French and Indian WarFrench and Indian WarCauses PROBLEMS!Causes PROBLEMS!

• England wanted the colonies to England wanted the colonies to pay for the French and Indian Warpay for the French and Indian War

HOW?HOW?

TAXES!TAXES!Americans love being British, Americans love being British,

they just don’t want to pay taxes they just don’t want to pay taxes directly to PARLIAMENTdirectly to PARLIAMENT

ENGLAND DECIDES TO PUT A ENGLAND DECIDES TO PUT A DIRECT TAX ON THE DIRECT TAX ON THE

COLONISTS:COLONISTS:

THE STAMP ACTTHE STAMP ACTAll paper products would be All paper products would be taxed and receive a “stamp”taxed and receive a “stamp”

Colonists fight the STAMP Colonists fight the STAMP ACT: ACT:

• VIOLENCE AND INTIMIDATIONVIOLENCE AND INTIMIDATION

THE STAMP ACT IS REPEALED!!!THE STAMP ACT IS REPEALED!!!

What lesson did the colonists learn What lesson did the colonists learn about violence and protests???about violence and protests???

ENGLAND PASSES THE ENGLAND PASSES THE DECLARATORY ACTDECLARATORY ACT

Declaring they can tax the colonies Declaring they can tax the colonies

BOYCOTTSBOYCOTTS• 13 COLONIES are England’s 13 COLONIES are England’s

BIGGEST MARKET for BIGGEST MARKET for finished goodsfinished goods

They refuse to buy British goods and put They refuse to buy British goods and put

ECONOMIC PRESSURE ECONOMIC PRESSURE ON ENGLANDON ENGLAND

BOSTON MASSACRE?BOSTON MASSACRE?• DRUNKEN mob throws snowballs DRUNKEN mob throws snowballs

and garbage at British soldiers in and garbage at British soldiers in BostonBoston

• Mob gets very rowdy and moves Mob gets very rowdy and moves toward soldierstoward soldiers

• Soldiers fire their weapons killing Soldiers fire their weapons killing several peopleseveral people– Crispus Attucks: Free Black man Crispus Attucks: Free Black man

killedkilled

WAS IT A MASSACRE????????????WAS IT A MASSACRE????????????

PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA

PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA

• The “Boston Massacre” is an The “Boston Massacre” is an example of PROPAGANDA: example of PROPAGANDA: Messages intended to persuadeMessages intended to persuade

• Colonists call it a Massacre to get Colonists call it a Massacre to get support. The mob did threaten the support. The mob did threaten the soldierssoldiers

• ALL OF THE SOLDIERS FOUND ALL OF THE SOLDIERS FOUND NOT GUILTYNOT GUILTY

• One was defended by John Adams!One was defended by John Adams!

BOSTON TEA PARTYBOSTON TEA PARTY

• England sends CHEAP TEA to the England sends CHEAP TEA to the colonies……….colonies……….

But it still has a small TAXBut it still has a small TAX

• SONS OF LIBERTY = Colonial radicalsSONS OF LIBERTY = Colonial radicals

Dress like Indians and dump the tea into Dress like Indians and dump the tea into the harbor! the harbor!

ENGLAND OUTRAGED AT ENGLAND OUTRAGED AT “TEA PARTY”“TEA PARTY”

• England passes INTOLERABLE England passes INTOLERABLE ACTS:ACTS:

1. SHUTS DOWN BOSTON 1. SHUTS DOWN BOSTON HARBORHARBOR

2. TEA MUST BE PAID FOR2. TEA MUST BE PAID FOR

MORE “REDCOATS” BRITISH MORE “REDCOATS” BRITISH SOLDIERS SENT TO THE SOLDIERS SENT TO THE

COLONIESCOLONIES

1st Continental Congress

• COLONISTS meet in PHILADELPHIA and promise to support BOSTON

–NO REBELLION

–SWEAR LOYALTY TO THE KING!

THE SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD

• LEXINGTON and CONCORD

• The Brits send soldiers to the countryside around Boston to round up the weapons of MINUTEMEN MILITIA (Citizen soldiers)

• Paul Revere rides to the countryside to warn everyone, “The Redcoats are coming!”

The Redcoats get to Lexington

Someone fires and a battle begins! Rebels run

British march to Concord and then head back to Boston

On the road back to Boston the colonist use GUERRILLA

TACTICS (HIT AND RUN) and smash the British

NO TURNING BACK!

• The shots fired at Lexington and Concord and the slaughter of British troops on the march back to Boston are the breaking point.

• WORDS WILL NOT SETTLE THESE DIFFERENCES NOW IT IS

WAR

British advantageBritish advantage American advantageAmerican advantage

1. British Disadvantage American Disadvantage

1. World’s Best NAVY

2. Professional ARMY

3. Rich!

4. Hired soldiers from Germany HESSIANS

1. 3,000 miles away from America

2. Fighting a GUERRILLA WAR

3. War not popular in England

1. Fighting for a cause they believe in

2. Possible help from France

3. Didn’t have to beat the Brits; just not lose to them

1. No Navy2. No professional army3. POOR4. Mixed support for the

war (1/3 LOYALISTS)

BRITISH ADVANTAGE

BRITISH DISADVANTAGES

AMERICAN ADVANTAGES

AMERICAN DISADVANTAGES

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdStrongholdss

2nd Continental Congress

• 2CC meets (all 13 colonies attend)

• Meet to deal with the results of LEXINGTON AND CONCORD

• GEORGE WASHINGTON chosen commander of Colonial forces

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

THE AMERICAN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

• BOSTON 1775BOSTON 1775

• Battle of Bunker Hill: British Battle of Bunker Hill: British charge up a heavily defended hillcharge up a heavily defended hill

– Get crushed by COLONISTS!Get crushed by COLONISTS!

LESSONS FROM BUNKER HILLLESSONS FROM BUNKER HILL

1.1. British learn that the war will NOT British learn that the war will NOT BE EASYBE EASY

2.2. British learn that old style tactics will British learn that old style tactics will not work against in a guerrilla warnot work against in a guerrilla war

The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• Colonies officially Colonies officially declare their declare their

INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE FROM ENGLANDFROM ENGLAND

JULY 4, 1776JULY 4, 1776

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War? of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

Britain’s “Southern Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationA unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in The United States in 17871787

American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789

Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington