Fulfilling the Promises of South Asian Integration: A Gravity Estimation

7/28/2019 Fulfilling the Promises of South Asian Integration: A Gravity Estimation

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OHJK Slrmkec Vopir Wirkis

Aunaknnkec tbi Vrldksis la WlutbOskoe Keticrotkle0O Crovk ty Istkdot kle

Dustoao Dlkeuhhke

El% 8?9Oprkn :6?7

Oskoe Hivinlpdiet Joem Kestktuti


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Xbi Slrmkec Vopir sirkis ks o gletkeuotkle la tbi alrdirny eodih Hksgusskle Vopir sirkis= tbieudjirkec la tbi popirs gletkeuih wktblut ketirruptkle lr gboeci% OHJKs wlrmkec popirsrianigt kektkon khios le o tlpkg oeh ori plstih lenkei alr hksgusskle% OHJK ieglurocis riohirs tlplst tbikr glddiets le tbi doke poci alr iogb wlrmkec popir "ckvie ke tbi gktotkle jinlw+%

Wldi wlrmkec popirs doy hivinlp ketl ltbir alrds la pujnkgotkle%

Wuccistih gktotkle0

Dlkeuhhke. D% :6?7% Aunaknnkec tbi Vrldksis la Wlutb Oskoe Keticrotkle0 O Crovkty Istkdotkle%OHJK Slrmkec Vopir 8?9% Xlmyl0 Oskoe Hivinlpdiet Joem Kestktuti% Ovoknojni0bttp0,,www%ohjk%lrc,wlrmkec$popir,:6?7,68,69,99;1%prldksis%slutb%oskoe%keticrotkle,

Vniosi gletogt tbi outblr alr kealrdotkle ojlut tbks popir%

Idokn0 dlkeuhhkeFkcis%lr%p

Dustoao Dlkeuhhke ks o risiorgbir ot tbi Kestktuti alr Cnljon Ievkrledieton Wtrotickis"KCIW+ ke Boyodo. @ opoe%

Xbi outblr wlunh nkmi tl tboem Coeisboe Skceoro o oeh Qkgtlr Vletkeis la tbi OskoeHivinlpdiet Joem Kestktuti alr tbikr vonuojni glddiets le tbi hroat virskle la tbkspopir%

Xbi vkiws ixprissih ke tbks popir ori tbi vkiws la tbi outblr oeh hl elt eigissorknyrianigt tbi vkiws lr plnkgkis la OHJK. tbi OHJ. kts Jlorh la Hkrigtlrs. lr tbi clviredietstbiy riprisiet% OHJK hlis elt cuoroetii tbi oggurogy la tbi hoto kegnuhih ke tbks popiroeh oggipts el rispleskjknkty alr oey glesiquiegis la tbikr usi% Xirdkelnlcy usih doyelt eigissorkny ji gleskstiet wktb OHJ laakgkon tirds%

Oskoe Hivinlpdiet Joem KestktutiMosudkcosimk Juknhkec 2A7$:$9 Mosudkcosimk. Gbkylho$muXlmyl ?66$1662. @ opoe

Xin0 -2?$7$79;7$9966Aox0 -2?$7$79;7$993?YZN0 www%ohjk%lrcI$dokn0 kealFohjk%lrc

:6?7 Oskoe Hivinlpdiet Joem Kestktuti
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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OHJK Slrmkec Vopir 8?9 Dlkeuhhke

Ojst rogt

Ke onn tbi rickles la tbi gletidplrory wlrnhkegnuhkec Oskotbiri ks o crlwkec trieh ke dormitgleslnkhotkle tbrlucb rickleon glnnojlrotkle ke tbi alrd la jknotiron oeh rickleon trohiocriidiets% Zickleon gllpirotkle oeh keticrotkle goe aogknktoti tbi woy alr ixpoehkec dormits

oeh griotkec trohi lpplrtuektkis% Blwivir. dormit$nih keticrotkle ke Wlutb Osko nocs jibkehltbir rickles. ivie tblucb tbi rickles cilcropby oeh gldporotkvi ohvoetocis laair tbipltietkon alr o bkcbny keticrotih trohi. kevistdiet. oeh prlhugtkle spogi% Xbi Wlutb OskoeOsslgkotkle alr Zickleon Gllpirotkle "WOOZG+. wbkgb ks tbi dlst kdplrtoet udjrinnolrcoekzotkle ke tbi rickle. bos tomie siviron kektkotkvis alr ieboegkec keticrotkletbi WlutbOskoe Vriairietkon Xrohkec Orroecidiet "WOVXO+. oeh tbi Wlutb Oskoe Arii Xrohi Orio"WOAXO+. oeh dlri rigietny tbi WOOZG Ocriidiet le Xrohi ke Wirvkgis "WOXKW+. wbkgb wosskceih ke :6?6 "WOOZG Wigritorkot :668. :6?6+% Kt ks iorny hoys. jut tbiri ks stotkstkgon ivkhiegisuccistkec tbot ketro$rickleon trohi odlec tbi WOAXO didjirs ks rkskec snlwny jut suriny%Vlnkgydomirs os winn os juskeiss gldduektkis ogrlss tbi Wlutb Oskoe rickle bovi jigldikegrioskecny ketiristih ke WOAXO oeh kts pltietkon jieiakts%

Xbi purplsi la tbks popir ks tl ixodkei tbi hitirdkeoets oeh trohi iaaigts la WOAXO uskecidpkrkgon ditblhs% Kt jickes wktb oe lvirvkiw la Wlutb Osko alr o cieiron uehirstoehkec la tbistoti la tbi rickles igleldy oeh trohi os winn os tbi rigiet prlcriss ke cnljon oeh rickleonketicrotkle la tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis% Xbi popir tbie prlgiihs tl rivkiw sldi la tbirinivoet stuhkis le Wlutb Oskos trohi keticrotkle wktbke tbi gletixt la tbi idpkrkgon ditblhsusih ke oeonyzkec trohi iaaigts la rickleon kestrudiets% Oe idpkrkgon spigkakgotkle la tbi crovktydlhin ks hivinlpih ke tbi eixt sigtkle tl oeonyzi tbi hitirdkeoets la trohi anlws alr tbi WOAXOgluetrkis% Josih le tbi risunts la tbi dlhinkec ixirgksi. tbi glegnuhkec sigtkle la tbi popirhksgussis tbi plnkgy kdpnkgotkles la WOAXO. bkcbnkcbtkec tbi eiih alr doketokekec tbi prkdogy laigleldkg keticrotkle ke tbi rickles crlwtb oeh hivinlpdiet prlgissis% Xbi popir orcuis tbottbi rigiet suggiss ke tbi crlwtb piralrdoegi la tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis laairs prlspigts oswinn os gbonniecis alr hiipir keticrotkle wktb tbi cnljon igleldy% Keticrotkle uehir tbi WOAXOks. Wlutb Osko dust uehirstoeh. tbi akrst stip ke tbot hkrigtkle%

@IN Gnossk akgotkle0 A?7. A?8. A?9


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Gletiets

?% Ketrlhugtkle %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7

:%

Lvirvkiw la Wlutb Oskos Igleldy oeh Xrohi

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8

7% Idpkrkgon Ditblhs alr Oeonyzkec Xrohi Vlnkgy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?8

7%? Gldputojni Cieiron Iquknkjrkud "GCI+ dlhins %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?87%: Crovkty Dlhins la Ketireotkleon Xrohi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?9

8% Zivkiw la Winigtih Nktiroturi le tbi Kdpogt la Igleldkg Gllpirotkle oeh Keticrotkleodlec Wlutb Oskoe Igleldkis %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?1

9% O Crovkty Dlhin alr Wlutb Oskoe Arii Xrohi Orio "WOAXO+ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?3

9%?

Dlhin Wpigkakgotkle oeh Hoto

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?39%: Istkdotkle Zisunts oeh Oeonytkgon Hksgusskle %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:?

1% Glegnuskle %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:9

Ziairiegis %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:3


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7

?% KEXZLHYGXKLE

Doey Oskoe gluetrkis bovi ixpirkiegih sustokeih igleldkg crlwtb skegi tbi iorny ?;26s=tbks bos risuntih ke oe kegriosi la Oskoe gluetrkis sbori ke cnljon crlss hldistkg prlhugt"CHV+ oeh o skcekakgoet rksi ke tbikr pir gopkto kegldi% Xbi rickle blsts sldi la tbi dlsthyeodkg igleldkis la tbi gletidplrory wlrnh% Xbi igleldkg striectb la Kehko oeh tbiVilpnis Zipujnkg la Gbkeo "VZG+ ks onriohy vkskjni wbkni tbi pltietkon la ltbir igleldkis ksonsl riglcekzih%?

Kegriosih portkgkpotkle ke ketireotkleon trohi bos jiie o higkskvi aogtlr ke tbi crlwtb la tbiidirckec Oskoe igleldkis% Xbi kdplrt sujstktutkle plnkgkis tbot doey Oskoe gluetrkispursuih hurkec tbi plst$Wigleh Slrnh Sor pirklh hkh elt prlvi tl ji iaaigtkvi. jut tbisiplnkgkis wiri ke pnogi alr o nlec tkdi oeh kt tllm higohis tl kektkoti tbi akrst rialrds% Hurkectbi ?;36s. Iost Osko

Ontblucb doey rksms oeh gbonniecis stknn pirskst. tbi Oskoe rickle elwie`lys o strlec igleldkg plsktkle. oeh ks ixpigtih tl bovi o dlri kdplrtoet oeh hiakekecrlni ke tbi cnljon igleldy%

: stortih lpiekec up. idjrogkec lutworh$lrkietih strotickis wbkgbrisuntih ke jrkeckec hyeodksd tl tbikr igleldkis% Xbi rickle alnnlwih oe ixplrt$nih crlwtb

dlhin wktb dlst akeon cllhs slnh ke tbi dormits la Iurlpi oeh tbi Yektih Wtotis% Ke IostOsko. kt wos tbi dormit tbot hrlvi tbi igleldy tlworh kdprlvih iaakgkiegy oeh ieboegihprlhugtkvkty% Hispkti tbisi kdplrtoet nissles. crlwtb$ritorhkec kdplrt sujstktutkle plnkgkispirskstih dugb nlecir ke Wlutb Osko%7

Insiwbiri ke tbi wlrnhportkgunorny ke Iost Oskotbiri ks o crlwkec trieh ke dormitgleslnkhotkle tbrlucb rickleon trohkec orroecidiets ke tbi alrd la jknotiron oeh rickleontrohi ocriidiets% Zickleon gllpirotkle oeh keticrotkle. nkmi cnljonkzotkle. goe aogknktoti tbiwoy alr ixpoehkec dormits oeh griotkec trohi lpplrtuektkis "OHJ oeh OusOKH :66;+% Ke tbiIost Oskoe ixplrt$lrkietih kehustrkis. dormit$nih hi aogtl rickleonkzotkle prigihih alrdonhi `uri keticrotkle% Xbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis. le tbi gletrory. bovi elt jiie ojni tl ciorup tbikr dormit keticrotkle iktbir alrdonny lr kealrdonny. oeh tbi rickle bos ridokeih tbiniost keticrotih lei. ontblucb kts cilcropby oeh gldporotkvi ohvoetocis blnh lut tbipltietkon alr o bkcbny keticrotih trohi. kevistdiet. oeh prlhugtkle spogi "Xiwork :662+% XbiWlutb Oskoe Osslgkotkle alr Zickleon Gllpirotkle "WOOZG+. wbkgb ks tbi dlst kdplrtoetudjrinno lrcoekzotkle ke tbi rickle. bos tomie siviron kektkotkvis alr ieboegkec keticrotkletbi Wlutb Oskoe Vriairietkon Xrohkec Orroecidiet "WOVXO+ oeh tbi Wlutb Oskoe Arii XrohiOrio "WOAXO+. oeh dlri rigietny tbi WOOZG Ocriidiet le Xrohi ke Wirvkgis "WOXKW+

Xbi sktuotkle wos aurtbir occrovotih jy plnktkgongleankgts. wbkgb bos jiie o do`lr aioturi la tbi stoti alrdotkle prlgiss ke Wlutb Osko% Eltsurprkskecny. Wlutb Osko os o wblni bos typkgonny jiie gborogtirkzih jy nlw trohi$tl$CHVrotkl. snuccksb crlwtb oeh kehustrkonkzotkle. oeh wiom ixplrt piralrdoegi% Vlnkgy gboecisstortih tl lggur ke tbi iorny ?;;6s wbie kehkvkhuon Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis jicoe tlidjrogi crlwtb$ogginirotkec plnkgy rialrds wktb tbi crohuon lpiekec up la tbikr igleldkis%Nkmi Iost Osko. Wlutb Osko onsl ohlptih o crlwtb dlhin josih le trohi nkemocis wktbSistire dormits% Oggiss tl norci dormits onnlwih tbisi gluetrkis tl ixpnlkt tbikr

igleldkis la sgoni. wbkni trohi nkjironkzotkle stkdunotih tbi crlwtb la tbikr prlhugtkvisigtlrs%

?Dlst la tbi Clnhdoe Wogbs$khietkakih Eixt Inivie gluetrkis wktb pltietkon tl jigldi niohkec igleldkis la tbiwlrnh "onlec wktb Jrozkn. Zussko. Kehko. oeh tbi VZG+ ori arld tbi Oskoe rickle "Clnhdoe Wogbs :663+%

:Iost Osko ke tbks popir riairs tl tbi tie didjir gluetrkis la tbi Osslgkotkle la Wlutbiost Oskoe Eotkles"OWIOE+Jrueik Horussonod. Godjlhko. Kehleisko. Nol Vilpnis Hidlgrotkg Zipujnkg. Donoysko. Dyoedor.Vbknkppkeis. Wkecoplri. Xboknoeh. oeh Qkit Eod= pnus tbi VZG. tbi Zipujnkg la Mlrio. oeh @ opoe%

7Ke tbks popir. Wlutb Osko riairs tl tbi ikcbt didjir gluetrkis la tbi Wlutb Osko Osslgkotkle alr Zickleon

Gllpirotkle "WOOZG+Oacboekstoe. Joecnohisb. Jbutoe. Kehko. Eipon. Vomkstoe. Wrk Noemo. oeh tbiDonhkvis% Blwivir. hui tl tbi ueovoknojknkty la hoto. Oacboekstoe oeh Jbutoe bovi elt jiie kegnuhih ke dlstla tbi oeonytkgon ports la tbks stuhy%


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8

wbkgb wos skceih ke :6?6 "WOOZG Wigritorkot :668. :6?6+% Elt dugb bos jiie ogbkivih slaor uehir tbisi kestrudiets. jut tbiri ks stotkstkgon ivkhiegi succistkec tbot ketro$rickleontrohi odlec tbi WOAXO didjirs ks rkskec snlwny jut stiohkny0 tbi rotkl kegriosih arld:%;?) ke ?;;6 tl 8%7?) ke :6?6 "OHJ :6?:j+% Vlnkgydomirs os winn os juskeissgldduektkis ogrlss tbi Wlutb Oskoe rickle bovi jigldi kegrioskecny ketiristih ke WOAXOoeh kts pltietkon jieiakts%

