in investigations of already passed events.

4.2 Monitoring Public and Private Areas Monitoring of different areas is restricted with laws that focus on maintaining the privacy of the citizens.

In addition to the laws there are issues from social and ethical perspectives that prevent of using all the

technical aids existing to survey the everyday surroundings of habitants.

In Finland the most considerable issue is the differences related to public and private areas, and

furthermore, distinguishing the domestic areas, which are protected by many times separate laws

preventing also the official's intrusion without a proper cause. This has caused e.g. the camera

surveillance system owned by the City of Helsinki to be operated only by the personnel of the Finnish

Police.

To establish a public technical monitoring site the Police needs to notify the citizens of its existence in

prior. If the monitoring systems also collect data (i.e. it is considered to be information database) this

has to be officially notified to the Data Protection Ombudsman at least 30 days before the database or

file is established.

For private areas (e.g. metro stations, sports arenas) private companies can have their own camera

surveillance systems. The viewpoint here is that a person is able to select whether to enter such an area

or not. The material and data of these systems can be acquired by the Police when necessary.



The most considerable issue to notify is that when setting up a surveillance system, it must not be able

to monitor any domestic areas; e.g. inside car is considered here a domestic area. This would require

special conditions and permits even for the Police.

4.3 Improving the Safety For the SafeCity project the final objective is to set up a Future Internet based system that helps the

different officials of the state and municipalities to increase the physical safety of the urban areas. This

needs to be done in according to the existing rules of social and ethical codes, and valid laws. The most

beneficial manner to implement this is in close co‐operation between the project and officials involved.

4.4 Legal Aspects The rights and responsibilities of the Police are defined in the Police Act (493/1995) and its

amendments. There it is documented that the Police can do camera surveillance almost in any case.

Announcement of the surveillance has to be made and also the domestic areas (homes, car) have

restrictions. In addition, collecting the information to databases requires permission from the state

Ombudsman.

The Police Act section 29 states the following:

“Preconditions for technical monitoring: After giving prior notification, the police have the right to carry

out technical monitoring in a public place or on a public road in order to maintain public order and

security, prevent offences, identify a person suspected of an offence and guard special targets to be

monitored.”

Furthermore, the usage of privacy related information is the Act on the Processing of Personal Data by

the Police (761/2003). Its section 8 defines the following:

“Establishing personal data files:

The decision to establish a personal data file as referred to in section 6(1) is made by the

Supreme Police Command, and the decision to establish a personal data file as referred to in

section 6(2) is made by the police unit in charge of the operation.

Establishing personal data files other than those referred to in sections 2‐5 and in sections 30

and 31 requires a decision in writing. In respect of temporary or manually maintained personal

data files for nationwide use as referred to in section 6, the decision on establishing a file and

any significant alteration to it shall be notified to the Data Protection Ombudsman no later than

one month before the file is established or altered. The decision to establish a personal data file

shall state the purpose of use of the file.”

Personal Data Act (523/1999) defines issues related to e.g. data confidentiality and rights of accessing

the information. The translation of the Finnish legislation can be found in [44].



5. Challenges in Public Safety

In general the limitations of the current systems are caused by the cost of the equipment and the work

force. Also the scarcity of the available technical solutions prevents the more extensive use of such

systems for safety improvements.

The solutions to be provided by the SafeCity project can be considered mainly from the viewpoint of

creating sensor data, preprocessing of the information, collecting the information from different

subsystems, analyzing the information, and making it accessible for different applications and services.

In addition the solutions focus on integration of nowadays many separate systems used by the officials.

5.1 Current Limitations and Gaps The existing systems, both in public and in private areas, include sensing systems that are inspected

manually. The analysis of sensors' data is minimal and automated notification and alarming applications

are usually missing. For example, monitoring of several hundreds of cameras by only a few persons can

not be considered powerful and efficient by any means.

The existing surveillance and monitoring systems can be considered as islands. There are no connections

between the systems and information from several systems to be analyzed in one place requires usually

again manual work.

5.2 On‐going innovative Initiatives In Finland there are ongoing several R&D and piloting projects related to road and traffic monitoring

systems. The sensing systems used here are innovative when considering the effectiveness of catching

data from several sources, and feeding that to selected applications of end users.

