fructose

MonosaccharidesSingle (simple) sugars; quick energyContain C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio

Examples:Glucose C6H12O6

Fructose C6H12O6

Galactose C6H12O6

CarbohydratesProduced by plants during photosynthesis; contains C, H, O

http://stemsystems.com/slides/common_sense/images/spaghetti.gif

glucose

GlucoseGlucose

Maltose

H H

Disaccharides•Double sugars•Good source of energy•Break down into simple sugars

Maltose (glucose + glucose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Examples:Starch- (plants) found in leaves, tubers…Glycogen- (animals) found in the liver and musclesCellulose- (plants) make up cell walls

Polysaccharides3 or more sugars linked togetherStorage energyComplex sugars

Starch

Cellulose•Major building component of plant cell walls•Long chain of glucose molecules; should be great source of energy, but…•Humans cannot digest

Missing the necessary enzymeEndosymbiotic protist in cow guts DOES have the enzyme

Proteins•Made up of Amino Acids•Important structural component of cells

Examples:Enzymes, Hormones, Hemoglobin

1. Amine Group

2. Hydrogen

4. “R” Group

3. Carboxyl Acid Group

Amino Acids

There are only _______ amino acids for all proteins20

The20

Amino Acids

http://homepages.ius.edu/GKIRCHNE/peptide.jpg

•Two amino acids bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction to form a peptide bond•Several amino acids makes a polypeptide•A protein contains hundreds (or more) of amino acids

Examples:Phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids (pigments)

Lipids•Fats and oils•Contain H, C, and fewer O than carbs•Twice the E per gram than carbs•Long-term storage energy in animals

http://www.rch.org.au/emplibrary/diabetesmanual/6_fatsOils.gif

Fatty Acids:Long carbon chains (12-38C) with a carboxyl group (-COOH)

•Carboxyl end (polar) is hydrophilic•Hydrocarbon chains (non-polar) are hydrophobic

Triglycerides•Three molecules of fatty acids attached to one molecule of glycerol (see handout)

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%20acid.jpg

Saturated Fatty Acids•No double bonds between carbons•Unhealthy•Usually solids; animal fats

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NCI_butter.jpg/250px-NCI_butter.jpg

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%20acid.jpg

Unsaturated Fatty Acids•Have at least one double bond•Healthier, except trans fats (worst of all)•Liquids- plant fats

Substituting unsaturated for saturated reduces cholesterol levels

http://cretashop.gr/br/imagesbr/pezaoil/popoil.jpg

Phospholipids•Two (not three) fatty acids attached to glycerol•Cell membranes are made of two layers of phospholipids( lipid bilayer)•Head is hydrophilic; tail is hydrophobic

http://personal.tmlp.com/Jimr57/textbook/chapter3/cms1.htm