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FinalReportNovember2017
PreparedbyFreetheSlaves
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ContentsExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................3
Introduction...................................................................................................................................5
Session1:PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlavery.......................................................6
Session2:Breakout–ApplicationsofTechnologyandInterventions:WhatWorks?................7
Session3:SurvivorLeadershipandInclusion.............................................................................10
Session4:NetworkandCoalitionBuilding.................................................................................11
LookingAheadandClosing.........................................................................................................13
PublicEvent.................................................................................................................................14
Appendices..................................................................................................................................15
AppendixA:ObjectivesandAgenda...............................................................................15
AppendixB:ParticipantandOrganizationLists.............................................................17
AppendixC:PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlaveryBackgroundPaper.......19
AppendixD:ApplicationsofTechnologyBackgroundPaper.........................................24
AppendixE:Interventions:WhatWorks?BackgroundPaper........................................29
AppendixF:SurvivorLeadershipandInclusionBackgroundPaper...............................35
AppendixG:NetworkandCoalitionBuildingBackgroundPaper..................................41
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ExecutiveSummaryTheFreedomfromSlaveryForumisanannualgatheringdesignedtobringleadersfromtheanti-slaveryfieldtogethertocoalesce,createpartnerships,discusspromisingpractices,anddevelopasharedagendaforaction.Eachyear,Forumparticipantsbuildrelationshipsandprioritizeactionsinareassuchasadvocacy,monitoringandevaluation,andcollaborationwithothersectors.Additionally,theForumismeanttoeducatethepublicabouttheissuesofmodernslaveryandhumantrafficking.Accordingly,the2017Forumwasatwoandahalfdayeventcomprisedofapublicevent,featuringauthorAustinChoi-Fitzpatrick,andprivatemeetingsforanti-slaveryexperts.AsthefifthiterationoftheForum,thisconveningwasdesignedwithinputfromparticipantsofthe2016ForumalongwiththeguidanceofanAdvisoryCommitteerepresentingparticipatingorganizations.Fiveprimarythemeswereprioritizedforthe2017Foruminresponsetotheprioritiesestablishedbyparticipants.EachthemehadanassociatedworkinggroupofForumparticipantswhometthroughoutthespring,summer,andfalltodesigntheirtopic’ssessionandpreparepresentationsontheirgroup’sfindings.OverfiftydifferentorganizationswererepresentedattheForum,andparticipantsdiscussedthestateoftheanti-traffickingfieldaswellasthefollowingfivemajorthematicpriorities:
• PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlavery:ThisgroupprovidedForumattendeeswithanoverviewofthenewlyreleasedglobalestimateofmodernslavery,whichwasrecentlyannouncedbytheInternationalLaborOrganizationandWalkFreeFoundation.Additionally,thisgroupalsodiscussedthedeterminantsofslavery.
• ApplicationsofTechnology:Thisbreakoutsessionprovidedparticipantswithanopportunitytodiscusshowtouseadesign-thinkingframeworktosolvecomplexproblems.Afteranoverviewpresentation,participantsdiscussedtheutilityoftechnologyforaddressingbothinternaloperationalproblemsandchallengesinthefield.Thegroupfocusedonapplyingtheframeworktospecificchallengesidentifiedbyparticipants.
• Intervention:WhatWorks?:ThegoalofthisbreakoutsessionwastotakeadvantageofthewisdomandexpertiseoftheForumparticipantsbydiscussingsuccessfulandchallenginganti-slaveryinterventions,payingparticularattentiontovoicesofthoseparticipantsworking“ontheground.”AllparticipantsweresentatwoquestionsurveyaheadoftheForumaskingforaspecificrecentsuccessandaspecificrecentchallengetheyexperiencedwiththeirwork,andthegroupthenusedthisinformationtoguidediscussionsaroundthefollowingtopics:1)EnforcementofVictimsRights;2)CriminalizationofVictims;3)Corruption;and4)LaborRightsandWorkerProtection.
• SurvivorLeadershipandInclusion:Thisgroupbeganwiththreemainobjectivesfortheirpresentation:1)thatparticipantswouldunderstandtheimportanceofsurvivorleadershipandinvolvementinanti-slaverywork;2)thataframeworkforwhatasurvivorleadershipprogramshouldlooklikewouldbeclear;and3)thatparticipants
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wouldwalkawayfeelingempoweredtostartasurvivorleadershipprogramattheirownorganization.
• NetworkandCoalitionBuilding:Thefinalgroup’stopicwassparkedbyconversationshadatthe2016Forumaroundtheideaofmobilizingtheanti-slaveryfieldtoengagewithAlliance8.7.ThegrouppresentedparticipantswithanoverviewofAlliance8.7,adraftstrategyforcivilsocietyengagementwiththeAlliance,andadraftofpotentialsharedprinciplesandgoalsforthefieldtoadopt.Forumparticipantswerethenaskedtobreakintogroupstostrategizeandofferfeedbackontheproposedideas.
Theeveningbeforetheseconversationsbegan,theForumhelditstraditionalpublicevent,thisyearfeaturingaconversationbetweenMauriceMiddlebergofFreetheSlavesandauthorAustinChoi-Fitzpatrick.ThediscussioncenteredaroundChoi-Fitzpatrick’snewbook,WhatSlaveholdersThink:HowContemporaryPerpetratorsRationalizeWhatTheyDo,whichunveilsbothslaveholders’moralblindnessandtheintricatepowerrelationshipthatcanmakeitdifficulttoemancipateenslavedworkers.Participants’evaluationsoftheForumgaveita4.3outof5overall,includingcontent,logistics,andvenue.TherewasamarkedinterestincontinuingtoholdtheForumin2018andbeyond,withconsiderationgiventohowtomakeitmoreinclusiveandrepresentativewhilestillmaintainingitsproductivity.ParticipantsagreedthattheForumshouldextendmoreinvitationstosurvivors,grassrootsworkers,expertsfromdevelopingcountries,andperhapsleadersfromotherrelatedfieldsinordertodiversifyandstrengthenfutureconversations.The2017FreedomfromSlaveryForumwassponsoredbytheElkesFoundation,withadditionalassistancefromDeloitte.Theirgenerosityisgratefullyacknowledged.
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IntroductionThe2017FreedomfromSlaveryForummarkedthefifthtimethisannualeventwasheld,anditsfourthiterationinthisformat.The2017ForumwassponsoredbytheElkesFoundation,withadditionalsupportfromtheFreedomFund.TheForumtookplaceOctober5ththrough7thatStanfordUniversity,withthesupportofStanford’sWSDHANDACenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice.Thetwoandahalfdayeventincludedoff-the-recordsessionsforleadersofanti-slaveryorganizations,withoneeveningdedicatedtoanopeneventforinterestedmembersofthepublic.MissionTheongoingmissionoftheFreedomfromSlaveryForumistocatalyzetheanti-slaveryandanti-humantraffickingfieldandincreasethecollectiveimpactofthemovement.TheForumisdesignedtocreateacollegialspacewhereanti-slaveryleaderscancoalesce,createpartnerships,discusspromisingpractices,anddevelopasharedagendaforaction.In2017,overfiftyleadersfromaroundtheworldparticipatedintheForum.Participantsbuiltrelationshipsandprioritizedactionsformobilizingthecivilsocietymovement.2017FreedomfromSlaveryForumGoalsBasedontheprioritiesidentifiedatthe2016Forum,the2017Forumfocusedonfourspecificgoalsinordertokeeptheconversationfocused,manageable,andproductive.Thegoalsforthe2017Forumwereasfollows:
1. Toadvanceunderstandingofprevalenceanddeterminantsofslavery2. Toaddressgapsinknowledgewithrespecttoapplicationsoftechnologyandanti-
slaveryinterventions3. Toencourageandadvancesurvivorleadershipandinclusion4. Tocraftastrategyforbuildingamorerobustcivilsocietycoalitionagainstslavery
BackgroundFollowingthe2014,2015,and2016Forum’smodels,anAdvisoryCommitteewasformedtoprovidetheFreedomfromSlaveryForumsecretariat,FreetheSlaves,withinputonthecoordinationoftheeventandagendatopics.Thefinalagenda(AppendixA)includedfoursessions,aswellasaneveningpubliceventfeaturingauthorAustinChoi-Fitzpatrick,whospokeabouthisnewbookWhatSlaveholdersThink:HowContemporaryPerpetratorsRationalizeWhatTheyDo.TheAdvisoryCommitteewascomprisedofthefollowingmembers:
• HollyBurkhalter,InternationalJusticeMission• JessieBrunner,WSDHANDACenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice,
StanfordUniversity• TimGehring,InternationalJusticeMission
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• KatherinJolluck,WSDHANDACenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice,StanfordUniversity
• MauriceMiddleberg,FreetheSlaves• NinaSmith,GoodWeave• HelenSworn,ChabDai
StaffsupporttotheAdvisoryCommitteewasprovidedbyAllieGardner,whoservedascoordinatoroftheForum.AnumberofForumparticipantsalsocontributedtoworkinggroupsthatmetthroughoutthespring,summer,andfallinpreparationfortheevent.Thesefive,themedworkinggroupsweredevelopedbasedonprioritiesidentifiedduringthe2016Forum.Thefollowingleaderssteeredtheworkinggroups:
• PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlavery:JessieBrunner(WSDHANDACenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice,StanfordUniversity)
• ApplicationsofTechnology:JulieCordua(Thorn)andDuncanJepson(LibertyAsia)• Intervention:WhatWorks?:KarenSnyder(FreetheSlaves)andMartinaVandenberg
(HumanTraffickingProBonoLegalCenter)• SurvivorLeadershipandInclusion:StephanieMolen(CoalitiontoAbolishSlaveryand
Trafficking)andTinaFrundt(Courtney’sHouse)• NetworkandCoalitionBuilding:MauriceMiddleberg(FreetheSlaves)andNathaniel
Erb(FreedomCollaborative)Session1:PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlaveryJessieBrunnerofStanfordUniversityledthisworkinggroup,whichincludedIgorBoscoftheInternationalLaborOrganization,DavinaDurganaoftheWalkFreeFoundation,andCathyZimmermanoftheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Thegroup’ssessionincludedpresentationsbyallmembersbeforeatimeofplenaryquestionsandanswers.Thegroup’spresentationwasbrokenupasfollows:
• CathyZimmermanfirstbegantheconversationaboutthedeterminantsofslaverybyofferingthegroupaninitialframingoftraffickingasapublichealthissue.Shearguedthatwhiletheanti-slaveryfieldhasdonequiteabitofworkonidentifyingprotectivefactors,thereisstillaneedforbetteridentificationofrisks.Protectivefactorsareeasiertobuildupon,butZimmermanheldthatinterventiondevelopmentmustalsotakeintoaccountrisksandidentifywhatmakespeoplevulnerable.Zimmermanalsoemphasizedtheimportanceofknowingwhydataarenecessarybeforecollectingit,notafter.
• FollowingZimmerman’spresentation,IgorBoscthentalkedmorespecificallyaboutdeterminantsofslavery.Boscfocusedhispresentationonthefollowingtopics:1)perspectivesusedtodefinedeterminants;2)economicandenvironmentaltransformationsincountriesoforigin;3)ideologiesofexclusionincountriesoforigin;4)
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changingnatureofgovernanceincountriesofdestination;and,5)tacklingdeterminantsofforcedlabor.Boscarguedthattotrulytacklethedeterminantsofforcedlabor,economicsystemsthatenablelocallivelihoodswithlocalresources,aswellasownershipofmeansofproductionbyworkerswouldbenecessary.Healsostressedtheimportanceofsocialsystemsofnon-exclusion,policymeasuresenablingfundamentallaborrights,andrevaluingworkregardlessofidentity.
• DavinaDurganaledthetransitionfromaconversationaboutdeterminantstoprevalenceinherpresentation.DurganawalkedparticipantsthroughthenewglobalestimatesofmodernslaveryrecentlyreleasedbytheInternationalLaborOrganizationandtheWalkFreeFoundation.Thenewnumberstatesthat,in2016,40.3millionpeoplewerevictimsofmodernslavery.Durganaexplainedthattheteamsmeasuredmodernslaveryprevalencebytakingintoaccountforcedlabor,forcedmarriage,andforcedsexualexploitation.Shegaveparticipantsadetailedoverviewofsurveyquestionsusedtoconducttheresearchbeforefurtherexplainingthefindings.Durganawasalsoclearaboutthelimitationsoftheresearch,explainingthatwhilethenewnumberofferedcriticalinsightintothescaleandmanifestationofmodernslaveryintheworldtoday,itwaslikelyanunder-estimate.
• JessieBrunnerconcludedthisgroup’spresentationwithadiscussionabouttheimportanceofdata.Brunnerarguedthatgooddataneedtobeaccurate,valid,reliable,timely,relevant,andcompleteandthatitwasthefoundationof“The3Ps”(prevention,protection,andprosecution).BrunnerofferedafewexamplesofchallengesandpromisingpracticesfromthefieldbydiscussingherworkinSoutheastAsia,highlightinginparticulartheuseofdatabytheorganizationsVisayanForumandLibertyAsia.
Session2:Breakout–ApplicationsofTechnologyandInterventions:WhatWorks?ApplicationsofTechnologyJulieCorduaofThornandDuncanJepsonofLibertyAsialedtheApplicationsofTechnologyworkinggroup.GroupmembersincludedKeeliSorensonofPolaris,KohlGillofLaborVoices,BhanujaSharanLalofMSEMVS,RuthDearnleyofStoptheTraffik,LauraHackneyofAnnieCannons,MonicaBoseffofOpenDoorFoundation,andSharanDhanoaoftheSouthBayCoalitiontoEndHumanTrafficking.Thegroup’ssessionbeganwithapresentationbyCorduaandHackneyaboutdesign-thinkingframework,followedbyaperiodofsmallgroupdiscussion.Intheirpresentation,CorduaandHackneyquotedTimBrown,CEOofIDEOtoexplaindesign-thinkingas“ahuman-centeredapproachtoinnovationthatdrawsfromthedesigner’stoolkittointegratetheneedsofpeople,thepossibilitiesoftechnology,andtherequirementsforbusinesssuccess.”Corduaexplainedhowherorganization,Thorn,usedadesign-thinkingframeworktoaddresstheproblemofminorsbeingadvertisedonlineforpurposesofsexualexploitation.Thestepsforapplyingtheframeworkincludethefollowing:
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• Define:Defineanddiscusstheproblem(s)thatneedtobesolved
• Understand:Researchtheproblemanditscurrentsolutions
o Corduastressedtheimportanceofgoingintothefieldandspendingtimewiththe“enduser”whowillbeusingwhateverisbeingbuilt.This,sheargued,willallowforbetteridentificationofcurrentproblems,andmayevenexposethatasolutiondoesnotneedtoinvolvetechnology.