Xbi purplsi la tbks popir ks tl ixodkei tbi hitirdkeoets oeh trohi iaaigts la WOAXO%Wigtkle twl la tbi popir prlvkhis o cieiron lvirvkiw la Wlutb Oskos igleldy oeh trohi%Wigtkle tbrii oeh alur hksguss tbi idpkrkgon ditblhs usih ke oeonyzkec trohi iaaigts oehrivkiws sldi rinivoet stuhkis le Wlutb Oskos trohi keticrotkle% Wigtkle akvi hivinlps oeidpkrkgon spigkakgotkle la tbi crovkty dlhin tl oeonyzi tbi hitirdkeoets la trohi anlws alr tbiWOAXO gluetrkis% Wigtkle skx glegnuhis tbi popir wktb o hksgusskle le tbi plnkgykdpnkgotkles la WOAXO josih le tbi risunts la tbi idpkrkgon stuhy%

:% LQIZQKIS LA WLYXB OWKOW IGLELD[ OEH XZOHI

Hispkti tbikr igleldkg hyeodksd skegi tbi iorny ?;;6s. tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis stknn aogio pnitblro la rksms lr gbonniecis ke tirds la rihugkec plvirty. sustokekec auturi crlwtb. oehdkekdkzkec igleldkg oeh ele$igleldkg keiquonktkis% Os la :6??. tbi rickle oggluets alrojlut :8) la cnljon plpunotkle jut leny 7%:9) la tlton wlrnh CHV "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+%Ogglrhkec tl tbi Slrnh Joems dlst rigiet plvirty istkdotis. ojlut 93? dknnkle pilpni"eiorny lei$tbkrh la tbi tlton+ ke tbi rickle survkvi le niss tboe (?%:9 o hoy "Slrnh Joem:6?:j+% Wlutb Oskos portkgkpotkle ke ketireotkleon trohi bos jiie skcekakgoetny nkdktih= ke:6?6. kts tlton trohi wktb tbi wlrnh wos (;9? jknnkle "OHJ :6?:o+. oeh kts sbori la tlton wlrnhixplrts oggluetih alr o diri :%7) "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+% Dugb la tbi rickles pltietkon ks yittl ji toppih%

Ke tirds la igleldkg skzi. tbi ikcbt didjirs vory skcekakgoetny% Kehko blnhs dlri tboe 26)

la tlton Wlutb Oskoe CHV. wbirios sdonnir igleldkis sugb os Oacboekstoe. Jbutoe. tbiDonhkvis. oeh Eipon oggluet alr niss tboe ?) iogb "Akcuri ?+%

Akcuri ?0 Wbori la Kehkvkhuon Gluetrkis CHV ke Wlutb Oskos Xlton CHV :6??

Wlurgi0 Outblrs gongunotkles josih le Slrnh Joem :6?:o "Slrnh Hivinlpdiet Kehkgotlrs :6?:%Ovoknojni0bttp0,,hoto%wlrnhjoem%lrc,hoto$gotonlc,wlrnh$hivinlpdiet$kehkgotlrs,whk$:6?:. oggissih ?1Oucust :6?:+%

Wlutb Oskos igleldkg strugturi bos typkgonny jiie gborogtirkzih jy nlw occricoti kegldi.wiom budoe rislurgis. oeh o rotbir nlw nivin la igleldkg hkvirskakgotkle% Elt surprkskecny.tbi rickleon igleldy bos trohktkleonny jiie biovkny hipiehiet le ocrkgunturi% Sbkni WlutbOsko ks rihugkec kts lvirhipiehiegi le ocrkgunturi. tbks sigtlr stknn ritokes o skcekakgoet sborike tbi rickles igleldy "Akcuri :+. oeh oggluetih alr dlri tboe 96) la tlton idpnlydiet ke
http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012


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9

:6?6 "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+% Ke tbi sirvkgis sigtlr. tbi rickles suggiss bos jiie ridormojni%Ke ?;36. tbi sirvkgis sigtlr oggluetih alr ojlut 72) la tbi rickles tlton CHV. jut jy ?;26kt boh lvirtomie ocrkgunturi tl jigldi tbi norcist sigtlr. oggluetkec alr lvir 86) la tltonCHV% Jy :6??. tbks rotkl boh kegriosih tl 91) "Akcuri :+% Kt ks onsl tbi aostist crlwkecrickle la tbi wlrnh ke tirds la ixplrts la sirvkgis% Arld ?;;9 tl :6?6. glddirgkon sirvkgisixplrts arld Wlutb Osko kegriosih eiorny ?7 tkdis "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+% Sktb Kehko niohkectbi woy. Joecnohisb. Vomkstoe oeh Wrk Noemo onsl ixpirkiegih ropkh crlwtb la sirvkgisixplrts% Xbi doeuaogturkec sigtlr. wbkgb hkh elt domi cllh prlcriss ke tirds la kts sborila CHV. bos jiie prihldkeotih jy tbi tixtknis oeh gnltbkec kehustry% La noti. tbks sigtlr bosstortih tl hkvirskay sl os tl keglrplroti bkcbir vonui$ohhih glddlhktkis% Le tbi ltbir boeh.uenkmi ke Iost Osko. hivinlpdiets ke kehustry "kegnuhkec doeuaogturkec+ bovi jiie snlwir.oeh skegi ?;26 tbi sigtlr bos oggluetih alr orlueh o quortir la tlton CHV% Keworh$lrkietihplnkgkis. glupnih wktb o rkckh nojlr dormit oeh kehustrkon ricunotkles ritorhih tbi crlwtb latbks sigtlr "Obnuwonko :66:+% Sktb kehustry oeh ocrkgunturi piralrdkec jinlw por. WlutbOskos sirvkgis sigtlr. nih jy Kehko. ks nkminy tl jigldi tbi borjkecir la o eiw Wlutb Oskoesirvkgis$nih crlwtb porohkcd "Eojk it on% :6?60 vk+%

Akcuri :0 Wboris la Ocrkgunturon. Doeuaogturkec. oeh Wirvkgis Wigtlrs ke tbi

Wlutb Oskoe Igleldy ") la CHV+

Wlurgi0 Slrnh Joem :6?:o "Slrnh Hivinlpdiet Kehkgotlrs :6?:% Ovoknojni0bttp0,,hoto%wlrnhjoem%lrc,hoto$gotonlc,wlrnh$hivinlpdiet$kehkgotlrs,whk$:6?:. oggissih ?1 Oucust :6?:+%

Vrklr tl ?;26. Wlutb Osko wos gborogtirkzih jy pirskstiet gleankgts. vklniegi. nlw pir gopktokegldi. pllr slgkon kehkgotlrs. wkhisprioh plvirty. oeh nlw sovkecs rotis "Obdih :661=Obnuwonko :66:+% Wnuccksb CHV crlwtb rotis siie ke tbi ?;16s oeh ?;36s stortih tl pkgm upke tbi?;26s "Akcuri 7+. tboems tl siviron kektkotkvis sugb os hldistkg oeh ixtireonnkjironkzotkle. oeh ixpoeskleory aksgon plnkgkis% Aurtbir plnkgy sbkats lggurrih ke tbi ?;;6swbie stojknkzotkle oeh strugturon rialrd prlcrods wiri ohlptih tl togmni aksgon oeh ixtireonkdjonoegis tbot orlsi arld tbi ixpoeskleory plnkgkis% Xbisi rialrd prlcrods kegnuhihsiviron nkjironkzotkle sgbidis alr trohi oeh kevistdiet. kegnuhkec torkaa rihugtkle. qultoridlvon. oeh hksdoetnkec la kehustrkon nkgieskec "Obnuwonko :66:+%
http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2012


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1

Akcuri 70 CHV Crlwtb Zoti la Wlutb Osko

Wlurgi0 Slrnh Joem :6?:o "Slrnh Hivinlpdiet Kehkgotlrs :6?:% Ovoknojni0bttp0,,hoto%wlrnhjoem%lrc,hoto$gotonlc,wlrnh$hivinlpdiet$kehkgotlrs,whk$:6?:+. oggissih :6 Oucust :6?6%

Alr o nlec tkdi. Wlutb Osko piralrdih pllrny ke ketireotkleon trohi. oeh noccih jibkeh ltbirrickles ke tirds la keticrotkle wktb cnljon dormits% Kdplrt$sujstktutkec plnkgkis. onlec wktbristrkgtkvi trohi oeh kehustrkon runis glestrokeih tbisi igleldkis rickleon oeh cnljon trohiixpoeskle uetkn ?;;6% Xbi rickles oviroci sbori la trohi ke CHV wos nlwir tboe :6) ke?;;6. norciny jigousi la nlw ixplrts "(:2 jknnkle ke tbi sodi yior+ "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+%Gldporih tl ltbir rickles. ketrorickleon trohi odlec tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis wos onslviry nkdktih. odluetkec leny :%;) ke ?;;6 "OHJ :6?:o+% Wkegi tbi iorny ?;;6s. blwivir.siviron ottidpts bovi jiie kektkotih tl jllst Wlutb Oskoe trohi keticrotkle tbrlucb oeudjir la trohi pogts ot tbi jknotiron. rickleon. oeh duntknotiron nivins% Igleldkg keticrotkle

uehir tbi WOOZG rickdi wos elt ixpnkgktny ievksocih uetkn os noti os tbi ?;;6s "Jlx ?+%Wkegi tbie. tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis bovi alrcih tbi Wlutb Oskoe Arii Xrohi Orio"WOAXO+. wbkgb godi ketl alrgi ke :661 alnnlwkec o higohi$nlec priairietkon trohkecorroecidiet% 8

8 Xbi Wlutb Oskoe Vriairietkon Xrohkec Orroecidiet "WOVXO+. wbkgb wos kektkotih ke ?;;9% Xbi WOVXO rickdiwos ivietuonny suggiihih tbi WOAXO%

WOAXO ks ixpigtih tl trkccir ketrorickleon trohi oeh kdprlvi tbigldpitktkvieiss la tbi rickles igleldkis vks$$vks tbi cnljon porteirs "Jlx :+% Xlcitbirwktb WOAXO. siviron jknotiron kektkotkvisonjikt ot hkaairiet stocis la prlcrissjitwiieKehko$Wrk Noemo. Kehko$Joecnohisb. Joecnohisb$Wrk Noemo. oeh Vomkstoe$Wrk Noemo orisbopkec tbi rickleon igleldkg cilcropby la Wlutb Osko "WOXKE :66207+% Ohhktkleonny. sldigluetrkis onsl wiet jiyleh tbi rickle ke tbikr dlvi tlworhs keticrotkle= tbiy bovi skceih lrori eicltkotkec o eudjir la arii trohi ocriidiets wktb doey gluetrkis lutskhi Osko%


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3

Jlx ?0 Ivlnutkle la Igleldkg Keticrotkle ke Wlutb Osko

Akrst Wlutb Osko Alrikce Wigritorkis Diitkec . ?;2?Xigbekgon Gl$lpirotkle ke akvi sinigtih orios "ocrkgunturon. tinigldduekgotkle. ruron hivinlpdiet.ditilrlnlcy. oeh biontb oeh plpunotkle+

Akrst Wlutb Osko Alrikce Dkekstirs Diitkec. ?;27Nouegbih tbi Keticrotih Vrlcrods la Ogtkles tbrlucb Wlutb Oskoe Zickleon Gllpirotkle alrikcedkekstirs jicoe tl diit le o ricunor josks

Istojnksbdiet la WOOZG. ?;29Lj`igtkvis ori hiakeih le o wkhi roeci la kssuis. kegnuhkec0 prldltkec winaori. ogginirotkecigleldkg crlwtb. striectbiekec glnnigtkvi sina$rinkoegi. itg%O Wigritorkot wos sit up ke EiponO sit la KVOs ks hksgussih uehir WOOZG

Wlutb Os koe Vriairietkon Xrohkec Orroecidiet "WOVXO+. ?;;9Wkceih ke ?;;7 jy tbi Gluegkn la DkekstirsLpirotkleon ke Higidjir ?;;9= eltkakih tbi SXL os o VXO

Hkaairiet rluehs la torkaa gut uehir WOVXOWOVXO$? "::1 1$hkckt BW ktids+ glegnuhih ke ?;;9WOVXO$: "?266 1$hkckt BW ktids+ glegnuhih ke ?;;3

WOVXO$7 ":366 1$hkckt BW ktids+ glegnuhih ke ?;;2WOVXO$8 kektkotih ke ?;;; jut plstpleih% Xonms jicoe ocoke ke :66:%

Wlutb Oskoe Igleldkg Yekle "WOIY+ Wtoci ?0 Wittkec up la o Arii Xrohi Orio "WOAXO+Ocriih ke ?;;1 tl dlvi tlworh WOAXO jy :669Ke ?;;3. tbi ojlvi hiohnkei jrlucbt alrworh tl :66?

