Fuels , Combustion and Flame

8/7/2019 Fuels , Combustion and Flame

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FUELS, COMBUSTION ANDFUELS, COMBUSTION AND

FLAMEFLAME

PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS:PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS:

Petroleum is the life line of modernPetroleum is the life line of moderncivilization.civilization.

Petroleum is also called Black Gold.Petroleum is also called Black Gold.

The name Petroleum is derived fromThe name Petroleum is derived from


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Origin of PetroleumOrigin of Petroleum

It is a fossil fuel formed inIt is a fossil fuel formed innature by the decompositionnature by the decomposition

of animal and plant matterof animal and plant matterwhich were buried under thewhich were buried under theearth millions of years ago.earth millions of years ago.


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Oil Producing Countries of theOil Producing Countries of the

WorldWorld The major producers ofThe major producers ofpetroleum in the world arepetroleum in the world are

Russia, USA, Egypt, andRussia, USA, Egypt, andPersian Gulf countries such asPersian Gulf countries such asSaudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran,Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran,Iraq, etc.Iraq, etc.


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Oil Production in INDIAOil Production in INDIA

Places where oil is produced from thePlaces where oil is produced from thewells in India.wells in India.

Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat.Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat. Rudrasagar and Lakwa in AssamRudrasagar and Lakwa in Assam

Bombay High (Offshore area)Bombay High (Offshore area)

Deltas of Cauvery, Krishna andDeltas of Cauvery, Krishna andGodavari rivers.Godavari rivers.


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Production of PetroleumProduction of Petroleum

Petroleum is obtained by drillingPetroleum is obtained by drillingholes (oil wells) into the earths crustholes (oil wells) into the earths crustwhere the presence of oil has beenwhere the presence of oil has been

predicted by survey.predicted by survey. When a well is grilled through theWhen a well is grilled through the

rocks natural gas comes out firstrocks natural gas comes out first

with a great pressure and after somewith a great pressure and after sometime the oil comes out by itself duetime the oil comes out by itself dueto pressure.to pressure.


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Offshore petroleum wellOffshore petroleum well


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Refining of PetroleumRefining of Petroleum

Once the pressure is subsidized, theOnce the pressure is subsidized, thecrude oil is pumped out of the oilcrude oil is pumped out of the oil

well.well. The process of separating petroleumThe process of separating petroleum

into more useful fractions byinto more useful fractions byfractional distillation is known asfractional distillation is known as

refining.refining.


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Fractional distillation of PetroleumFractional distillation of Petroleum


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FRACTION OF PETROLEUM AND THEIR USESFRACTION OF PETROLEUM AND THEIR USES

S.NoS.No FractionsFractions UsesUses

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

5.5.

6.6.

7.7.

8.8.

9.9.

GasGas

Petroleum etherPetroleum ether

GasolineGasoline

KeroseneKerosene

Gas oil and diesel oilGas oil and diesel oil

Lubricating oils, grease, vaselineLubricating oils, grease, vaseline

Paraffin waxParaffin wax

Pitch and tarPitch and tar

Petroleum cokePetroleum coke

Gaseous fuel, production of carbon blackGaseous fuel, production of carbon black

Solvent, dry cleaningSolvent, dry cleaning

Motor Fuel.Motor Fuel.

Fuel, Illuminant.Fuel, Illuminant.

Furnace fuel, fuel for diesel enginesFurnace fuel, fuel for diesel engines

LubricationLubrication

Candles, water proofing fabricsCandles, water proofing fabrics

Artificial asphaltArtificial asphalt

Fuel, electrodesFuel, electrodes


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Petroleum Refining in IndiaPetroleum Refining in India

Oil Refineries inOil Refineries inIndia are at:India are at:--

Mumbai.Mumbai.

Chennai.Chennai.

Mathura.Mathura.

Barauni.Barauni.

DigboiDigboi GuwahatiGuwahati

HaldiaHaldia

KochiKochi

Koyali andKoyali and

VisakhapatnamVisakhapatnam


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PetrochemicalsPetrochemicals

The chemicals which are preparedThe chemicals which are preparedfrom the fractions of petroleum arefrom the fractions of petroleum arecalled petrochemicals.called petrochemicals.