• Idea:Identifycheapandrapidsolutionswithoutdistraction
• Prototype:Approximatehowthesesolutionswilllookandbehave
• Implement:Collaboratewithengineerstobringthesolutionstolife• Analyze:Verifythattheproblem(s)haveactuallybeensolved
Hackneycontinuedthepresentationbyexplainingtheimportanceofidentifyinga“minimumviableproduct”(MVP)attheideatestage.Thisdevelopmenttechniquemeansfirstcreatingthemostbasicversionofaproduct,includingthreekeycharacteristics:
• “Ithasenoughvaluethatpeoplearewillingtouseitorbuyitinitially.
• Itdemonstratesenoughfuturebenefittoretainearlyadopters.
• Itprovidesafeedbacklooptoguidefuturedevelopment.”
Afterthepresentation,participantsbrokeintosmallergroupstodiscussspecificproblems.Theyweretaskedwith1)definingtheproblemsimply,2)outlininghowonemightresearchtheproblemanditssolutions,3)definingtheuserpersona,and4)articulatinganMVPinonesentence.
*GraphictakenfrompresentationbyJulieCordua
*GraphictakenfrompresentationbyLauraHackney
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Interventions:WhatWorks?KarenSnyderofFreetheSlavesandMartinaVandenbergoftheHumanTraffickingProBonoLegalCenterco-chairedtheworkinggrouponinterventions.OthergroupmembersincludedHollyBurkhalterofInternationalJusticeMission,PaulineOosterhoffoftheInstituteforDevelopmentStudies,andTimGehringofInternationalJusticeMission.Thegroupchosenottoutilizeapresentationandinsteadusedtheirsessiontimetohaveparticipantsengageina“worldcafé”activity.Participantsbrokeintofourgroups,thetopicsforwhichwereinformedbyatwo-questionsurveythathadbeensentouttoallForuminviteesmonthsprior.Inthesurvey,participantswereaskedtoidentifyonespecificrecentsuccessandonespecificrecentchallengetheyexperiencedwiththeirwork.Commonthemeswerethenidentifiedfromtheresponses,andthegroupchosetostructuretheirsessionaroundthefollowingtopics:1)EnforcementofVictimsRights,2)CriminalizationofVictims,3)Corruption,and4)LaborRightsandWorkerProtection.Keytakeawaysfromtheconcurrentdiscussionswerereportedafterwards,includingthepointsbelow:
• EnforcementofVictimsRights:- Itisimperativethatcivilsocietyorganizationsrememberthatjusticefor
survivorsisnotsimplyaboutcriminalprosecution,butalsoaboutcompensation.Thefieldhasseenmanyprosecutions,butlittletonocompensationforvictimsespeciallyintheglobalsouth.
- Supportingvictimsinbuildinganewlifemeanshelpingthemseekeducation,findwork,andbereintegratedintotheirhomecommunities.Thesethingscanalsobeaformofjusticeforthem.
- Itisextremelyimportanttoelevatethevoicesofsurvivorswhendiscussingenforcementoftheirrights.
• CriminalizationofVictims:- Thereisaneedtoexpandthedefinitionofavictim.Forexample,runawayand
homelessyouthshouldbeincluded.- Criminalizationofbuyersandemployersisnecessary.- Thefieldneedstotakeintoaccounthowpoliciesmeanttobehelpfulcan
actuallyhurtvictims.Forexample,ifaworkerisundocumented,theirpenaltiesmightbehigherthanthoseoftheemployer,leadingtheworkertonotwishtoreporttheirsituation.
• Corruption:- Mitigatingcorruptionrequiresincreasedoversight.Investigativejournalismand
mediahaveshownthatexposingcorruptioncanleadtoincreasedpressureonthoseinpowertoimplementbetterregulatoryframeworks.Thisneedstobeincreasedwithspecialfocusongovernmentandcorporations.
- Recruitmentfeesneedtobeshiftedfromworkerstoemployers.
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- NGOsaccompanyingactorsinthepublicjusticesystemneedtopartnerwithpolicemoreoften.Theseorganizationsshouldalsobekeepingapapertrailofallinteractionswithgovernmentofficialsandopposingparties.
• LaborRightsandWorkerProtection:- Worker-centeredmonitoringandprosecutioniskeytoidentifyingissuesand
gatheringinformation.- Inregardstoprevention,thereisaneedformarket-basedenforcementof
workers’rightsviacodesofconduct.Theseshouldbesignedbycorporationsandenforcedbyhealthandsafetycommittees.Consumers,bothindividualsandcompanies,shouldbetargeted,astheirsupportforsuchcodesofconductisimperative.
Session3:SurvivorLeadershipandInclusionTinaFrundtofCourtney’sHouseandStepanieMolenoftheCoalitiontoAbolishSlaveryandTraffickingledthegrouponsurvivorleadershipandinclusion,whichalsoincludedSophieOtiendeofHAARTandCeciliaOebanda-FloresofVisayanForum.Thegroupwalkedparticipantsthroughthebasicsofcreatingasurvivorleadershipprogramandarticulatedtheimportanceofelevatingsurvivorvoicesinthefield.Theyexplainedthatempowermentwaskeytoasuccessfulsurvivorleadershipprogramandarguedthatsurvivorsoftenfindtheirvoicethroughthefollowingmeans:
• Leadingsolutionsthroughactivitiesthattheychoose• Influencingotherduty-bearerstoinnovateandbetterimplementsolutions• Graduatingtonewopportunities(throughskillstraining,education,jobs,etc.)• Helpingothersurvivorsthroughmodelingandcoaching• Participatingintransparentstrategieswheretheyhavetheyopportunitytoprovide
feedbackonandevaluatetheeffectivenessofprogramsForalliesintheanti-slaveryfield,thegroupstressedthedistinctionbetweenanadvocateandanexpert.Itisimportantthatalliesaretrainedbysurvivorsandpaysurvivorsfortheirtimeandexpertise.Alliesshouldalsoalwaysbetrauma-informed,understandtheirroleasanadvocate,andstrictlyobserveconfidentialityrules.Alliescansupportsurvivorleadershipprogramsbyallowingspaceforsurvivorstoexerciseagency,beingconsciousoftheinfluencetheyhaveoverprogramparticipants,honoringsurvivorsfortheirtimeandcontributions,andencouragingotherorganizationstoworkwithsurvivorleaders.Afewbestpracticesforsurvivorleadershipprogramswerealsoexplained,includingthefollowing:
• Recognizethatasurvivorismorethanhisorherstory.- Organizationsshouldoffermorewaysforsurvivorstoleadthansimplysharing
theirstory,thoughthatcanbesomethingtheychoosetodo.
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- Somesurvivorsmaywanttosharetheirleadershipskillsasadvocatesfortheanti-humantraffickingmovement,butothersmaywishtoadvocatefortheircommunitytoaddressotherissues.Thisdecisionshouldberespected.
• Paysurvivorleadersfortheirtime.- Nonprofitpoliciesandproceduresshouldensurepaymentforsurvivorswhen
theyareparticipatinginspeakingevents.• Survivorsshouldreceiveempowermentandleadershiptrainingwhiletheyare
participatinginprogramming.- Survivorleadershipstartsduringprogrammingwhensurvivorsaregiventhe
opportunitytodeterminehowandwheretheywanttotaketheleadafterward.
Lastly,thegroupidentifiedbestpracticesforNGOsconsideringhiringasurvivororaskingasurvivortoserveontheirboard.Asurvivorinthissituationshould:
• Beatlast18yearsold• Havealreadygonethroughrehabilitationandreintegrationprocess• Havebeenoutoftheirsituationoftraffickingorslaveryforatleastfiveyearsand
finishedwithservicesfromthatproviderfortwoyears• Haveaccesstoasupportsystem(psycho-socialsupport,selfcare,etc.)• Receivetrauma-informedtraining• Definewhetherornottheywishtorevealtheiridentitytothepublic• Completeabackgroundcheckandpoliceclearanceformtoshowcriminalrecord• Providetheorganizationwiththeirlegalnameforpaycompensation,understanding
thattheymaychoosetogobyadifferentnamepublicly
Afinalpointthatwasstressedthroughoutthecourseofthissessionwasthatoftheimportanceoflanguage.Thegroupmembersexplainedthatlanguageisfluidandcanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Becauseofthis,theyarguedalliesshouldbeaskingsurvivorswhatlanguagetheypreferinordertobevictim-centeredandempowering.TheyalsocautionedForumparticipantsagainstusingwordslike“rescue,”“prostitute,”and“survivalsex.”Frundtexplainedthat“rescue”inparticularcouldeasilyremindsurvivorsofthelanguageusedbypimpsortraffickersandleavesurvivorsfeelingindebtedtotheorganization,ratherthanempowered.Session4:NetworkandCoalitionBuildingThefinalForumsessiononNetworkandCoalitionBuildingfocusedonelevatingthecollectivevoiceofcivilsocietyorganizations.MauriceMiddlebergofFreetheSlavesadNathanielErbofFreedomCollaborativechairedthisgroup.OthergroupmembersincludedAndrewWallisofUnseenUK,DominiqueChauvet-StacoofthePathyFamilyFoundation,DorothyRozgaofECPATInternational,HanniStoklosaofHEALTrafficking,JenniBrownofEndIt!Movement,LeilaMilaniofFuturesWithoutViolence,NehaMisraofSolidarityCenter,ShawnMacDonaldofVerité,andVenkatReddyofM.V.Foundation.
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Middlebergbeganthegroup’ssessionwithapresentationaboutthecontextofthetopic.Heexplainedthatthisgroup’stopicoutofthe2016Forum’sconversationsaboutbuildingaglobalprofessionalsocietyforthefieldandengagingwithAlliance8.7.Inthemonthsafterthe2016Forum,variousleadersfromtheanti-slaveryfieldexpressedaninterestincollectivelyengagingwiththeAlliance,sothisworkinggroupwasformedtostartthatconversation.ThefirstpartofMiddleberg’spresentationincludedabasicoverviewofwhatAlliance8.7isandhowitisstructured.MiddlebergexplainedthattheAlliance’smaingoalistocatalyzerelevantstakeholderstoachieveSustainableDevelopmentGoal8.7,whichaimstoendslaveryandtraffickingby2030.MembershipoftheAllianceistobemadeupofworkerandemployerorganizations,UNorganizations,andcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs).Thegoalsoftheallianceincludethefollowing:1)Acceleratingaction;2)Conductingresearchandsharingknowledge;3)Drivinginnovation;4)Increasingandleveragingresources.Toachievethesegoals,governments,businesses,andcivilsocietyorganizationswillorganizethemselvesintosixthematicgroups:1)Ruleoflaw&governance;2)Conflictandhumanitariansettings;3)Migration;4)Commercialsexualexploitation;5)Ruraldevelopment;and6)Supplychains.Inorganizingaroundthegoals,civilsocietyorganizationsmustworktoelevateacollectivevoiceasthestructureoftheAllianceprovideslimitedrolesforthefield.Becauseofthis,theNetworkandCoalitionWorkingGroupresearchedthedeterminantsofasuccessfulsocialmovement,andproducedaliteraturereviewonthesubject.Throughthissearch,theyconcludedthatthreethingswereparticularlynecessarytocreatesuccessfulmovement:1)Sharedagendaandgoals;2)Credibilityandstanding;and3)Positiverelationshipsandasupportivestructure.Afteroutliningthisinformation,theworkinggroupbeganidentifyingpotentialprinciplesandgoalsthattheanti-slaveryfieldmightadopt.ThegrouppresentedtheseideastoallForumparticipantsintheformofadraftstrategypaperandaskedfortheirfeedbackoverthecourseoftherestofthesession.Afterbreakingoutintosmallergroups,participantsreturnedtotheirplenarysettingtoreportbackontheirinitialthoughts.Keyideasthatcameoutofthisdiscussionincludedthefollowing:
• CivilSocietyOrganizations- Whateverentityforcollectiveactionthefieldcreatesshouldbothbeableto
engagewithAlliance8.7andbeviableindependentofAlliance8.7.- ThereisaneedtosynthesizeandcommunicatewhatAlliance8.7isandmakeit
accessibleatthegrassrootslevel.- CSOsshouldmapexistingcoalitionstoseehowtheycanbeusedtogeneratea
sharedagendaacrossregionsandsub-fields.- TheCSOcommunityshouldarguethatthereisoneseatmissingatthetable–in
additiontoCSOs,governments,andcorporations,thereshouldbesurvivorrepresentationinAlliance8.7.
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- Workerandtradeunionsmayrequiretheirownplatform,outsideoftheCSOspace.
• Governments- Destinationcountriesshouldbuyintoprogramminginsourcecountriesasa
methodofprevention.- Anynationalactionplanshouldincludenationalaccountabilitytoaddress
corruption.- Governmentengagementshouldnotonlyidentifytasksofthefederal
governmentbutshouldalsoclearlylayoutwaysstate,provincial,andlocalgovernmentswillbeinvolved.
• Corporations- Companiesshouldhaveboardorcompliancestaffintegratedthroughouttheir
business,notsolelycenteredinacorporateresponsibilitydepartment.- Bothoperationsandsupplychainsneedtobeexamined(thetrendistoonly
considerforcedlaborinsupplychains,butthisisnotalwaysthecase).