Xbi plstpleih ??tb WOOZG suddkt binh ke @ oeuory :66: hkrigtih tbi Gluegkn la Dkekstirs tlakeonkzi tbi hroat WOAXO trioty jy tbi ieh la :66:

Xbi Crlup la Idkeiet Virsles "CIV+ Ziplrt "WOOZG Wigritorkot. ?;;;+ riglddiehih sittkec upWOAXO jy :662 "alr NHG didjirs tbks hiohnkei ks :6?6+

WOIY Wtoci :Wittkec up la o Wlutb Oskoe Gustlds Yekle "WOGY+ jy :6?9 "tbi CIV Ziplrt+

WOIY Wtoci 7Wittkec up la oe WOIY jy :6:6 "tbi CIV Ziplrt+

Wlutb Os koe Arii Xrohi Orio

Wkceih ke :668 jy Alrikce Dkekstirs la Didjir GluetrkisLpirotkleon skegi ? @ oeuory :661 wktb hkaakguntkis rinotkec tl kts kdpnidietotkle%WOOZG Ocriidiet le Xrohi ke Wirvkgis "WOXKW+

Wkceih ke :6?6 ot tbi ?1tb WOOZG Wuddkt ke XbkdpbuOh`uegt tl tbi WOAXO Ocriidiet= wknn ji lpirotkleon uple rotkakgotkle jy tbi didjir gluetrkis%

Wlurgi0 Joehoro oeh [u ":667+ wktb uphotis jy tbi outblr%


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2

Jlx :0 Lvirvkiw l a Wlutb Oskoe Arii Xrohi Orio "WOAXO+

Xbi lvironn clon la tbi WOAXO rickdi ks tl striectbie ketro$WOOZG igleldkg gllpirotkle tldoxkdkzi tbi rionkzotkle la tbi rickle#s pltietkon alr trohi oeh hivinlpdiet alr tbi jieiakt la tbikrpilpni "Vriodjni la tbi WOAXO Ocriidiet+% Xbi Ocriidiet gonns alr prldltkec oeh ieboegkecdutuon trohi oeh igleldkg gllpirotkle odlec tbi didjir stotis jy dioes la inkdkeotkec jorrkirs tl

trohi oeh aogknktotkec tbi grlss$jlrhir dlvidiet la cllhs jitwiie tbi didjir stotis. prldltkecglehktkles alr aokr gldpitktkle oeh iesurkec iquktojni jieiakt alr onn tbi didjir stotis. oehistojnksbkec o arodiwlrm alr aurtbir rickleon gllpirotkle%

Clvireih jy tbi prkegkpnis la tbi Dorromisb Ocriidiet Istojnksbkec tbi Slrnh Xrohi Lrcoekzotkle"SXL+. tbi didjir stotis alrisii WOAXO tl ji josih oeh oppnkih le tbi prkegkpnis la lvironnrigkprlgkty oeh dutuonkty la ohvoetocis ke sugb o woy os tl jieiakt iquktojny onn Gletrogtkec Wtotis.tomkec ketl oggluet tbikr rispigtkvi nivins la igleldkg oeh kehustrkon hivinlpdiet. tbi pottire la tbikrixtireon trohi oeh torkaa plnkgkis oeh systids% Xbi WOAXO Ocriidiet riktirotis tbi urciegy laohhrisskec tbi eiihs la tbi niost$hivinlpih WOAXO gluetrkis. vkz% Joecnohisb. Eipon. Jbutoe oehDonhkvis% WOAXO kevlnvis tbi inkdkeotkle la torkaas. porotorkaas oeh eletorkaa jorrkirs. oeh gonns alr tbiohlptkle la trohi aogknktotkle oeh ltbir diosuris. oeh tbi prlcrisskvi bordlekzotkle la nicksnotkles jytbi Gletrogtkec Wtotis ke tbi rinivoet orios%

Xrohi Nkjironkzotkle VrlcrodAkcuri J:$?0 WOAXO#s XNV Wgbihuni ?, "Ke )+

Wlurgi0 Zlhrcuiz$Hincohl ":663+

WOAXOs trohi nkjironkzotkle prlcrod ohhrissis jltb torkaa oeh ele$torkaa jorrkirs% Xbi didjir stotisla WOAXO ievksoci o tie$yior crohuon pbosi lut la torkaas stortkec arld tbi hoti la gldkec ketl alrgi latbi Ocriidiet. k%i%. ? @ uny :661% Xbi didjir stotis ori glddkttih tl rihugkec torkaas ke twl stocis.ontblucb tbi pogi la rihugtkle ks hkaairiet alr tbi niost$hivinlpih didjirs oeh ele$niost hivinlpihdidjirs "Akcuri J:$?+% Xbi rihugtkle prlgiss ks suddorkzih jinlw0

$ Ele$niost hivinlpih didjir stotis wknn rihugi torkaas arld ixkstkec rotis tl o doxkdud la

:6)% Xorkaas onriohy jinlw :6) wknn ji rihugih le o dorcke la priairiegi josks la ?6) leogtuon torkaa rotis oeeuonny% Xbks rihugtkle wknn ji ixigutih lvir tbi akrst twl yiors arld tbihoti la gldkec ketl alrgi la tbi Ocriidiet% Ke tbi sigleh pbosi. ele$niost hivinlpihdidjir stotis wknn rihugi torkaas tl jitwiie 6) oeh 9) jy tbi tbkrh yior alr prlhugts arldniost hivinlpih didjir stotis oeh lvir 9 yiors alr tbi ridokehir ot o roti la el niss tboe?9) oeeuonny% Blwivir. tbi pirklh la sujsiquiet torkaa rihugtkle jy Wrk Noemo sbonn ji 1yiors%

$ Niost hivinlpih didjir stotis wknn rihugi torkaas arld ixkstkec rotis tl o doxkdud la 76)%Xorkaas onriohy jinlw 76) wknn ji rihugih le o dorcke la priairiegi josks la 9) le ogtuontorkaa rotis oeeuonny% Xbks rihugtkle wknn ji ixigutih lvir tbi akrst twl yiors arld tbi hoti lagldkec ketl alrgi la tbi Ocriidiet% Ke tbi sigleh pbosi. niost hivinlpih didjir stotiswknn rihugi torkaas tl jitwiie 6) oeh 9) lvir 2 yiors ot o roti la el niss tboe ?6)oeeuonny%

Wlurgi0 Dlkeuhhke :662= Zlhrcuiz$Hincohl :663= WOOZG Wigritorkot :668= SXL ?;;8%


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;

Xbisi rigiet hivinlpdiets le tbi ixtireon arlet ke Wlutb Oskoe trohi plnkgy bovi boh oplsktkvi iaaigt le crlwtb ke ixplrts oeh trohi. ontblucb kt wos elt os hrodotkg os wbot tbiIost Oskoe igleldkis boh ixpirkiegih% Yenkmi ke tbi ?;36s oeh ?;26s. kehkvkhuon WlutbOskoe igleldkis ot prisiet ori dugb dlri lpie tl oeh keticrotih wktb tbi cnljon igleldy.wbkgb ks rianigtih jy tbi stiohy rksi ke tbikr oviroci sbori la trohi ke CHV "Xojni ?+% Xrohigldprksih lvir o quortir la Kehkos CHV ke :666. jut wktbke o higohi tbi rotkl kegriosih tldlri tboe bona la tbi gluetrys CHV% Xrohi crlwtb ke Kehko wos prkdorkny trkccirih jy tbirihugtkle ke trohi toxis oeh o dlri iaakgkiet trohi prlgisskec rickdi% Ltbir Wlutb Oskoegluetrkis. portkgunorny Joecnohisb. onsl ixpirkiegih ropkh kegriosi ke trohi. tboems tl tbirihugtkles ke trohi jorrkirs wbkgb povih tbi woy alr sujstoetkon kegriosis ke nojlr$ketieskviixplrts la riohy$dohi cordiets% Xbi trohi tl CHV rotkl ke Joecnohisb rlsi dlri tboe :6pirgietoci plkets. arld 77%:) ke :666 tl 97%;) ke :6??% Wrk Noemo onriohy boh oe lpietrohkec rickdi. wktb oe lpieeiss rotkl la 22%1) ke :666 wbkgb ainn tl 16%7) ke :6??% Eipon.wbkgb hipiehs biovkny le Kehko alr kts ixtireon igleldkg rinotkles. boh oe lpieeiss rotkl la8?%3) ke :6??% Vomkstoe. blwivir. stoccirih hui tl nogm la hkvirskakgotkle la kts ixplrtglddlhktkis% Wlutb Osko os o wblni kdprlvih kts trohi tl CHV rotkl skcekakgoetny. arld:;%8) ke :666 tl 9?%7) ke :6??%

Xojni ?0 Oviroci Wbori la Xrohi ke CHV

")+

Gluetry ?;36 ?;26 ?;;6 :666 :6?6 :6??

Oacboekstoe :?%3 1;%6 6%6

Joecnohisb :6%2 :7%8 ?;%3 77%: 87%8 97%;

Jbutoe 1?%7 2?%2

Kehko 3%9 ?9%? ?9%: :1%9 8;%3 98%9

Donhkvis 792%3 ?12%? ?1?%? ?63%1

Eipon ?7%: 76%7 7:%: 99%3 81%6 8?%3

Vomkstoe ::%8 71%1 72%; :2%? 7:%7 :3%2

Wrk Noemo 98%? 23%6 12%: 22%1 9:%9 16%7

Wlutb Osko ??%3 :6%1 :6%6 :;%8 83%9 9?%7

Wlurgi0 Slrnh Joem :6?: "Slrnh Hivinlpdiet Kehkgotlrs :6?:% Ovoknojni0bttp0,,hoto%wlrnhjoem%lrc,hoto$gotonlc,wlrnh$hivinlpdiet$kehkgotlrs,whk$:6?:. oggissih :6 Oucust :6?6+%

Xbi pottire la trohi la tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis ke rigiet higohis succists tbot tbisiigleldkis trohi dlri wktb tbi ixtrorickleon porteirs tboe wktb tbikr rickleon porteirs% Onntbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis hipieh biovkny le tbi ohvoegih dormits la Iurlpi. @ opoe. oeh

tbi Yektih Wtotis os tbi histkeotkle la tbi ixplrt glddlhktkis% O skdknor trieh goe jiljsirvih alr kdplrts jy tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis% Zigietny. tbi VZG bos jiie jigldkecoe kegrioskecny kdplrtoet trohkec porteir la Kehko os winn os ltbir Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis% Xbiidpkrkgon oeonysks la tbks popir tomis ketl gleskhirotkle 73 sinigtih ixtrorickleon gluetrkistbot bovi skcekakgoet trohi rinotkles wktb tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis%9

9Xbi sinigtkle kegnuhis 1 Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis "ixgnuhkec Oacboekstoe oeh Jbutoe+ oeh 73 ele$Wlutb Oskoe

gluetrkis0

Akcuri 8 hidlestrotis

Wlutb Osko0 Joecnohisb. Kehko. Donhkvis. Eipon. Vomkstoe. oeh Wrk Noemo%

Wlutbiost Osko0 Jrueik Horussonod. Godjlhko. Kehleisko. Nol VHZ. Donoysko. Dyoedor. Vbknkppkeis.Wkecoplri. Xboknoeh. Qkit Eod%

Ltbir Oskoe0 Oustronko= tbi Vilpnis Zipujnkg la Gbkeo "VZG+= Zipujnkg la Mlrio= Blec Mlec. Gbkeo= oeh

@ opoe%Iurlpi0 Oustrko. Jinckud. Hiedorm. Akenoeh. Aroegi. Cirdoey. Criigi. Krinoeh. Ktony. Nuxidjlurc.

Eitbirnoehs. Vlrtucon. Wpoke. Wwihie. oeh tbi Yektih Mkechld%


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Wlutb Oskos ixplrt oeh kdplrt hipiehiegi le tbisi 73 gluetrkis skegi ?;;9% Lvir tbi nosttwl higohis. tbisi sinigtih gluetrkis gleskstietny oggluetih alr dlri tboe bona la WlutbOskos tlton ixplrts os winn os kdplrts% 1

Akcuri 80 Wlutb Oskos Ixplrt oeh Kdplrt Hipiehiegi le 73 Winigtih XrohkecVorteirs skegi ?;;9

Ivie wktb tbi hignkei ke tbi rinotkvi ixplrthipiehiegi la Wlutb Osko le tbisi sinigtih ixtrorickleon gluetrkis ke :6?6. kt ks uenkminytbot tbi pottire wknn gboeci hrostkgonny oey tkdi slle%

Eltis0 Xbi cropb riprisiets tbi rotkl la Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis "ixgnuhkec Oacboekstoe oeh Jbutoe+ tlton ixplrts tloeh tlton kdplrts arld tbi sinigtih 73 gluetrkis "os o crlup+ oeh tbi wlrnh%

Wlurgi0 Outblrs gongunotkles arld KDA :6?:o "Hkrigtkle la Xrohi Wtotkstkgs :6?:GH$ZLD+%

Sbkni onn tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis idjrogih ieboegih cnljon keticrotkle. tbikrketrorickleon keticrotkle bos ridokeih skcekakgoetny nlw. dormih jy snlw crlwtb keketrorickleon trohi% Ixkstkec os oe keticrotih rickle uetkn ?;83. Wlutb Oskos ketrorickleontrohi "os o pirgietoci la tlton trohi+ wos hlujni$hkckt uetkn tbi dkhhni la tbi :6tb

gietury"Zokboe :6?:+% Blwivir. tbi sujsiquiet higohis sow o hrostkg hignkei oeh tbiketrorickleon trohi sbori blvirih jinlw 7) uetkn tbi ieh la ?;26s% Wlutb Oskos trohi wktbjltb kts rickleon oeh ixtireon porteirs jicoe tl riglvir arld tbi ?;;6s "Akcuri 9+. ontblucbtbi pogi la trohi crlwtb wktb ixtireon porteirs bos jiie aostir tboe wktb rickleon porteirs%Ke ?;;6. Wlutb Oskos tlton trohi wktbke tbi rickle oeh wktb tbi wlrnh odluetih tl (?%2 jknnkleoeh (11%:. jknnkle rispigtkviny% Jy :6??. tbi rickles cnljon trohi boh kegriosih tl (;9?%?jknnkle. wbkni wktbke$rickle trohi boh crlwe tl (86%9 jknnkle "Xojni :+%

Elrtb Odirkgo0 Goeoho. Dixkgl. oeh tbi Yektih Wtotis%

Wlutb Odirkgo0 Orcietkeo. Jrozkn. Vorocuoy. Yrucuoy%1

Ontblucb sldi ltbir gluetrkis. portkgunorny arld tbi Dkhhni Iost. onsl ie`ly skcekakgoet trohi rinotkles wktbWlutb Osko. tbiy bovi elt jiie kegnuhih ke tbi nkst la sinigtih gluetrkis hui tl ueovoknojknkty la lvironn hoto alrtbi idpkrkgon oeonysks la tbks popir% Eleitbiniss. tbi strlec trohi rinotkles jitwiie tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkisoeh tbi sinigtih ixtrorickleon gluetrkis prlvkhi o cllh josks alr tbi idpkrkgon stuhy%


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Akcuri 90 Wlutb Oskos Ketrorickleon Xrohi

Eltis0 Xbi Ketro$rickleon trohi ketieskty kehix ks tbi rotkl la tbi ketro$rickleon trohi sbori tl tbi sbori la wlrnh trohiwktb tbi rickle. gongunotih uskec ixplrts hoto% Oe kehix la dlri tboe lei kehkgotis tbot trohi anlws wktbke tbi rickleks norcir tboe ixpigtih ckvie tbi kdplrtoegi la tbi rickle ke wlrnh trohi% Ketro$rickleon trohi sbori ks tbi pirgietocila ketro$rickleon trohi tl tlton trohi la tbi rickle. gongunotih uskec ixplrts hoto% O bkcbir sbori kehkgotis o bkcbir

hicrii la hipiehiegy le rickleon trohi%

Wlurgi0 OHJ :6?:o "Osko Zickleon Keticrotkle Gietir "OZKG+ Keticrotkle Kehkgotlrs Hotojosi%Ovoknojni0bttp0,,orkg%ohj%lrc,kehkgotlr%pbp. oggissih :6 Oucust :6?:+%

Xojni :0 Wlutb Oskos Xlton Xrohi Sktbke tbi Zickle oeh Sktb tbi Slrnh

Ziplrtir Wlutb Osko

Vorteir Wlutb Osko Slrnh

KehkgotlrXlton Xrohi. ke jknnkle

YW(Xlton Xrohi Crlwtb

")+Xlton Xrohi. ke jknnkle

YW(Xlton Xrohi Crlwtb

")+

?;;6 ?%2 E,O 11%: E,O

?;;? :%6 ?: 18%? "7%7+?;;: :%1 76%2 3:%3 ?7%9

?;;7 :%1 "?%3+ 37%; ?%1

?;;8 7%6 ?2%9 2:%7 ??%8

?;;9 8%8 87%7 ?68%8 :1%;

?;;1 9%6 ?9%; ???%2 3

?;;3 8%2 "8%9+ ??;%3 3%?