Another example is the automating of the Metropolitan area metro system in a way that no human

drivers are needed for the rail cars. This is also advanced by a vast surveillance camera system that

monitors actions and incidents in the cars and stations.

5.3 Ideas for the future FI‐PPP program objective is to provide specifications and implementations for Future Internet

components. In the program these components are called enablers. These enablers are divided to

functional categories providing services such as enabling Internet of Things, cloud services, or

information security. The aim is to bring reliable, efficient, and secure communications everywhere.

Public safety actors could benefit greatly with such a communications architecture implemented and it

existence as available services, either as components that can be purchased and installed, or used as

provided commercial services.

In urban city different sensors monitoring the surrounding could be installed easily, connected to the

secure and reliable network. The data from the sensors could be gathered and preprocessed, and finally

gathered into a database for further analyzing. When legally applicable, private and public systems could

be integrated, and the information in different databases connected to form higher levels of information

to be served for applications.



The examples of such applications and services could include inspection of ongoing traffic (flows,

parking, abnormalities, accidents, etc.), situations and people behavior at the stations of public

transportation, masses of people during big events, demonstrations, etc. The goal would always be

enhancement of public safety by providing autonomously analyzed information to end users, including

both public and private instances and individuals.

5.4 Future Characterization One example of the future target for development could be the improvement of the utilization of the

road weather and traffic conditions information. There are already several weather cameras in the

important crossings of the Route 51 (Ruoholahti, Lauttasaari, Karhusaari, Matinkylä, Suomenoja, Jorvas.

see figure 32). However, these cameras are operated by the Finnish Transport Agency, and are used only

to provide weather information to their web page and radio/TV. In addition to these cameras, the

Finnish Transport Agency also offers to road users weather information received from the nearby

weather stations.

The first realizable improvement would the adding different sensors to these important junctions. The

target is to monitor all the traffic and road conditions of all the directions and lanes. This would enable

real time monitoring of the traffic and to provide not only timely information about the existing

conditions but also to predict the forthcoming amounts of vehicles, and thereafter through navigator

interfaces of the cars utilize balancing of the traffic. This service can be extended also to the users of the

connecting roads, not just the main highways.

The sensors by them selves are not the solution required. The platforms of SafeCity and FI‐WARE

projects are necessary in order to provide reliable services to the end users; both the citizens and the

officials. Efficient real time connectivity of the sensors is of course a must but in addition to that,

security, trust, and privacy mechanisms will guarantee validated data gathering. Finally the sensing

system is producing huge amounts of data which needs to be preprocessed and analyzed promptly for

the applications improving safety and fluency of traffic.

Figure 32 New Sensors to Important Crossings in route 51.

The longer term target is to deliver real‐time location based information services to the drivers. These

services would be accessible through their smart phones or their in‐car terminals. In addition to

detailed, location‐based road weather forecasts and real‐time information about actual road condition

on their route, these services could report for example incidents that cause significant delays or

locations and duration of the road works.



Annex A – SafeCity End User Questionnaire

FP7‐285556 SafeCity Project

SafeCity Questionnaire

City of Helsinki, Administration Centre

Deliverable Type: CO

Nature of the Deliverable: O

Date:

Interviewer Partner:

Editors: Sami Ruponen

*Deliverable Type: PU= Public, RE= Restricted to a group specified by the Consortium, PP= Restricted to other

program participants (including the Commission services), CO= Confidential, only for

members of the Consortium (including the Commission services)

** Nature of the Deliverable: P= Prototype, R= Report, S= Specification, T= Tool, O= Other

Abstract: This is the SafeCity questionnaire for end‐users data collection.



STATE OF THE ART

SUBJECT Q NR QUESTION ANSWER

APPLICATION CHARACTERIZATION

Q1.

Indicate brief description of the application. In which

situations/operations do you use this application?

You could support your inputs with references to case

scenarios and/or past incidents.

Surveillance camera system of the City of Helsinki. System is owned

by the city but operated by the Finnish Police, due to national

legislation. The system is used for e.g. aiding police operations and

investigations.

Q2.

In which SafeCity area (A, B, C or D) do you frame this

application? A, C, and D.

Q3.

Actuation procedure followed during the utilization of this

application. Video signal of the cameras is sent to the command centre monitors

using dedicated network.

Q4.