Afterallofthegroupshadreportedbacktheirinitialthoughts,Middlebergexplainedthatthenextstepwouldbefortheworkinggrouptotakeintoaccountallofthefeedbackandmakeeditstothestrategypapertoredistributetoparticipants(seeAppendixH).Ultimately,thisgrouphopesthatbythe2018iterationoftheForum,thefieldwillhaveacriticalmassofNGOsfromaroundtheworldinvolvedinthecreationoftheCSOplatformandsharedagenda.LookingAheadandClosingRemarksAstheForumapproacheditsconclusion,participantstooktimetoconceptualizeactionsforthecomingyear.Thegroupagreeduponthefollowingactionablestepsforthecomingmonths:
• TheNetworkandCoalitionWorkingGroupwilltakeintoaccountallofthefeedbackprovidedontheStrategyPaperbeforeredistributingittoallparticipantsforfurthercritiques.
• ForumparticipantswillcontinuetoengageinconversationaroundthecreationofasharedagendaandgoalsbyofferingfurtherfeedbackontheStrategyPaperandinitiatingdiscussionsaroundthistopicatotherglobalconvenings.
• AfterfiveyearsofholdingtheForuminasimilarfashion,theAdvisoryCommitteewillreassessaspectsofitsformat,takingintoaccountparticipants’desirestoseemorerepresentativesfromtheglobalsouth,moresurvivorleaders,andadditionaldisciplinarybackgroundspresentatthe2018iteration.
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PublicEventTheForumheldapubliceventontheeveningofOctober5thatStanfordUniversityfeaturingaconversationbetweenMauriceMiddlebergofFreetheSlavesandauthorAustinChoi-Fitzpatrick.ThediscussioncenteredaroundChoi-Fitzpatrick’snewbook,WhatSlaveholdersThink:HowContemporaryPerpetratorsRationalizeWhatTheyDo,whichunveilsbothslaveholders’moralblindnessandtheintricatepowerrelationshipthatcanmakeitdifficulttoemancipateenslavedworkers.Choi-Fitzpatrick,co-editorofFromHumanTraffickingtoHumanRights,hasworkedintheanti-slaverymovementforoverfifteenyears.Herecognizedthatwhilethestoryofslaveryfromtheperspectiveofvictimsandsurvivorshasbeentoldmanytimes,thethinkingandrationalesoftheperpetratorshasbeenlargelyunexplored.Torectifythat,Choi-Fitzpatrick,whoteachespoliticalsociologyattheUniversityofSanDiego’sKrocSchoolofPeaceStudies,conductedextensiveinterviewsofslaveholdersinnorthernIndia.HisgroundbreakingresearchmadeforaninterestingconversationwithMiddleberg,followedbyalengthyperiodofquestionsandanswerswiththeaudience.
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AppendixA:Objectives&Agenda
TheFreedomfromSlaveryForumhasanoverarchingmission:
TheongoingmissionoftheFreedomfromSlaveryForumistocatalyzetheanti-slaveryandanti-humantraffickingfieldandincreasethecollectiveimpactofthemovement.Thisisachievedbyinvitingkey,high-levelplayersinthefieldtocometogetherandshareanddiscussbestpractices,lessonslearned,andnewideas,aswellasbuildrelationshipswitheachother.
The2017FreedomfromSlaveryForumhasfourspecificgoals:
- Toadvanceunderstandingofprevalenceanddeterminantsofslavery- Toaddressgapsinknowledgewithrespecttoapplicationsoftechnologyandanti-
slaveryinterventions- Toencourageandadvancesurvivorleadershipandinclusion- Tocraftastrategyforbuildingamorerobustcivilsocietycoalitionagainstslavery
THURSDAY,OCTOBER5TH–PUBLICEVENT
AuthorAustinChoi-Fitzpatrickonhisnewbook,WhatSlaveholdersThink:HowContemporaryPerpetratorsRationalizeWhatTheyDo
FRIDAY,OCTOBER6TH–LEARNING
8:00am ShuttleDepartsfromCrownePlazaPaloAlto
8:30am Breakfast
9:00am PlenaryOpening
10:00am Break
10:15am SessionOne:PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlavery
12:00pm Lunch
2:00pm SessionTwo:Participantsmaychoosetoattendoneofthetwoconcurrentsessions–1)Interventions:WhatWorks?or2)ApplicationsofTechnology
3:35pm Break
3:50pm PlenaryReportBack
4:20pm PlenaryClosing
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5:00pm ShuttleDepartsforCrownePlazaPaloAlto
6:30pm ShuttleDepartsfromCrownePlazaPaloAlto
7:00pm DinneratSpaltiRistorante
SATURDAY,OCTOBER7TH–MOBILIZINGFORACTION
8:00am ShuttleDepartsfromCrownePlazaPaloAlto
8:30am Breakfast
9:00am PlenaryOpening
9:30am SessionThree:SurvivorLeadershipandInclusion
10:30am Break
10:45am SessionThreeContinued:SurvivorLeadershipandInclusion
11:30am Lunch
1:30pm SessionFour:NetworkandCoalitionBuilding
3:30pm Break
3:45pm PlenaryClosingandNextSteps
5:00pm ShuttleDepartsforCrownePlazaPaloAlto
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AppendixB:Participant&OrganizationListOrderedbyparticipantfirstname:Name OrganizationAmeSagiv HumanityUnitedAndrewWallis UnseenAshleyFeasley USConferenceofCatholicBishopsBarbaraGosse TheCanadianCentretoEndHumanTraffickingBettyAnnHagenau BayAreaAnti-TraffickingCoalitionBhanujaSharanLal MSEMVSBikoNagara GoodWeaveCaitlinRyan DeloitteCathyZimmerman LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicineCeciliaFloresOebanda VisayanForumDanElkes ElkesFoundationDaveMcCleary EndHumanTraffickingNowDavidDiggs BeyondBordersDavidAbramowitz HumanityUnitedDavidSchilling Inter-faithCenteronCorporateSocialResponsibilityDavinaDurgana WalkFreeFoundationDebraOrenstein PassoverProjectDominiqueChauvetstaco PathyFamilyFoundationHanniStoklosa HEALTraffickingHelenSworn ChabDaiIgorBosc InternationalLaborOrganization
JessieBrunner WSDHANDACenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice,StanfordUniversity
JohnNehme AlliesAgainstSlaveryJudyGearhart InternationalLaborRightsForumJulieCordua ThornKarenCampbell CanadianWomen'sFoundationKarenSnyder FreetheSlavesKeeliSorensen PolarisKohlGill LaborVoicesLauraDryjanska BiolaUniversityLauraGermino CoalitionofImmokaleeWorkersLauraHackney AnnieCannonsLeilaMilani FuturesWithoutViolenceLizSalett O.L.PathyFoundationMaddisonBruer Deloitte
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MariaTrujillo ColoradoDepartmentofPublicSafety,DivisionofCriminalJustice,HumanTraffickingProgram
MartinaVandenberg ProBonoHumanTraffickingLegalCenterMauriceMiddleberg FreetheSlavesMiYungPark A21MollyMcCoy SolidarityCenterMonicaBoseff OpenDoorFoundation(UsaDeschisa)NaseemKourosh Baha'isoftheUnitedStatesPatriciaJurewicz ResponsibleSourcingNetworkPaulineOosterhoff InstituteofDevelopmentStudiesRachelMicah-Jones CentrodelosDerechosdelMigranteRuthDearnley StoptheTraffikSharanDhanoa SouthBayCoalitiontoEndHumanTraffickingSophieOtiende HAARTStephanieMolen CoalitiontoAbolishSlaveryandTrafficking(CAST)TimGehring InternationalJusticeMissionTinaFrundt Courtney'sHouseVictorButros HumanTraffickingInstitute
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AppendixC
PrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlaveryBackgroundPaper
OverviewandBackgroundManyorganizationsconductingresearchintheanti-traffickingspacehavesoughttoanalyzeboththeprevalenceanddeterminantsofmodernslavery.However,theseeffortsarerifewithdifficulties.First,therearemanyformsoftrafficking,almostallofwhicharekeptexplicitlyhidden,makingitchallengingtoresearch,estimate,andanalyzeprevalenceanddeterminants.Trafficking,byitscriminalnature,occursintheshadowsofsociety,makingitchallengingtouncover.Secondly,slaveryisnotdefinedinasinglewaybyasinglecountryorinstitution.ThePalermoProtocolisonestandard,butisnotrecognizedasasingularsourceoftruth,makingitdifficultfordisparateorganizationstocollaborativelycollectandanalyzedata.Withoutone,cleardefinitionyoucan’thopetoaccuratelymeasureit.TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)andWalkFreeFoundation(WFF)havededicatedoverfifteenyearstoconductinganti-traffickingresearchwiththespecificgoalsofattemptingtomeasuretheprevalenceofmodernslaveryandisolatingitskeydeterminants.TheILOisknownformonitoringandprovidingguidanceregardingemploymentstandardsataninternationallevel.TheWalkFreeFoundationstrivestoprotecthumanrightsthroughinternationalcollaborationandanintegratedstrategy.Inanefforttoeliminateredundancyinhumantraffickingresearch,theILOandWFFhavepartneredtogethertoreleasetheGlobalEstimateofModernSlaveryinearly2018.TheestimatewillcombinetheILOsmethodologyfordeterminingforcedlaborwiththeWFFsGlobalSlaveryIndex(estimationpercountryandglobally)2togiveamoreaccurateandholisticestimateoftheglobalprevalenceofmodernslavery.Ifwe,astheanti-traffickingcommunity,cancometoagreaterconsensusonthedefinitionofslaveryanditsmanyforms,thebestmethodsforcapturingdataonallthoseaffected,andthefactorsthatputpeoplemostatriskfortrafficking,wecancreatemoreeffectiveanddurablesolutions.Prevalenceisavigorouslydebatedtopic;determinants,perhapsevenmoreso.Aspopulations,technology,currency,andothercircumstanceschange,sodothefactorsthatleadtotrafficking.Thispaperwillfurtherdiscussthecommonfindingsfrompastandcurrentresearchabouttheprevalenceanddeterminantsofmodernslavery.PrevalenceInordertounderstandthetruescopeofhumantrafficking,theprevalenceoftheissuemustbeknown.Prevalenceistheproportionofaspecificpopulationoranentirepopulationwhohadorhaveacertaincharacteristicsinagivenperiodoftime.6Itisverydifficulttodeterminethe
Prevalence:howmanypeople,oftenclassifiedbyregionorcountry,atonepointintimelivingunderthesubjugationofmodernslavery.
Determinate:afactororsetoffactorsthatdecisivelyaffectaperson’ssituationofslavery.Oftenarangeofbehavioral,biological,socio-economicandenvironmentalfactors.
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percentofvariouspopulationsthatareatriskof,orarecurrentlytrappedin,slavery.Manyauthorsofliteraturereviewsandstudiesshareacommonconclusion:victimsofhumantraffickingcomefromalleducationlevels,races,ethnicities,genders,culturesandsocioeconomicgroups.9Becauseofthisdiversity,itisimpossibletopinpointa“typicalvictim”ofhumantrafficking,therebyincreasingthechallengeforresearcherstodeterminebothwhatqualifiesastraffickingandhowtoquantifythenumberofpeoplelivinginconditionsthatfitthedefinition.MeasuringPrevalenceinthePast“Globalmodernslaveryishardtomeasure…[In]managementspeak,ifyoucan’tmeasureit,itdoesn’texist.”1Theconcealedandglobalnatureofhumantraffickingposeschallengesnotonlyincollectingdata,butalsoinattainingconsistentmeasurementsacrossborders.TheGlobalSlaveryIndex,aWFFprogram,isanefforttocombatthesechallengesandaccuratelymeasuretheprevalenceofmodernslavery.2The2016findingsreported45.8millionpeoplein167countriesaresufferingfromaformofmodernslavery.3Previously,over50countrieshadbeenrepresentedinarandomsample,alsoincorporatingavailabledatafromtheInternationalOrganizationforMigration.3NowthattheILOandWFFarecollaborating,themethodologywillbemodifiedtoincludeadditionalsourcesofdata,enablingmorecomprehensivestatisticsinfutureyears.DeterminantsInadditiontounderstandinghowmanypeopleareaffectedbytrafficking,itisequallyimportanttoexaminewhatfactorsleadtoenslavement.Thereareseveralkeydeterminantsthatcontributetohumantraffickingglobally,including:social,political,economic,andenvironmentalfactors.Identifyingthekeydeterminantsiscrucialtounderstandingtherootcausesofthiscomplexissuesothatlastingsolutionsandpreventativemeasurescanbeimplemented.
Theliteratureidentifiedtwenty-fiveriskfactors.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)definesariskfactoras“anyattribute,characteristicorexposureofanindividualthatincreasesthelikelihoodofdevelopingadiseaseorinjury.”Theliteratureencompassedrisksrelatedtoindividual,household,communityandsocietalinfluences,includingrisksbothinandoutofanindividual’scontrol.Themostcommonlynotedriskfactorsinclude:gender;age;irregularmigration;lowskilllabor;knowledgegaps;recruitmentpractices;andlawandpolicygaps.8
BasedontheFreedomFundreport,describedbelowareexamplesofkeyfactorsthatincreasepeople’sriskofbeingtrafficked.3,8
Gender:Reportsindicatethatfemalesaremorevulnerabletocertainformsofexploitation.Theseformsmightincludethefollowingscenarios:1)Girlstravelingviaoverlandtransitandthoseusingirregularchannelsmaybeatriskofharmatbordercontrolsiteswheresexualfavorsmaybedemandedforonwardpassage;2)Female-headedhousesexperiencedgreatervulnerabilitybecauseofsocialorclassdiscrimination;or3)Oftentimestheworkwomenarerecruitedtodo,suchasdomesticwork,enablesexploitation.Acommonunderlyingexplanationforfemale’shigherriskofpoormigrationoutcomesisgenderdiscriminationandinequalities.