?;;2 9%2 ?;%3 ??2%2 "6%3+

?;;; 9%? "??+ ?:;%: 2%2

:666 1%: :?%3 ?8:%2 ?6%1

:66? 1%; ?6%: ?8?%9 "6%;+

:66: 3%3 ?: ?92%: ??%2

:667 ?6%2 86%2 ?;:%; :?%;

:668 ?7%: ::%? :88%3 :1%;

:669 ?3%7 76%1 7:8%? 7:%9

:661 :6%7 ?3%: 86?%: :7%2

:663 :1%1 7?%: 962%7 :1%3

:662 :;%? ;%1 166%7 ?2%?

:66; ::%3 "::+ 972%6 "?6%8+

:6?6 77%: 89%; 3?;%; 77%2

:6?? 86%9 ::%? ;9?%? 7:%?

" + 4eicotkvi%

Wlurgi0 OHJ :6?:o "Osko Zickleon Keticrotkle Gietir "OZKG+ Keticrotkle Kehkgotlrs Hotojosi%Ovoknojni0bttp0,,orkg%ohj%lrc,kehkgotlr%pbp. oggissih :6 Oucust :6?:+%
http://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.php


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Ke spkti la sldi kegriosi ke Wlutb Oskos ketrorickleon trohi ke rigiet yiors. tbi ricklegletkeuis tl ji lei la tbi niost keticrotih ke tbi wlrnh% Akcuri 1 prlvkhis o gldporotkvipkgturi la ketro$rickleon trohi sboris la Wlutb Osko. Osslgkotkle la Wlutbiost Oskoe Eotkles"OWIOE+ oeh OWIOE-7 gluetrkis% Kt gniorny sblws tbot tbi ltbir twl rickles ori dugbobioh la Wlutb Osko ke tirds la rickleon keticrotkle= ke :6??. Wlutb Oskos ketrorickleon trohiwos leny 8%7) wbirios glrrisplehkec akcuris alr OWIOE oeh OWIOE-7 wiri :1) oeh7;). rispigtkviny%

Akcuri 10 Wlutb Osko Nocs Jibkeh ltbir Oskoe Zickles ke tirds la Keticrotkle

Wlurgi0 OHJ :6?:o "Osko Zickleon Keticrotkle Gietir ]OZKGT Keticrotkle Kehkgotlrs Hotojosi%Ovoknojni0bttp0,,orkg%ohj%lrc,kehkgotlr%pbp"oggissih :6 Oucust :6?:+%

Xojni 7 prisiets kehkvkhuon Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis ixplrts tl. kdplrts arld. oeh tlton trohiwktb tbi Wlutb Oskoe rickle os pirgietoci la tbi rispigtkvi gluetrkis tlton ixplrts. tltonkdplrts. oeh tlton trohi% Xbi hoto sblws tbot tbisi gluetrkis ke cieiron trohi dlri wktbixtireon porteirs tboe wktb iogb ltbir% Alr ixodpni. ke :6??. Kehkos trohi wktb ltbir WlutbOskoe gluetrkis oggluetih alr leny :) la kts tlton trohi% Ke ltbir wlrhs. ;2) la Kehkos trohilggurrih wktb tbi rist la tbi wlrnh% Xbi sodi ks trui alr onn ltbir Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis wktbtbi ixgiptkle la Eipon% Ohhktkleonny. jorrkec Oacboekstoe oeh Eipon. onn tbisi gluetrkishipieh biovkny le dormits lutskhi Wlutb Osko os tbikr ixplrt histkeotkles%

Alr o prlnlecih pirklh la tkdi. Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis doketokeih bkcb torkaa jorrkirs oehltbir prltigtklekst diosuris% Alnnlwkec tbi plnkgy gboecis la tbi ?;;6s. doey Wlutb Oskoeigleldkis prlcrisskviny rihugih tbikr torkaa rotis uehir tbikr trohi nkjironkzotkle kektkotkvis oswinn os ke nkei wktb tbikr SXL ljnkcotkles% Wiviron rluehs la torkaa rihugtkles onsl tllm pnogiuehir tbi WOVXO rickdi% Xbi trohi nkjironkzotkle prlcrod "XNV+ la WOAXO ievksocis o tie$yior crohuon pbosi$lut la torkaas odlec tbi didjir gluetrkis% Akcuri 3 prisiets tbihignkekec trieh ke skdpni oviroci dioe oppnkih torkaa rotis la Wlutb Osko% Sbkni ke ?;;2 tbirickleon oviroci wos lvir 88). jy :6?6 kt boh aonnie tl `ust ojlvi ?6)% Hispkti tbisikektkotkvis. do`lr Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkisKehko. Vomkstoe. oeh Joecnohisbstknn doketokeskcekakgoetny bkcb torkaa rotis% Ke aogt. oviroci torkaa rotis ke Wlutb Osko os o wblni ori bkcbirtboe tbi oviroci la ltbir rickles "Zokboe :6?:+%
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Xojni 70 Wbori la Ketrorickleon Xrohi ke Wlutb Osko

Gluetry ?;;6 ?;;9 :666 :669 :6?6 :6??

Ixplrt Wbori ")+o

Oacboekstoe ?8%: ?7%? 8:%8 8:%2 98%8 1:%8

Joecnohisb 7%3 :%3 ?%3 :%: :%; 7%7

Kehko 7%? 9%? 8%7 9%7 8%; 8%8

Donhkvis ?8%6 ::%1 ?2%? ?3%8 78%7 ?;%6

Eipon 3%3 ;%: 8:%; 13%8 19%9 1?%6

Vomkstoe 8%6 7%8 8%1 ??%: ?:%8 ?:%9

Wrk Noemo 7%2 :%3 7%9 ?6%7 3%8 2%:

Kdplrt Wbori ")+j

Oacboekstoe ?8%9 ?6%: :3%7 88%3 :2%8 :1%?

Joecnohisb 1%2 ?3%3 ??%3 ?9%: ?9%3 ?9%1

Kehko 6%9 6%1 6%; 6%; 6%9 6%9

Donhkvis ?:%: ?7%: :7%6 ?3%8 ?9%: ?8%8Eipon ?7%8 ?3%: 73%8 9;%3 93%8 93%8

Vomkstoe ?%3 ?%1 :%3 7%6 1%7 8%7

Wrk Noemo 3%6 ?:%: ?6%1 ::%8 :9%3 :3%8

Xrohi Wbori ")+g

Oacboekstoe ?8%9 ??%? 76%? 88%1 :;%2 :3%1

Joecnohisb 9%2 ?:%2 3%; ?6%7 ??%7 ??%7

Kehko ?%1 :%3 :%8 :%3 :%: :%6

Donhkvis ?:%3 ?8%7 ::%: ?3%8 ?3%? ?8%;

Eipon ??%; ?8%2 7;%? 1?%; 92%2 93%;

Vomkstoe :%3 :%7 7%9 1%: 2%8 3%6

Wrk Noemo 9%1 3%2 3%8 ?3%7 ?;%7 :?%?

Eltis0

o% Ixplrt sbori ks tbi pirgietoci la ixplrts clkec tl o porteir tl tlton ixplrts la o gluetry,rickle% O bkcbir sborikehkgotis o bkcbir hicrii la keticrotkle jitwiie porteir gluetrkis,rickles%

j% Kdplrt sbori ks tbi pirgietoci la kdplrts arld o porteir tl tlton kdplrts la o gluetry,rickle% O bkcbir sborikehkgotis o bkcbir hicrii la keticrotkle jitwiie porteir gluetrkis,rickles%

g% Xrohi sbori ks tbi pirgietoci la trohi wktb o porteir tl tlton trohi la o gluetry,rickle% O bkcbir sbori kehkgotis obkcbir hicrii la keticrotkle jitwiie porteir gluetrkis,rickles%

Wlurgi0 Wlurgi0 OHJ :6?:o "Osko Zickleon Keticrotkle Gietir "OZKG+ Keticrotkle Kehkgotlrs Hotojosi%Ovoknojni0bttp0,,orkg%ohj%lrc,kehkgotlr%pbp. oggissih :6 Oucust :6?:+%

Sbkni tbiri ks pniety la nktiroturi le tbi pltietkon la arii trohi ocriidiets ke ltbir rickles la

tbi wlrnh. Wlutb Osko os o rickleon crlupkec bos leny rigietny stortih tl cieiroti tbiketirist la sgblnors% Wiviron stuhkis bovi jiie glehugtih uskec hkaairiet ditblhlnlckis oehtbi kssui la wbitbir tbi WOAXO rickdi wknn ji jieiakgkon alr Wlutb Osko os o wblni os winnos alr kehkvkhuon gluetrkis stknn ridokes o dottir la gleskhirojni hijoti% Xbi eixt sigtkles latbks popir wknn rivkiw sldi la tbisi stuhkis wktbke tbi gletixt la hkaairiet idpkrkgon ditblhsusih ke oeonyzkec trohi iaaigts la rickleon kestrudiets. oeh tbie hivinlp oe idpkrkgonistkdotkle la tbi crovkty dlhin tl oeonyzi tbi hitirdkeoets oeh trohi iaaigts la WOAXO%
http://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.phphttp://aric.adb.org/indicator.php


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?8

Akcuri 30 Hignkekec Xrieh ke Wkdpni Oviroci Dioe Oppn kih Xorka a Zotis laWlutb Oskoe Igleldkis

Eltis0 Wkdpni dioe oppnkih torkaa ks tbi uewikcbtih oviroci la iaaigtkviny oppnkih rotis alr onn prlhugts suj`igt tltorkaas gongunotih alr onn trohih cllhs%

Wlurgi0 Slrnh Joem :6?:o "Slrnh Hivinlpdiet Kehkgotlrs :6?:% Ovoknojni0bttp0,,hoto%wlrnhjoem%lrc,hoto$gotonlc,wlrnh$hivinlpdiet$kehkgotlrs,whk$:6?:. oggissih ?2 Oucust :6?:+%

7% IDVKZKGON DIXBLHW ALZ OEON[PKEC XZOHI VLNKG[

O crlwkec jlhy la stuhkis usis idpkrkgon ditblhs alr quoetktotkviny oeonyzkec trohi plnkgy%Oeonytkgon dlhins binp prlvkhi o woy la ivonuotkec trohi oeh igleldkg plnkgkis ke otbilritkgonny gleskstiet doeeir oeh tbus aogknktoti plnkgydomkec prlgissis% Oeonytkgondlhins ori gblsie josih le tbi purplsi la o spigkakg stuhy% Alr istkdotkec tbi auturi

kdpogt la hkaairiet trohi plnkgkis. ix oeti stuhkis usi skdunotkles wktb portkon lr cieironiquknkjrkud dlhins% Alr quoetkaykec tbi ogtuon iaaigts la trohi plnkgkis onriohy kdpnidietih.ix plst iglelditrkg stuhkis ori usih% Xwl glddleny usih oeonytkgon tigbekquis alrossisskec tbi kdpogt la arii trohi ocriidiets "AXO+ ori crovkty dlhins "ix plst+ oehgldputojni cieiron iquknkjrkud "GCI+ dlhins "ix oeti+% Yenkmi portkon iquknkjrkud dlhins.jltb crovkty oeh GCI dlhins laair cieiron iquknkjrkud opprlogbis. tomkec ketl oggluet tbinkemocis jitwiie siviron ketirogtkec dormits%

7%? Gldputojni Cieiron Iqukn kjr kud "GCI+ dlhins

Zisiorgbirs usi GCI dlhins tl oeonyzi norci sgoni plnkgy gboecisprklr tl tbikr

kdpnidietotklejosih le tbi prisiet igleldy os o jiegbdorm. wbkgb ieojnisplnkgydomirs tl diosuri tbi kdpogt la plnkgkis "Kvus oeh Wtrlec :663+% Os oe igleldy$wkhidlhin. tbi GCI opprlogb hisgrkjis tbi dltkvotkles oeh jibovklr la onn prlhugirs oehglesudirs ke oe igleldy oeh tbi nkemocis odlec tbid "Juraksbir :6??+% Wugb woy laquoetkaykec tbi kdpogt la plnkgkis wktb GCI dlhins bos kts lrkcke ke tbi keput$lutput dlhinspkleiirih jy Niletkia "?;9?+. jut kdprlvih skcekakgoetny jy ltbirs. kegnuhkec @ lboesie"?;16+ wbl oppnkih ele$nkeior dlhins alr khietkaykec tbi slurgis la crlwtb%

GCI dlhins bovi jiie ixtieskviny usih ke oeonyzkec o wkhi roeci la igleldkg kssuis sugbos toxotkle. hivinlpdiet plnkgkis. oeh gnkdoti gboeci% Kektkonny. tbi oppnkgotkle la GCIdlhins algusih dokeny le tox plnkgkis "alr ixodpni. Wblvie oeh Sbonniy ?;28. oeh Virikrooeh Wblvie ?;22+% Wkegi tbi iorny ?;;6s. tbiri bos jiie oe kegrioskec usi la GCI dlhinsalr stuhykec tbi prlspigtkvi iaaigts la tbi alrdotkle la AXOs. kegnuhkec tblsi glvirkec tbi


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?9

Iost Oskoe igleldkis "Aroeglks oeh Skceoroò :66;+% 3

Ke spkti la tbikr ohvoetocis ke tirds la tbi kdpogt oeonysks la auturi plnkgy gboecis. GCI

dlhinkec bos o eudjir la goviots% Xbi skdunotkles glehugtih uskec GCI dlhinkec origlehktkleon le ossudih gkrgudstoegis oeh yior. wbkgb ori dlst nkminy tl gboeci lvir tkdi%Alr kestoegi. tbi hirkvih glegnuskles le trohi plnkgy wknn hipieh le tbi ossudih nivins latrohi ristrkgtkles% Ohhktkleonny. GCI dlhins ori rotbir dlri tbilritkgon tboe idpkrkgonjigousi la tbi hkaakguntkis la tistkec ocokest ixpirkiegi "CXOV :6?:+% Lvironn. tbi akehkecshirkvih arld uskec o GCI dlhin ori viry siesktkvi tl blw tbi dlhin ks strugturih oehspigkakih. blw tbi poroditirs ori gonkjrotih. blw tbi gnlsuri runis ori spigkakih. wbotjosi yior ks gblsie. oeh tbi hoto quonkty alr tbi josi yior "Gboreiy oeh Qist :667+%