Related to your organization operations, indicate key

requirements of this application. Paying special attention

on ICT needs (e.g. Band Width, rate (bps), latency, QoS,

data storage requirements, trained/supervising personnel,

energy costs, etc).

No special technical requirements. Legislation requires that the

operator is the police.

Q5.

Which concrete sensors does your organization use for this

application? What is the purpose of each of them? What is

the format of the output data? Are these standardized with

respect to fusion processes?

Surveillance cameras of different kind.

Q6.

Is this an automated process? If so, up to which level? Does

this include definition of data tags? Manual system with human operator(s).

Q7.

What kind of type and data are being forwarded to the

citizens, regarding the original sensors outputs? N/A

Q8. How interrelated are the different families of sensors that Any location can be monitored. Storing of visual data of public



STATE OF THE ART


you apply? How interoperable are the different

technologies? How can one support/ complement the

other? How can one affect the others in case of

malfunction

locations is only permitted for selected authorities (e.g. the police).

For private locations the data storage is allowed.

Q9. Advantages of the use of this application.

Q10.

Gaps detected (e.g. additional info, inefficiencies, etc).

Could you categorize such limitations as being a result of:

current ICT development

current integration lacks (interoperability issues)

not full awareness of crisis situation requirements

(advanced changes)

Information management and network complexity

No mobile systems nor mobile connectivity (ad hoc networks). No

co‐operation between different authorities (e.g. surveillance

systems of Metro and City of Helsinki.

Q11.

Would you see such limitations being corrected/refined via

supported/back‐up technology? N/A

Q12.

Infrastructure involved in this application (e.g. data bases,

wired fibber connections, wireless standards, etc), private

or public networks.

Main constrains imposed by this infrastructure (e.g. data

losses, network coverage, different networks

interpretabilities, data security, etc.)

No accurate information can be released. Private dedicated

networks are used. Wireless connections partly used.

Q13.

Is it Internet‐based application? Does it use any internet

connection? No internet technologies are used.



STATE OF THE ART


Q14.

Which information security policies do you use within this

application? Private networking, physical system protection.

Q15.

Which ethical, social and legal policies do your organization

satisfies in order to make use of this application (e.g.

considering sensitive data)? How does this affect your data

formats and permissions?

Only authorized police personnel is allowed to operate the system

and is allowed to access and store the data.

But Subway stations and public transportation vehicles are owned

by private companies (“private” place) so the legal aspects are less

strict and allow private persons to operate the cameras.

STATE OF THE ART

AREA Q NR. QUESTION ANSWER

AREA A: SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Q16.

What social policies do you apply (e.g. regarding social

division)?

Q17.

Does your organization have different data sources (e.g.

criminal data base)? In that case, please list them. No

AREA B: AD-HOC NETWORK

Q18.

Which communication networks are currently used

between different bodies and among members of the same

body (PMR, Radio TETRA, TETRAPOL, UHF, Radio, Satellite

links, GSM/GPRS/UMTS, WiFi, WiMax, etc)?

GSM/GPRS/UMTS, TETRA, WiFi.

Q19.

Does your current communication network satisfy all the

needs you require to perform an efficient work when a

special event or an emergency happen? Have you ever

deploy portable base stations to improve covertures or

capacity of the cellular network you are using? How

effective is this approach (coverage, data quality, etc)? How

Ad hoc networks are not used efficiently for data transmission.

Mobile /portable systems would be required in the future. For

example deployable surveillance cameras using ad hoc network

during big events to expand the normal surveillance coverage.



STATE OF THE ART

AREA Q NR. QUESTION ANSWER

efficient is this approach (cost/ benefit ratio)?

AREA C: ALERTING CITIZENS

Q20.

Which kind of incidents or situations do you consider

important to be alerted of? Abnormality in citizen and traffic behaviour. Including crowds,

accidents, and criminal behaviour.

Q21.

How do you think it would be the best way to alert citizen

about these incidents? Applications utilizing to mobile phones.

Q22.

What social implications do you see arising (division, mass

panic, etc) and which policies do you define in order to deal

with these situations?

Use of audio based population alerting system only under extreme

situations e.g. fallout, air attack considered because of possible

more harm than benefit caused (panic etc.).

AREA D: COMMAND CENTRE TECHNOLOGIES

Q23.

At which level(s) of your organization, control centre

technologies are used? If several levels of your organization

use control centre technologies could you precise

information managed at each level of the organization?