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Recentestimatessuggestthatfemalescompriseagreaterproportionofthoseinsituationsofforcedlabor.8
Age:Reportsindicatethatyoungageisariskfactorforexploitation;howeversomeliteraturestatesthatitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenyoungmigrantsandvictimsoftrafficking.8
IrregularMigration:Irregularmigration,movementwhichisillegalinsomeway,isahighriskofexploitation.Reportsindicatethatbecausethepaperworkinvolvedwithmigratingcanbeexpensiveandtedious,migrantsmaytakeunderpaidorunsafeworkavailableforundocumentedimmigrants.8
Lowskill,poorlyorunregulatedlaborsectors:Reportsindicatethatcertainlowskilllaborroles,suchasdomesticwork,agriculture,construction,anddeep-seafishing,areassociatedwithexploitation.Workersmayreportexcessivehours,lowerwages,unsafeworkingconditions,andphysicalassault.Becausethesepositionscanbeinformallycoordinated,particularlyforundocumentedworkers,theseunregulatedsectorscreatemoreopportunitiesforexploitation.8
Poormigrationknowledgeamongprospectivemigrants:Alackofknowledgeamongmigrantscontributestotheirchanceofbeingexploited.Manyinterventionstargettoraiseawarenessamongstthemigrants.8
Recruitment:Variouspartiesmayrecruitindividualsintheprocessoflabormigrationandinclude“extortionatefees,deceptiveverbalagreementsandpapercontracts,withholdingpassports,lyingaboutultimateemploymentlocations,etc.”Untilfairrecruitmentcanbeassured,thechallengeforprogrammingistohelpindividualavoidfallingpreytoexploitiverecruiters.8Lawenforcementandpolicyproblems:Literatureindicatesthatpolicygapsandproblematicregulationshinderprotectionandlimitmigrantrights.Gapsinpoliceenforcementandprosecutionatdistrictlevelscreatebarriersforvictimstoaccessjusticeandgreyareasinbringingperpetratorstojustice.8Therearealsofactorsthatspanacrossseveraldeterminantareas.Forexample,globalwarmingcanleadtofoodinsecurity,poverty,naturaldisasters,environmentaldegradation,anddisplacement.7Cross-functionaldeterminantsrequirefurtherexamination,astheycouldbecausingmorevulnerabilitythaniscurrentlyrealized.ConclusionComingtoaconsensusonhowtomeasuretheprevalenceoftraffickingisanessentialelementinthefighttoeliminateit.Yet,thereislittleconsensusaroundthenumberoftraffickedpersonsintheworldatanygiventime,leadingtodisunityincommunicatingabouttheissueamongtheanti-traffickingcommunity.ThecollaborationbetweenILOandWFFtocreateanewmeasurementmethodologyseekstohelpallorganizationsbetterunderstandandcommunicatethescopeoftheproblem,whichwillleadtostrongeradvocacyandmoresupportforthemovement.Itisequallyimportanttocometoconsensusaroundthekeyfactorsthatincreasethelikelihoodofapersonbeingtrafficked.Whenanti-traffickinggroupsareabletoalignonthe
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keydeterminantsofmodernslavery,theycanbegintoworktogethertocreatesolutionsthattargetprevention,rescue,andrehabilitation.Discussionquestions:
1. WhatchallengesdoyoupredictcancomefromthenewmetricthattheILOandWFFhavecollaboratedonreleasing?
2. Whatotherdeterminant(s)doyoubelievearecrucialtounderstandincombattinghumantrafficking?Howcanthesefactorsgainexposure?
3. Howwillasinglemeasureofprevalenceimpactyourorganization?
WorksCited
(1)BrownSteinberg,D.,&Wang,Q.(n.d.).MeasuringHumanTrafficking:.RetrievedAugust07,2017,fromhttp://vsconfronts.org/news-and-commentary/vs-article/measuring-human-trafficking-if-you-can-t-measure-it-it-doesn-t-exist/,2016
(2)FAQsabouttheupcoming2017GlobalEstimateofModernSlavery.(2017,March).Retrievedfromhttp://walkfreefoundation.org-assets.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/content/uploads/2017/03/16015841/FAQs_Global-Estimate-of-Modern-Slavery.pdf
(3)Findings-GlobalSlaveryIndex2016.(n.d.).RetrievedAugust07,2017,fromhttps://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/
(4)Perry,K.andEcEwing,L.(2013).HowdosocialdeterminantsaffecthumantraffickinginSoutheastAsia,andwhatcanwedoaboutit?Asystematicreview.HealthandHumanRightsJournal.Retrievedfromhttps://www.hhrjournal.org/2013/12/how-do-social-determinants-affect-human-trafficking-in-southeast-asia-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-a-systematic-review/
(5)TheHumanTraffickingProject(2009).DeterminantsofTrafficking:Understandingtheproblemandtheactors.Retrievedfromhttp://www.traffickingproject.org/2009/11/determinants-of-trafficking.html
(6)WhatIsPrevalence?(2017)NationalInstituteofHealth.Retrievedfromwww.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/index.shtml
(7)Molinari,N,‘IntensifyingInsecurities:TheimpactofclimatechangeonvulnerabilitytohumantraffickingintheIndianSundarbans’,Anti-TraffickingReview,issue8,2017,pp.50—69,www.antitraffickingreview.org
(8)ZimmermanC,McAlpineAandKiss,L.(2015).Saferlabourmigrationandcommunity-basedpreventionofexploitation:Thestateoftheevidenceforprogramming.TheFreedomFundandLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Retrievedfromhttp://freedomfund.org/wpcontent/uploads/FF_SAFERMIGRATION_WEB.pdf
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(9)U.S.DepartmentofState,SecretaryforCivilianSecurity.(2016,June).TraffickinginPersonsReport.June2016.Retrievedfromhttps://www.state.gov/documents/organization/258876.pdf
Acknowledgements
ThankyoutoourPrevalenceStudiesandDeterminantsofSlaveryWorkingGroupforcontributingcontenttothispaper:
• JessieBrunner,WSDHANDACenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice,StanfordUniversity
• CathyZimmerman,LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine• IgorBosc,InternationalLaborOrganization• DavinaDurgana,WalkFreeFoundation
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AppendixD
ApplicationsofTechnologyBackgroundPaper
Humantraffickingasacriminalindustryisthriving,generatingaround$32billionayearinprofits,accordingtoUNestimates1.Withanestimated21-30millionslavesglobally,theanti-traffickingindustryischallengedinidentifyingandaddressingthecomplexorganizedcriminalnatureoftheindustryworldwide.
Advancesintechnologymakeiteasierforcriminalstoexpandoperations,particularlywhencriminalenterprisesarefreefromconstraintsfacedbylawenforcementandanti-traffickingorganizations.Moreso,effectivetechnologyapplicationstocriminalactivityhaveloweredtherisklevelfortraffickers.Thus,inordertomoreeffectivelytacklesuchcrime,anti-traffickingorganizationsmusthavethecapabilitiesinplacetounderstandandadapttochangesinthetechnologicalenvironment.
Technologicalinnovationsarenotjustbeingappliedtoself-drivencarsorthe“highlyvalued”smartphonesweuseregularly.Muchinnovationisapplicabletoavarietyofcontexts,includingcriminalactivitiessuchashumantrafficking.Thispapersharesafewexamplesoftechnologiesexploitedorlikelytobeexploitedbyhumantraffickersandtakesalookatwhatanti-traffickingorganizationsaredoing,andcandomoreof,toenabletheefficientuseofappropriatetechnologiesincombattinghumantrafficking.
HowTraffickersareUsingTechnology
Digitalinnovationsallowcrimetocrossphysicalanddigitalbarriersatnewspeedsandunbridledscalabilityinanalreadylow-riskindustry.Traffickerstodayusesocialmedia,websites,networkaccess,andhackingastoolsandtacticstolearnaboutandmanipulatevictims.Traffickerscommonlyusethesetoolstominedatathatbecomesusefulinformationaboutthepotentialvictim’senvironmentandtheirvulnerabilities.Throughastudyconductedwithminorsextraffickingsurvivors,Thornfoundthatfordomesticrecruiting,theuseofgamingwebsitesandFacebookisincreasinglycommon.2Itisalsobecomingincreasinglycommonforvictimstolearnaboutjobopportunitiesthroughsocialnetworksthatbecomesituationsoflabortrafficking.
Criminalshavetappedintotheworldofonlinetransactions,allowingtraffickerstomoreeasilykeeprecordsandexpandtheirfinancialenterprises.Whiletraffickersareusingmediaandonlineforumstoadvertisetobothvictimsandbuyers,thefinancialtransactionsarealsooftentimestechnologicallyenabled.Numerouscasesarebroughttocourtsacrossthenation
1FactsheetonHumanTrafficking."UnitedNations.https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNVTF_fs_HT_EN.pdf2 https://www.wearethorn.org/spotlight/
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eachyearinanattempttoholdinstitutionsresponsibleforallowingsuchtransactions,butthetruthisthatitcanbedifficulttopinpointlegalvs.illegalactivity.However,itispromisingtoseethemovetowardscorporateresponsibilityandpreventionmethodsbeingextendedtoallcornersofthecriminalecosystem.
Traffickersalsousedigitalplatformstomoresecurelycommunicateandgettoknowtheircustomers.Forinstance,Thorn’ssurveyofminorsextraffickingsurvivorsfoundthattraffickersareincreasinglyusingtechnologytoolstoengageandcommunicatewithpotentialbuyers.Threeoutoffoursurvivorssurveyedindicatedtohavebeenadvertisedonline.However,thestudyalsofoundlimiteduseoftechnologywhensurvivorsattemptedtoescapefromtheirsituations.3AnothermorenotableonlineappthathasincreasedthedangersofsocialmediaisthelivestreamingappcalledLive.me.“Live.meisasocialplatformthatallowsuserstoconnectwithothersandearnvirtualgoodswhichcanbeexchangedforprizes,rewardsandcash.”4Theappallowsforviewerstoduplicatethelivestreamanduseitfortheirownpersonalgain,ultimatelytakingcontrolofthecontentawayfromusers.Italsogivesperpetratorsopenaccesstovictimsandallowsforeasymanipulationthroughtheexchangeofadultimagesorvideosforprizesorvirtualgoods.
UseofTechnologyintheFightagainstTrafficking
Traffickersrapidlyadapttoandtakeadvantageofnewlyavailabletechnologiesandanti-traffickingorganizationscannotaffordtofallbehind.Manynewtechnologicalinnovationsapplytooureffortsandcansignificantlyimprovethesuccessofourinitiatives.Sometechnologiescanhelporganizationsworkmoreefficientlyasanenterprise,includingcasemanagementorcommunicationtechnologytools,andotherscansignificantlyhelpuncoverwhereandhowthesecrimestakeplace.Forexample,theriseincomplexglobalsupplychainsandincreasedmovementacrossborders,whichhasmadeiteasiertoexploitworkers,canalsobeaddressedusinginnovationsintechnologylikeBlockchainandSmartContracts(whichallowsprogramsandapplicationstoaledger)5.Additionaltoolssuchasmobilepayments
3https://27l51l1qnwey246mkc1vzqg0-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Survivor_Survey_r5.pdf 4http://www.cleburnetimesreview.com/news/cac-warns-parents-about-live-me-app/article_ebce3400-4fb5-11e7-9b77-0fd4a915051a.html5DeloitteConsultingLLPBlockchain&SmartContractsProofofConceptdocument
BlockchainandSmartContractsWiththerightecosystemsofrelevantstakeholdersandcomprehensiveknowledgearoundhowthecrimetakesplaceinaspecificscenario,aBlockchaincanbedevelopedtoshedlightonpotentialhumantraffickingsituations,increasetheriskofdetectionanddeterothersfromcommittingthecrime.Thispromotestransparencyandtraceabilityinanetwork,ultimatelyreducinghumanerrorandhumanmaliciousactivityintheroleofatrustedthirdparty(e.g.laborbrokersormiddleman).Tocomplementthiseffort,SmartContractsareanextensionofBlockchainthatallowforcertainactionstobeautomaticallyhonored(e.g.automaticallypayoutofcropinsurancetoseasonalworkerswhenarainthresholdisn’tmet),andareputinplacetoensuretransparencyoftransactions,andfaircompensationandtreatment.
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andpaymenttrackingsystemsareusedinternationallysomanufacturerscanensureworkersinend-factoriesarebeingpaid.DeloitteisleveragingitsresourcesandBlockchainknowledgetohighlightwaysthistechnologycanbeappliedtosupplychainsworldwidewiththehopeofsharingbestpracticeswithotherdomesticandforeignpartnerslookingtofindwaystobetterprotectthird-partyvendorsandemployees.
Bigdatacanbeusedtoidentifypotentialinstancesofhumantraffickingaswellasareaswheretraffickersmightbeattemptingtorecruit.Bigdataischaracterizedbyitsvolume(giventhatitssizeistoolargefortraditionaldatabases),velocity(becauseofitshighspeedofchange),andvariety(duetothemultiplesourcesofdataitdrawsfrom).Asoneexample,Thorn’sSpotlightToolwasdevelopedtobettercollect,assess,andanalyzedataonhumantrafficking.6Throughamulti-stakeholderpartnership,theSpotlighttooldrawsondatafrommultiplesources–savinglawenforcementtimeandincreasingefficiencyinidentifyinganddefendingvictimsofhumantrafficking.Othercapabilities,suchasphotorecognitiontechnology,cancomplementdatascrapingbyidentifyingpotentialtraffickersorvictims.DemandTracker,atoolcreatedtopostadsasdecoystoidentifybuyers,hasbeenasuccessfultechnologicaltoolthatdemonstratesthatanti-traffickingorganizationscankeepupwiththefast-pacedevolutionoftechnologyinthespaceofexploitation.
Mobileappsthatallowforreal-timemappingofresourcesandorganizationsresidinginaspecificstate,county,orcityisanincrediblyvaluabletechnologicaltoolinallowingregionstoseetheoverlapandgapsintheirservicestovictims.Thisinsightallowsofficialstomakemoreinformedlegislativepoliciesandorganizationsto‘speak’tooneanother.Theanti-traffickingecosystemcansometimesbedifficulttoidentify,andtoolslikethesehelpuncoverareaswhereprogramsandpoliciescanhavethemostimpact.ExamplesincludetheuseofamobileappbytheAllianceforFreedom,Restoration,andJustice(AFRJ)tosurveycountiesinFloridatoheatmapexistingorganizations,andtheeffortbytheWorldWildlifeFundtouseacrowdsourcingplatformtoidentifypotentialactsofforcedlaborintheshrimpsupplychaininThailand.
Overall,therearenumeroususesfortechnologyapplicationstosupportthefightagainsttrafficking.However,itisimportanttorecognizethatnotallapplicationsareviableoptionsforallstakeholders,andtheuseoftechnologycomeswithitsownsetofchallenges.