Hkaairiet ditblhlnlckis oehuehirnykec igleldkg strugturis bovi jiie usih ke tbisi stuhkis. jut qukti latie tbiy wirijuknt le tbi plpunor Cnljon Xrohi Oeonysks Vrlìgt "CXOV+ hotojosi% Wldi la tbi stuhkiskevlnvkec tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis ori rivkiwih ke tbi eixt sigtkle la tbks popir%

7%: Crovkty Dlhins la Ketireotkleon Xrohi

Xbi crovkty dlhin bos istojnksbih ktsina os o pkleiir ke istkdotkec trohi anlws jitwiiegluetrkis% Xbi dlhin. eodih oatir tbi Eiwtlekoe pbyskgs eltkle. wos akrst usih jy @ oe

Xkejircie ke ?;1: ke bks aodlus jllm ietktnih Wbopkec tbi Slrnh Igleldy0 Wuccistkles alroe Ketireotkleon Igleldkg Vlnkgy% Gletidplrory igleldkst Viettk Vybeie onsl hivinlpiho crovkty$typi dlhin alr istkdotkec tbi vlnudi la trohi jitwiie gluetrkis "Vybeie ?;17+%

Xbi dlhin slle jigodi o plpunor tlln alr idpkrkgon trohi opprlogbis oeh bos onsl jiieusih ke ltbir orios sugb os alrikce hkrigt kevistdiet oeh dkcrotkle "Kvus oeh Wtrlec :663+%

Xbi glevietkleon crovkty dlhin stkpunotis tbot jknotiron trohi jitwiie twl gluetrkis ksplsktkviny rinotih tl tbikr igleldkg oeh pbyskgon skzi "prlxkih jy CHV oeh noeh orio+. oehkevirsiny rinotih tl troesogtkle glsts "sugb os hkstoegi. ohògiegy. gunturi. itg%+% Zigietusis la tbi crovkty dlhin bovi siie skcekakgoet oucdietotkles la tbi joskg dlhin wktb oeudjir la ltbir vorkojnis sugb os plpunotkle oeh pir gopkto kegldi%

Jy hiaount. crovkty dlhins prlvkhi ix$plst oeonysis wktb risunts ixprissih ke ogtuon iaaigts%Xbi dlhin ks idpkrkgonny rljust. oeh kt ks tbi josi plket alr istkdotkec trohi hkvirskle oehtrohi griotkle "Mrucdoe oeh Ljstainh :661+% Crovkty dlhins ariquiet oppnkgotkle keidpkrkgon stuhkis le ketireotkleon trohi gletrkjutih tl tbi kdprlvidiet la tbi piralrdoegi lacrovkty iquotkles% Xbi joskg iglelditrkg spigkakgotkle la tbi crovkty dlhin bos jiieskcekakgoetny kdprlvih jy tbi wlrms la Dotyos "?;;3+ oeh "?;;2+. Gbie oeh Sonn "?;;;+.Jriuss oeh Iccir "?;;;+. oeh Iccir ":666+% Le tbi ltbir boeh. Jirstroeh "?;29+. Binpdoe"?;23+. Sik "?;;1+. Wlnloco oeh Sketirs ":66?+. Nkdol oeh Qieojnis "?;;;+. oehJlucbios it on% "?;;;+ gletrkjutih tl tbi riakeidiet la tbi ixpnoeotlry vorkojnis gleskhirihke tbi oeonysks oeh tl tbi ohhktkle la eiw vorkojnis% Xl ohhriss tbi iaaigt la oe AXO le tbihkrigtkle la trohi. kektkonny tbi joskg crovkty dlhin wos ixtiehih wktb tbi kegnuskle la leiskecni rickleon huddy tl gopturi tbi iaaigt la tbi AXO le ketro$rickleon trohi= oeltbir sit lahuddkis wos kegnuhih ke notir wlrms tl gopturi tbi AXOs trohi hkvirskle iaaigts le ele$didjirs "Wlnloco oeh Sketirs :66?+%

Xbi dlhin bos jiie oppnkih ke o eudjir la slpbkstkgotih stuhkis le tbi trohi iaaigts larickleon trohkec jnlgs sugb os tbi Elrtb Odirkgoe Arii Xrohi Orio "EOAXO+% Mruicir":66?+ oppnkih o crovkty dlhin tl kevistkcoti trohi griotkle oeh trohi hkvirskle iaaigts keElrtb Odirkgo. oeh alueh tbot EOAXO boh keskcekakgoet iaaigts le trohi pottires% Wlnlocooeh Sketirs ":66?+ dlhkakih tbi joskg crovkty dlhin tl quoetkay tbi iaaigts la eiwny griotihlr rivodpih AXOs le trohi. oeh alueh skdknor keskcekakgoegi la EOAXO% Dletoeork ":669+usih o crovkty arodiwlrm tl oeonyzi trohi jitwiie tbi Iurlpioe Yekle oeh tbi Jonmoe

3Alr o glegksi suddory la tbisi stuhkis glvirkec Iost Oskoe AXOs. sii Aroeglks oeh Skceoroò ":66;+0 8;68;3%


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?1

gluetrkis. wbkni Mkie oeh Bosbkdltl ":669+ kevistkcotih tbi hitirdkeoets la trohi anlws latbi OWIOE Arii Xrohi Orio "OAXO+% Zinotkviny aiwir stuhkis bovi jiie glehugtih leWlutb Osko "sii eixt sigtkle alr o rivkiw la sinigtih stuhkis+%

Xbi crovkty dlhin bos jiie lei la tbi dlst suggissaun idpkrkgon ditblhs wktb cllh akt oehrinotkviny tkcbt gnustirkec la gliaakgkiets "Oehirsle :6??+% Xbi dlhin plssissis bkcb

ixpnoeotlry plwir "Kvus oeh Wtrlec :663+. oeh goe ji usih elt leny alr ixpnokekec trohianlws. jut onsl ltbir typis la anlws sugb os dkcrotkle. glddutkec. oeh tlurksd "Jircstroeh?;29+% Hispkti kts suggiss. tbi dlhin kektkonny nogmih o strlec tbilritkgon aluehotkle. wbkgbnih tl grktkgksd. portkgunorny glegirekec kts usi alr prihkgtkvi purplsis "Jircstroeh ?;29+%

Xbilritkgon prlcriss bos tomie pnogi skegi tbi noti ?;36s tbrlucb tbi wlrms la. odlecltbirs. Oehirsle "?;3;. :6??+. Jircstroeh "?;29. ?;;6+. oeh Hiorhlra "?;;2+% Wldi grktkgsonsl orcui tbot crovkty dlhins ori ueojni tl gopturi tbi winaori iaaigts la oe AXO jigousitbi niat$boeh skhi la o crovkty iquotkle ks elt winaori jut jknotiron trohi "Zokboe :6?:+%Hispkti tbisi grktkgksds. crovkty dlhins bovi jigldi tbi wlrmblrsi alr idpkrkgon stuhkis"Ikgbiecriie oeh Irwke ?;;20 77+ oeh bovi prlhugih sldi la tbi gniorist oeh dlstrljust idpkrkgon akehkecs ke igleldkgs "Niodir oeh Nivkeslbe ?;;90 ?.728+%

Xbi purplsi la tbi prisiet stuhy ks tl ixodkei tbi hitirdkeoets la trohi anlws odlec tbisiigleldkis oeh ogtuon iaaigts tbot tbi WOVXO oeh tbi WOAXO rickdis bovi cieirotih skegitbikr kegiptkle% Ke ltbir wlrhs. tbks popir ketiehs tl glehugt oe ix plst ixodkeotkle. elt oeix oeti ixodkeotkle% Sbkni GCI dlhins doy bovi sldi ohvoetocis ke oeonyzkec auturiplnkgy gboecis. kt hlis elt sirvi tbi purplsi la tbi prisiet stuhy la tistkec tbi ogtuoniaaigts% Os sugb. o crovkty dlhin ks o dlri suktojni oeh opprlprkoti oeonytkgon tlln alr tbksstuhy%

8% ZIQKIS LA WINIGXIH NKXIZOXYZI LE XBI KDVOGXLA IGLELDKG GLLVIZOXKLE OEH KEXICZOXKLE

ODLEC WLYXB OWKOE IGLELDKIWXbi ropkh prlnkairotkle la arii trohi ocriidiets ke Osko oeh insiwbiri ke tbi wlrnh lvir tbinost aiw higohis bos cieirotih o criot hion la ietbuskosd odlec sgblnors alr ossisskectbi kdpogt la sugb jknotiron rickleon orroecidiets% Blwivir. wbkni tbiri ks pniety lanktiroturi ixpnlrkec tbi pltietkon la AXOs ke Iost oeh Wlutbiost Osko. tbi Wlutb Oskoe ricklebos rigikvih nkdktih ottietkle norciny jigousi la kts nlw sbori ke ketrorickleon oeh cnljontrohi% Kt wos leny oatir igleldkg gllpirotkle wos ievksocih uehir tbi WOOZG rickdi tbotsgblnors stortih tl poy ottietkle tl tbi rickle% Ontblucb nkdktih. tbisi idpkrkgon stuhkiskektkotih tbi hijoti lvir tbi hiskrojknkty la o Wlutb Oskoe arii trohi orio% O priairietkonrickdi bos jiie ke pnogi ke Wlutb Osko skegi tbi dkh$?;;6s. jut ovoknojni stuhkis orikeglegnuskvi ojlut tbi pltietkon alr tbi rickles igleldkg keticrotkle%

Clvkehoe "?;;8+ oppnkih o portkon iquknkjrkud arodiwlrm ke tbi allh kdplrt rickdi lasinigtih Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis% Bks iglelditrkg istkdotis. wbkgb kegnuhih tbi iaaigts la opriairietkon trohkec orroecidiet ke tbi rickle. alueh tbot sugb o priairietkon rickdi wlunhixpoeh ketrorickleon trohi ke allh oeh tbus cieiroti winaori cokes% Glunkjony ":668+istkdotih tbi trohi griotkle oeh trohi hkvirskle iaaigts la siviron rickleon trohi ocriidiets"kegnuhkec WOVXO. tbi priairietkon orroecidiet tbot wos ixkstkec jialri tbi kegiptkle laWOAXO+ uskec oe ixtiehih crovkty dlhin% Kt alueh tbot WOVXO wos eit trohi griotkec% Wldiltbir stuhkis. sugb os Bkroetbo ":668+ oeh Xudjorinnl ":661+. alueh skdknor trohi griotkeciaaigts orkskec arld WOVXO% Zobdoe. Wbohot. oeh Hos ":661+ oppnkih oe oucdietih crovktydlhin tl WOVXO oeh ekei ohhktkleon rickleon trohkec jnlgs% Xbikr stuhy alueh skcekakgoetketrorickleon trohi griotkle ke WOVXO. jut woreih tbot eit ixplrt hkvirskle wlunh onsl tomi

pnogi% Xbi stuhy alueh tbot tbi norcir igleldkis la tbi rickleKehko. Vomkstoe. oehJoecnohisbwlunh coke arld WOVXO jut tbi ltbirs dkcbt ji ohvirsiny oaaigtih%


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?3

Wldi outblrs. blwivir. ixprissih niss lptkdksd ojlut Wlutb Oskos igleldkg keticrotklepltietkon% Xbi crovkty dlhin risunts la Wrkekvosoe "?;;8+ oeh Wrkekvosoe oeh Goeleirl"?;;9+ succistih tbot tbi rickle wlunh coke dlri arld ueknotiron trohi nkjironkzotkle oslpplsih tl priairietkon nkjironkzotkle% O rickleon "WOOZG+ huddy wos onsl alueh tl jikeskcekakgoet ke tbi stuhy jy Zobdoe ":667+% O dlri rigiet stuhy jy Zlhrcuiiz$Hincohl":663+ usih o dlhkakih crovkty iquotkle tl ixodkei tbi iaaigts la WOAXOs trohinkjironkzotkle prlcrod% Kt orcuih tbot WOAXO wlunh bovi leny nkdktih iaaigts le rickleontrohi anlws. orkskec joskgonny arld kegrioskec ixplrts arld Kehko. oeh kdplrts arldJoecnohisb oeh Eipon%

O aiw stuhkis bovi onsl jiie glehugtih glvirkec tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis wktbke o GCIarodiwlrm% Nkmi tbi iglelditrkg oeonysis. GCI istkdotkles bovi prlhugih dkxih risuntsalr tbi trohi pltietkon la WOAXO% Joehoro oeh [u ":667+ usih tbi CXOV dlhin wktb ?;;3 ostbi josi yior tl glehugt plnkgy sgieorkls le ueknotiron oeh priairietkon trohi nkjironkzotklesla Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis os winn os ontireotkvi sgieorkls kevlnvkec Wlutb OskoOWIOE.Wlutb Osko$EOAXO. Wlutb Osko$IY. oeh aunn duntknotiron nkjironkzotkle% Xbi stuhy alueh tbotWlutb Osko wlunh coke dlri arld o duntknotiron opprlogb lr tbrlucb WOAXO$EOAXO oehWOAXO$IY AXOs tboe o priairietkon opprlogb kevlnvkec leny tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis% O

skdknor stuhy jy Wkrkworhieo ":667+. wbkgb oeonyzih o Wlutb Oskoe AXO sgieorkl oeh ogustlds uekle sgieorkl. blwivir. alueh cokes alr Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis uehir jltbsgieorkls. wktb tbi nottir oggluetkec alr bkcbir cokes% O dlri rigiet stuhy wos glehugtih jyZokboe ":6?:+ uskec CXOV virskle 2 wktb :663 os tbi josi yior% Kt gleskhirs leny leisgieorkl kevlnvkec o aunn AXO ke cllhs odlec tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis wktb o :9)rihugtkle ke ketro$WOOZG trohi glsts% Ogglrhkec tl tbks stuhy. tbi AXO wktb trohi aogknktotkleprlvis tl jrkec winaori cokes alr onn tbi gluetrkis tomie ketl gleskhirotkle% Yskec CXOVvirskle 1 hotosit jiegbdormih tl :66?. Aroeglks oeh Skceoro`o ":66;+ glehugtih o dlrigldpribieskvi stuhy wktb tbrii glri sgieorklsOWIOE-7 AXO. OWIOE-7 oeh Kehko AXO.oeh OWIOE-7 oeh Wlutb Osko AXO% Yehir tbi akrst sgieorkl. tbi doke cokeirs ori @ opoe.Zipujnkg la Mlrio. oeh Donoysko% Kehko cokes qukti strlecny uehir tbi sigleh sgieorkl% Xbijrloh sgieorkl jrkhckec OWIOE-7 oeh Wlutb Osko hidlestrotis sujstoetkon cokes alr onn tbiWlutb Oskoe igleldkis. portkgunorny Joecnohisb. Kehko. Eipon. Vomkstoe. oeh Wrk Noemo%