And relation between/role of each level of the

organization?

City Command centre has access only to the city intranet.

Rescue department has own coordination system that e.g. can track

rescue vehicles etc.

Note: New command centre under evaluation / construction that

serves only on crisis situations.

Q24.

What anomalous situations do you consider important to

be alerted of in the Command Post (Citizen Behaviour,

suspicious objects…)?

Unusual citizen or vehicle behaviour on the street view indicating

something abnormal is happening

Q25.

What management direction do you follow regarding data

fusion, distribution and overall coordination of the related

processes? Mention if applicable, learned‐by‐experience

lessons upon gradually moving to more efficient

architectures.



Beyond the state of the art

AREA A

Situational

awareness

Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER

Video Analytics

Application

Q26.

What are the demands you pose on the operation Video

Analytics Application (1= very important, 2=important,

3=less important, 4=unimportant) If possible, establish also

some parameters related to each technical requirement:

Orphan objects detection, intrusion detection,

facial detection, face recognition:

o [ 3 ] Distance

o [ 3 ] Application environment (indoor,

outdoor…)

o [ 3 ] Kind of object to be detected

o [ 3 ] Cross check detection with Criminal

Data Bases

Anomalous pattern detection:

o [ 1 ] Persons

o [ 1 ] Objects

Tracking of:

o [ 2 ] Persons

o [ 2 ] Objects

[ 1 ] Speed in data processing once it has been

collected

[ 1 ] Working autonomy

[ 2 ] Cost of maintenance (sensors maintenance and

operation, data storage facilities, etc.)




AREA A

Situational

awareness


[ 1 ] Confidentiality

[ 1 ] Requirements to configure and operate

[ 2 ] Justification of algorithms in defining

suspicious and anomalous behaviours. How do you

define suspicious and anomalous behaviours

Operating

o [ 2 ] On demand

o [ 1 ] Continuously

[ 2 ] Interconnection with other sensors (triggering

inputs / outputs). If so, specify what type of

sensor/output would you find necessary? What

would be a suitable shared data format?

o Audio sensors

o Sea flooding sensors

Q27.

Which characteristics do you consider important to define

exact profile (Location, Time, Behaviour…) Unusual behaviour

Q28.

Evaluate how useful Video Analytics application could be to

your specific organization (1= very important, 2= important,

3= less important, 4= unimportant)

1

Q29. In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this

application into your activities performed during




AREA A

Situational

awareness


prevention and preparedness phases? (Connectivity,

trained personnel, additional data processing, etc)?

Q30.

Which scenarios you consider that would be applicable to

Video Analytics application? Please refer to potential as

well as past incidents applicable

Citizens and vehicles on the streets, metro stations.

Q31.

Given your existing experience, what social, ethical and

legal implications would you see to arise? What respective

policies could your organization apply in each case?

Real time

Positioning for

Decision support

Application

Q32.

What are the demands you pose on the operation Real‐

Time Positioning for Decision Support Application (1= very

important, 2=important, 3=less important, 4=unimportant)

If possible, establish also some parameters related to each

technical requirement:

[ 1 ] Distance: ………………………………………………….

[ ] Application environment

[ 1 ] Working autonomy: ………………………………………………….

[ 2 ] Cost of maintenance: ………………………………………………

[ 1 ] Reliability: ………………………………………………….


[ 1 ] Requirements to configure and operate: ………………………………………………….

Q33.


Real‐Time Positioning for Decision Support application?

Please refer to potential as well as past incidents applicable

Tracking of citizens and vehicles.




AREA A

Situational

awareness


Q34.

Please precise for scenarios you describe at which

operational level location information is relevant (on a local

PDA, on a mobile Control Command vehicle screen, on a

global city control room screen? Other? )

What kinds of vehicles are interesting to locate/track?

In which situation?

In which situation is it interesting to locate and/or track

a specific person?

When tracking information is not available anymore

(vehicle/person goes out of the scope of cameras),

would it be interesting to have some information for

decision support such as re‐apparition zone of the

person/vehicle?

What kinds of events are interesting to locate? In

which situation?

Possible use case would be when an incident (robbery,

abuse etc.) happens in a subway station the video

surveillance detects and starts tracking the persons

involved. Information can include the subway the

persons enter, which exit points they use to enter the

street. The information from privately operated

cameras and public police operated cameras are

merged together to maximise the benefit.

