From soup to nuts!!!!

New Vocabulary

Simple Sentences

I love pizza.

A simple sentence has a subject (I) and a predicate (love).

Compound Sentence

I love pizza and I eat at Tony’s every Friday.

A Compound sentence has two independent clauses ( I love pizza) and (I eat at Tony’s every Friday.)

Complex Sentence

I love pizza because it has the freshest dough and tomatoes.

Complex sentences have at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.

(I love pizza - independent: can stand alone)

(because it has the freshest dough and tomatoes - dependent: cannot stand alone.)

Infinitives

Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. to + verb

• To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café.

• To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.

No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.

To look functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb refuses.

• Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.

• To read functions as an adjective because it modifies book.

Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.

• To throw functions as an adverb because it explains why Richard braved the inclement weather.

Gerunds

Gerunds always end in -ing and are always nouns.

Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion.

• Swimming = subject of the verb has been.

Francisco's first love is swimming.

Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.

• Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend Diana.

Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.

Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.

Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives.

• When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was devoted to swimming.

Swimming = object of the preposition to.

Participleverbs that act like adjectives or are part of a multipart verb phrase

VerbSimple present

Simple past

Past Participle

Present Participle

infinitive

giggle giggle(s) giggled giggled gigglingto

giggle

swim swim(s) swam swum swimming to swim

Preposition

Prepositions are the words that indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world. Check out the three examples below:

• The puppy is on the floor.

The puppy is in the trashcan.

The puppy is beside the phone.

continued on the next slide

lists of prepositionsabout

above

• according to

• across

• after

• against

• along

• along with

• among

• apart from

• around

• as

• as for

• at

• because of

• before

• behind

• below

• beneath

• beside

• between

• beyond

• but*

• by

• by means of

• concerning

• despite

• down

• during

• except

• except for

• excepting

• for

• from

• in

• in addition to

• in back of

• in case of

• in front of

• in place of

• inside

• in spite of

• instead of

• into

• like

• near

• next

• of

• off

• on

• onto

• on top of

• out

• out of

• outside

• over

• past

• regarding

• round

• since

• through

• throughout

• till

• to

• toward

• under

• underneath

• unlike

• until

• up

• upon

• up to

• with

• within

• without

rhetoric

the art of speaking or writing effectively

a : the study of principles and rules of composition

b : the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion

C : skill in the effective use of speech

cause and effect essay

Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects).

Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas.

Memoir/Anecdote

Memoir is a story about a particular time in a person’s history.

An anecdote can be part of a memoir where it is a retelling of an event with embellishments to make the entire story more interesting.

Protagonist/Antagonist

The protagonist is the main character in a story, novel, drama, or other literary work;

the character the reader or audience empathizes with.

The antagonist opposes the protagonist.

Definition essay

writing that explains what a term means. Terms such as honesty, honor, or love are abstract and depend more on a person's point of view.

Three Steps to Effective Definition

1. Tell readers what term is being defined.

2. Present clear and basic information.

3. Use facts, examples, or anecdotes that readers will understand.

4. Write what it is not.