Ontblucb onn tbisi stuhkis hkaair ke tirds la ditblhlnlcy oeh hoto glviroci. tbikeglegnuskvieiss la tbi akehkecs gonns alr aurtbir quoetktotkvi ixodkeotkle la Wlutb Oskosigleldkg keticrotkle pltietkon% Os WOAXO bos onriohy jigldi lpirotkleon. sugbixodkeotkles ori nkminy tl osskst plnkgydomirs ke cukhkec tbi rickleon alrud ke tbi lptkdonhkrigtkle% Xbi eixt sigtkle la tbks popir wknn hivinlp oe idpkrkgon spigkakgotkle la oeoucdietih crovkty dlhin tl istkdoti tbi hitirdkeoets oeh iaaigts la trohi anlws la WlutbOskoe igleldkis%

9% O CZOQKX[ DLHIN ALZ WLYXB OWKOE AZII XZOHI

OZIO "WOAXO+

9%? Dlhin Wpigkakgotkle oeh Hoto

Xbi idpkrkgon oeonysks la tbks popir usis o hotosit alr 87 gluetrkis. sinigtih tomkec ketlgleskhirotkle tbikr kdplrtoegi wktb ricorh tl Wlutb Oskos trohi%2

2Wii Alltelti 9 ke Wigtkle : alr tbi nkst la tbisi 87 gluetrkis% Xwl Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis. Oacboekstoe oehJbutoe. bovi elt jiie kegnuhih ke tbi oeonysks hui tl hoto ueovoknojknkty%

Sktb tbi ixgiptkle la NolVHZ. onn tbi sodpni gluetrkis ori didjirs la tbi SXL% Sbkni tbi eudjir la AXOsjltbduntknotiron oeh jknotirontbot tbisi gluetrkis gldprksi odlec tbidsinvis ks eudirlus. tbistuhy algusis le leny lei AXO. k%i%. tbi WOAXO% Xbks ks riosleojni jigousi. akrst. tbks stuhyketiehs tl algus prkdorkny le Wlutb Oskos rickleon keticrotkle. oeh sigleh. tbiri ks oe


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ojuehoegi la stuhkis le tbi trohi iaaigts la AXOs ke ltbir rickles% Xbi hoto roeci glvirstbi pirklh ?;;::6??%

Xbks popir bos hiskceih o poein arodiwlrm tl glvir trohi vorkotkles odlec tbi sodpnigluetrkis% Voein istkdotkles ori ixpigtih tl cieiroti siviron ohvoetocis lvir grlsssigtkle oeh tkdi sirkis hoto ke tirds la gletrlnnkec kehkvkhuon bitirlcieikty. laairkec dlri

vorkojknkty oeh rihugkec tbi glnnkeiorkty odlec tbi kehipiehiet vorkojnis "Hl :661+%Ke ketireotkleon trohi. jknotiron trohi anlws ori latie ixpnokeih uskec tbi alnnlwkec josinkeispigkakgotkle la tbi crovkty dlhin0

nlc R k`t 46 -? nlc[ kt - : nlc [`t -7 nlc Hk` - nlc u k`t

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Jy hiaount. tbi dlhin blnhs tbot ixplrts arld gluetry k tl gluetry` ot tkdi t wknn hipieh letbi CHV la gluetrkis k oeh`. oeh tbi hkstoegi jitwiie tbisi twl gluetrkis% Kt ossudis tbotnorcir igleldkis trohi dlri. oeh biegi tbi gliaakgkiets la jltb ixplrtir oeh kdplrtirCHVs ori ixpigtih tl ji plsktkvi% Le tbi ltbir boeh. tbi gliaakgkiet le hkstoegi ks ixpigtihtl ji eicotkvi. skegi tbi ridltieiss kegriosis troesogtkle glsts%

++ 46%

Xbi josinkei spigkakgotkle la tbi dlhin. blwivir. hlis elt tomi ketl oggluet tbi nkminy jkostbot doy risunt arld bitirlcieilus aogtlrs% Alr ixodpni. kt ks plsskjni tbot o gluetry doyixplrt hkaairiet odluets la o spigkakg cllh tl twl hkaairiet gluetrkis ivie wbie tbikdplrtkec gluetrkis ori khietkgon oeh bovi tbi sodi hkstoegi arld tbi ixplrtkec gluetry%

Xbirialri. rigiet idpkrkgon stuhkis bovi latie kegnuhih ltbir vorkojnis sugb os plpunotkle.glddle jlrhir. oeh glddle noecuoci%

Dlst idpkrkgon nktiroturi le crovkty dlhins usis tlton jknotiron trohi anlws os tbi hipiehietvorkojni% Blwivir. AXO iaaigts ori jittir istkdotih ka jknotiron ixplrt anlws ori tomie ketlgleskhirotkle. os wktb tlton jknotiron trohi lei goeelt hkstkecuksb jitwiie tbi kdpogts laAXO alrdotkle le ixplrts arld o ele$didjir tl tbi AXO didjirs arld tbot le ixplrtsarld oe AXO didjir tl o ele$didjir "Gireot :66?+%

Xbi dlhin ke tbks stuhy istkdotis tbi nlc$nkeior alrd la tbi crovkty iquotkle% Xbi hipiehietvorkojni ks tbi tlton vlnudi la ixplrts. ke nlc alrd. arld gluetry k tl gluetry`% Xbi vonuis lajknotiron dirgboehksi ixplrts "ixprissih ke ALJ tirds ke Odirkgoe hlnnors+ ori ljtokeiharld tbi Ketireotkleon Dleitory Auehs Hkrigtkle la Xrohi Wtotkstkgs "KDA :6?:o+% Xbi dlhinks istkdotih alr o gluetry poein hotosit la lei AXO oeh 87 gluetrkis%

Xbi hoto rinotih tl CHV oeh plpunotkle ks glnnigtih arld tbi Slrnh Joems SlrnhHivinlpdiet Kehkgotlrs "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+% Xbi gliaakgkiet le tbi plpunotkle vorkojni. os oprlxy tl tbi dormit skzi. ks ixpigtih tl ji eicotkvi alr jltb tbi ixplrtkec oeh tbi kdplrtkecgluetrkis hui tl ojslrptkle gopogkty "Iehlb ?;;;+% Blwivir. tbi ixplrtirs plpunotklegliaakgkiet goe jior iktbir o eicotkvi lr o plsktkvi skce. hipiehkec le wbitbir tbi gluetryixplrts niss wbie kt ks jkc "ojslrptkle gopogkty+ lr wbitbir o jkc gluetry ixplrts dlrigldporih tl o sdonn gluetry "igleldkis la sgoni+ "Dortkeiz$Porzlsl oeh Elwom$Nibdoe:667+%

Jircstroeh "?;29+ oeh HinnOrkggko "?;;;+ succist tbot kt ks idpkrkgonny `ustkakih tbot tbi

kegnuskle la oe ixpnoeotlry vorkojni le ixgboeci roti ks stotkstkgonny skcekakgoet ke ixpnokekec


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vorkotkles ke trohi odlec tbi gluetrkis ke quistkle%;

Os o prlxy alr trohi glsts. tbi istkdotkle ke tbks stuhy usis pbyskgon hkstoegi jitwiie twltrohkec porteirs% Hoto le pbyskgon cilcropbkg hkstoegis. diosurih os criot gkrgni hkstoegisjitwiie gopkton gktkis. ori ljtokeih arld tbi kehustry trohi hoto ovoknojniot

Kt gopturis tbi kdpogt la hiprigkotkle lropprigkotkle la tbi ixplrtkec gluetrys gurriegy tl tbot la tbi kdplrtkec gluetry. oeh ksgleskhirih skcekakgoet wbie kt bos o plsktkvi skce% Xbks stuhy tbirialri kegnuhis alrikceixgboeci ke kts dlhin istkdotkle% Gluetry$pokr alrikce ixgboeci rotis ori gongunotih jy tbioutblr arld tbi KDAs Ketireotkleon Akeoegkon Wtotkstkgs Hotojosi "KDA :6?:j+%

bttp0,,www%dogonistir%ihu,risiorgb,igleldkgs,poci,bovidoe,trohi%rislurgis,trohihoto%btdn'Crovkty% ?6

Blwivir. tbi joskg crovkty dlhin ke tbks popir bos jiie oucdietih jy ohhkec tbihkdieskles la trohi lpieeiss oeh ristrkgtkles% Wldi la tbi privklus stuhkis. sugb osZobdoe. Wbohot. oeh Hos ":661+. usih kdplrt$CHV rotkl la tbi kdplrtkec gluetry tl kehkgotitbi lpieeiss la tbi igleldy% Xbks popir onsl ohhs o vorkojni le kdplrt$CHV rotkl wbkgb ksixpigtih tl jior o plsktkvi skce. jut onsl eltis tbot tbi lpieeiss "lr nogm la lpieeiss+ laoe igleldy ks jittir diosurih ka tbi tlton torkaa rivieui la tbi kdplrtkec gluetry lvir ktskdplrts ks onsl tomie ketl oggluet% Xbi dlhkakih istkdotkle ke tbks popir tbirialri ohhs tbks

vorkojni. wbkgb ks ixpigtih tl bovi o eicotkvi skce% Aurtbirdlri. oeltbir vorkojni hieltkecoppnkih torkaa la tbi kdplrtkec gluetry ks ohhih os o prlxy alr trohi ristrkgtkvieiss% Kdplrt$CHV rotkl oeh torkaa rivieui$kdplrt rotkl bovi jiie gongunotih jy tbi outblr arld tbi SlrnhHivinlpdiet Kehkgotlr hotojosi "Slrnh Joem :6?:o+. wbkni torkaa rotis bovi jiie glnnigtiharld tbi Slrnh Joems Hoto le Xrohi oeh Kdplrt Jorrkirs "Slrnh Joem :6??+%

Wiviron ltbir stuhkis bovi usih ohhktkleon huddy vorkojnis sugb osoh`ogiegy. glnlekon nkems. oeh glddle noecuoci os prlxkis alr trohi glsts% Xbks stuhy.blwivir. hlis elt tomi ketl gleskhirotkle tbisi prlxkis% Os tbi algus la tbi stuhy ks trohiketicrotkle ke Wlutb Osko. oe ossissdiet la tbi triehs ke Wlutb Oskos cnljon oeh rickleontrohi ks eigissory alr alrdunotkec tbi crovkty iquotkle% Ckvie tbot tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkistieh tl trohi dlri wktb ixtrorickleon porteirs tboe wktb tbikr eikcbjlrs. tbks stuhy ossudistbot gletrlnnkec alr hkstoegi sblunh domi kt ueeigissory tl kegnuhi oe ohhktkleon vorkojni leoh`ogiegy% Ohhktkleonny. Wlutb Oskoe trohi hlis elt sblw oey jkos tlworh glnlekon

gleeigtkles lr glddle noecuocis% Wkegi tbi stuhys hotojosi ks hivinlpih alr sinigtihgluetrkis "josih le Wlutb Oskos rickleon oeh cnljon trohi pottires+ os lpplsih tl o cnljonhotojosi alr onn tbi do`lr gluetrkis la tbi wlrnh. tbisi prlxkis doy ji elt ji rinivoet alrtbks stuhy%

Xbi ixplrt pottires la tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkis bovi privklusny jiie keanuiegihgleskhirojny jy tbi sl$gonnih Duntk$Akjir Ocriidiet "DAO+% Xbi ixpkrotkle la tbi DAO jytbi ieh la :668 roksih sirklus spigunotkle ojlut tbi auturi la Wlutb Oskoe ixplrts% Ohuddy vorkojni bos jiie ohhih tl gopturi tbi iaaigt la ixpkrotkle la tbi DAO le WlutbOskoe igleldkis% Alr tbi pirklh uetkn tbi ixpkry la tbi DAO. tbi huddy ks uekty wbie oWlutb Oskoe igleldy ie`lyih DAO priairiegis arld tbi ohvoegih igleldkis la Iurlpi

oeh tbi Yektih Wtotis "zirl ltbirwksi+% Kt ks gleskstietny zirl tbrlucblut tbi plst$DAOpirklh%

Xbi huddy vorkojni WOAXO gopturis tbi ketro$rickleon trohi griotkle iaaigts% Xbks rickleonhuddy ks usih tl kslnoti tbikr keanuiegi le trohi anlws wbkgb wlunh ltbirwksi ji ojslrjihke ltbir vorkojnis usih ke tbi crovkty dlhin% O plsktkvi oeh stotkstkgonny skcekakgoet gliaakgkietle tbks huddy wknn rianigt tbot tbi didjirs la tbi AXO bovi trohih dlri wktb iogb ltbir%

Xbi rickleon huddy ks uekty wbie jltb tbi ixplrtkec oeh tbi kdplrtkec gluetrkis ori

;Blwivir. alr ljvklus riosles. ixgboeci roti gliaakgkiets wiri rotbir keskcekakgoet uehir tbi akxih ixgboecirotis prklr tl tbi dkh$?;36s%

?6Xbi hlgudiets nogm kealrdotkle la sldi gluetrkis% Ke sugb gosis. hkstoegis jitwiie twl gluetrkis origlnnigtih arldbttp0,,www%gbidkgon$iglnlcy%eit,ovo,not$nlec%btd%
http://www.macalester.edu/research/economics/page/haveman/trade.resources/tradedata.html#Gravityhttp://www.macalester.edu/research/economics/page/haveman/trade.resources/tradedata.html#Gravityhttp://www.macalester.edu/research/economics/page/haveman/trade.resources/tradedata.html#Gravityhttp://www.chemical-ecology.net/java/lat-long.htmhttp://www.chemical-ecology.net/java/lat-long.htmhttp://www.chemical-ecology.net/java/lat-long.htmhttp://www.chemical-ecology.net/java/lat-long.htmhttp://www.macalester.edu/research/economics/page/haveman/trade.resources/tradedata.html#Gravityhttp://www.macalester.edu/research/economics/page/haveman/trade.resources/tradedata.html#Gravity


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:6

didjirs la WOAXO "ltbirwksi zirl+% Xbi doke purplsi la tbks stuhy ks tl kevistkcoti ketro$rickleon trohi griotkle. wbkgb ks gopturih tbrlucb o plsktkvi gliaakgkiet le tbisi rickleonhuddkis% Huddkis le kehkvkhuon didjirsbkp la tbi AXOs tbirialri ori elt keglrplrotih ketbi istkdotkle%

Ke tbi sodpni hotosit. sldi hoto "jknotiron ixplrts. alr ixodpni+ ori dksskec alr sldi hotis%

Xbks stuhy hrlppih onn tbisi dksskec vonuis oeh leny algusih le ljsirvotkles wktb eldksskec vonuis%

Sktb tbisi spigkakgotkles. tbi doke ricrisskle iquotkle usih ke tbks stuhy ks os alnnlws0

nlc R k`t4 6- t -?nlc [ kt -: nlc [`t - 7 nlc H k` - 8 nlc E kt - 9 nlc E`t - 1 nlc AR k`t - 3nlc KDCHV`t-2 nlc XOZ`t-; nlc XZ`KD`-?6mWOAXO"k`+t -??m DAO"k`+t- nlc u k`t

wbiri.