Q35.

Evaluate how useful Real time Positioning for decision

support application could be to your specific organization

(1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4=

unimportant)

1

Q36.

In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this

application into your activities performed during Extending camera surveillance to public transportation

vehicles dramatically increases the amount of

information to process thus there is a need for




AREA A

Situational

awareness


prevention and preparedness phases? intelligent, computer aided, system analysing video.

Q37.

Given your existing experience, what social, ethical and

legal implications would you see to arise? What respective

policies could your organization apply in each case?

Road Track and

environmental

sensors

application

Q38.

What are the demands you pose on the operation of

SafeCity Road track & environmental sensors application

(1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4=

unimportant) If possible, establish also some parameters

related to each technical requirement:

[ 1 ] Detect unusual traffic patterns

[ 1 ] Identification of incident

[ 3 ] Sense critical environmental changes

[ 3 ] Monitoring of structural health of bridges and

buildings

[ 2 ] Monitoring of inhospitable/dangerous

environments

Weather station

o [ 3 ] Temperature

o [ 3 ] Weather conditions

o [ 3 ] Weather forecast

Road General condition

o [ 3 ] Ice

o [ 3 ] Snow




AREA A

Situational

awareness


o [ 3 ] Rain

Events and occasions

o [ 3 ] Holidays and vacation periods

o [ 3 ] Tourist seasons (visitors not aware with

the area)

o [ 3 ] Grand seasonal events

Speed in data processing once it has been collected

[ 1 ] Reliability


Q39.

Please specify what kind of information your organization

would require to receive from the respective technology, in

order to foresee such risks. Please refer to appropriate case

scenarios, where possible.

Unusual traffic pattern and behaviour indicating

abnormality. Additionally, e.g. incorrectly parked cars

disturbing normal traffic, specifically at winter time

disturbing snow plough.

Q40.

Evaluate how useful Road Track and environmental sensors

application could be to your specific organization (1= very

important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4=

unimportant)

2

Q41.



prevention and preparedness phases?

Note: At the moment legislation only allows giving

parking tickets for incorrectly parked cars, nothing else.




AREA A

Situational

awareness


Intelligent

transportation

system Q42.

Would you consider an intelligent transportation system to

be an important part of the city’s infrastructure? Which

parameters do you consider the most important? (1= very


unimportant)

[ 3 ] Automatic activation of breaking systems or

fuel control.

[ 3 ] Maintain driver and passenger comfort and

safety through the use of sensors for airbags

control and seatbelt pre‐tensioning.

[ 3 ] Use of sensors for fatigue and mood

monitoring to ensure safe driving

[ 3 ] Use of a broad city‐wide distributed sensor

network to indicate traffic flows, administer tolls or

provide continually updated destination routing

feedback to individual vehicles.

[ 3 ] Use of global and local information, combining

GPS information with cellular networks


AREA B: Ad‐hoc

Networks Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER

Ad‐hoc Network

application Q43.


SafeCity Ad‐hoc Network application (1= very important,

2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant) If

possible, establish also some parameters related to each

[ ] Characteristic of devices: weight, size,

robustness, accuracy, etc

[ ] Node time deploy




AREA B: Ad‐hoc

Networks Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER

technical requirement: [ ] Kind of data

[ ] BW

[ ] Reliability

[ ] Supporting data storage on the field

[ ] Allowing sensors intercommunications in the

field (in such case, please reference families of

sensors of which you would consider

necessary/important to be integrated on a de facto

basis

Q44.

Evaluate how useful Road Track and environmental sensors

application could be to your specific organization (1= very


unimportant)




N/A

Q45.


Ad‐hoc Network application?

Deployable cameras using ad hoc network during mass

events




AREA C: Alerting

Citizens Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER

Alerting Citizens

applications

Q46.

Which applications do you consider useful to be part of

your daily operation? Including in each case:

Which requirements/demands would you have

regarding to this application?

Evaluate how useful this application could be to your

specific organization (1= very important, 2= important,


In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate

this application into your activities performed during


Alerting through mobile phone would be efficient

because almost everybody from age 6 onward has it.

More challenging is what happens when the mobile

networks go down during crisis. Same problem

concerns also the staff inside the Helsinki

Administration that now mostly depend on regular GSM

phones. Only few or none have TETRA phone. But of

course authorities have these.