ChallengesandSolutionsintheUseofTechnologytoCombatTrafficking
Technologyadoptionisoftenthebiggestobstacletowieldingthetoolsandplatformsmadeavailabletoday.Tobridgethegapintechnologyadoption,werecommendlookingatseveralkeyelementsthatleadtosuccessfuloroptimaluseoftechnologyandinnovation.First,identifyingpersonnelthatunderstandandcankeepupwithinnovationsintechnologyisessential.Talenthiredortrainedwiththisknowledgeshouldalsohavetheskillstounderstand
6 https://www.wearethorn.org/spotlight/
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howtechnologycanbeexploitedbycriminalsandhowanti-traffickingorganizationscanusetechnologytocounteract,ifnotsupersede,advancesincriminalactivity.Becauseofthis,survivorsoftrafficking,whohaveknowledgeofthecrime,arebeingtrainedinsophisticatedtechnologyskillstohelporganizationstackletheseissues.Tech-savvytalentcanhelpbuildthecapacityoftheseorganizationsandtheirpersonnel,trainingtheentirestafftoleveragetechnologywisely.However,organizationsdon’thavetostrivetohavethelatestinnovativetoolorgadgettoachievetheirmissions;simplytrainingemployeesorvolunteersinkeytools,suchassocialmediaorwebsitedesign,cangreatlyimpacttheeffortsalreadybeingundertaken.
Second,whileanti-traffickingorganizationsoftenevaluatetheirperformance,andestablishstructuredthinkingthroughthepointofviewofthepotentialsurvivororsurvivors,criminalorganizationsthinkintermsofwhatisinthebestinterestoftheirorganization.Howcantheydotheiroperationsmoreeffectivelyandsecurely?Howcantheyincreasetheirprofits?Toincreasetheimpactofourefforts,weshouldalsocomplementourhuman-centeredapproachwithorganizationalanalysisandstrategy.Organizationsshouldrevisitandevaluatetheirstrategiesandmissionoftentoidentifywhattheyaredoingwell,whattheycanimproveupon,andwhattoolsormethodscanhelpthemachievethosegoals.Anorganizationthathasaconcreteandsuccinctmissioncanmoreeasilyidentifythetechnologytobestsupporttheireffortsandwhatorganizationalchangesneedtobemadetoovercomethechallengesofusingsuchtools.
Third,anti-traffickingorganizationscanembracetechnologywhentheyworkwithintherightecosystems,partneringwithotherorganizationsthatcanhelpbringvalueandmakethebestuseofinnovations.Differentsectorshavedifferentabilities,andbyworkingtogetherorganizationscancomplementeffortsandaugmentimpact.Thiscanoftenmitigatetheobstacleofaffordabilityandaccesstotoolsandapplications;iforganizationsareopentosharingresourcesanddata,itmakestheforceagainsttraffickingallthatmuchstronger.
Conclusion
Technologycanoftenillicitfearornegativereactionsfromorganizationsandpeople.Weallknowthattechnologycanbeapowerfulvesseltohelpuscarryourmessagesandmissionsforward,butitcanoftenbeunattainableordifficulttoadopt.Today’sworldismovingfasterthaneverbefore,creatingwaystomakethebattleagainsttraffickingthatmuchmoreeffective.However,wemustalsorememberthattraffickersareusingtheverytoolsandplatformsthatweuseinoureverydaylives.Howcanwebebetteratwieldingthosetoolsforpreventivemeasures?Howcanwetrainourstaffandvolunteersinthedigitalagetoensurewedon’tlosefootingagainsttraffickers?Thesearethefundamentalquestionswemustaskourselvesfirst.Then,withthehelpoftheentireecosystem,wemustinvestourtimeandattentiontofindingsymbioticpartnershipstosharedataandunlockthepoweroftechnology;becausenooneorganization,person,ortoolcandoitalone.
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Discussionquestions:
1. Whataresomewell-defined,small,challengeswhereyouthinktechnologycouldplayarole?Howwouldyoutestwhetherornotatechnologyapproachhelpedinthisarea?
2. Doyoufeellikeyourorganizationisusingtechnologyaseffectivelyaspossible?Whyorwhynot?
3. Doyoufeellikeyourstaffareadequatelytrainedandtechnologysavvy?Ifyes,whatarecost-effectivewaysyouprovidetrainingtoyourstaffthatyoucansharewithothers(i.e.freeonlinetrainingorwebinars)?
4. Howcanwebebetteratwieldingtechnology(includingsocialmedia,bigdata,etc.)forpreventivemeasures?
Workscited
(1)“FactsheetonHumanTrafficking.”UnitedNations.https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNVTF_fs_HT_EN.pdf(2)Spotlight:HumanTraffickingIntelligenceandLeads–Thornhttps://www.wearethorn.org/spotlight/(3)“AReportontheUseofTechnologytoRecruit,GroomsandSellDomesticMinorSexTraffickingVictims.”Thorn.January2015.https://27l51l1qnwey246mkc1vzqg0-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Survivor_Survey_r5.pdf(4)http://www.cleburnetimesreview.com/news/cac-warns-parents-about-live-me-app/article_ebce3400-4fb5-11e7-9b77-0fd4a915051a.html(5)DeloitteConsultingLLPBlockchain&SmartContractsProofofConceptdocument(6)Spotlight:HumanTraffickingIntelligenceandLeads–Thornhttps://www.wearethorn.org/spotlight/
Acknowledgements
ThankyoutoourApplicationsofTechnologyWorkingGroupforcontributingcontenttothispaper:
• DuncanJepson,LibertyAsia• JulieCordua,Thorn• LauraK.Hackney,AnnieCannons• KohlGill,LaborVoices• BhanujaSharanLal,MSEMVS• RuthDearnley,StoptheTraffik• MonicaBoseff,OpenDoorFoundation• SharanDhanoa,SouthBayCoalitiontoEndHumanTrafficking
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AppendixE
Intervention:WhatWorks?BackgroundPaper
Therearemanydifferenttypesofinterventionsaimedataddressinghumantraffickingbyhelpingsurvivorsaccessvitalresourcesandpreventre-victimization.ThisForum’sparticipantshaveexperiencewithadiverserangeofinterventions.Somedirectlyinvolvesurvivors,whileothersfocusoncombatingtheissuebycatalyzingresourceallocations,addressinggapsinservice,facilitatingchangesinpolicy,orassistinglawenforcementtoidentifyandpolicetheissuemoreeffectively.BuildingonsurveyresponsesandinformantinterviewscollectedinAugustof2017,thispaperdescribessuccessfulinterventionsinfourgeneralcategories:technology,rehabilitationprograms,policyorprocedural,andcollaborativepartnerships.Eachcategoryboastsdistinctfactorsandcharacteristicsintegraltothesuccessofinterventions.
Priortoexploringexamplesofsuccessfulinterventionsatgreaterlength,itisimportanttoacknowledgethecomplexityofassessinghumantraffickinginterventions.Justaseachtraffickingcaseissubjecttouniquecircumstancesandisdifficulttoquantify,solutionsandinterventionsarealsoextremelynuancedandchallengingtostandardize.Withthatunderstanding,thispaperaimstoexploreahandfuloffirst-handexperiencesandstrategiessharedbyForumparticipants.Furthermore,becausethereisnosinglestandardforsuccessinintervention,thispaperdoesnotadheretoanyparticulardefinitionofsuccess.Rather,thereportrelaysinterventionsthathavebeensuccessfulaccordingtothepersonalexperiencesoftheparticipantssurveyed.
TechnologicalInterventions
Successfultechnologicalinterventionscanhelpquantifythemagnitudeoftraffickingandenablevictimidentification.Indoingso,theseinterventionscanincreasepublicawarenessandfundingfortheissueaswellasimprovetheefficiencyoflawenforcementactivities.
AlliesAgainstSlavery’sTier1Screenerisanelectronictoolthathelpsfrontlineagenciesandstakeholdersquicklyandeffectivelyidentifyvictimsofminorsextraffickingbyremovingbiasintheidentificationprocess.Thistoolmitigatessomeoftheculturalbiasthatoftenpreventsfirstrespondersfromactingonsuspicionoftrafficking,byintegratingashortsurveyaspartoftheintakeprocess.Theplatformallowsresponderstocatalogconcerns,seeksupport,orcompleteadeeperguidedassessment,ifnecessary.TheScreenerwasinitiallypilotedasahotlineatanorganizationwithnobaselineofvictimidentification.Bytheendofthepilot,theorganizationdeterminedthat1in5youthstheymadecontactwithwerevictimsoftrafficking.7Thisinformationenabledtheorganizationtoappropriatelyassessthesizeoftheissueandsolicit$1.5millioningrantsfortheirprograms.8Inanothercaseinvolvingajuvenilejustice
7JohnNehme,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August23,2017.8Ibid.
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stakeholder,theScreenernearlydoubledmonthlyidentificationofvictims.9Bydemonstratingthatasignificantnumberofchildrenrepresentedbytheorganizationwerevictimsoftrafficking,thegroupwasabletoensurethattheyreceivedneededcounselingandservices,asopposedtoimprisonment.Byimprovingtheidentificationprocess,theScreenerhelpedyouthswhomayhaveotherwisefallenthroughthecracksandencouragedlawenforcementtoapproachallyouthsfromatrauma-informedperspective.
Similarly,Thorn,anorganizationthatdevelopsavarietyofanalyticsplatformsforusebylawenforcement,usesSpotlight,aplatformwhichallowsofficerstofocusonsocialnetworksandsolicitationadsthataremostlikelytoinvolvecasesofchildsextrafficking.Spotlightgreatlyreducestheamountoftimeneededtocorrectlyidentifytraffickingads(byupto60%insomecases).10Efficientidentificationtechnologyenableslawenforcementofficerstobetteremploytheirresourcesandinterveneearlierinsuspectedtraffickingcases.
AlthoughtheSourcingFreedomTransparencyPlatform,developedbyGoodWeave,doesnottargetlawenforcement,thisinterventionbuildsonpartnershipswithcompaniestomeasureanddirectlyaddresstrafficking.Theplatformusesdataanalyticstovisualizecompanysupplychaininspectiondatainadashboard,allowingbusinessestoviewpossibletraffickingintheircurrentsupplychain-aswellastrendsovertime.Thetoolgivescompaniesabettersenseofwheretolookwithintheirsupplychain,andbuildsontheirpartnershipwithGoodWeavetobeginmakingnecessaryinvestmentstoaddresshumantrafficking.11
RehabilitationProgramsandCenters
Successfulrehabilitationprogramsandcentersfeaturesurvivorinputatthecoreoftheirstrategy,inadditiontoacomprehensive–andpermanent–pathtoreintegration.Includedinthelatterareastronginfrastructureforcommunitysupport(survivorsandserviceproviders),stablehousing,andcareer(asopposedtojob)training.
CoalitiontoAbolishSlaveryandTrafficking(CAST)recentlydevelopedgroupactivitiesfortheiryouthprogramtopromoteoverallwellness.Afterinterviewingprogramparticipants,CASTlearnedthattheyouthswantedtodevelopastrongercommunitybyparticipatingincollectiveactivitiesthatdidnotrequirerevisitingtheirpasttrauma.Examplesofsuchactivitiesincludeyoga,empowermentconferences,outdoorconferences,etc.Althoughitistooearlytoquantifytheimpactoftheseneweventsonlong-termindicatorsofwellness(stablehousing,jobs,etc.)theprogramhasseenhighlevelsofengagementandsatisfactionfromparticipants.12TheOpenDoorFoundationalsofocusesoncreatingasenseofcommunityandbuildingoverallwellness.Inthiscase,theorganizationfostersasenseofcommunitybetweenthesurvivorsandserviceprovidersbyworkinginasharedspaceandparticipatinginactivities,suchastripstothebeachorthepark,together.Theorganizationemphasizeresilienceandprovidessurvivorswithnecessarytools,suchasself-defenseclasses,todealwithdifficultsituations(suchasfacingtheirtraffickers,shouldthesituationarise).9Ibid.10JulieCordura,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August23,2017.11NinaSmith,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August25,2017.12CarolynLumpkin,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August14,2017.
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Courtney’sHouseisanotherorganizationwithsurvivorinputatthecoreofitsstrategy.Inadditiontoofferingoverallwellnessactivitiessuchasdance,art,andyoga,theorganizationhasanactivesocialmediapresencethatisjointlymaintainedbystaffandsurvivorstobuildandpromotetheircommunity.Courtney’sHouselaunchedthesesocialmediaaccountswithinsightsgainedfromalocalhighschool.Theycontainvideosandinformationaboutintakeactivities,fieldtrips,meals,andday-to-daylifeatCourtney’sHouse,withoutfeaturingidentifiableinformation,locations,orcontentaboutthesurvivors’pastexperiences.Theaccountsaremeanttoshowhowlifecanbeduringrecoverywhileprotectingtheprivacyofthesurvivors.Thesupportivecommunityfosteredthroughtheseeventsandtheorganization’sstrongsocialmediapresencearenotonlybeneficialtocurrentsurvivors,buthavealsocausedmanychildrenintraffickingsituationstoseekoutservicesfromCourtney’sHouse.13
AnnieCannonsalsoutilizesastrongsupportnetworktoincreasethesuccessoftheirthree-phasedtrainingprogramforwebdevelopment.Theypairthecareertrainingprogramwithcasemanagementtoensurethatstudentshavestablehousing,finances,adequatechildsupport,andcounseling.Thisstabilityenablesstudentstosuccessfullycompletetheprogramwithoutdisruption.KeytoAnnieCannons’traininginterventionisthewebdevelopmentcompany(formallyseparatefromAnnieCannons)thatprovidesemploymentopportunitiestostudentsoncetheypassthroughallphasesoftraining.Theanonymityofthisdevelopmentcompanyallowsstudentstolaunchtheirprofessionalcareerswithoutthestigmaofbeingidentifiedasasurvivor.14AnnieCannonsleadershipattributetheoverallsuccessoftheirprogramtothesupportivecommunityofsurvivorsandfaculty,theideathatmostsurvivorsareseekingcareers–notjobs,andthefocusontechnicalskilldevelopmentasopposedtosoftskills.15
TheVisayanForumFoundationestablishedCenterofHope,asafehouseprovidinghousingandlegalservicestovictimsoftrafficking.Theirprimarydemographicareyouthsaged16-24,thoughtheyhaveprovidedprotectivecustodyandservicestochildrenasyoungasone.Survivorsareabletostayatthesafehouseaslongastheyrequireservices.SeveraloftheyouthsservedbyCenterofHopehavesuccessfullyreintegratedintotheircommunities,havestablehousingandoccupations,andhaveearnedlegalconvictionsagainsttheirtraffickers.Aswiththeotherinterventionsinthiscategory,VFleadershipattributethesuccessofCenterofHopetothestrongnetworkofcareprovidersthatarewell-versedintheparticularneedsofthesurvivors.Additionally,thestrongreferralsystem,partnershipswithlawenforcement,andinvolvementofinterfaithcommunitiescontributetothissuccess.16
PolicyandProceduralInterventions
Successfulpolicyandproceduralinterventionsareeffectiveateducatingstakeholders,buildingontrendsofpublicsupport,andleveragingkeyrelationshipswithinthecommunity.