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Rk t

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WOAXO4 Huddy vorkojni tomkec tbi vonui la ? ka gluetrkis k oeh ori port la tbi WOAXO.zirl ltbirwksi=

4 Zotkl la tlton torkaa la gluetry` oeh tlton kdplrt la gluetry`=

DAO4 Huddy vorkojni tomkec tbi vonui la ? ka gluetrkis k oeh ori port la tbi Duntk AkjirOcriidiet. zirl ltbirwksi=

6

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4 Xkdi spigkakg iaaigts=

k t 4Irrlr tird. wbiri I"nlc"uk t

Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis ke cieiron bovi pursuih qukti strkeciet trohi ristrkgtkvi plnkgkis%Hispkti nkjironkzotkle kektkotkvis skegi tbi iorny ?;;6s. tbi rickle stknn doketokes strkgt torkaa

oeh ele$torkaa diosuris tbot ristrkgt tbikr ketrorickleon oeh cnljon trohi% Xbks stuhyglehugtih oeltbir ricrisskle tl gopturi tbi iaaigts la Wlutb Oskos trohi ristrkgtkvieiss%Mii ":66;+ bos hivinlpih kehkgis alr diosurkec trohi ristrkgtkvieiss la tbi kdplrtkecgluetry`. oeh hoto usih ke tbi gurriet stuhys istkdotkle bos jiie glnnigtih arld Miis

Xrohi Zistrkgtkle Kehkgis "@uny :6?: uphotis+% Xbi Lvironn Xrohi Zistrkgtkvieiss Kehix"LXZK+ josih le oppnkih torkaas bos jiie usih% Xbi LXZK rianigts tbi uekalrd iqukvoniettorkaa la o gluetry#s torkaa sgbihuni oeh ele$torkaa diosuris "EXDs+ tbot wlunh doketoke tbihldistkg kdplrt nivins. kegnuhkec priairietkon torkaas%

++ iquons zirl%

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Os tbi LXZK hoto ks ovoknojni leny alr:66;. tbks ricrisskle bos jiie glehugtih leny alr tbks yior% Xbi gliaakgkiet le LXZK ksixpigtih tl jior o eicotkvi skce. kehkgotkec tbot bkcbir trohi ristrkgtkvieiss hitirs trohianlws odlec gluetrkis% Xbi ricrisskle iquotkle usih ks os alnnlws0

bttp0,,keal%wlrnhjoem%lrc,itllns,wtk,7o%osp'
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/wti/3a.asphttp://info.worldbank.org/etools/wti/3a.asphttp://info.worldbank.org/etools/wti/3a.asp


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:?

nlc R k`t46- t-? nlc [kt-: nlc [`t-7 nlc H k`-8 nlc E kt-9 nlc E`t-1 nlc AR k`t-3 nlcKDCHV`t- 2 nlc XOZ`t- ; nlc XZ`KD`- ?6m LXZK "`+t- ??m WOAXO"k`+t- nlc k`t

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Xbks stuhy glehugts o poein niost squori ricrisskle wktb onn tbi vorkojnis kegnuhkec tbi tkdi$kevorkoet lei "k%i%. hkstoegi+ oeh tbi huddy vorkojnis "k%i%. WOAXO oeh DAO+% Onlec wktbpoein niost squoris. tbi roehld iaaigts "ZI+ dlhin. oeh tbi akxih iaaigts "AI+ dlhin uehirtbi poein hoto opprlogb bovi onsl jiie tistih% Xojni 8 gldpknis tbi risunts la tbi niostsquori dlhin%

Xojni 80 Crovkty Istkdotkle Zisunts "Lvironn Zicrisskle wktb Onn tbi Qorkojnis+

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Ixplrtirs plpunotkle $6%619623 $:%;97?;?**

Kdplrtirs plpunotkle $6%69;?62 $:%::::76**

Ixgboeci roti $6%6192:6 $9%9?892:**

Kdplrtirs Kdplrt$CHV rotkl 6%26;616 ?1%32622**Kdplrtirs oppnkih DAE torkaarotis

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Elti0 ?% * oeh ** hielti skcekakgoet ot 9) oeh ?) nivins rispigtkviny%

Wlurgi0 Outblrs gongunotkles%

Xbi kdpogt la tbi glddle crovkty vorkojnis ks. os ixpigtih. stotkstkgonny skcekakgoet. oehtbilritkgonny `ustkakih% Gliaakgkiets le tbi gietron vorkojni la tbi crovkty dlhin. k%i%. tbi CHVgliaakgkiets alr tbi ixplrtkec oeh tbi kdplrtkec gluetrkis. jior plsktkvi skces oeh ori bkcbnyskcekakgoet "?) nivin+% Lvironn. kt ks opporiet tbot tbi igleldkg skzi la tbi trohkec porteirspnoys oe kdplrtoet rlni ke tbi hitirdkeotkle la trohi anlws% Xbi istkdotkle ke tbks stuhy onslsuccists tbot tbi kegriosi ke ixplrt anlws ks dlri tboe prlplrtkleon os gldporih wktb tbi

kegriosis ke tbi CHV la tbi trohkec porteirs0 ka tbi CHV la tbi ixplrtkec "kdplrtkec+ gluetrykegriosis jy ?). jknotiron ixplrt vlnudi wlunh kegriosi jy ?%:3) "?%6?)+% Xbi gliaakgkietistkdoti alr tbi hkstoegi vorkojni ks eicotkvi. stoehkec ot orlueh $?%81. kehkgotkec tbot wbie


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tbi hkstoegi jitwiie tbi ixplrtkec oeh tbi kdplrtkec porteirs kegriosis jy ?). trohijitwiie tbid aonns jy ojlut ?%81)% Xbi gliaakgkiet vonuis la tbi prlxy tl dormit skzis. k%i%.plpunotkle alr jltb ixplrtkec oeh kdplrtkec gluetrkis. ori bkcbny skcekakgoet "?) nivin+ oehjior eicotkvi skces. kehkgotkec ojslrptkle iaaigts%

Gletrory tl tbi bypltbisks la tbks popir. tbi gliaakgkiet alr ixgboeci rotis jiors o rotbir nlw

vonui "$6%611+ oeh jiors tbi lpplskti skce arld wbot wlunh ji ixpigtih. succistkec tbotgurriegy doekpunotkle "alr ixodpni. hivonuotkle la hldistkg gurriegy+ ks uenkminy tl prlvkhioey iaaigtkvi risunts ke o gluetrys ixplrts% Vrlxkis alr lpieeiss tl ketireotkleon trohi sblwdkxih risunts% Xbi gliaakgkiet alr kdplrt$CHV rotkl ks plsktkvi os ixpigtih oeh stotkstkgonnyskcekakgoet. kehkgotkec tbot ketro$rickleon trohi odlec tbi WOAXO didjirs wknn rksi wktbkegriosih lpieeiss% Xbi gliaakgkiets alr torkaa$kdplrt rotkl oeh oppnkih torkaa rotis la tbikdplrtkec gluetry ori stotkstkgonny skcekakgoet jut jior lpplskti skces arld wbot wlunh jiixpigtih%

Xbi gliaakgkiet le DAO ks plsktkvi. bkcbny skcekakgoet. oeh iaaigtkvi% Kt jiors o vonui la orlueh?%::. uehirsglrkec kts kdplrtoegi ke trohi anlws arld hivinlpkec tl hivinlpih gluetrkis% XbiDAO huddy biri rianigts tbi priairietkon oggiss la tbi hivinlpkec gluetrkis tl tbi dormits

la tbi hivinlpih gluetrkis% Xboems tl tbi qulto systid uehir tbi DAO rickdi. sdonnirigleldkis sugb os Joecnohisb clt ossurih oeh prihkgtojni oggiss tl tbi tixtkni oehgnltbkec dormits ke tbi hivinlpih gluetrkis "YW oeh IY alr ixodpni+. wktblut aogkecgldpitktkle arld norcir hivinlpkec igleldkis sugb os tbi VZG oeh Kehko% Ltbir WlutbOskoe gluetrkis onsl doeocih tl utknkzi tbi DAO priairiegi% Zigiet triehs. alr ixodpni leJoecnohisbs riohydohi cordiets ixplrts. sblw tbot tbi ojlnktkle la tbi DAO rickdi boselt jiie os hitrkdieton tl tbi sdonnir igleldkis os wos aiorih. jut kt glunh ji jigousi latbi spigkonkzotkle oeh gldporotkvi ohvoetocis tbot Joecnohisb "oeh ltbir sdonnirigleldkis+ cokeih uehir tbi DAO. oeh onsl jigousi la tbi VZGs rkskec nojlr glsts. odlecltbirs%

Lei do`lr purplsi la tbks popir ks tl ossiss wbitbir o rickleon trohkec jnlgm ke Wlutb Oskocieirotis trohi griotkle iaaigts lr elt% Xbi oeonysks la tbks stuhy sblws tbot tbi gliaakgkietle tbi rickleon huddy. WOAXO. ks plsktkvi "k%i%. osslgkotih wktb trohi griotkle+. ontblucb tbivonui la tbi gliaakgkiet ks nlw oeh blnhs nlw stotkstkgon skcekakgoegi% Wldi la tbi iornkirstuhkis kehkgotih o wiom pltietkon la WOAXO% Joysoe it on% ":661+. alr ixodpni. orcui tbotos tbi Wlutb Oskoe rickle ks sdonn "arld oe igleldkg plket la vkiw+ ke rinotkle tl tbi rist latbi wlrnh. oeh os tbi igleldkis la tbi rickle doketoke skcekakgoetny bkcb nivin la trohiprltigtkle "ke portkgunor. runis la lrkcke. torkaa$roti qulto oeh sigtlr$spigkakg ixgiptkle+. orickleon AXO odlec tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis ks dlri nkminy tl ji trohi hkvirtkec tboetrohi griotkec% Blwivir. tbi gurriet stuhy tiehs tl ocrii wktb tbi akehkecs la idpkrkgonstuhkis glehugtih jy Glunkjony ":668+. oeh Zobdoe. Wbohot. oeh Hos ":661+. wbkgbhidlestrotih tbi trohi griotkle iaaigts la WOAXO% Xbi nlw stotkstkgon skcekakgoegi la tbigurriet stuhy goe ji osslgkotih wktb wiom rinotkvi trohi rinotkles odlec tbi Wlutb Oskoe

igleldkis os gldporih wktb ixtrorickleon porteirs% Kehiih. Wlutb Oskos nlw nivin laketrorickleon trohi ks glddleny riairrih tl jy pisskdksts% Ontblucb rigiet hivinlpdietssuccist tbot tbi WOAXO didjirs ori trohkec dlri wktb iogb ltbir tboe jialri ke tirds laojslnuti vlnudi.?:

?:Os sblwe ke Xojni :. ketrorickleon trohi ke Wlutb Osko boh kegriosih arld o diocir (?%2 jknnkle ke ?;;6 tl(:6%7 jknnkle jy :661 oeh tl (86%9 jknnkle jy :6??%

tbikr ketrorickleon trohi sbori bos gletkeuih tl ji skcekakgoetny nlw"Akcuri 9+% Xbi pirklhs glvirih ke Glunkjony ":668+ oeh Zobdoe. Wbohot. oeh Hos ":661+wiri up tl :666 oeh :667. rispigtkviny. wbkni tbks stuhys glvirih pirklh ks up tl :6??% OsAkcuri 9 sblws. Wlutb Oskos ketrorickleon trohi sbori criw snlwny jut stiohkny arld ?;;3 tl:669 "ixgipt ke ?;;; oeh :668+. oeh riogbih kts piom "1%:6)+ ke :667% Blwivir. oatir :669tbi sbori stortih tl aonn ocoke arld yior tl yior. oeh boh hrlppih tl 8%:3) jy :6??% Kt kstbirialri elt surprkskec tbot tbi gliaakgkiet alr tbi rickleon huddy ke tbi gurriet stuhy boshidlestrotih nlw vonui os winn os nlw stotkstkgon skcekakgoegi. ontblucb tbi vonui ktsina ksplsktkvi% Eleitbiniss. josih le tbi idpkrkgon risunts la tbks stuhy os winn os tbi privklus


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leis hksgussih ojlvi. oeh tbi kegrioskec trieh ke tbi lvironn vlnudi la ketrorickleon trohi.tbks popir orcuis tbot tbiri ori riosles alr jikec lptkdkstkg ojlut WOAXO jigldkec oglbiskvi oeh prlaktojni rickleon trohkec jnlg%

Xbks stuhy onsl glehugtih roehld iaaigts "ZI+ oeh akxih iaaigts "AI+ oeonysis tl sii blwsiesktkvi tbi risunts wlunh ji uehir tbisi twl dlhins ke gldporksle wktb tbi niost squoris

ditblh prisietih ojlvi% Xojni 9 prisiets tbi risunts alr tbi poein hoto opprlogb wktb tbiAI oeh ZI%

Xojni 90 Zisunts la tbi Akxih Iaaigt oeh Zoehld Iaaigt Dlhins

%Hipiehiet Qorkojni0 Jknotiron Ixplrts "Arld Gluetry k tl Gluetry`+

[ior0 ?;;: tl :6?6Ditblh0 Zoehld Iaaigt oeh Akxih Iaaigt

Qorkojni Zoehld Iaaigt Dlhin Akxih Iaaigt Dlhin

Ixplrtirs CHV 6%276817** 6%828138**

Kdplrtirs CHV 6%893?6;** 6%37;6;3**

Cilcropbkgon hkstoegi $6%;1;627** $$$

Ixplrtirs plpunotkle 6%76979;** ?%:69792**

Kdplrtirs plpunotkle 6%7:826:** $:%6:7;?3**

Ixgboeci roti $6%67;;;; $6%6:8272

Kdplrtirs kdplrt$CHV rotkl 6%887?62** 6%9;??89**

Kdplrtirs oppnkih DAE torkaa rotis $6%?12?1;** $6%78:321**Kdplrtirs tlton torkaa tl tlton kdplrtrotkl 6%61221;* 6%681699

WOAXO $6%:;6293** $6%?;2789

DAO 6%:9:1:1** 6%?:129?