AREA D:

Command

Centre

Technologies


Decision Support

System

application Q47.


SafeCity Decision Support System (1= very important, 2=

important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant). If possible,

establish also some parameters related to each technical

requirement.

[ ] Working autonomy: ………………………………….

[ ] Facilitate to configure and operate: …………

[ ] Reliability: …………

[ ] Work distribution and decentralization: ………………………………….



Q48.

Evaluate how useful Decision Support System application

could be to your specific organization (1= very important,

2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant)




N/A


AREA D: Others Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER

Other

applications

Q49.

Which applications do you consider useful to be part of

your daily operation? Including in each case:


regarding to this application?







Ubiquitous

Sensor Network Q50.

Would you consider important the existence of a

Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN), a term which is used to

describe a network of intelligent sensors (including people

with their mobile phones) that could appear everywhere? A

Citizens with mobile phones would be an interesting

and feasible addition to normal surveillance. Even video

streams could be sent directly to systems operated by

authorities over mobile networks and public Internet.



USN can be used to provide an intelligent information

infrastructure to support a multitude of different

applications (utility infrastructure, buildings, roads, rails,

vehicles, goods, people…)


regarding to this vision?






prevention and preparedness phases

Challenges: How to prevent enthusiastic citizen to

endanger itself using the sensor. Trustworthiness of the

information from Ubiquitous Sensor / citizen.



Annex B – Use Case Example

No. Description Examples of

sensors.

Examples of

enablers.

Applications

1. Jim start's the working trip at 7:30am with the

family car together with his wife Jane.

Internet

connections,

navigator,

notification

applications.

2. The Navigator is fed the information from home

Olari to Jane's workplace (Spektri) and there to

Jim's office Otaniemi. Based on the current traffic

situation a route from Olari‐Road 51‐ Road 101 ‐

Otaniemi is proposed.

GPS, cameras,

road side

sensors for

traffic density.

Connectivity,

security.

Navigator,

traffic

guidance

service.

3. The weather and road conditions are reported by

the SafeCity platform and the car sensors. The

weather is dry and no icy road conditions are

expected. Jim has also allowed the car sensor

information to be sent to the SafeCity platform

using the cars mobile Internet connection, utilising

user identification and privacy management

enablers of the Future Internet platform.

Road side

environment

sensors, car

sensors.

Internet of

Things,

security.

SafeCity

platform

database.

4. At 7:34am the infrared camera sensors on the

Road 51 notice an Elk preceeding the road and

staying just beside it. This immediately causes the

traffic to slow down and creating a jam. Jim's car

terminal receives a notification from the SafeCity

platform about the situation and the car navigator

calculates a new route using Road 102 ‐ Street

Mankkaanlaakso ‐ Street Koivu‐Mankkaa ‐ Spektri ‐

Otaniemi.

Infrared

cameras.

Navigator.

5. Jim drops Jane beside the Spektri and continues

towards his own office in the central of Otaniemi.



6. Just when arriving to the office parking lot he

notices that a toe car is picking up a van that has

been parked in the middle of the access road to

the parking area. Without its removal Jim would

not have been able to drive to the area. The

camera system has recognised the illegally parked

car, and through the SafeCity platform the

notifications and live video has been sent to the

officials. Then necessary actions have been

ordered and the van is removed.

CCTV or

infrared

cameras.

Pre‐

processing

capabilities.

SafeCity

database and

data fusion

applications,

notification

applications.

7. Jim enters his office at 7:50am as he had planned.

8. At 4:00pm Jim plans to leave the office and return

to home after collecting Jane.

9. When feeding this information to his Smart phone

for messaging Jane and the car Navigator he

receives a suggestion to delay his departure with

30 minutes. There has been a large conference at

the Barona Arena which has ended and a lot of

traffic is caused by the departing members and

their cars. The traffic sensors notice that there is a

lot of extra traffic from the Arena to the direction

of the Road 101 and since this would cause extra

10‐15 minutes travelling to Jim and Jane, a delay is

proposed. Jim accepts this and also Jane is notified

with this situation.

CCTV and

infrared

cameras, road

side sensors.

SafeCity

platform,

navigator.

10. At 5:20pm Jim and Jane arrive home being able to

make a short stop on the way in their local grocery

store.