From Conflict Prevention to Nation Rebuilding -

The Civilian Role

Mr. Cornelis (Kees) SteenkenMr. Cornelis (Kees) Steenken

Senior Advisor DDRSenior Advisor DDR

Swedish National Defence CollegeSwedish National Defence College

Cornelis.steenken@fhs.seCornelis.steenken@fhs.se

PEACE OPERATIONS:MULTI-DIMENSIONAL

Broad spectrum;Broad spectrum; prevention, mitigation, termination prevention, mitigation, termination

and recovery phases;and recovery phases; Multi-organizational;Multi-organizational; Multi-disciplinary;Multi-disciplinary;

SECTORS:

•Security;•Humanitarian Assistance;•Human Rights;•Law and Order – ROL;•Governance;•Development;•Industry & Economy

STAKEHOLDERS:

•National Governments•Local Community;•Regional Organizations;•Military;•Police;• International Organizations•NGO•Politicians and Diplomats;•Financial Institutions;•Business;•Transnational Corporations;•ICRC

Participants, Stakeholders and Sectors

Post Conflictspace

SSR

Social and Economic Reforms

Capacity BuildingInfrastructure Development

Humanitarian

DDRIFI

NGO´s

IO

Human Rights

UN Mission

Regional

Issues

Civil Society

• Gender

National Governmen

t

National Actors

Government (real, representative?)Government (real, representative?) Armed Groups, Armed Groups, Politicians and Diplomats. Politicians and Diplomats. Interlocutors for peace and political processesInterlocutors for peace and political processes National National Ministries and Ministries and Commissions on DDR Commissions on DDR

(NCDDR)(NCDDR) Civil societyCivil society CommunitiesCommunities

All need capacity building ….All need capacity building ….

•OCHA -- Coordination of OCHA -- Coordination of Information Information

•UNHCR -- Basic human needs and UNHCR -- Basic human needs and protection of refugees protection of refugees

•WFP -- FoodWFP -- Food

•UNICEF -- ChildrenUNICEF -- Children

•WHO -- HealthWHO -- Health

•UNHCHR -- Human RightsUNHCHR -- Human Rights

UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES IN PEACE OPERATIONS

United Nations;

UN in country MissionUN in country MissionMulti-AgencyMulti-AgencyCivilian, Military and PoliceCivilian, Military and Police

Integrated Training Section (DPKO) Integrated Training Section (DPKO) Merge of TES and CTSMerge of TES and CTSDoes in Mission training with a mix of Does in Mission training with a mix of

Military, Police and Civilian trainers. Military, Police and Civilian trainers.

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)(OSCE)

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Organization of American States Organization of American States (OAS)(OAS)

African Union African Union (AU)(AU)

Association of South East Asia Nations Association of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN)(ASEAN)

European UnionEuropean Union (EU)(EU)

DEALING WITH DIFFERENT NEEDS AFTER WAR

FORMER COMBATANTSIDPS

PEOPLE WHO STAYEDREFUGEES

COMMONGROUND

FOREIGNERS

POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

SUCCESSFUL RE/INTEGRATION

Community The key to successful reintegrationThe key to successful reintegration What have they gone through and what What have they gone through and what

are their reactions to former combatantsare their reactions to former combatants, , refugees and returneesrefugees and returnees??

Is forgiveness possible? Is forgiveness possible? Acceptance, co-existence, tolerance, Acceptance, co-existence, tolerance,

reconciliation? reconciliation? TimeTime

Lots of Actors – like Herding Cats

Peace Building Operations

These are too delicate, too expensive and These are too delicate, too expensive and fraught with many dangers as were again fraught with many dangers as were again made aware of through the tragic loss of made aware of through the tragic loss of more civilians and military in Iraq more civilians and military in Iraq yesterday. yesterday.

Transitional Justice /Law Enforcement Judicial System / Laws Human Rights Corrections International Courts and Tribunals Truth Commissions Community Rebuilding Individual Healing and Empowerment

Control of Belligerents Territorial Security Protection of Populace Protection of Key Individuals, Infrastructure, and Institutions Reform of Local Security Institutions - SSRRegional Security

National Constituting Processes Transitional Governance Executive Authority Legislative Strengthening Local Governance Transparency and Anti-Corruption Elections Political Parties Civil Society Media

Refugees & IDPs Food Security / Public Health Shelter / Educational System Social Safety Net Economic Strategy and Assistance Physical Infrastructure Employment Generation /Markets Legal and Regulatory Reform International Trade / Investment

Banking and Finance

Security

Social & Economic Well-being

Governance & Participation

Justice & Reconciliation

Adopted from: Post-Conflict Reconstruction Task Framework, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the Association of the United States Army (AUSA, 2002)

DDR Adapted by Anton Baaré

and Kees Steenken

Roles of Civilians Very Broad range Very Broad range of rolesof roles

EU focus on EU focus on four priority areas of Civilian Crisis four priority areas of Civilian Crisis Management: Management: Policing, Rule of Law, Civil Policing, Rule of Law, Civil Administration and Civilian Protection Administration and Civilian Protection

They need to have at a minimum some basic, They need to have at a minimum some basic, culturally appropriate, comprehensive training culturally appropriate, comprehensive training packagepackage

Where do they get the knowledge and skills

On the ground or OJTOn the ground or OJT Academic InstitutionsAcademic Institutions Peacekeeping training CentresPeacekeeping training Centres

EU Group on TrainingEU Group on Training IAPTCIAPTC Eg SWEDINT and Peaceworkers UKEg SWEDINT and Peaceworkers UK Specialty Courses – DDR, CIMIC, ROLSpecialty Courses – DDR, CIMIC, ROL

Exercises and scenario based training Exercises and scenario based training Self Study Self Study

Need for training opportunities We need to sustain and even reinforce training We need to sustain and even reinforce training

centres , their courses as well as the pre-mission centres , their courses as well as the pre-mission training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the ground. ground.

We should encourage donors to mandate that We should encourage donors to mandate that some of the allocated funds be used for training some of the allocated funds be used for training and capacity building of new staff and continuing and capacity building of new staff and continuing education of those who have the hard won education of those who have the hard won experiences. experiences.

Civilians should be encouraged and funded to Civilians should be encouraged and funded to attend military training exercises as it attend military training exercises as it improves improves realism and realism and benefits all partiesbenefits all parties. .

Lesson Learned? Need to write and outline what we didNeed to write and outline what we did Need to share this information openly not just Need to share this information openly not just

park it on desks or behind unrealistic security park it on desks or behind unrealistic security constraints constraints

Clear details of Monitoring and EvaluationClear details of Monitoring and Evaluation so as so as to be self critical and ito be self critical and improve capacity, mprove capacity, interoperability and efficiency in the fieldinteroperability and efficiency in the field

Needs to be better coordination and cooperation Needs to be better coordination and cooperation between all elements in missionsbetween all elements in missions

Summary

Civilian roles are varied and multiple Civilian roles are varied and multiple They are present in every sector of the post They are present in every sector of the post

conflict space and the rebuilding of a conflict space and the rebuilding of a shattered country shattered country

They like the militaries need to be trained They like the militaries need to be trained educated educated