G $?3%78712** :%177739

Z$squorih 6%177;8; 6%;736?8

Eltis0?% * oeh ** hielti skcekakgoet ot 9) oeh ?) nivins rispigtkviny%

:% Z$squorih alr tbi ZI dlhin ks uewikcbtih%Wlurgi0 Outblrs gongunotkles%

Xbi ZI oeh tbi AI dlhins hidlestroti rinotkviny wiom istkdotis alr tbi CHV la tbiixplrtir oeh kdplrtir gluetrkis ke gldporksle wktb tbi niost squoris risunts0 tbi niostsquoris risunts alueh tbot o ?) kegriosi ke iktbir tbi kdplrtirs CHV lr tbi ixplrtirs CHVwlunh kegriosi jknotiron trohi dlri tboe ?) "Xojni 8+. wbirios jltb tbi ZI oeh AI dlhinssuccist tbi kegriosi tl ji niss tboe ?) "Xojni 9+% Aurtbirdlri. gletrory tl tbi niostsquoris dlhin. wbiri tbi plpunotkle vorkojni jiors eicotkvi skces "kehkgotkec ojslrptklegopogkty+ alr jltb tbi kdplrtkec oeh tbi ixplrtkec gluetrkis. tbi ZI dlhins istkdotis jiorplsktkvi skces. kehkgotkec igleldkis la sgoni% Ke tbi AI dlhin. ixplrtirs plpunotkle jiors oplsktkvi skce wbirios kt ks eicotkvi alr kdplrtirs plpunotkle%

Xbi ixgboeci roti vorkojni ke onn tbi tbrii dlhins sblw skdknor nlw vonui oeh eicotkvi skce.jut ke tbi ZI oeh AI dlhins tbks gliaakgkiet ks stotkstkgonny keskcekakgoet% Kdplrt$CHV rotkl ketbi ZI oeh AI dlhins ori onsl skdknor tl tbi niost squoris dlhin istkdotis. ontblucb tbikdpogt ks gnlsi tl bona la tbi niost squoris dlhin ke tbi ZI dlhin% Istkdotis le tbikdplrtkec gluetrys torkaa$kdplrt rotkl onsl hidlestroti skdknor. ocokest$tbi$bypltbisks risuntske onn tbi dlhins% Blwivir. tbi ZI oeh AI dlhins hkaair arld tbi niost squoris alr tbi

istkdotis le tbi kdplrtkec gluetrys oppnkih DAE torkaa rotis% Xbks istkdoti gletrohkgts tbibypltbisks la tbi stuhy ke tbi niost squoris dlhin. jut ke tbi ZI oeh AI dlhins tbi skces


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gboeci tl eicotkvi glealrdkec tl tbi tbilritkgon `ustkakgotkle la tbi eicotkvi kdpogts la torkaale trohi anlws% Xbi DAO huddy jiors o nlwir vonui ke tbi ZI oeh AI dlhins tboe ke tbiniost squoris. jut tbi skces ori tbi sodi ke onn tbi dlhins% Istkdotis alr tbi rickleonhuddy. WOAXO. blwivir. tures eicotkvi ke tbi ZI oeh AI. wbirios kt wos plsktkvi jutkeskcekakgoet ke tbi niost squori dlhin%

Xbi risunts la tbi niost squori ricrisskle uskec :66; hoto kegnuhkec tbi Lvironn XrohiZistrkgtkvieiss Kehix "LXZK+ la tbi kdplrtkec gluetry ori prisietih ke Xojni 9%

Xojni 90 Zicrisskle Zisunts "Niost Wquori. Kegnuhkec tbi LXZK Qorkojni+

Hipiehiet Qorkojni0 Jknotiron Ixplrts "Arld Gluetry k tl Gluetry`+[ior0 :66;

Ditblh0 Niost Wquoris

Qorkojni Gliaakgkiet t$Wtotkst kg

Ixplrtirs CHV ?%12;377 ?9%68::26**

Kdplrtirs CHV ?%:;;?78 ;%;11:97**

Cilcropbkgon hkstoegi $?%8??6:; $1%6?;29?**

Ixplrtirs plpunotkle $6%:98;32 $:%9?2:33*

Kdplrtirs plpunotkle $6%?8?;61 $?%?81699

Ixgboeci roti $6%?129;? $7%72;399**

Kdplrtirs kdplrt$CHV rotkl ?%::;?91 7%6;?783**

Kdplrtirs oppnkih DAE torkaarotis

6%6:37;2 6%63;21?

Kdplrtirs tlton torkaa tl tltonkdplrt rotkl

6%:?1139 :%866712*

Lvironn Xrohi Zistrkgtkvieiss

Kehix la tbi kdplrtkec gluetry $6%89:12? $?%88;:28WOAXO 6%?8::7: 6%:18?27

G $7;%79;82 $??%9:63:6**

Z$squorih 6%268377

Oh`ustih Z$squorih 6%3;917?

A$stotkstkg 22%8?2?7

Eltis0?% * oeh ** hielti skcekakgoet ot 9) oeh ?) nivins rispigtkviny%

Wlurgi0 Outblrs gongunotkles%

Onn tbi glddle crovkty vorkojnis os winn os tbi WOAXO huddy hidlestroti o skdknor kdpogtos tbi poein niost squori ricrisskle hksgussih privklusny% Xbi gliaakgkiet alr tbi LXZKvorkojni. os ixpigtih. jiors o eicotkvi skce. ontblucb kts stotkstkgon skcekakgoegi ks elt bkcb%Kts vonui stoehs ot orlueh $6%89. succistkec tbot ka tbi kdplrtkec gluetrys trohiristrkgtkvieiss diosurih ke LXZK kegriosis jy ?). jknotiron trohi anlws wknn higriosi jy6%89)% Xbi risunt succists tbot rihugkec trohi ristrkgtkvieiss "k%i%. torkaa oeh ele$torkaajorrkirs+ wknn kegriosi trohi anlws odlec gluetrkis% Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis. wbkgb typkgonnydoketoke bkcb trohi ristrkgtkles. wknn jieiakt arld kdprlvih rickleon oeh cnljon keticrotkle jyrihugkec tbisi jorrkirs%


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1% GLEGNYWKLE

Xbiri ks o jrloh uehirstoehkec odlec igleldksts tbot trohi lpieeisska pursuih uehirtbi rkcbt glehktklesprldltis igleldkg crlwtb. oeh doey gluetrkis bovi gldjkeih tbikr

kevlnvidiet ke tbi duntknotiron trohkec systid wktb rickleon trohkec jnlgs% Gletidplrorycnljon igleldkg hivinlpdiets bovi kehkgotih oe kegrioskec trieh ke tbi usi la AXOs alralstirkec trohi%

Gldporih tl ltbir rickles sugb os Iost Osko. Notke Odirkgo. oeh Elrtb Odirkgo. WlutbOsko bos noccih jibkeh ke tirds la rickleon keticrotkle% Wmiptkgs bovi nlec jiie hlujtaunojlut tbi suggiss la o rickleon igleldkg crlupkec odlec tbi Wlutb Oskoe eotkles%Blwivir. tbi rickles rigiet igleldkg hyeodksd oeh sbkat tlworh lutworh$lrkietih plnkgkisbovi cieirotih skcekakgoet ketirist ke tbi kssui la Wlutb Oskoe igleldkg keticrotkle%Kestktutkleon hivinlpdiets tllm pnogi uehir tbi odjkt la WOOZG tbrlucb WOVXO oeh tbieWOAXO% Wiviron quoetktotkvi oeh quonktotkvi stuhkissldi la tbid hksgussih iornkir ke tbkspopirbovi jiie glehugtih le WOVXO,WOAXOs pltietkon cokes. jut tbi akehkecs bovi

norciny ridokeih keglegnuskvi%Xbks popir bos ottidptih tl ixodkei tbi hitirdkeoets la trohi anlws oeh tbi iaaigts la tbiWOAXO rickdi% O rivkiw la tbi igleldy oeh trohi la tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis sit tbigletixt la tbi oeonysks. wos alnnlwih jy o hksgusskle le tbi ovoknojni lptkles alr idpkrkgonditblhs usih ke ketireotkleon trohi stuhkis oeh tbi riosle jibkeh gbllskec tbi spigkakgditblh usih ke tbks stuhy% Xbi popir onsl rivkiwih siviron rinivoet stuhkis le WOAXO tlbkcbnkcbt tbi hijotis le tbi rickleon jnlgs pltietkon%

Xbi idpkrkgon port la tbi popir hivinlpih oe istkdotkle la tbi crovkty dlhin alr oeonyzkectbi kdpnkgotkles la WOAXO% Xbi ricrisskle wktb gluetry$pokr poein hoto tllm ketl oggluet tbitypkgon crovkty vorkojnis os winn os ohhktkleon ixpnoeotlry oeh huddy vorkojnis tbot wirialueh tl ji rinivoet alr kevistkcotkec tbi iaaigts la AXOs le trohi anlws%

Wkzi la tbi igleldkis la jltb tbi ixplrtkec oeh tbi kdplrtkec gluetrkis oppiorih tl ji oekdplrtoet hitirdkeoet la trohi anlws% Xbi rinotklesbkp jitwiie tbi trohkec porteirs CHVoeh ixplrt anlws wos alueh tl ji dlri tboe prlplrtkleon% Xbks pbieldiele. glupnih wktbtbi kdprisskvi piralrdoegi la Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis ke rigiet yiors. doy nioh tbigluetrkis la tbks rickle tl aurtbir ieboegi tbikr trohi anlws% Vlpunotkle oeh pbyskgon hkstoegijitwiie tbi trohkec porteirs wiri onsl alueh tl ji rinivoet% Sbkni ixgboeci rotis sblwihleny nkdktih iaaigts le trohi anlws. akehkecs le kdplrt$CHV rotkl kehkgotih tbot kt ks oekdplrtoet hitirdkeoet alr jknotiron trohi oeh tbot ketro$rickleon trohi odlec tbi WOAXOdidjirs wknn rksi wktb kegriosih lpieeiss% Dlrilvir. tbi ohhktkleon ricrisskle wktb lvironntrohi ristrkgtkvieiss kehkgis succist tbot sgonkec hlwe torkaa oeh eletorkaa jorrkirs wknnplsktkviny oaaigt ketro$jnlg trohi odlec tbi Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis% Xbks gonns alr oeiaaigtkvi kdpnidietotkle la WOAXOs trohi nkjironkzotkle prlcrod%

Xbi huddy vorkojnis hidlestrotih prihkgtih risunts% Oe DAO$nkmi priairietkon rickdi.jigousi la kts kebiriet ossuroegi oeh prihkgtojknkty. doy binp sdonnir igleldkis tl cokeoggiss ke tbi hivinlpih gluetry dormits%

Xbi grktkgon akehkec la tbks stuhy ke onn ricrisskles. wbkgb hkaairs arld sldi iornkir wlrms. ksrinotih tl WOAXOs pltietkon alr cieirotkec ketro$rickleon trohi griotkle% Xbks popir orcuistbot tbiri ori riosles alr jikec lptkdkstkg ojlut WOAXO jigldkec o glbiskvi oeh prlaktojnirickleon trohkec jnlg% Xbi risunts la tbks stuhy. blwivir. ori josih le trohi ke cllhs. wbkgbks ot tbi gietir la tbi WOAXO rickdi% Xbi rigietny$skceih sirvkgis ocriidiet "WOOZGOcriidiet le Xrohi ke Wirvkgis. skceih ke :6?6+. ks yit tl ji kdpnidietih% Xl riop tbijieiakts la igleldkg keticrotkle. Wlutb Osko eiihs tl prldlti nkjironkzotkle ke tbi sirvkgis

orio. wbkgb ks lei la tbi dlst prldkskec orios alr o rkskec Wlutb Osko% Ohhktkleonny. oe ketro$WOOZG kevistdiet ocriidiet ks nkminy tl grioti oe ieojnkec ievkrlediet alr gllpirotkle


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jiyleh diri trohi tl kegnuhi kevistdiet oeh akeoegi odlec ltbirs "WOGIVW :66:. Zokboe:6?:+%

Kt ks leny tbrlucb doketokekec tbi prkdogy la igleldkg keticrotkle tbot tbi gluetrkis la tbirickle goe ixpigt iaaigtkvi gllpirotkle ke Wlutb Osko% Zickleon igleldkg keticrotkle wknnivietuonny aogknktoti tbi ogbkividiet la Wlutb Oskos lvirrkhkec clons la plvirty rihugtkle

oeh slgkon oeh budoe hivinlpdiet% Wlutb Oskoe igleldkis dust glegiptuonkzi keticrotkleos oe ivlnvkec prlgiss% WOOZG bos oe ixpnkgkt ketiet tl dlvi ke tbi hkrigtkle la oeigleldkg uekle% Zigiet suggiss ke tbi crlwtb piralrdoegi la tbi Wlutb Oskoe gluetrkislaairs jltb prlspigts oeh gbonniecis alr hiipir keticrotkle wktb tbi cnljon igleldy%Keticrotkle uehir tbi WOAXO ks tbi akrst stip ke tbot hkrigtkle% Aurtbir wlrm ks eiihih le tbihitirdkeoets oeh trohi iaaigts la Wlutb Oskoe keticrotkle tl lvirgldi nkdktotkles ke tbiprisiet idpkrkgon stuhy%


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ZIAIZIEGIW

Obnuwonko. K%@ % :66:% Igleldkg Gllpirotkle ke Wlutb Osko% Ke0 Hivinlpdiet OsskstoegiWtrotickis ke tbi :?stGgietury0 Cnljon oeh Zickleon Kssuis% Xlmyl0 @ opoe Joem alr

Ketireotkleon Gllpirotkle%Obdih. W% :661% Ixpnokekec Wlutb Oskos Hivinlpdiet Wuggiss0 Xbi Zlni la Cllh Vlnkgkis%

Sosbkectle. HG0 Slrnh Joem%

Oehirsle. @ %I% ?;3;% O Xbilritkgon Aluehotkle alr tbi Crovkty Iquotkle%Odirkgoe IgleldkgZivkiw 1;"?+0 ?61?1%

Oehirsle. @ %I% :6??% Xbi Crovkty Dlhin% Jlstle Glnnici oeh EJIZ% Ovoknojni0bttp0,,www%elttkecbod%og%um,cip,hlgudiets,nigturis,elttd$nigturis$ke$ket$igleldkgs,:6??,oehirslejogmcrluehriohkec%pha%

Oskoe Hivinlpdiet Joem "OHJ+ oeh OusOKH% :66;% Wtuhy le Ketrorickleon Xrohi oehKevistdiet ke Wlutb Osko% Doekno0 OHJ%

Oskoe Hivinlpdiet Joem "OHJ+% :6?:o% Osko Zickleon Keticrotkle Gietir "OZKG+ KeticrotkleKehkgotlrs Hotojosi% Ovoknojni0 bttp0,,orkg%ohj%lrc,kehkgotlr%pbp%

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Fulfilling the Promises of South Asian Integration: A Gravity Estimation