Asfarasformalpolicychanges,CASTwasinvolvedwithanefforttopassSenateBill447inCalifornia.ThisbillrequiresforeignlaborcontractorstoregisterwiththeUnitedStatesLabor13TinaFrundt,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August23,2017.14LauraHackney,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August25,2017.15Ibid.16CeciliaOebanda,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”emailinterviewbyNahalJalali.August26,2017.
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Commission,andprohibitscontractorsfromchargingrecruitmentneedsorhousingratesabovemarketvalue.Thissuccessfulpolicychangewasmadepossiblebyeducatinglawmakers.17Similarly,HEALTraffickingrecentlyworkedwithmedicalassociationsinNewYorkStatetoinitiateapolicythatwouldcallforallhospitalstohavetrainingandprotocolsinplacefordealingwithhumantraffickingvictims.Thoughtheleadersofthiseffortcitedsomerandomnessinthesuccessofthiseffortwhencomparedwithothers,theremaybesomenotablefactors.AccordingtoHEALleadership,keyfactorsincludedsufficientgeneralpoliticalwill,publictractionandattentionaroundtheissueoftrafficking,andevidencesupportingthebenefitofsuchprotocols.18
Thoughnotformalpolicymeasures,CASTandCourtney’sHouseemployededucationaleffortstochallengetheperceptionofsurvivorsasvictims,andsuccessfullydivertedresourcesusedtoimprisonsurvivorstogotowardsearlyidentificationandinterventionefforts.LeveragingrelationshipswithlawenforcementinDC,Courtney’sHousecreatedasysteminwhichpossibletraffickingsurvivorswhoarefoundinacriminalsituationarebroughtdirectlytoCourtney’sHousewithoutbeinghandcuffed.19Throughextensiveeducationandrelationship-building,CASTmadeasimilaragreementwiththeLosAngelesCityAttorney’soffice.Inthisagreement,CASTnegotiatedthatifasuspectwereidentifiedasatraffickingvictimbyCAST,theofficewoulddismissanychargesbroughtagainstthem.20
Thesearrangementsarenotcodifiedinpolicy,buttheyareintegraltocombattingthecycleoftraffickingbymitigatingtwodistinctchallengesfacedbysurvivors.Thefirstishesitationtocomeforwardforfearofarrest,incarceration,ordeportation.Thesecondchallengeisthevulnerabilityofsurvivorstobecomerepeatvictimswithoutstablehousing,jobs,publicbenefits,andeducation–allofwhicharejeopardizedbyacriminalrecord.Theseinterventionsdemonstratetheimportanceofrelationshipswithlocalofficials,especiallythoseinlawenforcement,andthesignificantimpactofsuchpartnerships.
CollaborativePartnershipInterventions
Successfulcollaborativepartnershipinterventionsbuildonstrongnetworksofserviceproviders,lawenforcement,andgovernmentofficialstoaddressgapsinservicesorsecureneededresources.Themescommontosuccessfulinterventionsincludebridginggapsinserviceandcommunication,mappingcurrentresources,andleveragingcollectivebargainingpowertoraisefundsandaddressgaps.
TheCanadianCentretoEndHumanTraffickinghasidentifiedtheCollaborativeConsortiumModels,likethoseimplementedintheprovinceofOntario,asanexampleofasuccessfulintervention.CollaborativeConsortiumModelsarenetworksofNGOsandserviceproviders(often25-30suchorganizations)inacommunityormunicipalityworkingtogethertodevelopacollaborativecarepathfortraffickingsurvivors.Ontario’sconsortiumstrengthenedrelationshipsbetweenstakeholdersandmitigatedsilosintheserviceprovidercommunityby17StephanieRichard,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August15,2017.18HanniStoklosa,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August29,2017.19TinaFrundt,“Intervention.”20StephanieRichard,“Intervention.”
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holdingmonthlymeetings.Theconsortiumalsoreferredsurvivorstorelevantserviceprovidersthroughouttheregion,successfullymappedresources,andidentifiedgapsinservices.Theconsortiumalsoworkedcollectivelytosubmitfundingproposalstomeetspecificgaps.AccordingtotheCentre,recognitionoftheparticulartraumacounselingandneedsoftraffickingsurvivorsintheprovinceresultedfromanyefforttoestablishorganizationsequippedtheidentifiedgapsinservice.21
Asanadvocacyandcoalitionbuildingnetwork,ChabDaihaspartnershipswithgovernmentministries,UNagencies,andNGOsaroundtheworld.Asanexampleofasuccessfulintervention,threewomenwereapproachedbyprivatebrokerinCambodiatotraveltoChinaonthefalsepretenseofemployment.Inreality,thebrokerwastraffickingthesewomenintoforcedmarriageinChina.ThebrokermovedthemthroughVietnamtotakeadvantageoflaxvisaenvironment,howeverrepresentativesoftheCambodianembassyrecognizedsignsoftraffickingandcollaboratedwithChabDai,aswellasanotherorganizationtosafelycoordinatethereturnofthewomentoCambodia.22Thefactorsunderlyingthesuccessofthisinterventionwereadequatetrainingofembassypersonneltoidentifythesignsoftrafficking,aswellasthecoalitionandrelationship-buildingrequiredtoconnectthesewomentoneededservices.
Conclusion
Participantsofthisforumsubmittedarangeofsuccessfulinterventionsthatweregroupedintofourmajorcategories.Technologicalinterventionsenablevictimidentificationandhelpcompaniestargettheireffortstoaddresstraffickingbyvisualizingtheirsupplychains.Rehabilitationprogramsandcentersemploysurvivorinputandcommunitybuildingtobuildacomprehensivepathtoreintegration.Policyandproceduralinterventionsdependoneducationthroughadvocacyandrelationship-buildingwithstakeholderstoimproveconditionsforvictimsandsurvivorsoftrafficking.Finally,collaborativepartnershipinterventionsleveragecooperationbetweengovernments,lawenforcement,andserviceproviderstoidentifyandfillgapsinservices.
Asevidencedbythediverseinterventionsdescribedabove,successcomesinmanydifferentformsandoftendependsoncollaborationbetweenmultiplegroupsofstakeholders.Learningfromsuccessesandleadingpracticescanstrengtheneachindividualeffortandbringallstakeholdersclosertotheambitiousgoalofendingtrafficking.
Discussionquestions:
1. Haveyouoryourorganizationexperiencedsimilarsuccessesininterventionsacrossthefourcategoriesexploredinthepaper?
2. Whatisyourdefinitionofsuccess?Doyouagreewiththegeneralthemeshighlightedthroughoutthispaper?
3. Whatarethemajorchallengesyouwouldciterelatedtointervention?
21BarbGosse,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”telephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August24,2017.22Jung,Nadia,“Intervention:WhatWorks?,”onlineinterviewbyAllieGardner.August10,2017.
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ReferenceList
Boseff,Monica.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August14,2017.
Cordua,Julie.“Intervention:WhatWorks?”TelephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August23,2017
Jung,Nadia.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”OnlineinterviewbyAllieGardner.August10,2017.
Frundt,Tina.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August23,2017.
Gosse,Barbara.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August24,2017.
Hackney,Laura.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August25,2017.
Lumpkin,Carolyn.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August14,2017.
Nehme,John.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August23,2017.
Oebanda,Cecilia.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”EmailinterviewbyNahalJalali,August26,2017.
"OurImpact:IdentifyingTraffickingVictims."AlliesAgainstSlavery.AccessedSeptember18,2017.http://www.alliesagainstslavery.org/2016impact/.
Park,MiYung.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”OnlineinterviewbyAllieGardner.August18,2017.
Richard,Stephanie.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August15,2017.
Smith,Nina.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyAlexisBailey.August25,2017.
Stoklosa,Hanni.“Intervention:WhatWorks?.”TelephoneinterviewbyNahalJalali.August29,2017.
Acknowledgements
ThankyoutoourInterventionsWorkingGroupforcontributingcontenttothispaper:
• KarenSnyder,FreetheSlaves• MartinaVandenberg,HumanTraffickingProBonoLegalCenter• TimGehring,InternationalJusticeMission• PaulineOosterhoff,InstituteofDevelopmentStudies
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AppendixF
SurvivorLeadershipandInclusionBackgroundPaper
PromotionofSurvivorLeadershipSurvivorsofhumantraffickingcanbethestrongestadvocatestopromotechangeanddevelopprogramsthatwillhelperadicatemoderndayslavery.Activatingsurvivors’abilitytoleadandinfluenceothersbringstremendousvaluetoanti-traffickingefforts,andbothsurvivorsandallies,ornon-survivors,alikerecognizethis.Survivorscandosobydevelopingleadershipself-awareness,andalliescansupportthisbytakingsharedresponsibilityinencouragingleadershipgrowthinsurvivors.
Successfulmodels,suchastheCoalitiontoAbolishSlaveryandTrafficking(CAST)NationalSurvivorNetwork(NSN),havebeguntosetthestandardforsurvivorinclusionwithinsurvivorleadershipprogramswithafocusonembracing“allsurvivors,regardlessofgender,age,nationalityortypeoftraffickingexperience.”[i]VisayanForum(VF)ensuresthatsurvivorsareequippedwithemployableskillsandgivenaccesstojobopportunities,contributingtoalastingandmoredurablestateofwell-being.Suchmodelsfocusonsurvivorleadersworkingwithinexistingprogramming;however,survivorscanalsousetheseskillsasleadersintheirownfamiliesandcommunities.
OrganizationssuchasCourtney’sHouse,forexample,havecreatedleadershipopportunitiesoutsideoftraditionalprogrammingforminorstoengageinwhiletheyarestillclients.[ii]Theyhavedemonstratedgreatsuccessbyinvitingsurvivorstoattendmeetingsas“interns”,serveaspartofawelcomecommitteefornewclients,andleadsocialmediacampaigns–alwaysframingparticipationastheirchoice.
Forthepurposesofthispaper,wedescribethevariousopportunitiestopromotesurvivors’leadershipskillsbasedonwheretheyareintheirrecoveryjourney;thatis,survivorsascurrentclientsofserviceproviders,orsurvivorsasgraduatedclientswhoareovertheageof18andhavecompletedarecoveryprogram.Serviceprovidersshouldbeawaretheymayhaveastronginfluenceovercurrentand/orgraduatedclients.Whenanorganizationisdevelopingaprogram,oftensurvivorsareeagertoplease,andmightover-commit;thisissomethingbothsurvivorandnon-survivorstaffneedtokeepinmind.Howanorganizationengagesandrequeststhesupportofasurvivorisimportantinmitigatingthesetypesofoccurrences,andminorsshouldneverbeapproachedtosharetheirstorypublicly.
SurvivorsasRecoveringClientsAsafirststep,anexpertintraumamanagement(e.g.,potentiallysomeoneonstafforonstaffatasisterorganizationthatcanprovideconsultviaphoneorin-personmeetings)shouldassesseachsurvivors’stabilityandpreparednessforsurvivorleadershipopportunities.Basedonthesedeterminations,variousopportunitiesmayexisttoinfusesurvivorleadershipinanengagementmodel.Clientsatthestartoftheirrecoverymaybereticenttogetinvolvedinanycapacity.Whenthisisthecase,survivorleadershipshouldbe“lighttouch”andshouldincludevolunteer
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activitiesthatprovideimmediatesatisfactionorimpact,likedevelopingsocialmediathatothersurvivorscanfollow.Thefocusshouldbeonsurvivorschoosingtheirownrecoverysupportsystem(e.g.,tutorsormentors)andactivitiestoparticipateinasmuchoraslittleasfeelscomfortable.Also,beforesurvivorsgetinvolvedwithanorganization,itisimportantforthemtoresearchtheorganizationtoseeiftheyagreewiththeirapproachtoservinghumantraffickingsurvivorsandtoconfirmthatempowermentispartofthatapproach.
SurvivorsasGraduatedClientsAgraduatedsurvivormaychoosetogrowleadershipskills,beapartoftheanti-traffickingmovement,and/orbuildcommunitywithothersurvivors.Graduatedsurvivorscanprovidesignificantinsightintoprogramdevelopment,createoutreachmaterials,andshapepolicyspecifictotheirownlivedexperience.Theyarealsointegralforprovidingkeyinsightsonhowgovernment,lawenforcement,healthcareproviders,policy,andotherleadershaveoverlookedthem.Byidentifyingthoseweaknesses,survivorsserveassubjectmatterexpertsandhelporganizationsbuildstrongerprogramsbetteratidentifyingcurrentvictimsandpreventingfurthertraffickingincommunities.
Organizationsorallieswilloftenapproachsurvivorstoaskthemtopubliclysharetheirstoryandlearningsfromlivedexperience.Ifasurvivorwouldliketousehisorhervoice,thentiming,compensation,andasetofagreeduponreadinesscriteria(e.g.,counseling,training,etc.)shouldbeoutlinedbeforeanengagement.Frequently,survivorsexperienceasenseofguiltorobligationthatcompelsthemtosharebeforetheyareready.Survivorsmustunderstandthatsharingtheirstoryistheirchoicetomakeandisbutoneofmanywaystousetheirvoice.Encouragingsurvivorstogetinvolvedinothercapacitieshelpsdemonstratetheirimpactisgreaterthantheirstoryalone.SeeFigure1foradditionalbestpracticesforgraduatedsurvivorsandorganizationssupportiveofsurvivorleadership.