Few important petrochemicals are:Few important petrochemicals are:--

Methyl Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol,Methyl Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol,Ethylene, Benzene, Toluene,Ethylene, Benzene, Toluene,Acetone, D.D.T. and B.H.C.Acetone, D.D.T. and B.H.C.


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Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products


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Uses of PetroleumUses of Petroleum

Petroleum products are used asPetroleum products are used asfuels.fuels.

Lubricating oils, grease and vaselineLubricating oils, grease and vaselineare used as lubricants.are used as lubricants.

Paraffin wax, a product of petroleum,Paraffin wax, a product of petroleum,is used for manufacturing candles,is used for manufacturing candles,polishes, waxed paper, waterpolishes, waxed paper, waterproofing, etc.proofing, etc.


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COAL AND ITS PRODUCTSCOAL AND ITS PRODUCTS

Coal is a complex mixture of carbon,Coal is a complex mixture of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen compounds.hydrogen and oxygen compounds.

Some nitrogen, sulphur andSome nitrogen, sulphur andphosphorus compounds are alsophosphorus compounds are alsopresent.present.

It is found in coal mines deep underIt is found in coal mines deep underthe surface of earth.the surface of earth.


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How Coal was formed?How Coal was formed?

Coal was formed by the decomposition ofCoal was formed by the decomposition ofplants and trees buried under the surfaceplants and trees buried under the surfaceof the earth long long ago.of the earth long long ago.

Due to high temperature and highDue to high temperature and highpressure & in the absence of air, woodpressure & in the absence of air, woodwas converted into coal.was converted into coal.

The chemical process of the conversion ofThe chemical process of the conversion ofwood into coal is called Carbonisation.wood into coal is called Carbonisation.


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Coal formationCoal formation


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Different types of CoalDifferent types of Coal

Sl.Sl.NoNo

Type of CoalType of Coal Carbon contentCarbon content(%)(%)

11

22

33

44

PeatPeat

Lignite (soft coal)Lignite (soft coal)

BituminousBituminous(household coal)(household coal)

Anthracite (hard coal)Anthracite (hard coal)

6060

7070

8080

9090


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Products of CoalProducts of Coal

Coal Gas.Coal Gas.

Ammoniacal Liquor (solution ofAmmoniacal Liquor (solution ofammonia)ammonia)

Coaltar. This, on further distillationCoaltar. This, on further distillationgives benzene, toluene, xylene,gives benzene, toluene, xylene,phenol, naphthalene and anthracene.phenol, naphthalene and anthracene.

Coke. The solid residue left behindCoke. The solid residue left behindafter the dry distillation of coal isafter the dry distillation of coal isknown as Coke.known as Coke.


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Uses of CoalUses of Coal

Used as domestic and industrial fuel.Used as domestic and industrial fuel.

Used in the manufacture of fuel gases likeUsed in the manufacture of fuel gases likecoal gas and water gas.coal gas and water gas.

Used in the manufacture of syntheticUsed in the manufacture of syntheticpetrol.petrol.

Used to make coke which acts as aUsed to make coke which acts as areducing agent in metallurgy.reducing agent in metallurgy.

Used as a source of organic compoundsUsed as a source of organic compoundslike benzene, toluene, phenol, aniline andlike benzene, toluene, phenol, aniline andanthracene.anthracene.


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FUELSFUELS

The material or the substance whichThe material or the substance whichis burnt to produce heat energy isis burnt to produce heat energy isknown as Fuel.known as Fuel.

Wood, coal, domestic gas (LPG),Wood, coal, domestic gas (LPG),kerosene, diesel and petrol fuels arekerosene, diesel and petrol fuels areused as fuels.used as fuels.

During the process of burning theDuring the process of burning thefuel, a lot of heat and light isfuel, a lot of heat and light isproduced.produced.


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Types of FuelsTypes of Fuels

Based on the physical status,Based on the physical status,fuels are of three types.fuels are of three types.

SOLID FUELSSOLID FUELSLIQUID FUELSLIQUID FUELS

GASEOUS FUELSGASEOUS FUELS


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Solid FuelsSolid Fuels

Wood, Charcoal, coal, coke,Wood, Charcoal, coal, coke,paraffin and tallow are some ofparaffin and tallow are some of

the commonly used solid fuels.the commonly used solid fuels. Solid fuels require much spaceSolid fuels require much space

for storage and leave smoke andfor storage and leave smoke and

ash on burning.ash on burning.