Figure1:SurvivorLeadershipBestPractices
TheImportanceofSurvivorLeadershipPrograms(SLPs)
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Empowermentisabaselinetoolforleadershipdevelopment.Empoweringsurvivorsenablesthemtofindtheirvoiceinleading,influencing,andaidingthemselvesandothers.SurvivorLeadershipPrograms(SLPs,aswerefertotheminthispaper)haveproventobeeffectivemechanismsforbuildingempowerment,sotheremainderofthispaperwillfocusonthebenefitsofdevelopingaSLPandprovidetoolsfortheirsuccessfuldevelopment.
SurvivorLeadershipinProgramDesign[iii],[iv],[v]WebelievethatsurvivorsshouldhelpdesignaswellasmanageSLPs,whenpossible.Successfulprogramsincorporateculturalnorms,personalvalues,andsocialprotocols,thustransformingarecoveryenvironmentintoaplatformforleadershipdevelopment.Itisimportanttounderstandthatsurvivorleadershipmightnotservetheorganizationbybuildingcapacityinsomecases,butmuchofthetime,itdoes.TherearesomecaseswherethedevelopmentofanSLPmaynotwhollyalignwiththeprogrammaticandpolicygoalsoftheorganization,whenorganizationstakeitonsolelyforthevalueofpromotingsurvivorleadership.DiscussionsabouttherisksandbenefitsofSLPsshouldtakeplaceattheonsetofprogramdevelopment.
Whilethereisno“one-size-fits-all”approachtobuildingSLPs,thebestpracticesoutlinedbelowinTable1haveprovensuccessfulinprivatesectorleadershipprogramdesignaswellasthoseutilizedacrossanti-slaveryorganizations.
SurvivorLeadershipProgram(SLP)DesignBestPractices• Gainsupportatthehighestlevelsoftheorganizationtodevelopsurvivorleadership.Stakeholderscangain
buy-inbysharingothersuccessfulprogramsandmodelsfoundinboththeprivatesectorandotheranti-slaveryorganizations.
• Focusoncollaboration.Researchshowsthatasorganizationscontinuetoevolvefromisolatedactorstonetworksandecosystems,leadersmustworktogetherinnewways,includingcollaborationacrossgenerations,geographies,functions,andinternalandexternalteams.[vi]Thiscollaborationresultsingreatercreativity,morerobustperspectives,andenhancedcommunication.
• Encouragesurvivorstoplayanactiveroleinthedesignofeachprogramcomponent.Organizationalleadershipshouldworktocreateastructuretogatherinputanddirectionfromsurvivorstoensureinvolvementinplanningaswellasinexecuting.
o Byincludingsurvivorsintheplanningstages,therewillbegreateremphasisonleadershipasatoolforsurvivorempowermentastheyareabletovoicethevariouswaysinwhichtheywouldliketocontributetotheircommunityontheissueofhumantraffickingorotherissuesthataffectthem.
o Byengagingsurvivorstodevelopandleadtrainingsfornewprogramentrants,organizationscanfocusaneyetowardsthesuccessfulexecutionoftailoredprogrammaticobjectives.
o Onceprogramshavebeensuccessfullyplannedandexecuted,organizationsshoulddevelopmechanismstocollectfeedbackfromsurvivorsinatimelymannerasameanstocontinuouslyimproveprogramquality.[vii]
• Codifysurvivorrolesandresponsibilitiesthroughadoptedpoliciesandprocedures.Policesshouldclearlyoutlinethevariousrolessurvivorsmaytakeonwithinaleadershipprogram,aswellasprovidetheresourcesandsupporttheymightneed,suchastraining.
• Incorporateatrauma-informedapproach,whichincludes:o Ensuringphysicalandpsychologicalsafetyofsurvivorsintheworkplace.o Transparencyinorganizationaloperations.o PeerSupport(i.e.,supportfromothersurvivors)toenhancecollaborationandutilizetheirlived
experiencetopromoterecoveryandhealing.o Programmingtoensurethattheorganizationmovespastculturalstereotypesandbiases.
• Providepaymentforsurvivors’timewhenyoucan.Whenfinancialcompensationisnotfeasible,doeverythingpossibletoshowvalueandrespectforthetimesurvivorsareproviding.
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Table1:SurvivorLeadershipProgram(SLP)DesignBestPractices
TheRoleofAlliesandPromotionofSurvivorInclusivityWhileweencourageSLPsbemanagedbysurvivorswhenpossible,weknowthatprogramdevelopment,legalsupport,andotherskillssets,suchasmediatraining,mayeasilybeleveragedfromallies.However,itisimportantforalliestounderstandtheirrolewithintheorganization.Buildingtrustandempathyiskey,asismakingconfidentialityatopprioritysothatsurvivorsfeelconfidentthattheyareinaspacewheretheycanfocusonrecoveryandpersonaldevelopment.[viii],[ix]
Itcanbechallengingtobringtogetherorganizations,eventhosewithacommonmission;however,alliesshouldmakeconcertedeffortstoreachouttosurvivor-runorganizationstostrengthencollaborationefforts.Notonlywillthisservetoinformrealisticstrategicgoalsandpriorities,itcanalsoamplifytheimpactoforganizations’missionsbycreatingsynergiessteepedinevidenceandexpertiseprovidedbysurvivor-runcounterparts.Whenpartneringwithsurvivor-runorganizations,faircompensationandincentivesshouldalwaysbeprovided.
Lastly,alliesareinauniquepositiontoamplifyadvocacyforincreasedsurvivorrepresentationacrossmultiplelevels.Thiscanbedonebypromotinggreatersurvivorinvolvementinresearchandpublicationsaswellasconferences,asdemonstratedwiththisFreedomfromSlaveryForumandworkinggroupcollaboration.[xi],[xii]Further,alliescanalsotakealeadroleinadvocatingfor/againstkeylegislation,asisdonewithgroupsliketheAlliancetoEndSlaveryandTrafficking(ATEST)andahostofnon-profitactors.[xiii]ConclusionWehaveobservedthatorganizationswhohavebeenabletoutilizeSLPshavebeensuccessfulinraisinggreaterawarenessabouthumantraffickinganddevelopingpreventivetoolsaimedatreducingthenumberofvictims.Everyonemustplayaroleinendingmoderndayslavery,andbytappingintothepowerandenergyofindividualswithlivedexperience,wewillcomeone-stepclosertoeradicatingmodernslavery.Thetoolsthatsurvivorsgaininleadership,nomattertheprogram,willpermeatetheirlives,openingupmoreopportunitiestoinfluencethecommunitiesinwhichtheylive.
iFIGHTwithNon-SurvivorsVisayanForummobilizesallyyouthleadersthroughtheiFIGHTmovement,asocialmobilizationstrategyreachingouttoschoolsandcommunitieswhereyoungpeoplearemostvulnerable.Thoughyoutharemostvulnerabletoabuse,theyarealsothemostpowerfultoaffectchange,andequippingthemwithawarenessabouttheevolvingmodusoperandiintraffickingandcybersexisafirststep.Schoolofficialsareenlistedtosupportschool-basedclubstosustaintheinvolvementofthesestudents,andtheyareconnectedthroughonlineplatformsaswell.
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Discussionquestions:
1. Whatmightaleadershipprogramlooklikeforyou?2. Inwhatwaysdoyouthinksurvivorstoriescanimpactyourorganizationorcommunity
efforts?Inwhatwaysdosurvivorsfromyourprogramwishtobeinvolvedmost?3. Whataresomeoftheobstaclesyouhaveencountered,ifany,inimplementingaleadership
program?4. IfimplementingaSLP,comepreparedwithquestionsorchallengestotalkthroughduring
thepresentation.
Workscited
[i]NationalSurvivorNetwork.AccessedAugust28,2017.http://nationalsurvivornetwork.org/.[ii]Frundt,Tina."Courtney'sHouse."Courtney'sHouse.2017.AccessedAugust28,2017.
http://www.courtneyshouse.org/.[iii]RunawayandHomelessYouthTrainingandTechnicalAssistanceCenter."UsingaSurvivor
LeadershipModeltoAddressHumanTrafficking."AccessedAugust28,2017.http://www.chhs.ca.gov/Child%20Welfare/FYSB%20Survivor-led%20model.pdf.
[iv]"SurvivorLedOrganizations."GirlsEducational&MentoringService.AccessedAugust28,2017.http://www.gems-girls.org/survivor-leadership/resources/survivor-led-organizations.
[v]"SurvivorLeadershipintheUnitedStates."LaboratorytoCombatHumanTrafficking.May16,2017.AccessedAugust28,2017.http://combathumantrafficking.org/2017/05/survivor-leadership-united-states/.
[vi]Wakefield,Nicky,AnthonyAbbatiello,DimpleAgarwal,KarenPastakia,andArdieVanBerkel."Leadershipawakened."DUPress.February29,2016.AccessedAugust28,2017.https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/focus/human-capital-trends/2016/identifying-future-business-leaders-leadership.html.
[vii]"SurvivorLeadershipintheUnitedStates."LaboratorytoCombatHumanTrafficking.May16,2017.AccessedAugust28,2017.
"ProgramEvaluation."OfficeonTraffickinginPersons.August10,2017.AccessedAugust28,2017.https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/research-policy/program-evaluation.
[viii]DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices."TheMindsetofaHumanTraffickingVictim."AdministrationforChildrenandFamilies.December12,2008.AccessedAugust28,2017.https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/orr/understanding_the_mindset_of_a_trafficking_victim_0.pdf.
[ix]UnitedStatesDepartmentofState."2017TraffickinginPersonsReport."August9,2017.AccessedAugust20,2017.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271340.pdf.
[x]"SurvivorLeadershipintheUnitedStates."LaboratorytoCombatHumanTrafficking.May16,2017.AccessedAugust28,2017.
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UnitedStatesDepartmentofState."AnnualReport2016."UnitedStatesAdvisoryCouncilonHumanTrafficking.October17,2016.AccessedAugust28,2017.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/263434.pdf.
UnitedStatesDepartmentofState."2017TraffickinginPersonsReport."August9,2017.AccessedAugust20,2017.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271340.pdf.
[xi]"NationalHumanTraffickingTrainingandTechnicalAssistanceCenter(NHTTAC)."OfficeOnTraffickingInPersons.January13,2017.AccessedAugust28,2017.https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/training/nhttac.
[xii]NationalSurvivorNetwork.AccessedAugust28,2017.http://nationalsurvivornetwork.org/.[xiii]"S.104:TraffickingSurvivorsReliefActof2017."GovTrack.us.January11,2017.Accessed
August28,2017.https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s104/text/is.
Acknowledgements
ThankyoutoourSurvivorLeadershipandInclusionWorkingGroupforcontributingcontenttothispaper:
• CeciliaFlores-Oebanda,FoundingPresident,VisayanForumFoundation,Inc.• TinaFrundt,FounderandExecutiveDirector,Courtney’sHouse• StephanieMolen,DirectorofPartnerships,CoalitiontoAbolishSlavery
andTrafficking(CAST)• SophieOtiende,ProgrammeConsultant,AwarenessAgainstHumanTrafficking-HAART
Kenya
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AppendixG
NetworkandCoalitionBuildingBackgroundPaper
InAugustof1963,over200,000peoplegatheredtohearMartinLutherKingJr.deliverhis“Ihaveadream”speech.1Andwhilehetitledhisspeech“Ihaveadream”andnot“Ihaveaplan,”thecivilrightsmovementinAmericafoundsuccessthroughimmenseorganizedplanning.
Thisreport(1)identifiesthefoundationalbuildingblockstocreateasuccessfulanti-humantraffickingsocialmovement,(2)providesaframeworktoleveragethosebuildingblocks,and(3)identifiesthekeypartnershipsandtheirrolesintheanti-humantraffickingmovement.
“Successfulmovementsdothingsthatfailedonesdon’t.”2Impactfulcivilmovementsoccurthroughcreatingapowerfulandengagingnarrativeaswellasaspacewhichacceleratesthelearningofmanysmallgroupscommittedtomakingadifferenceinthedomain.3
FoundationsofaSuccessfulMovement
Theprimaryfoundationofasuccessfulsocialmovementincorporatesanalignedandengagingnarrative.Alignmentincludesagreementonpurpose,values,andclearlydefinedgoals,inadditiontoasharedunderstandingoftheproblemandasharedplanofattack.4Smallgroupsenergizeallpartiesinvolvedastheycometogetherandcreateaunitedvoice.5Anengagingnarrativeincludesaclear,concise,andcompellingstorythatactsastheuniqueyetcommonthreadthroughwhichthemovementlives.Yet,sincemovementsmove,thekeyleadersmustcreateaspacethroughwhichthemovementbreathes,multiplies,andevolves.