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Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels

Most of the liquid fuels are obtainedMost of the liquid fuels are obtainedfrom petroleum.from petroleum.

Petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil,Petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil,benzene, alcohol are some of thebenzene, alcohol are some of themost commonly used liquid fuels.most commonly used liquid fuels.

They require less storage space thanThey require less storage space thansolid fuels and leave no solid residuesolid fuels and leave no solid residuewhen burnt.when burnt.


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Gaseous FuelsGaseous Fuels

Gaseous fuels are mainly used inGaseous fuels are mainly used indomestic as well as industrialdomestic as well as industrialpurposes. Some important fuels are:purposes. Some important fuels are:

Natural Gas (CHNatural Gas (CH))

Producer Gas (NProducer Gas (N + CO) + CO)

Water Gas (H + CO)Water Gas (H + CO) Coal Gas (CH + H + CO)Coal Gas (CH + H + CO)

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)


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Characteristics of a good fuelCharacteristics of a good fuel

Should have a high calorific value.Should have a high calorific value.

Should not produce any harmful productsShould not produce any harmful productson burning.on burning.

Should cause minimum pollution of air.Should cause minimum pollution of air.

Should be cheap and readily available.Should be cheap and readily available.

Should be easy to store, transport andShould be easy to store, transport and

handle.handle. Should have a low kindling temperature.Should have a low kindling temperature.


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COMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION

Combustion is the process of burning of aCombustion is the process of burning of asubstance generally in the presence ofsubstance generally in the presence ofoxygen with the evolution of heat andoxygen with the evolution of heat and

light.light. For example charcoal burns in air to giveFor example charcoal burns in air to give

carbon dioxide and heat.carbon dioxide and heat.

C + OC + O CO + heat.CO + heat.

Similarly, methane burns in air forming carbonSimilarly, methane burns in air forming carbondioxide, water and heat.dioxide, water and heat.

CH + 2OCH + 2O CO + 2HO + heat.CO + 2HO + heat.


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Combustible and NonCombustible and Non--combustiblecombustible

SubstancesSubstances

Substances such as paper, kerosene,Substances such as paper, kerosene,petrol, straw, wood, etc., whichpetrol, straw, wood, etc., whichburns easily are known asburns easily are known as

Combustible Substances.Combustible Substances. Substances that do not burns easilySubstances that do not burns easily

are called nonare called non-- combustiblecombustibleSubstances. Eg. Iron, glass,Substances. Eg. Iron, glass,diamond, etc.diamond, etc.


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Conditions Necessary forConditions Necessary for

CombustionCombustion

The following three conditions areThe following three conditions arenecessary for combustion:necessary for combustion:--

presence of a combustible substance.presence of a combustible substance. Presence of a supporter ofPresence of a supporter of

combustion.combustion.

Attainment of ignition or kindlingAttainment of ignition or kindlingtemperature.temperature.


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Simple representation of theSimple representation of the

combustion processcombustion process


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Types of CombustionTypes of Combustion

Rapid Combustion.Rapid Combustion.

Spontaneous combustion.Spontaneous combustion.

Explosion.Explosion.


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Rapid CombustionRapid Combustion

If a combustion reaction takes placeIf a combustion reaction takes placewith a high speed, it is known aswith a high speed, it is known asRapid Combustion.Rapid Combustion.

The oxidation reaction in which aThe oxidation reaction in which alarge amount of heat and light arelarge amount of heat and light areproduced in a short time is calledproduced in a short time is called

Rapid Combustion.Rapid Combustion.


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Spontaneous CombustionSpontaneous Combustion

A combustion in which no externalA combustion in which no externalheat is given is known asheat is given is known asspontaneous combustion.spontaneous combustion.

Burning of white phosphorus in air isBurning of white phosphorus in air isthe best example of this type ofthe best example of this type ofcombustion.combustion.


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ExplosionExplosion

When a large amount of gases areWhen a large amount of gases areevolved with the production of aevolved with the production of atremendous amount of heat, lighttremendous amount of heat, lightand sound are called Explosion.and sound are called Explosion.

Example, when a pressure is appliedExample, when a pressure is appliedon the crackers by contact with aon the crackers by contact with a

burning splinter.burning splinter.

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Fuels , Combustion and Flame