Thesecondfoundationalbuildingblockofastrongsocialmovementinvolvescreatingthespacetoacceleratethelearningofmanyalignedsmallgroups.6Tocreateeffectivespaces,thekeyparticipantsofthemovementshouldfosterlongtermrelationshipstoachievesharedgoalsthroughimpactfulvenuesofcommunication.Keyparticipantsmustphysicallymeetingroupsatthelowestlevelsofinvolvementwithvolunteers(e.g.coffeeshopmeetings)aswellasatthehighestlevelsofleadershipateventssuchastheFreedomfromSlaveryForum.Additionally,collectivelyinvesting(bothtimeandfinancialresources)intoatechnologyplatformfacilitateslearningbybringingparticipantstoshareinsightsovertime.7ByleveragingknowledgesharingplatformssuchastheonebuiltbyAlliance8.7orinpartnershipwiththeSalesforceFoundation,NGOseffectivelyacceleratelearningthroughbothsharingbestpracticesandcrowdsourcingsolutionstocurrentproblems.8
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Aneffectivecollaborativeplatformallowsforthesharingofbestpractices.SuchbestpracticescouldincludecampaigntechniquesfromtheEndItMovement,9technologysolutionsfromcompanieslikeThorn,10andleadershipdevelopmentopportunitiesthroughtraditionalacademicavenuessuchasexecutiveMBAswithafocusonsocialimpact.11Byidentifying,articulating,andsharingachievementsaswellasopportunities,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)createthecapabilitytoidentifyandleveragesuccessfulsolutionswhethertheyoriginatefromglobalorganizationsorgrassrootsefforts.12ThisstructureallowsNGOstoreplicateandscaleupthesesolutionstoprovidebenefitsfortheentirenetwork.13
SuccessfulFrameworks
Appropriatelyimplementingthosebuildingblocksinvolvesincorporatingframeworksfromothersuccessfulsocialmovementsandavoidingtheframeworkmistakesofunsuccessfulmovements.First,leadfromthetop.TheOccupyWallStreetmovementfailedduetoalackofleadershipandstructure.14Consequently,itlackedaunifiedandengagingstorywithasharedsetofvalues,purpose,andgoals.Second,focusonandstrengtheningsmallgroupsinsteadofgatheringlargecrowds.TheOptormovementinSerbia,whichsoughttooverthrowtheMiloševićregime,warneditsactiviststhroughtrainingofthepotentialnegativeconsequencesrelatedtoholdingdemonstrationstooearly.15Third,trainpeopleinsmallgroups.Themovementmusttransferitsalignedandengagingnarrativealongwithagreeduponvalues,purpose,andgoalstonewparticipants.Intentionaltrainingofbeliefsequipsindividualstostanduponandarticulatetheirsharedvaluesinsteadofmerelyshoutingcatchyslogans.16Thecivilrightsmovementexemplifiedtrainingdonewellascalmandcollectedindividualssatcomposedwhilesnarlingdogsandpolicebatonsencroacheduponthem.17Finally,thinkinclusivelynotexclusively.MartinLuther’s“Ihaveadream”speechappealednotonlytoAfricanAmericansbutalsotothelargerpublicwhoalignedwithmanyofthecorefoundationalbeliefsofthecountry.18Focusingonincludingmorestakeholdersinsteadoffocusingonexcludingasetofstakeholdersfacilitatestheopportunitytoconnectwithloosetiestoformpartnershipswithpillarsofpower.
ThePowerofPartnership
CreatingacivilsocietyplatformforaneffectiveAHTmovementshouldinvolvekeypartnershipsamongthreeprimarystakeholders:civilsocieties,thepublicsector,andtheprivatesector.AccordingtotheGlobalFundforWomen,anysuccessfulmovementmustalsocreatea“sharedunderstandingofwherethemovementis,whatthecapacityneedsare,anddevelopactionplansaccordingly.”18TheGlobalFundforWomenalsonotesthatcreatingasuccessfulmovementrequiressevenkeycomponents:(1)astronggrassrootsbase,(2)astrongleadershippipeline,(3)strongalliances,(4)acollectivepoliticalagenda,(5)useofmultiplestrategies,(6)a
ExampleofPartnershipSuccessFormedin2007,DOJ’sHumanTraffickingProsecutionUnit,isaspecializedunitcreatedtoleadprosecutionsofnovel,complex,multi-jurisdictionalandinternationalhumantraffickingcasesincollaborationwithUnitedStatesAttorneys’Officesnationwide.Theunithandlesprosecutionsforfederal,state,local,tribal,andinternationallawenforcementandnon-governmentalpartners.Inadditiontoprosecutions,theunitplaysaleadingroleindeliveringcapacity-buildingprogramsandstrengtheningstrategicpartnershipsbasedonsurvivor-centeredbestpracticesinhumantraffickinginvestigations.21
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supportinfrastructure,and(7)astrongcollectivecapacitytoensuresafetyandsecurityofhumanrightsdefenders.19TheHumanTraffickingInstituteandthecreationandadoptionofSenegal’sHIV/AIDSpolicyprovidesillustrationsofhowthesesevenkeycomponentscanbeemployedtocreateasuccessfulanti-humantraffickingmovement.
HTIunitescivilsociety,thepublicsectorandtheprivatesectoroperatingunderthecorepremisethat,“traffickingcollapseswhenjusticesystemssendtraffickerstojail.”HTI’sstrategyistwo-fold.First,HTIcreatesfast-trackcourtswithinthejusticesystemequippedtohandlehumantraffickingcases.Secondly,HTIprovidesadiversityofstakeholders,specializedunits,withtrainingandleadershipdevelopmentthroughHTI’slawenforcementacademy.HTIandtheHTIlawenforcementacademyseekstocreatea“sharedunderstandingofwherethemovementis”andbuildsastronggrassrootsbasebycreatingspecializedunitscomprisedofpeoplefromthenonprofit,lawenforcement,legalandjusticesystems.20TheU.S.DepartmentofJustice’s(DOJ)HumanTraffickingProsecutionUnitprovidesanexampleofthespecializedunitsandfasttrackcourtscreatedbyHTI’slawenforcementacademy.22
CreatinganeffectivecivilsocietyplatformcouldgleanfromthelessonslearnedduringthecreationandadoptionoftheHIV/AIDSpolicyinSenegal,particularlytheactionstakentocreatestrongalliances,acollectivepoliticalagenda,andtheuseofmultiplestrategies.SenegalservesasamodelamongAfricancountriesinitscontrolofHIV/AIDS.Sincetheearly2000’sSenegal’sHIV-prevalenceratehasbeenbelowonepercent,asuccessthatpolicyexpertsattributetothecountry’stimelyresponsetothecrisis.23Senegal’ssuccesscanalsobeattributedtotheapproachtakenbytheUNAIDSGlobalReferenceGrouponHIV/AIDSandHumanRights.24PriortoidentifyinganactionplantheUNAIDSGlobalReferenceGroupcreatedtheframeworkandkeyguidingprinciplesthatanyHIV/AIDSeffortswouldoperateunder.25
TheUNAIDSGlobalReferenceGroupapproachidentifiedthatanyeffectiveHIV/AIDScooperationandprogrammingwouldoperatewithinahumanrightsbasedapproachusingprinciplesestablishedbytheViennaConsensus.EstablishingcommonoperatingprinciplesallowedforaunifiedframeworkandgoalsamongdonorgovernmentsandInternationalNGOs.26Thegroupalsooutlinedtherespectiverolesandresponsibilitiesofdonororganizations,whichincludedtheestablishmentresults-basedprogramming.27
TheprivatesectoralsoplaysacriticalroleincreatinganeffectiveAHTmovement.Topreventanddeterinstancesoftrafficking,corporationsmustfirstembracetheresponsibilityofensuringthatnoneoftheirventuresinadvertentlysupporttrafficking.Amultitudeofindustriescanfacilitatetraffickingfromtheuseofforcedlaborwithintheagricultureandmanufacturingindustries,totheuseoftechnologytoassistcommercialsexualexploitation.
Secondly,theprivatesector’sfinancialsponsorshipiscriticaltoAHTmovement.Theprivatesectorcanofferguidanceonhowprivatesectorsolutionscanbeemployedto
ExampleofPartnershipSuccessAfoundinggBCATmember,DeltaAirlinesadopteda“zerotoleranceforparticipatinginandengaginginactivitiesthatenableorfurtherhumantrafficking.”30DeltaAirlinesnowtrainspersonnelthroughtheDepartmentofHomelandSecuritysponsored,BlueLightingInitiative(BLI).TheBLItrainsairlinepersonneltoidentifypotentialtraffickersandhumantraffickingvictims,andtoreporttheirsuspicionstofederallawenforcement.Todate,morethan70,000personnelintheaviationindustryhavebeentrainedthroughBLI.31
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enhanceAHTefforts.Formedin2010,theGlobalBusinessCoalitionAgainstTrafficking(gBCAT)providesaforumforbusinessestounderstandhowhumantraffickingaffectstheiroperationsandsupplychains,andtodesigneffectiveandpragmaticsolutionstocombattraffickers.28gBCATunitesmajorcorporateplayerssuchasCoca-Cola,Ford,Microsoft,andCarlsoninthefightagainsthumantrafficking.29
Whilenosecretformulaexiststoguaranteethesuccessoftheanti-humantraffickingmovement,learningfromsuccessfulsocialmovementsofthepastincreasesthepotentialforrealizingtheendtomodernslavery.Byutilizingthekeybuildingblocksofasuccessfulsocialmovement-aunifiedengagingnarrativeandcollaborativespaces-leveragingaprovenframework,andcoordinatingwithkeystakeholders,ourworldisonestepclosertothefreedomofmillionsofenslavedindividualsacrosstheglobe.
Discussionquestions:
1. Whatareexamplesofotherpartnershipsyouhavewitnessed?Whathasmadethemsuccessful?
2. Ifyoucouldpartnerwithanyorganizationorstakeholder,whowouldyoupartnerwithandwhatgoalswouldyouaimtoaccomplish?
3. Whatisthesinglebiggestobstacletoyourorganizationpartneringwithothers?Time,location,resources,etc.
WorksCited1. EncyclopediaBritannica,“Americancivilrightsmovement,”
https://www.britannica.com/event/American-civil-rights-movement,accessedSeptember4,2017.
2. DigitalToronto,“WhySomeMovementsSucceedAndOthersFail,”http://www.digitaltonto.com/2015/why-some-movements-succeed-and-others-fail/,accessedSeptember1,2017.
3. DeloitteUniversityPress,“BusinessasMovements,”https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/strategy/creating-value-in-business.html,accessedJuly31,2017.
4. MonitorInstitute,“Alignedaction,”http://monitorinstitute.com/what-we-do/,accessedJuly31,2017.
5. DeloitteUniversityPress,“TheFreedomEcosystem,”https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/social-impact/freedom-ecosystem-stop-modern-slavery.html,accessedJuly31,2017.
6. DeloitteUniversityPress,“BusinessasMovements,”https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/strategy/creating-value-in-business.html,accessedJuly31,2017
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7. DeloitteUniversityPress,“ThePowerofPlatforms,”https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/focus/business-trends/2015/platform-strategy-new-level-business-trends.html,accessedAugust24,2017.
8. Alliance8.7,“Alliance8.7VisionDocument,”“http://www.alliance87.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Alliance87_VisionDocument_Short_EN_WEB-June-30.pdf,accessedJuly31,2017.
9. ENDIT2017,“ENDitMovement,”https://enditmovement.com/,accessedJuly31,2017.10. Thorn,“TechInnovationtoFightChildSexualExploitation,”https://www.wearethorn.org/,
accessedJuly31,2017.11. NetImpact,“BusinessasUNusual:Top50SchoolsforSocialImpact,”
https://www.netimpact.org/business-as-unusual/top-50-social-impact,accessedJuly31,2017.
12. DeloitteUniversityPress,“TheFreedomEcosystem,”https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/social-impact/freedom-ecosystem-stop-modern-slavery.html,accessedJuly31,2017
13. MonitorInstitute,“ScalingImpact,”http://monitorinstitute.com/what-we-do/,accessedJuly31,2017.
14. DigitalToronto,“WhySomeMovementsSucceedAndOthersFail,”http://www.digitaltonto.com/2015/why-some-movements-succeed-and-others-fail/,accessedSeptember1,2017.
15. HarvardBusinessReview,“WhatSuccessfulMovementshaveinCommon,”https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-successful-movements-have-in-common,accessedSeptember1,2017.
16. ibid17. ibid18. ibid19. PeiYaoChen,KellyGannon,andLucyMcDonaldStewart,“OurNewMovementCapacity
AssessmentTool,”March2017.Availableat:https://www.globalfundforwomen.org/our-new-movement-capacity-assessment-tool/#.WYa3L4-cHMR,accessed,July31,2017.
20. ibid.21. UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice.“HumanTrafficking:WhatDOJisDoing.”Availableat:
https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/department-justice-components#htpu,accessedSeptember1,2017.
22. TheHumanTraffickingInstitute.“EmpoweringJusticeSystemstoDecimateModern-SlaveryatitsSource.”Availableat:http://www.traffickinginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/HT-Institute-Overview-2017-01-23.pdf,accessedAugust6,2017.
23. OpenSocietyInstitute,“HIV/AIDSPolicyinSenegal:ACivilSocietyPerspective.”Availableat:https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/senegal_20071015.pdf,accessedSeptember13,2017.
24. ibid.25. UNAIDSGlobalReferenceGrouponHIV/AIDSandHumanRights,“IssuePaper:What
ConstitutesaRights-basedApproach?Definitions,Methods,andPractices.”Availableat:http://data.unaids.org/topics/human-rights/hrissuepaper_rbadefinitions_en.pdf,accessedSeptember13,2017.
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26. ibid.27. UNICEF,“RealizingRights,GettingResults,”Availableat:
https://www.unicef.org/rightsresults/,accessedSeptember13,2017.28. BSR,“GlobalBusinessCoalitionAgainstHumanTraffickingExpandsScopeandStepsUp
EffortstoEndTrafficking,”accessedJune26,2017.Availableat:http://3blmedia.com/News/Global-Business-Coalition-Against-Human-Trafficking-Expands-Scope-and-Steps-Efforts-End,accessedAugust25,2017.
29. Sirna,Catherine,“DeltaAmongFirstAirlinestoAdoptBlueLightingInitiative,”July2015.Availableat:http://news.delta.com/delta-implement-new-anti-human-trafficking-program-partnership-us-customs-and-border-protection-us,accessedAugust25,2017.
30. UnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation.“BlueLightingInitiative,”Availableat:https://www.transportation.gov/administrations/office-policy/blue-lightning-initiative,accessedAugust25,2017.
31. BSR,“GlobalBusinessCoalitionAgainstHumanTraffickingExpandsScopeandStepsUpEffortstoEndTrafficking,”accessedJune26,2017.Availableat:http://3blmedia.com/News/Global-Business-Coalition-Against-Human-Trafficking-Expands-Scope-and-Steps-Efforts-End,accessedAugust25,2017
Acknowledgements
ThankyoutoourNetworkandCoalitionBuildingWorkingGroupforcontributingcontenttothispaper:
● MauriceMiddleberg,FreetheSlaves● NathanielErb,Erb&Associates● AndrewWallis,UnseenUK● DominiqueChauvet-Staco,PathyFoundation● HanniStoklosa,HEALTrafficking● JenniBrown,EndItMovement● LeilaMilani,FuturesWithoutViolence● NehaMisra,SolidarityCenter● ShawnMacDonald,Verite● VenkatReddy,MVFoundation
